• † Mammuthus africanavus (Arambourg, 1952)
• Amm Mammuthus armeniacus (Falconer, 1857)
• † Mammuthus columbi (Falconer, 1875) - UMammoth Columbus
• † Mammuthus exilis (Vincent J. Maglio), 1970 - Dwarf Mammoth
• Mammuthus fraasi
• Amm Mammuthus ayi (Barbour, 1915)
• Imper UMammuthus activator (Leidy, 1858)
• † Mammuthus jeffersonii
• Amm Mammuthus lamarmorae (Major, 1883)
• † Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) - Southern Mammoth
• † Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) - Woolly Mammoth
• † Mammuthus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1924)
• Sub Ama-subplanifrons ama-Mammuthus (Osborn, 1928)
• † Mammuthus sungari (Zhou, M.Z, 1959)
• † Mammuthus trogontherii (Polig, 1885) - USteppe Mammoth
• † Mammuthus creticus

Izilwane zifinyelele kumamitha ayi-5.5 nesisindo somzimba ngamathani ayi-14-15, ngakho izilwane ezincelisayo zazinesisindo esiphindwe kabili kunezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kakhulu zanamuhla - izindlovu zase-Afrika.

Incazelo

Izinhlobo zakudala kakhulu zohlobo (Mammuthus subplanifrons, Mammuthus africanavus) yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-3-4 eyedlule e-Afrika (ePliocene), izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zakudala (Colombian, umbusi) zaphela cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 eyedlule. Izilwane ezinobuhlakani obukhulu bezilwane ezincelisayo, eziqhingini zase-Arctic ezingenakufinyeleleka kubantu, zaphila eminye iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-4 eyedlule.

AmaMammoth ayeguqulwe ngokuphelele empilweni ezimweni ezinzima zesimo sezulu esibandayo, ayehlala eYurophu, e-Asia, e-Afrika naseNyakatho Melika. Isici sabo sesimilo kwakuyijazi eliminyene. Uma kuqhathaniswa nalezi zinsalela ebezimbiwe, babehlala emaqenjini emindeni yabantu abayizi-10-30, kanye nezindlovu zesimanje.

Kwatholakala amathambo amaningi ezincelisayo ezindaweni zomuntu wasendulo we-Stone Age; imidwebo kanye nezithombe ezibunjiwe zezilwane ezincelisayo ezenziwa umuntu wase-prehistoric nazo zatholakala.

ESiberia nase-Alaska, amacala okuba khona kwezidumbu ezincelisayo, agcinwe kahle ngenxa yokuhlala kwawo ebumnyameni be-permafrost, ayaziwa.

Imvelaphi yegama

Igama lesiRussia "mammoth" kuthiwa lithathwe kumaMans. i-mang ont "uphondo lobumba" (kukhona namanye ama-etymologies) futhi isondezwa ngegama lobuKristu uMamant, u-Dr. IMammoth, okusho ngesiGreek okusho "umama", "ukuncela amabele womama", kusukela sekwedlule isikhathi (αμμα (mama) - "Umama".

Ukusuka olimini lwaseRussia, leli gama lawa ngezilimi eziningi zaseYurophu - ikakhulukazi, laya esiNgisini (ngesimo seMammoth).

I-Phenotype

Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, izilwane ezincelisayo akuzona okhokho bezindlovu zesimanje. Izindlovu zase-Afrika nezilwane ezincelisayo zivela kukhokho ovamile wase-Afrika kusuka kulolo hlobo olungapheli Primelephas imindeni yezindlovu eminyakeni ezi-5-6 eyedlule kanti emva kwalokho imigqa yazo yathuthukiswa ngokufana. I-Eurasian, izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela eNyakatho Melika zivela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi nanhlanu edlule, izindlovu zase-Asia zavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule. Kodwa-ke, ngokuya ocwaningweni lwofuzo lwakamuva, amathuba okuhlangana kokuhlangana ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwemigqa yezindlovu nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinovalo e-Eshiya kuvunyelwe.

AmaMammoth ekugcineni kwePleistocene, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 - 12 eyedlule, e-Eurasia abemelwa yizinhlobo ezi-1 (Woolly mamm) ENyakatho Melika, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zazo ngaleso sikhathi kwakuphakeme kakhulu, ngasikhathi sinye kwakukhona okungenani izinhlobo ezi-5: Imperi, Columbus, Mammuthus jeffersonii, Dwarf Mammoth noWoolly Mammoth, ababehlala ezindaweni ezihlukile zezulu .

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-mammoths zazingadluli usayizi wezindlovu zesimanje, kodwa izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika UMammuthus umgobeli (I-Imperial Mammoth) ifinyelele ekuphakameni kwamamitha angama-5.5 nesisindo samathani ayi-14, nezinhlobo ezimfushane UMammuthus exilis futhi Mammuthus lamarmorae bezingadluli kumamitha ayi-2 ukuphakama futhi zazinesisindo esingama-900 kg.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlovu zesimanje, izilwane ezincelisayo zazinomzimba omkhulu (bheka umthetho kaBerggman), imilenze emifushane, izinwele ezinde, izindlebe ezincane (bona Umthetho ka-Allen) nezinsimbi ezinde ezigobile, lezi zamuva zingasebenza njengemammoth kokudla kwasebusika kusuka ngaphansi kweqhwa. Izimbaza ezinamaMammoth ezinamapuleti amaningi amnyama we-dentin-koqweqwe lwawo zazikufanelekela kahle ukuhlafuna ukudla kwezitshalo.

Isiqu ekugcineni sasiba nesandiso esidlulayo, okucatshangwa ukuthi, sisetshenziselwa ukudonsa iqhwa, ukuvimbela iqhwa lesiqu, kanye nokusebenzisa iqhwa ukuqeda ukoma. Ithiphu yesiqu sezilwane ezincelisayo yayingenazinwele, okukhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekhipha ukudla.

Ngasemuva kwezinhlobo zasenyakatho kakhulu kwakuyi-hump, leyo, njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili, yakhiwa izinqubo zokuphotha ezinde ze-vertebrae. Okutholakele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma kunjalo, kubonise ukuthi azikho izinqubo ezinkulu ku-mammoth hump. Kepha, njengamakamela, kukhona ama-mammoth aqongelela ukonga okunamandla kwamafutha.

Isikhumba

Ngokwakheka kwamathambo, imamobly enoboya yayifana kakhulu nendlovu yase-India ephilayo manje, edlula kancane usayizi wayo, ifinyelela kumamitha angama-5,5 ubude nama-3.5 m ukuphakama. Ama-Huge mammoth tusks - kumuntu wesilisa aze afike ku-4 m ubude, enesisindo esingama-100 kg - atholakale emhlathini ongenhla, ame phambili, akhothame kanti izisekelo zesiqu sazo zihlala phezu kwazo. Ikhanda lomamkhulu lalilikhulu kunelezindlovu zesimanje, ingemuva liyashanela.

Ama-molars amakhulu kakhulu, lawo mammoth abenengxenye eyodwa kweziyihafu zomhlathi, abanzi kancane kunawendlovu, futhi ahlukaniswa isibalo esikhulu nobulukhuni be-lamellar enamel bokugcwalisa ngento yamazinyo. Ngenkathi bagqoka, amazinyo wezinyamazane, ezinjengezendlovu yesimanje, zashintsha zaba zintsha - ushintsho olunjalo lungaqhubeka izikhathi eziyisithupha empilweni yonke.

Mammoth genome

NgoJuni 2008 kumagazini "Ukuqhubeka kweNational Academy of Science"Kwashicilelwa i-athikili mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-mitochondrial DNA etholakala kumasampula woboya bezilwane eziyi-13. Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwanyatheliswa i-athikili nge-mitochondrial genome yezinye izinhlobo ezincelisayo ezi-5 kule ncwadi, eyenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola amagatsha amabili we-phylogenetic wezilwane ezincelisayo ezinotshwala. Igatsha elinama-phylogenetic amaningi lahlala izikhala ezivulekile kakhulu ze-Beringia. Igatsha elalingaphansi kakhulu lalihlala ngaphakathi kwamanzi omfula weLena neKolyma futhi lanyamalala amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule.

NgoMeyi 2015 kumagazini "I-biology yamanje"Kwashicilelwa i-athikili ngodaba lohlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezimbili. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezivela e-Oymyakon zaziphila cishe eminyakeni engama-44,8 edlule, kanti lesi mamamombe esivela e-Wrangel Island - eminyakeni engama-4300 edlule. Kwavela ukuthi inani lokhokho bazo zombili izilwane ezincelisayo seludlulile kabili “ngebhodlela” - eminyakeni engama-285 kanye ne-130 eyedlule, lapho inani lezincelomane lancipha kakhulu, kwathi-ke futhi lesi sabantu saphinde sathola abantu bakhona. Eyesithathu yanqunywa uhlobo lwenyamazane yaseChroma.

Izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlukaniswe ngofuzo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-3:

1. Iqembu lase-Eshiya, elivele eminyakeni engaphezulu kuka-450 edlule,
2. iqembu laseMelika elavela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-450 edlule,
3. Iqembu elihambisanayo lasuka eNyakatho Melika cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 eyedlule.

Ukuqothulwa

Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyisigidi yokuba khona, mammoth abhekane nezinguquko eziningi zesimo sezulu. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 eyedlule, esikhathini sokugcina seqhwa, ama-mammoth asinda glaciations eziningana nokushisa. Iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo lashona eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nane nanye edlule ngasekupheleni kwePleistocene, noma ekuqaleni kweHholocene, ngasikhathi sinye nokuqothulwa kohlobo lwezilwane ezingama-34 (ukubhujiswa okukhulu).

Ama-Hypotheses

Njengamanje, kunemibono emibili eyinhloko yokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo:

1. okokuqala kususelwa eqinisweni lokuthi abazingeli be-Upper Paleolithic badlale indima enkulu noma enqumayo kulokhu,
2. enye ichaza ukuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo ngezinga elikhulu ngezimbangela zemvelo (ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo (ukufudumala) eminyakeni eyi-14 - 11 edlule, ukunyamalala kokuphakelwa kokudla kwezilwane ezincelisayo).

Kunemibono engaphezulu, ngokwesibonelo, imiphumela yokuwa kwe-comet eNyakatho Melika noma ama-epizootic amakhulu, ukuqokelelwa kwamaphutha kukhodi yofuzo, kepha okwedlule kuhlala ngesisekelo semidwebo engachaza iziqephu ngazinye, futhi ochwepheshe abaningi abazisekeli.

Abazingeli beMammoth

I-hypothesis yokuqala yabekwa phambili ngekhulu le-19 ngu-Alfred Wallace, lapho ukutholwa kwezindawo zabantu basendulo ezinokugcwala okukhulu kwamathambo amakhulu. Uchungechunge lwamathambo amakhulu (i-scapula, i-vertebra, izimbambo) kanye nezeluleko zamakhophi endoda yakudala ebambeke kuzo atholakala endaweni yaseYanskaya yendoda yokuqala, indawo yaseLugovsky, izingosi zaseSungir, eKostenki. Le nguqulo yathola ukuthandwa ngokushesha. Kukholelwa ukuthi umuntu onengqondo cishe eminyakeni engama-32,000 edlule wazinza enyakatho ye-Eurasia, wangena eNyakatho Melika eminyakeni engu-15,000 edlule, futhi cishe ngokushesha waqala ukuzingela izinyamazane ngenkuthalo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kuma-tundra-steppes amakhulu, inani labo labantu lalizinzile. Kamuva, kwaba nokufudumala, lapho indawo yezilwane ezincelisayo yancishiswa kakhulu, njengoba kwenzeka ngaphambili, kodwa ukuzingela okusebenzayo kwaholela ekuqothulweni okuphelele kwalezi zinhlobo. Ososayensi abaholwa nguDavid Noges-Bravo weNational Museum of Natural Science eMadrid baqinisekisa imiphumela yokulinganisa okukhulu ukusekela le mibono. Ngokwezibalo zabo ezinethemba elikhulu, kwanele ukubulala izinyamazane ezi-1 njalo eminyakeni emi-3 kumuntu ongu-1 ukuze aqothule zonke izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngokwezibalo ezingekho emthethweni, kwakwanele ngabantu ukubulala izinyamazane ezi-1 njalo eminyakeni eyi-10 esizweni sabantu abangama-20 ukufeza umphumela ofanayo.

Ngokusho kocwaningo lwemivubukulo lwezinto zokudla zamaNeanderthals wesiko laseMousterian eYurophu, ukuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo nobhejane kwakuwumthombo wabo wokudla oyinhloko nowayethandwa kakhulu. Bazingela umdlalo omncane futhi osheshayo (izinyamazane, amahhashi asendle) kaningi, kuphela lapho bekungekho ama-herbivores amakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuncipha okukhulu kwenani lama-mamms esimweni sokuncintisana kwezinsiza zokuzingela nabantu bohlobo lwesimanje kungenye yezizathu zokuqothulwa kweNeanderthals.

ENyakatho Melika, okungenani kunezindawo eziyi-12 zokuhlatshwa kanye nokubulawa kwabantu, okuyisibalo esikhulu kakhulu kwisiko lesikhashana esifana neClovis. I-heyday yesiko leClovis yayisemaphethweni wokuqothulwa kweMeggunauna, ngakho-ke abantu bangabandakanyeka ngezinga elithile ekuqothulweni kwalo. Abantu bokuqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 - 14 eyedlule batholwa eMelika imihlambi yezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ezingasabisi ngokuphelele (ama-mammoths, ama-mastodons) abangajwayelene nabantu. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili - 3, abantu, besanda ngokushesha ezimweni zobuningi bomdlalo, baziqothula kancane kancane lezi zilwane. "Kwakungenzeka ukuthi beze futhi babambe lezi zilwane, futhi bebengaqondi nokuthi kwenzekani. "- kubhala isazi sethambo yezengqondo uStanislav Drobyshevsky.

Imiphumela yocwaningo e-United States yezindawo zokusika izilwane ezincelisayo ngabantu baseClovis ikhombisa ukuthi owesilisa osekhulile wayethanda ukuzingela amantombazane amaduna angamaduna axoshwa emhlambini womndeni lapho esefikisa, njengoba kuvamile ezindlovu. Ukuzingela kwenzeka esikhathini sangaphambi kobusika (ngo-Okthoba-Novemba), inyama yezilwane ezincelisayo yathengiswa futhi yagcinwa emigodini yamaqhwa. Ekuzingeleni, imikhonto emifushane yokuphonsa ngethambo noma ithoni le-silicon yayisetshenziswa; i-atlatl yayisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa amandla okuphonsa. Ngemuva kokuthola umkhonto onjalo esilwaneni, ichopho lalinamathe izicubu zalo noma izitho zangaphakathi futhi lahlukaniswa emfudlaneni, kancane kancane isilwane safa ngamanxeba nokulahleka kwegazi.

EThafeni laseRussia kuphela kwezindawo ezingaphezu kuka-30 zendoda yaseLate Paleolithic etholakele, ekhishini lapho izingcezu eziningi zamathambo omame ovuthiwe zembiwe.

Ukhula ngokuqina kwe-tundra steppes yi-taiga, abanye ososayensi abayiboni imbangela yokunyamalala kwe-megafauna, kodwa umphumela wokuqothulwa kwayo ngabantu, ngoba imihlambi yezilwane ezincelisayo nobhejane obugayiwe, bedla imifino emincane enamapulangwe, yayingakuvumeli ukusakazeka emaphethelweni e-tundra. Buka Woolly mamm Ngaphambi kokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha komuntu wesimanjemanje, kwakuyipulasitiki kakhulu futhi eminyakeni engama-70 - 50 edlule edlule kwasatshalaliswa emahlathini-ama-steppes nasehlathini-tundra, emahlathini evulekile, e-taiga, emahlathini axubekile nase-tundra, e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ngokuya nge-latitude, isimo sezulu kulezi zindawo singashiyana ngokusesilinganisweni kuya kwesinye. Ensimini enkulukazi njengeSiberia neNyakatho Melika, naphezu kwazo zonke izinguquko zesimo sezulu, kungenzeka ukuthi kwasala izingxenye zamahlathi-ama-steppes noma ama-tundra alungele i-megafauna. Kepha indoda esePaleolithic ebisivele inezikhali nezindlela zokuzingela inyamazane futhi nakanjani ikwazi ukuziqothula, uma kwenzeka ezinye izinto ezingezinhle. Ngenxa yokukhiqizwa okuphansi kwe-tundra, abantu, ukuze baphile ezimweni ezinzima ze-Arctic, baphoqeleka ukuba bazingele noma yiziphi izinyamazane, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu ezinjenge mammoths. Ngaseningizimu, emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, bekuhlala abantu ababephila ngesikhathi kanye nezihlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo - ama-mastodons nama-Homfoterium eMelika, ama-stegodons e-Asia kanye ne-ndlovu ehlathini eqondile egcwele eYurophu, lapho abantu bazingela futhi bafa khona ngasikhathi sinye njengoba abantu sebezinzile, yize amahlathi esindile cishe kuze kube namuhla. Ngenxa yokuzala kancane kwezindlovu, kungathatha iminyaka eyi-10 kuye kwayi-12 ukubuyisa ubuningi bazo e-Arctic, okukhombisa nokuba sengozini kwalezi zilwane ekuzingeleni kakhulu.

Cishe. I-Wrangel kanye ne-Pribylov Islands, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwabantu, izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala ngoboya zaphila iminyaka engama-5000 ngemuva kokuqothuka ezweni elikhulu. Izilwane ezincelisayo zokugcina esiqhingini saseWristangel zanyamalala eminyakeni engaba ngu-4000 edlule ngenxa yokuzala, cishe. ISt Paul - eminyakeni engama-5600 edlule ngenxa yokunyamalala kwemithombo yakamuva yamanzi amasha.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okusheshayo

Abaxhasi bephuzu lesibili lokubuka bakholelwa ukuthi ithonya lomuntu likhulu kakhulu. Ikakhulu, zibonisa inkathi yeminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi, lapho inani labanikazi bezilwane ezikhula ngezikhathi ezingama-5 ukuya kwe-10, ukuthi ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kwaqala ngaphambi kokuvela kwabantu ezindaweni ezithile, nokuthi ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zifa kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi okuncane, okwakungeyona "okwenziwa yiCro-Magnons noma izitha noma inyoka ukuba ibhujiswe." AmaMammoth eningizimu yeSiberia abelokhu ehlangana nabantu basendulo iminyaka eyi-12,000. Ngakho-ke, kule hypothesis, ukuphazanyiswa kwe-anthropogenic kunikezwa indima yesibili, futhi izinto eziyinhloko izinguquko zemvelo esimweni sezulu kanye nasekuhlinzekweni kokudla kwezilwane, kanye nendawo yamadlelo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokuqothuka nokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaqashelwa isikhathi eside, kepha isikhathi eside kwakungekho sizathu sokukholisayo ngemvelo efudumele yokufudumala ekugcineni kwe-glaciation yokugcina, ngoba le nhlobo yasinda ekushiseni nasekupholiseni okuningi.

Kwavela leyo ndaba encwadini eyabhalwa ephephabhukwini “Ukuxhumana kwemvelo"NgoJuni 2012, eshicilele imiphumela yocwaningo oluyisisekelo iqembu lezwe lososayensi eliholwa uGlen MacDonald wase-University of California. Balandele ushintsho endaweni yokuhlala mammoths enoboya kanye nomthelela wabo enanini labantu baseBeringia eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-50 eyedlule. Ucwaningo lusebenzise inani elikhulu ledatha kuyo yonke i-radiocarbon yokuthandana kwezilwane, ukufuduka komuntu e-Arctic, isimo sezulu kanye nezinguquko zezilwane. Isiphetho esikhulu sososayensi: abantu abaningi kakhulu eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 edlule babone ukuguquguquka kwamanani okuhambisana nemijikelezo yesimo sezulu - isikhathi esifudumele seminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40-25 edlule (amanani aphakeme kakhulu) nesikhathi esipholile seminyaka engama-25-15 edlule (lokhu kubizwa kanjalo Ukugqekezwa kokugcina ”- ngaleso sikhathi iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo zasuka enyakatho neSiberia zaya ezifundeni eziseningizimu kakhulu.Ukuqothulwa kwabangelwa ushintsho olucishe lube bukhali ku-tundra flora kusuka kuma-tundra steppes (mammoth prairies) ukuya kumaxhaphozi ase-tundra ekuqaleni kokushisa kwe-Allerody, kodwa okwalandela ngemuva kwalapho kwafika nasezindaweni eziseningizimu kwathathelwa indawo amahlathi e-coniferous. Indima yabantu ekuqothulweni kwabo ihlolwe njengengabalulekanga, kwakukhona nokutholakala kobufakazi obuqondile babantu abazingela izinyamazane. Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, iqembu lesayensi likaBrian Huntley lashicilela imiphumela yokulinganisa kwakhe isimo sezulu saseYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, lapho kwahlonzwa khona izizathu ezibalulekile zokuvelela kwezimila zotshani ezindaweni ezinkulu isikhathi eside (iminyaka eyi-100,000 - 15,000 edlule): amazinga aphansi okushisa, ukoma nokushisa okuphansi Okuqukethwe kwe-CO₂. Imiphumela eqondile yokushisa kwesimo sezulu okulandelayo, umswakama okhuphukayo namazinga we-CO nawo akhonjisiwe.₂ emkhathini - ukufaka imiphakathi enotshani ngamahlathi futhi kwandise ukuqina kwesembozo seqhwa ebusika, okuqine (cishe 90%) kunciphise indawo yamadlelo. AmaMammoth kwadingeka achithe isikhathi esithe xaxa efuna ukudla (isilwane esidala sasidinga ama-150- 300 kg wokudla kwezitshalo ngosuku). Ngokuvamile, ukuqothulwa kwe-megafauna bekungeyona ingozi kangako ngesivinini futhi kwenzeka kancane kancane, kanye nokushisa kanye nokwanda komswakama esimweni sezulu sase-Arctic, okwaholela ekunyamalaleni kwama-tundra steppes. Inani eliphakeme lokuqothuka kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokufudumala seminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-14 - 13 eyedlule, izinselo ezincane zemvelo zahlala kule niche yezemvelo engekho.

Lapho kutholakala iLugovskoye (isifunda saseKhanty-Mansiysk), kutholakale i-vertebra enkulu lapho inezimpawu zokunqotshwa ngesibhamu sayo (kucatshangelwa ukuthi indoda iqede isibalo esikhulu eduze kwalapho). Lokhu kuthola kufake isandla ekuqhamukeni kwemibono emisha ekuzingeleni inyamazane, kuqinisa noma kuphika amaphuzu amadala wokubuka kule nkinga. Ukuhlaziya izici ezahlukahlukene zokuxhumana komuntu nezilwane ezincelisayo, isazi semivubukulo u-Yu. B. Serikov ufinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi le mammor kwakuyilitshe eliyingozi nelingajwayelekile kumzingeli wasePaleolithic. Ngenxa yalokho, akunakuba nokuzingela okukhulu kwezinyamazane. Ngokusobala, abantu bakhetha ukuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo kuphela ezimweni ezibucayi noma ezilwaneni ngazinye ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yokugula noma ukulimala (ukubhaliswa okudingekayo). Kuthiwa amaMammoth ayemayini ukuze enze izibhamu eziphuma phambili ezinsikeni zawo, yize nenyama nayo yayidliwa. E-tundra, abantu babevame ukusebenzisa amathambo nezikhumba zezilwane ezincelisayo ezifela izizathu zemvelo (ngokwesibonelo, njengesikhukhula) lapho kwakhiwa izindawo zabo. Ukuzingela okuqhutshwa imihlambi yonke yalezi zilwane bekungasetshenziswa kakhulu, ngokusobala. Ngaphandle kwalokho, iqembu labazingeli beLate Paleolithic abantu abangama-30-100 babexosha zonke izilwane ezincelisayo eduze kwama-nomads abo (endaweni engaba amakhilomitha angama-150-200) phakathi kweminyaka engama-5 ukuya kwengama-10. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezivubukulwa abavubukuli, isibalo sabahlali ezindaweni zokupaka abazingeli abazingeli asidluli kubantu abangama-25-30, kufaka phakathi abesifazane nezingane, ngokuzingela okuqhutshwa kuzodingeka baqoqe abantu abavela ezindaweni ezithile ezikude bodwa, okuyinto engenakwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, umuntu akazange ayeke ukuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo, wonke amathuba asetshenziselwa ukukhipha nokutholwa kokudla ebusika obude be-Arctic.

Ngo-1993, umagazini "Imvelo"Imininingwane eshicilelwe mayelana nokutholakele eyenziwe e-Wrangel Island. USergei Vartanyan, osebenzela kule ndawo, uthole izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo kulesi siqhingi, iminyaka yaso inqunywe eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-3,5, okungukuthi, iminyaka engama-5000 ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwabo ezweni elikhulu. Kamuva, kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zinsalela zezingemincane yezilwane ezincelisayo, ezinabantu abahlala bodwa e-Wrangel Island, lapho imibhoshongo yaseGibhithe yayisivele imile, neyanyamalala kuphela ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaFaro Tutankhamun (cishe ngo-1355 kuya ku-1337 BC). ngenxa yokuzala, kepha hhayi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu (lesi siqhingi besingakwazi ukondla ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezingaphezu kuka-300).

Ngakho-ke, ososayensi babheka uhlobo lokushisa oluqhakazile, ukwandisa umswakama wesimo sezulu kanye nokushintsha imifino isizathu esiyinhloko sokushabalala kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu kube nomthelela ekwakheni kabusha abantu, ukwanda kwesibalo seLate Paleolithic, futhi ukuzingela kwabo kungaqedela inani labantu abancishisiwe nababuthaka bezilwane ezincelisayo, zingabavumeli ukuthi balulame.

Ezinye izinguqulo kanye nemizwelo

I-meteorite hypothesis yokuqothulwa kweMeggunauna eNyakatho Melika nayo yabhekwa. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokutholwa kwesendlalelo esincane somlotha wezinkuni (okuwubufakazi bokuthi kukhona imililo emikhulu), ukutholwa okuningi kwama-nanodiamonds, ama-spherules okuqothula nezinye izinhlayiya zezimpawu kulo lonke izwekazi, kanye nokwanda kokugxila kwe-iridium, iplatinamu ne-palladium, ukutholakala kwezinyamazane eziningi (kusuka izinkulungwane zafunda) zangena ngaphakathi ngezinhlayiya ezincane ze-meteorite. Isisulu sithathwa njengendlamu eye yawa emhlabeni eminyakeni eyi-12,800 eyedlule, futhi, mhlawumbe ngesikhathi sokushayisana yayivele isingene esitimeleni sonke semfucumfucu. NgoJanuwari 2012 inI-PNAS"Kwashicilelwa i-athikili ngemiphumela yomsebenzi weqembu elikhulu lesayensi eLake Mexico Cuiceo. Abalobi bokushicilelwa bazamile ukuchaza isithasiselo senkinga yamaLash Dryas - ukupholisa isimo sezulu seminyaka eyinkulungwane, ukucindezelwa kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo ekhona, ukuqothulwa kwe-megafauna ye-glacial. Kepha lo mqondo awutholi ukuqinisekiswa engxenyeni ye-Asia yobubanzi. I-hypothesis ayikwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani-ke, abanye abamele abancane be-megafauna yaseNyakatho Melika (musk ox, bison, reindeer), kanye mammoths kuF. I-Wrangel kanye neziqhingi zasePribylov. Akunamvume yomgwaqo etholakele. Ukuqothulwa kwe-megafauna akwenzekanga ubusuku bonke, njengoba kufanele kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokushayisana kwezulu noma ukuqhuma kwephakethe, kepha kungakapheli iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngaphambi nangemva kokuvela kwecala lokulinganisa. Ukuqothulwa komhlaba wonke kwezilwane ezincelisayo kwaqala eminyakeni engama-24 ukuya kwengama-20 eyedlule, inani eliphakeme lokuqothulwa kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokushisa kwe-14.8 - 13.7 eyizinkulungwane edlule, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba i-meteorite iwele futhi kubande okubandayo (eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-12,8 edlule), futhi yaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, cishe eminyakeni eyi-11 - 4 edlule.

Izinsalela ezinkulu kakhulu zasendaweni zitholakala eningizimu yeSiberia Mammutus primigenius (Abantu abangu-19) yindawo yokungcwaba endaweni yaseWolf Mane esifundeni saseNovosibirsk. Amanye amathambo atholakala ekucutshungulweni kwabantu, kepha iqhaza labemi bePaleolithic ekuqokeleleni i-Wolf-Mane osseous Horon - ukufa kwabantu abaningi kwezilwane ezincelisayo endaweni yeBaraba Refugium kwabangelwa ukubulawa yindlala kwamaminerali (mammoths asephefeni 8 x 1 km phakathi kwemigodi namachibi). Amaphesenti angama-42 amasampula wezilwane ezincelisayo ezitholakala edolobheni elidala lomfula iBeryolyokh zinezimpawu ze-steodystrophy - isifo sohlelo lwamathambo esidalwa ukungahambi kahle komzimba ngenxa yokuntuleka okubalulekile kwama-macro- kanye nama-microelements (indlala yezimbiwa). Ukwenza ukwentuleka kwamaminerali, ama-mammoth eza ukuzodla ubumba osebeni lomfula, lapho afela khona iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziningana ngenxa yezikhukhula, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi noma ukunamathela emhlabathini oshubile. Lawa macala wokugcwala kwezindawo eziphansi kanye nokushona kwezinyamazane emabhange emifula kubalwa ngababhali lapho beqamba amanga ngokushisa okushisa nokwanda komswakama wesimo sezulu eminyakeni engaba ngu-14 - 13 000 edlule, okwadala ukuthi kube nokuchithwa kwamaminerali (desalination) kwemvelo yemvelo. Mhlawumbe isizathu sokulamba kwamaminerali kwakuwukushintsha kwama-mammoths ekungeneni kwamagatsha e-coniferous andowoward esikhundleni sotshani ngenxa yokuncipha kwendawo ye-tundra steppes ngemuva kokushisa. Ukwehlukaniswa kwendawo kungathinta nomthelela omubi abantu ngamunye, kudale ukwehla kokwehlukahlukana kofuzo.

Imizamo Yokwakha Ingulube

Njengengxenye yephrojekthi yePleistocene Park neminye imizamo eminingana, kucatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukubuyisa imamammoth noma ukudala izindlovu ezinjengemamammoth zisebenzisa izinto zofuzo ezigcinwe emizimbeni yezilwane eqandisiwe. Uma nje imiphumela yokubuyiselwa kofuzo ingatholakali, kunokungabaza okufanelekile ngempumelelo yokuvuka okugcwele.

Umlando wokutadisha

Amathambo ikakhulukazi ama-molars wezilwane ezincelisayo ayetholakala kakhulu ekubekweni kwenkathi yeqhwa laseYurophu naseSiberia futhi ayaziwa isikhathi eside nangobukhulu bawo obukhulu, kuthiwe ngokuqothuka okukhulu. EValencia, i-molar molar yahlonishwa njengengxenye yezingcezu zeSt. UChristopher, kwathi ngo-1789 ama-canon aseSt. UVincent wayegqoka ubuhlalu obukhulu emafudlaneni abo, awudlulise njengokusalayo kwesandla sosanta ogama lakhe. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuba sizijwayeze ngokwazi kwe-mammoth ngemininingwane eminingi ngemuva kokuba iTungus ithole ngo-1799 inhlabathi evumayo yeSiberia eduze komfula iLena River isidumbu sonke sezilwane ezincelisayo, ezigezwe emanzini entwasahlobo futhi zigcinwe ngokuphelele - ngenyama, isikhumba noboya. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7, ngonyaka we-1806, ama-Adams athunyelwa yi-Academy of Sciences akwazile ukuqoqa umkhondo wesilwane cishe ngokuphelele, ingxenye yesikhumba, i-viscera ethile, amehlo, kanye nezinwele ezingamaphawundi angama-30; konke okunye kwacekelwa phansi izimpisi, amabhere nezinja. ESiberia, izimbaza ezinkulu ezinamanzi, ezazigezwa ngamanzi entwasahlobo futhi ziqoqwe ngabomdabu, zaziyindaba yokuhweba okukhulu ngamaholide, kuthathe indawo yezindlovu esikhundleni sokwenza imikhiqizo yokuguqula.

Amasiko abantu base-Europe, eSiberia naseNyakatho Melika

U-Komi, njengabanye abantu baseNyakatho, wayevame ukuthola amathambo amakhulu ezinsizalweni ezisebeni lomfula futhi asike amashubhu amathambo, izibambo, njll kubo. Izinganekwane zikaKomi zilandisa ngemihlambi eminingi eyenziwe ngethambo le-mammoth.

IMammoth - "I-Earthen Deer" - emibonweni yamaKomi (kanye nabakwaNenets, iKhanty neMansi) baphila ezikhathini zokuqala zokudala. Wayesindwa kakhulu waze wawela esifubeni somhlabathi. Izindlela zalo zidalwe imifula nemifudlana, kwathi ekugcineni amanzi agcwala umhlaba wonke (Komi, ejwayelekile ngenganekwane esebhayibhelini yezikhukhula, ethi imamony yayifuna ukubalekela eMkhunjini kaNowa, kodwa ayikwazanga ukulingana lapho). Isidumbu sasibhukuda emanzini, kepha izinyoni zangena "ezimpondweni" zaso, isilo saminza. Abavukuzi bakwaSysol Komi bakhulume ngabo mu kule - umugqa ongaphansi komhlaba lapho izinsalela ezinkulu zahlala ngaphansi komhlaba.

Ngo-1899, isihambi sabhalela iphephandaba lansuku zonke iSan Francisco, elalikhuluma nge-Alaskan Eskimos echaza indlovu eyi-shaggy, eveza isithombe sayo ngezikhali zamathambo e-walrus. Iqembu labaphenyi abafike kule ndawo abayitholanga imamonys, kodwa baqinisekisa udaba lwabahambi, babuye bahlola nezikhali babuza ukuthi abakwa-Eskimos bazibonaphi izindlovu ezinama-shaggy, bakhomba ogwadule oluneqhwa enyakatho ntshonalanga. Le miyalezo ingachazwa ukuthi abantu bendawo bebejwayelana nezidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo, ezisazithola namanje.

AmaLaplanders (amaSami) ahlala enyakatho ekude akholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi kukhona imidondoshiya ephila ngaphansi kwezingulube zaphakade. E-Eskimos ehlala ogwini lwase-Asia iBering Strait, lesi mammoth saziwa ngegama I-Kilu Crook, okuwukuthi, "umkhomo ogama lakhe lingu Kilu." Kwinganekwane ye-Eskimo, umkhomo waba nokulwa nesilo sasolwandle u-Aglu, lapho saphonswa khona emhlabeni, kodwa saphenduka esindayo futhi sawela emhlabathini, okwaba yindawo yakhe yokukhosela - wemba izindinyana zakhe ngemisundu emikhulu.

Engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, amasiko amaChukchi athi isilwane esinyakazayo somoya omubi, sihlala ngaphansi komhlaba. Noma ngubani othola izidladla zinamathele ngaphandle kwenhlabathi kufanele azimbumbe ngokushesha, khona-ke umthakathi aphelelwe amandla. Kunenkolelo ethi amaChukchi athola amachaphaza enamathele emhlabathini, bawemba futhi bathola isidumbu somamam, futhi sonke isizwe sabo sadla inyama ebilisiwe yonke ebusika.

Ngaphesheya kwe-Arctic Circle, phakathi kwamaYukagirs ahlala esifundeni esisuka eLena Delta kuya eKolyma, lesi simila sashiwo ezinganekwaneni ngaphansi kwegama Holhut. AmaShaman alesi sizwe akholelwa ukuthi umoya wesipoki ungumqaphi wemiphefumulo, ngakho-ke umShamane ogcwele umoya wesilwane esinyakazayo ngokungangabazeki unamandla ngaphezu komshazi ojwayelekile.

NgokukaThomas Jefferson, amaNdiya abiza le mammoth, isidumbu sayo sasihlala sitholakala eMelika, "inyathi enkulu". Ngokwenganekwane eyayikhona phakathi kweDelaware, imihlambi yalezi zilwane yake yafika eBig Bone Lix yaqala ukuqothula zonke ezinye izilwane "zenzelwe ukusebenzela amaNdiya", kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni "iBig Man Upstairs", ithukuthele, ayizange iphazamise wonke "umgqumo omkhulu" ngombani . Yinkunzi eyodwa kuphela eyasinda, okuthi, ngemuva kokuxosha konke ukushaywa nokulimala ohlangothini, "yeqa ngamaqa amakhulu i-Ohio, Wabash, Illinois futhi, ekugcineni, yadlula eLake Lakes, ezindaweni lapho ihlala khona kuze kube namuhla", okungukuthi, yaya kude kakhulu Enyakatho UJefferson ube esexoxa ngendaba kaStanley othile, ekudingisweni phakathi kwamaNdiya, wabona isidumbu sezinyamazane: “abomdeni bamtshela ukuthi isilwane okuzale la mathambo aso asatholakala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zamazwe abo. Ngokwencazelo yabo, unqume ukuthi bekuyindlovu. " Le mininingwane isenza sisole ukuthi amaNdiya ayenenkumbulo engacacile yezilwane ezincelisayo nokubuyela kwazo enyakatho, kusukela emuva esikhathini sePaleolithic.

Ukutholwa kwamathambo amakhulu nezinsikazi eYurophu yasendulo kuze kube ngekhulu le-18 kuthiwa kuthathwe ezindlovu ezalahlekile ezivela emabuthweni ka-Alexander the Great, Hannibal noma Pyrrhus. Baze bazama nokuchaza ukutholakala kwezidalwa ezincelisayo eduze kwaseVoronezh (endaweni yeKostenka) ngesikhathi sikaPeter the Great kuya kwezindlovu ezazilwa nezika-Alexander the Great. Ukutholwa kwezigebenga ezinkulu ze-mammoth eGreece yasendulo enomgodi ophakathi nendawo yesiqu kungasebenza njengesisekelo sezinganekwane zeziqhwa eziqothulayo. EMiddle East, amahemuhemu wamathambo amakhulu nezinsikazi avela eSiberia naseChina.

Ngo-1254, inkosi yase-Miner Armenia Hetum yaya eMongolia enkantolo yeGolden Horde Khan Mengu. Lapho ebuyela e-Armenia, waxoxa izindaba azizwa lapho nesazi-mlando uKirakos Gandzaketsi. UKirakos ubhale ezincwadini zakhe zonyaka: "...Kunesiqhingi esinesihlabathi lapho kukhula khona uhlobo oluthile lwethambo eliyigugu, njengomuthi, obizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi, uma ugawulwa, endaweni efanayo uyakhula futhi, njengezimpondo". Izingcweti zaseChinese zaqopha izibalo ezahlukahlukene nezobuciko kuleli thambo. Bekungumbuzo wama-mammoth tusks, atholakala eSiberia ezindaweni ezigezwe ngasogwini.

Mammoth Bone

I-mammoth tusk inamandla kunezindlovu futhi inesikimu sombala esiyingqayizivele. Izinkulungwane zeminyaka ezichithwe ngaphansi komhlaba, ama-tusks athola kancane kancane amaminerali futhi athola izithunzi eziningi ezahlukahlukene - kusuka kumiluka omhlophe onsomi nokumnyama ngokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amakhosi aqukethe amathambo abonga kakhulu ubumnyama bemvelo bokubukeka. Ngenxa yombala wayo, i-mammoth tusk isetshenziswe isikhathi eside ukwakha amakhabethe abizayo, ama-snuffboxes, izithonjana, i-chess, isaliti, namasongo nobucwebe besifazane. Zibuye zimbozwe ngezikhali.

Ngo-2019, abaphathi baseYakutia bazwakalisa inhloso yabo yokuchibiyela umthetho wenhlangano "On Subsoil" ukuze bethule umqondo we-mammoth tusk njengento yokuthengisela inzuzo ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo. Ngo-2019, eYakutia, ngokusho kukahulumeni wesifunda, imakethe yokukhishwa nokukhishwa kwemam mamoth ihlala isukela kuma-ruble ayizigidi ezimbili kuya kwezine. Unyaka ngamunye, inani lokuqoqwa okusemthethweni kwama -ksks lifinyelela kumathani ayikhulu, futhi akukho emthethweni, ngokusho kwezikhulu, okuphindwe kabili. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuhweba kwemikhiqizo yamathambo omamoth kusungulwa eChina futhi kuletha imali lapho.

Ukuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nezici zazo

Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke bathola izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo. Amathambo abo atholakala eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Imfucumfucu endala kunayo yonke okungenani iminyaka eyizigidi ezine. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwavela khona izinhlobo zokuqala zalezi zidalwa.

Izinsalela "ezisanda kusala" zezilwane ezincelisayo eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi edlule. Ubuntu abukazitholi ezintsha, ngakho-ke singaphetha ngokuthi banyamalala ngaleyo nkathi.
Ngaphandle, izilwane ezincelisayo zifana nezindlovu futhi zingamadlozi akude abathwali banamuhla bezithungu. Kodwa-ke, ngokubukeka kwezidalwa zomlando bekukhona umehluko omkhulu.

Ngaphandle, amabele ayemakhulu.Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, ukuphakama bekuhlukahluka kusuka ku-2m kuye ku-4m. Kepha isisindo, singafinyelela kumathani ayishumi.

Iqiniso elihehayo : Isigidi nesigamu seminyaka edlule i-Imperial Mammoth yaphila. Ikhule yaba ngamamitha ayi-6 ukuphakama, futhi isisindo safinyelela kumathani ayi-15.

Ngokungafani nezindlovu, izilwane ezincelisayo zazinomugqa wezinwele owazisiza ukuba ziphila ezimweni ezibandayo ezinzima. Kwakusetshenziselwa ukudonsa iqhwa ukuthola utshani nezihlahla ezifanele ukudla. Izinhlobo ezithile zamam mamoth zanqwabelana nama-fat kuma-interlayers emhlane wazo, okwazenza zanyibilika njengamakamela. Isiqu saso sasinezikhumba ezinde ezinekhanda elincane lempandla ekugcineni. Kwakusetshenziselwa ukukhulisa izinto nokuziletha emlonyeni. Futhi, isiqu sazo sasiza izilwane ukusula indlela: amagatsha ahamba ahlukaniswa, izingodo zahudulwa, njll.

Ama-molars wezilwane ayenamandla amaningi, ngoba yiwo ayekade egaya iningi lokudla. Amazinyo ayesemakhondweni ngokulandelana. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-molar's molars asula kancane kancane ayisa phansi, futhi okusha kwakhula ezindaweni zabo.

Uxolo, kepha awunawo ama-ruble ezwekazi lonke ukukhuthaza ukuqoshwa.

Thola ama-ruble ezwekazi
umeme abangani bakho kuComte.

Ngesikhathi sePleistocene kanye nokuQothulwa Kwasendulo eSiberia, eNyakatho Melika naseBeringia, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinobhiya zazingelinye lama-herbivores amakhulu kakhulu. Imfihlakalo yokuqedwa kwabo ngobuningi ayigcini isayensi kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kulezi zinsuku, ososayensi banethuba lokuphenya ngezinto ezitholakele futhi bahlanganyele le nhloso nososayensi bakwamanye amazwe abavela emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi. Isibonelo, izazi ze-paleontologists zisebenzisana nezazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, amakhemikhali, izakhi zofuzo nabanye abanikeza izindawo zabo zokucwaninga ukufunda amathambo, inhlabathi, impova kanye namanye amasampula aqoqiwe.

Noma yimaphi ama-hypotheses abekwa phambili kusisekelo samaqiniso. Lapho kunamaqiniso ambalwa, ama-hypotheses angaba ngohlobo olufanayo, lapho inani lamaqiniso lenyuka, nemininingwane entsha kanye nemininingwane kuvela, ama-hypotheses wangaphambilini angahlangani nawo angalungiswa kabusha. Le yinqubo ejwayelekile kunoma yiluphi ulwazi. Ngakho-ke, kuze kube muva nje kwakukhona umbono oqondile mayelana necala lesizwe sabantu ekuqothulweni kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Manje sekuvele amaqiniso amasha, futhi umbono wecala lomuntu ubonakala ugcwele kakhulu. Ngiphakamisa ukuthi ujwayelane ne-science yes mammoths efunde muva nje.

Ama-mammoth ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene anyamalala ngezikhathi ezihlukile, hhayi kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye kuwo wonke amazwekazi lapho atholakala khona.

Ngokusho kwemininingwane yamanje, iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo ezake zaba khona zaba ngabaqhingi. Esiqhingini, izilwane ezincelisayo zazingabonakali kubantu eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 700 edlule. Ezweni elikhulu, ama-mammoth aqothuka eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 edlule.

IGenetics yenze ucwaningo lwezinhlobo zemvelo zohlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo eziphuma eWrangel Island (esisogwini olusenyakatho neSiberia), ezazihlala eminyakeni engama-4,300 edlule, kanye nesilwane esisabekayo esivela e-Oymyakon (eYakutia), esikhathi sayo sokuphila sivela eminyakeni engama-45,000 edlule. Abantu baseMammoth ezweni elikhulu babebaningi (abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-13), kulesi siqhingi - ngaleso sikhathi kwakunesibalo esincane sezilwane ezingaba ngu-300 (ukwehla kwezikhathi ezingama-34). Kumasampula ezinsalela zalezi zinyamazane ezimbili, izakhi zofuzo zilandelela ukuthi i-genome isabele kanjani ekushintsheni kwezinguquko ngosayizi wabantu ngaphambi kokuthi inyamalale. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi ukwehla kwenani labantu ababandakanyeka ekutholeni izingane kulwenze buthaka ukukhetha kwemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukunqwabelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezinobungozi kwenzeka, okuholele ekuphazamisweni kwezakhi zofuzo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, umuzwa wokuhogela wehla ezilwaneni, obamba iqhaza elibalulekile enqubo yokuzala.

Ukusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo ezibhekene nekhono lokulungisa amakhefu kanye nokulimazeka kwamakhemikhali kuma-molecule e-DNA, ukuthuthwa kwezinto, izinqubo zokuqanjwa kwe-RNA okwenziwa yi-DNA njenge-matrix, ukwakheka kwamaferromones, izinqubo zokuthuthuka, nezinye izinqubo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo kwaphenduka ukuthi ziphule.

Ososayensi banqume isikhathi sokuqala kokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nezinye izilwane e-Wrangel Island nesikhathi sokunyamalala kwabo. Kwiphepha labo lesayensi elishicilelwe, kubikwa ukuthi:

"Ezinsukwini eziyi-124 ze-radiocarbon emathanjeni ezincelisayo, ziyi-106 isikhathi esisukela eminyakeni engama-3700 kuya kwengama-9000 edlule. Sikholwa ukuthi lezinsuku zifaka isikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo esiqwini se-Wrangel kanye nokuqothulwa kwazo kokugcina, esithi yimbangela yemvelo. Ukungabi bikho kwezinsuku phakathi kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye mhlawumbe kukhombisa isikhathi lapho izilwane ezincelisayo zazingekho e-Wrangel Island. Amathambo amade amade avela e-Wrangel Island yesikhathi se-Holocene akhombisa ukuthi lezi zilwane beziqhathaniswa ngobukhulu nezilwane ezisezweni elikhulu, yize zazingezona izilwane ezinkulu, nazo azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi yimfushane. Ukuvela kokubonakaliswa kwesimamogo saseHrecene ezweni elikhulu kucatshangelwa. Ngokusekelwe kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezibuye zenziwe e-Wrangel Island, ezibandakanya amahhashi, inyathi, umaskk kanye nobhejane obuboya, kwavela ukuthi mammoth kwakuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zalesi silwane esihlala eWhange Island maphakathi neHholocene. "

Ngaphambi kwalokho, ama-mammoths e-Wrangel ayeka ukuba khona kwezilwane ezihlala zodwa esiqhingini saseSt. Paul, esiphakathi nendawo phakathi kwe-Alaska neMpumalanga Ekude. Lesi siqhingi sike saba yingxenye yebhuloho iBerengi, izwe elixhuma amazwekazi amabili. Ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle kwashintsha leli bhuloho, kwashiya iziqhingi eziningana kulo. Inani labantu abasahlala esiqhingini elisendaweni eyi-110 km2 kwadingeka ukuba bahlale bodwa iminyaka ecishe ibe yinkulungwane eyi-8.

Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaRussell Graham waseNyuvesi yasePennsylvania, iqembu lososayensi lathola lapho iqembu le-mammoths elisesiqembini lishiya khona, futhi ngasizathu sini lokhu kwenzeka.

Ubufakazi bokuqala bokuthi abantu basesiqhingini basinda ezimamonyini ezwekazi lonke ngomphumela wokuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon ngezinyo elatholakala lesilwane ezincelisayo zesiqhingi. Kwavela ukuthi ubesaphila eminyakeni engama-7900 eyedlule. Ukutholwa okwalandela kwabhalwa phesheya eminyakeni engama-6500 edlule.

Kodwa-ke, ukunquma iminyaka yamathambo etholakele kwakungeyona ukuphela kwendlela ososayensi abathola ngayo isikhathi nesizathu sokuqothuka kwezilwane ezincelisayo kulesi siqhingi. Ngaphandle kokuthandana nezinsalela zezinye izilwane eziyi-14, iqembu lithathe amatshe asezingeni eliphansi echibini lesiqhingi. Amatshe e-Sedimentary aqukethe izinsalela zamagciwane, izitshalo kanye nempova - ngokujwayelekile, konke okutholile futhi okuqongelelwe phansi eminyakeni eyizi-10,000 edlule. Ukufundwa kwamasampula asemqoka kuyindlela yesibili yokucacisa izehlakalo ezedlule.

Indlela yesithathu (noma kunalokho, eyesi-3, yesi-4 neyesi-5) kwakuwukufuna inqwaba yamakhowe (izinhlobo ezi-3), umsebenzi obalulekile owenzeka emgomeni wezilwane ezi-herbivorous. Inani lama-mushroom spores lincike kwinani labadli botshani. Futhi izilwane ezincelisayo zikhiqiza umquba ngamanani amakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukunyamalala kwezilwane ezincelisayo kufanele kubangele ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lama-fungal spores in sediments.

Zonke izindlela ezinhlanu zahlanganiswa endaweni efanayo kumugqa wesikhathi - iminyaka engama-5600 edlule.

Ngaphezu kokusiza ukuthola isikhathi, amasampula angumgogodla aba yimithombo yolwazi emayelana nembangela yokuqothuka, okwakungukushintsha kwezimo zesimo sezulu esiqhingini esithile.

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, iziqhingi ezinkulu zasesiqhingini ziye zaba nendawo eyanele notshani obuningi obukhula kuyo. Kwakungekho nezinyamazane ezidla ubhedu, ezinjengebhere elimnyama nabantu. Imbangela yokuqothuka kwaba ukoma. Ngenkathi bekuna imvula eyanele, bakwazile ukubuyisa amachibi amancane esiqhingi ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinqubo zasemkhathini zashintsha, futhi kwezulu kwaqala ukuba mpofu. Amachibi aqala ukoma ngakunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwandle lwaphinde lwaqala ukukhuphuka kancane, futhi amanzi alo anosawoti aqala ukuwa echibini elisogwini. Okwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamakha, ezidinga amanzi okuphuza nawokupholisa, kuye kwaba yincane kakhulu. Isihloko sesayensi lapha

Ngabe mam mam udinga kangakhi utshani?

Kuma-hypotheses amabili akhona (wezimbangela ze-anthropogenic nezesimo sezulu), i-hypothesis yendlala yezimbiwa ingeziwe. Ngokusho kwakhe, ezweni elikhulu ngenxa yokuncibilika kweqhwa, ukubukeka komhlaba kwagcotshwa, okwadala ukushoda kwezimbiwa ezinjenge-calcium, i-magnesium, i-sodium, nezinye izakhi zomzimba ezingena emzimbeni ngokudla. Lawa amaminerali abandakanyeka ekudleni nokwakha izicubu zomzimba ezintsha. Lokhu kuthinta isimo samathambo. Ososayensi beTomsk bafundele izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela eBerelyokh (Yakutia). Lo mbhalo ubhalwe eQuaternary International.

"Ukuhlaziywa kwe-paleoecological of mammoth angaphezu kwe-1,500 kusala endaweni yase-Berelёkh (BP13-12 eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule) kukhombisa ukuthi ama-42% ezazi zezinto zakudala akhombisa ushintsho olonakalisayo (i-osteoporosis, i-osteolysis, i-osteofibrosis, i-osteomalacia, izifo ezihlangene, njll.) Ngokokuqala mammoths kwakukhona ukuntuleka kokuvalwa komgogodla womlomo wesibeletho, isidumbu, kanye nemizimba ye-intraarticular ye-cervical. Isithambiso esivamile se-pathological sifana nesithombe se-Kashin-Beck isifo (noma i-Level), i-etiology yaso ehambisana nokubulawa yindlala kwamaminerali. Uhlobo lwe-th (lokudla / lokudla okunempilo) lwesimo se-osteodystrophy esaphawuliwe singachazwa ngokuqina okuqinile kwezindawo ezinomhlaba, ezibonakala endaweni yaseNyakatho ye-Eshiya emva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 eyedlule futhi ihlukile kakhulu eminyakeni yeqhwa sekwedlule isikhathi (iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu edlule).) Ngakho-ke, isiza saseBerelyokh sikhombisa isigaba sokugcina sokuqothulwa kwezinqwaba zokugcina zezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo. " Kusuka lapha

"IBerelyokh ngenye yezindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho ye-Eshiya ezinenqwaba yezinsalela zemamoni eziqoqene eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-13 ukuya kwezi-12 ezedlule kumuntu osekhulile: umfula wokuqala womfula ofanayo, lapho bezingakhukhulwa khona. Amathambo namazinyo avinjelwe ngokushesha yizidambisi, Isimo sezulu kanye nomonakalo odalwa yizinyamazane Ingxenye yeqoqo - cishe ingxenye eyodwa nesigamu yenkulungwane - ligcinwe eZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences yaseSt. Petersburg, abacishe babe ngama-50% abo abaphethe ezinye zezimpawu zokushintsha okubabazekayo, kodwa, bafunda lezi zinto kuphela Izimbangi, kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi bekuyini ingxenye yangempela yezilwane ezigulayo.

"Amathambo anesisekelo se-calcium, kanti izinqubo ze-metabolic emzimbeni ziqhubeka nokuhlinzekwa njalo ngamakhemikhali avela ngaphandle, ngakho-ke ukudla okwenziwe ngomsoco okulinganiselwe kubaluleke kakhulu kwizilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo," kusho uSergey Leshchinsky, udokotela wesayensi yezokuma komhlaba kanye ne-mineralogical. - I-calcium, i-sodium, i-magnesium nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ziyoncibilika emanzini futhi zihlanzwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwenhlabathi, okwenzeka ngenxa yezinguquko ezimangazayo zemvelo eminyakeni engaba ngu-10,000 edlule engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia futhi mhlawumbe okuholele ekuqothulweni kwezilwane ezincelisayo.

I-osteoblastoma enkulu yamaseli emaphethelweni e-mammoth tibia

Ezinye izifo zamathambo ezitholakala eBerelyokh bezingachazwanga ngaphambili ezincwadini ngokubhekisisa ngezilwane ezincelisayo. Owokuqala wayo yimizimba yamahhala ye-cartraaginous yama-intraarticular: ezincwadini zezokwelapha zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "igundane eliqondile" noma "okusanhlamvu welayisi". Ngokubhujiswa kwe-cartilage, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ithambo elingaphansi, izingcezu zazo ziwela emgodini ohlanganyelwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela ubunzima obukhulu, ukuxutshwa kwezitho, okuyisimilo kuzo zombili izilwane nabantu.

"Imifino eminingi ivame ukubonakala emathanjeni we-articular wamathambo: kungenzeka kakhulu, akhiwa yizicucu zezingcezu ezihlanganisiwe eziwela ekuhlanganyeleni futhi ziziphathe njengomuntu oxhaphazayo, okungukuthi," hlikihla "amathambo," umcwaningi uyengeza. - Uma "amagundane e-articular" evame ukutholakala kubantu banamuhla, khona-ke i-pathology yesibili ayivamile: kungukuvuleka kokuvula okuvulekile kwe-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho, lapho imithambo yegazi kanye ne-nerve plexuses.

Ukuhlaziya izinsalela ukusuka ezindaweni ezisuka ePoland ziya eSiberia, usosayensi waphawula ukuthi emamoths ayehlala eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30,000 edlule, izifo zamathambo zivame ukuba ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-5, kuthi kulabo abaphila ngemuva kweminyaka engama-27,000, isilinganiso se-pathologies sanda kakhulu - kwezinye izikhathi, amahlandla ayishumi ngaphezulu.

"Umuntu uhlukile kumamamms kanye nama-herbivores ngoba omnivorous futhi njalo (ngaphandle kwabadli bemifino) usebenzisa inyama nemikhiqizo yobisi enamakhemikhali," kuchaza uSergey Leshchinsky. - Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenzeka kuthambekele ekubulaleni indlala okunamaminerali. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi besayensi bukhombisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sePaleolithic, abantu babehlaselwa nayizifo zamathambo. Ngeshwa, kuncane kakhulu imininingwane enjalo: izinsalela zabantu ziyaqabukela ngokwanele ukwenza ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa.

Usosayensi uhlela ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga esifundeni saseNovosibirsk, kubandakanya, kanye ne-Institute of Archaeology ne-Ethnography ye-SB RAS - endaweni yeWolf Mane. Lo ngomunye wamathuna amakhulu amakhulu e-Asia. "

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, isayensi ibanjwa ngosesho, futhi esimweni ngasinye izizathu ziba ezazo. Ngendlela efanayo nangokulala kwezikhukhula ezilele ngezakhiwo ezinye izingubo ezigqokwa ngazo.

Zahlala nini izilwane ezincelisayo?

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-mammoth okuqala avela esikhathini se-Pliocene (cishe izigidi eziyisi-5,3 edlule) futhi akhona kuze kube seminyakeni eyi-VII yeminyaka eyi-BC. Iningi lazo lalinamasayizi alingana nosayizi bezindlovu zesimanje, kodwa kwakukhona izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane, ezazifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-5, nezincane, ezikhula zibe ngamamitha ayi-2 kuphela.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nezindlovu kwakuwukubakhona komugqa wezinwele obukhulu nemicu emide egobile, esiza ukusiza ekutholeni ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa ebusika.

Izindawo ezinkulu zezilwane ezincelisayo kwakuyiNyakatho Melika, i-Afrika, iYurophu kanye ne-Asia. Imvamisa, abacwaningi bathola kuphela amathambo abo, kepha eSiberia nase-Alaska kunezimo zokutholwa kwezidumbu zonke ezikwazi ukusinda kahle kuze kube namuhla.

Zaphela nini mamam?

Iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo zashona eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 edlule, lapho inkathi yeqhwa laseVistula yabusa emhlabeni. Kwakungokokugcina ochungechungeni lweminyaka yeqhwa futhi kwaphela ngo-9600 BC.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo, ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ezingama-34 zezilwane ezincelisayo zanyamalala, kufaka phakathi inyamazane enezimpondo ezinkulu nobhejane obuluhlaza. Ukuqothulwa kuhambisane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-tundra steppes ku-tundra yanamuhla kanye ne-marshy-tundra biota yanamuhla.

Kungani izilwane ezincelisayo zife ngaphandle?

Ososayensi bebelokhu bephikisana ngezimbangela zokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo iminyaka eminingi. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ziyabekwa phambili, noma zixakile nje, njengokuwa kwecompet kanye nobhubhane olukhulu.

Iningi lemibono alisekelwa abanye ochwepheshe, kepha namuhla kunamazwibela okungenani amabili angachaza ngokunyamalala kwezilwane. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-mammoths angaba yizisulu zabazingeli be-Upper Paleolithic noma bafe ngenxa yokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu esibi.

Ukuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo ngabazingeli

Uhlobo lwabazingeli lwaphakanyiswa isazi semvelo saseBrithani u-Alfred Wallace ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Usosayensi wabheka ukuthi kwakuwukuzingela kwezilwane ezincelisayo okwadala ukuqothulwa kwazo ngokuphelele. Ukutholwa kukaWallace bekuncike ekutholakaweni kwendawo yabantu yakudala lapho bekukhona khona inqwaba enkulu yamathambo omama.

Kukholelwa ukuthi cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-32 edlule, abantu bazinza enyakatho ye-Eurasia, kwathi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 edlule bafika eNyakatho Melika futhi baqala ukuzingela ngenkuthalo ukudla. Kuyiqiniso, abakwazanga ukuqothula yonke inhlobo, kepha ukufudumala komhlaba okwenzeka ngemuva kwe-Ice Age okwaholela ekunciphiseni kwezilwane ezincelisayo “kwabasiza” kulokhu.

Meteorite

I-hypothesis yokuqala, ebonakala incanyana, i-meteorite. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi ucezu lwemvelaphi yakwamanye amazwe lwawa emhlabeni, okwaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona enye i-Ice Age, eyayimiswa ngokushesha. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kubangele ukunyamalala kwezilwane eziningi, kufaka phakathi ama-mammoths. Le hypothesis ayikaqinisekiswa, ngoba abavubukuli abatholanga izingxenye zethembiso.

I-hypothesis yesibili ihlobene nabantu.Lapho izinkulungwane eziningana edlule, amadlozi akude omuntu wanamuhla aqala ukuhlala eMhlabeni, azingela ngentshiseko izilwane ezahlukene.

AmaMammoth ayewumgomo ophambili, ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu nezici zezakhiwo zawo zazingama-clumsy. Lokhu kuvunyelwe ukuba bahlasele bevela endaweni ephakemeyo, bacebise izicupho. Yebo, ngesikhathi sokuzingela, abazingeli abaningana bangasho ukuthi bajabule empilweni yabo, kepha isizwe sasingenayo inyama eyenele isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku olulodwa. I-hypothesis ithi ama-mammoths anyamalala ngenxa yabantu abaqala ukuzingela ngamanani amakhulu.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu esimangazayo

I-hypothesis yesithathu ibhekwa njengento engenzeka kakhulu. Ucebisa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zinyamalale ngenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, hhayi ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi.

Ikuphi i-hypothesis eyiqiniso - ososayensi abakakulungeli ukunikeza impendulo eqondile. Ngenkathi ufunda umlando weplanethi nezilwane ezincelisayo, wonke umuntu ufinyelela iziphetho ezithile, ngenxa yalokho afuna iqiniso.

Kunemidwebo emithathu yokuzama ukuzama ukubeka izizathu imbangela yokunyamalala kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Esokuqala sisuselwa ekuweni kwe-meteorite eshintshe isimo sezulu, ngenxa yazo lezi zilwane ezazingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Elesibili liboshwe ngoshintsho ezimweni zemvelo ezenzeka ngokwemvelo. Owesithathu uthi ama-mammoths anganyamalala ngenxa yabantu abaqala ukuzingela inqwaba.

Yini isintu esaziyo ngamam mams?

Kuze kube manje, abantu bakwazile ukubonisa kahle izinhlobo zangaphambilini zezilwane eziqothulayo zezilwane - ama-mammoth. Kuze kube isikhathi esithile, imicabango mayelana nokubukeka kwayo yayingakhiwa ngokusekelwe kuphela kwizinsalela zezilwane - amathambo abantu ababewathola ngezikhathi ezithile lapho bekumba. Kepha kwathi lapho umbukiso okhethekile wawela ezandleni zabaphenyi - umzimba wesilwane esinyamazane esincane, esigcinwe isikhathi eside ebhulokini leqhwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ngemuva kokufa umzimba wesilwane wawuse-permafrost, awuzange ushintshe, bese ososayensi bekwazi ukubonisa kahle imidwebo yesilwane salesosikhathi.

Manje sazi ini ngamamamony?

AmaMammoth yizilwane zasendulo ezake zakha umhlaba wethu. Zavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-4-5 edlule futhi zaba khona isikhathi eside. AmaMammoth ayehlalisa uMhlaba kusukela esikhathini seLate Pliocene kuya eLate Pleistocene.

AmaMammoth abhekwa njengamadlozi endlovu yanamuhla yase-Afrika. Kuliqiniso, ubukhulu bawo bukhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, le mammisindo yayisisindo esingamathani ayi-6,5, yize kwakukhona abantu isisindo sabo sifinyelela kumathani ayi-12. Ukukhula kwabo nakho kwakubalulekile - kuze kube ku-5.5 m ukuphakama.

Ngaphandle, umzimba wezilwane ezincelisayo wawumboziwe ngezinwele ezinde nezinde, ezazisiza ukuba zigcine zifudumele. Ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakubanda kakhulu emhlabeni. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokhu, ama-mammoth abhekana kahle nokushisa okuphansi.

Uyacelwa uqaphele: ezingxenyeni ezikude zasenyakatho phakathi nokumbiwa kwesidumbu sekutholwe izidumbu eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo, izidumbu zazo ezihluke kwezinye endaweni yendawo enkulu. Ekuqaleni, ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi kwakuyindlela ethile ehlukile yezilwane lapho umgogodla wawugobile. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono wavela ukuthi awulungile. I-hump enjalo yayikhona kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zokuqongelela amafutha ukuze ivikele umzimba emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu.

AmaMammoth abekhona nezinye izici ezihlukile:

• Isiqu eside, esanwebeke kancane ezansi, esasiza ekulweni namakhaza futhi sabheka ukudla phakathi kweqhwa nomhlabathi owakhiwe yiqhwa.
• Ama -ksks amakhulu kakhulu futhi amade, okwakudingeka futhi ukuze wephule iqhwa futhi athole ukudla.
• Imilenze emikhulu kanye nomzimba, ongahamba kalula phakathi kwezingxenye zeqhwa zendlela.

Isikhathi sokuba khona kwezilwane ezincelisayo ziwela esikhathini lapho abantu basendulo bevela emhlabeni. Lokhu kungahlulelwa ngemidwebo abantu bokuqala abayishiya emihumeni yabo.

Kepha-ke kwenzekani?

AmaMammoth ayanyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo emhlabeni. Abantu bathola izinsalela zabo kuphela. Umbuzo ngokungenakuphikiswa uthi: kungani izilwane ezincelisayo zanyamalala njengohlobo, uma zingashintshwa ngokuphelele kumakhaza, futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyizilwane ezinamandla kakhulu?

Lapho ama-mamms efa: ukucatshangelwa okuvamile kososayensi

Kuvelaphi lokhu kucabanga?

Yonke into ilula kakhulu: iningi lezinsalela ezitholakele libonisa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ekugcineni zafa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 eyedlule.

Kepha, njengoba wazi, isayensi nokucwaninga akumi. Kakade namuhla, ososayensi banikeza incazelo enembile kakhudlwana yenqubo yokuqothuka kwezilwane ezincelisayo.

Ukuchazwa ngokwezigaba kwesikhathi lapho izilwane ezincelisayo zaphela

Njengoba kwakunesibalo esikhulu sezilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni ngasikhathi sinye, ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi bonke ngeke bafe ngasikhathi sinye. Ukusuka lapha kwafika umqondo wokuhlaziya ukuthi ukuqothuka kwabo kugcina kanjani. Manje imisebenzi yososayensi ingafakwa ngendlela yencazelo eyenziwe ngezigaba.

Njengoba ubona, ngemuva kweminyaka yocwaningo, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola ukutholwa okumangalisayo. Ekugcineni, mammoths zaba khona eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 3 edlule. Kuyiqiniso, hhayi konke, kepha izinhlobo zazo ezihlukile ziyizidalwa ezincelisayo.

Zazincane - zazingamamitha ayi-2 kuphela ubude futhi zinesisindo samathani amabili. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lokuthi zikhona ngempela alinakuphikwa. Izidumbu zabo zatholakala esiqhingini i-Wrangel, oLwandle iChukchi.

Isikhathi eside lesi siqhingi besingahlalwa muntu, futhi ama-mammoth ayehlala lapho izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Babembalwa kubo - cishe abantu abangama-300.

Kepha ake ucabange nje, lo mbono ufakazela ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, lapho imibhoshongo isivele imi eGiza, izilwane ezincelisayo zahamba ngokuzithoba emhlabeni wethu. Kuhle kwesokudla?

Izizathu ezingenzeka zokuthi kungani mammoths afa

Phakathi kokucatshangwa okuningi, kukhethwe izizathu ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezinamalungelo abo okuba khona, kepha akunakubizwa ngokuthi yizona kuphela izici ezaholela ekuqothulweni kwenani elikhulu kangaka lezilwane.

Yini ongayisho uma ubheka lezi zizathu?

Into eyodwa isobala: ayikho neyodwa yazo engavunywa njengeyinhloko noma iphikisiwe. Ngani, ngizochaza manje.

Indoda yalesosikhathi yayibuthakathaka ngokwanele ukuzingela izilwane ezinkulu nezinkulu kangaka. Ngokunokwenzeka, wayekwazi ukubulala izilwane ezigulayo noma esezilimele vele. Futhi-ke, kungani ayedinga inyama engaka? Izidumbu zomuntu munye kubantu bakudala zazinganela ubusika bonke ukuze bangafi yindlala.

Kuyavela ukuthi ukuzingela akusona ukuphela kwesizathu.

Ngokuqondene nokushisa, empeleni kungaba nomthelela ekutheni ama-mammoth ashiywe engenakho ukudla kokuphila. Kepha kwakukhona izifunda lapho ama-mammel ayenokudla. Kungani-ke bengasindanga lapho?

Ngicabanga ukuthi zombili izizathu ziyahambisana. Okusho ukuthi, bekukhona ukufudumeza nokuzingela kwabantu, okuthe ekugcineni kwaqeda umndeni wezilwane ezincelisayo.

Kepha ososayensi abagcinanga lapho, futhi baqamba ezinye izinto ezi-3 ezingathinta ukuqothulwa kwezilwane:

Vala ukukhwelana.

Uma ngabe zazimbalwa kakhulu izilwane ezincelisayo kuhlobo olulodwa, zaqala ukunqandana, zisondelene kakhulu nomndeni. Lokhu kube nomthelela ekunciphiseni okunamandla kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuguquka kwazo, nakho okungaba nomthelela ekunyamalaleni kwazo.

Isifo noma igciwane.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ngalezozinsuku mammoth angabamba uhlobo oluthile lwesifo, ngokwesibonelo, isifo sofuba sesilwane. Kepha njengoba iningi lazo selishabalele, lesi sizathu asinakubhekwa njengento eyisisekelo, ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zaqhubeka ziphila.

Ukuwa kwe-meteorite noma i-asteroid.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ngalezo zinsuku i-comet noma i-asteroid ingawa emhlabeni. Kungadala imililo, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo nokunye okuningi. Ithuba elinjalo alikhishwa, kepha akuyona imbangela eqondile yokuqothulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo.

Sikhuluma ngezizathu zokuqothulwa kwalezinhlobo zasendulo zezilwane, sixoxa ngosuku okwamukelwa ngalo okokuqala njengolo lapho iningi lezilwane ezincelisayo lashona khona. Kodwa-ke, sesivele sakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ezinye izilwane ziphila isikhathi eside. Ngani?

Yini efake isandla empilweni ende yezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ezincelisayo?

Bonke babehlala eWrange Island, lapho okwatholakala khona izidumbu zabo.

Yini eyayikhona ngalesi siqhingi esivumela izilwane ukuba ziphile isikhathi eside?

Ngizobiza izingxabano ezimbalwa ezisindayo:

1. Isimo sezulu esipholile - I-Wrangel Island itholakala ngendlela yokuthi kungabikho moya onamandla, futhi ayishaywa nje njengezinye izingxenye ezifanayo zomhlaba owomile. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izimo zokuphila zezilwane ezincelisayo zazintofontofo lapho - kubanda, kepha kungenamoya.
2. Izitshalo eziminyene - zihlukahlukene kakhulu esiqhingini. Kuyavela ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zingadla inala.
3. Ukuntuleka komuntu - I-Wrangel Island ibingakaze ihlalwe phambilini, ngakho-ke kusobala ukuthi umuntu akakwazanga ukuzingela izinyamazane lapho, okuyinto engazange inciphise inani labantu.

Kepha uma kunokudla okuningi, futhi isimo sezulu besimi kahle, kungani izilwane zasolwandle zingasindanga kuze kube namuhla?

Ngoba inani labo esiqhingini lalilikhulu - inani labantu abangama-300. Impela, ukuthi ukuwela kwabo kwakuhlobene kakhulu, kulokhu abantu bancipha. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi bagule.

Zaphela nini izinkomazi?

Isibonelo esivela emlandweni wokucwaninga: kungenzeka yini ukuthi ama-mammoths asaphila?

Umzuzu lapho umhlaba ufundile ngokutholakala esiQhingini i-Wrangel, waba yinto etholakalayo eyishintshe ngokuphelele le ndaba endala. Kepha leli cala akuyona ukuphela kwalo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuma-90s, kwatfolwa indzaba leyasho kutsi etindzaweni letikhashane leSiberia bantfu babona silwane lebukeka kakhulu njengemamome. Yayinejazi elide, futhi lalilikhulu ngobukhulu kunendlovu yase-Afrika.

Kamuva, lawo manothi avela kaningana emaphephandabeni nasemsakazweni. Kepha okwamanje abakasitholi isiqinisekiso esivela ososayensi. Yize bengakuphiki ukuthi kude kangaka emahlathini ama-mammoths aseSiberia asekhona. Izilwane zasendle zingaphazamisa ukuthola imizimba yazo, ekufuneni inyamazane ingadwengula umzimba wesilwane izicucu.

Ngakho-ke singalinda kuphela uma ososayensi bevele befunda iqiniso lokuthi ama-mammoths angaphila ezinsukwini zethu. Kuze kube manje lolu lwazi alukakaqinisekiswa, kepha alukaphikiswa, ngoba ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lezilwane ezincelisayo ezingashintsha futhi ziqhubeke nempilo ngesimo sezinye izilwane.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngikwazile ukuwuphendula ngokuphelele umbuzo we-athikili yanamuhla lapho ama-mammoths esabalele. Ngeqiniso, ngibheka umlando njengesayensi ethokozisayo, futhi ngiyethemba ukuthi ngokuzayo sizokwazi ukufunda kabanzi ngempilo yokhokho bethu, impucuko kanye nezwe lezilwane.

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Impilo yakhe yonke wayehlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yezwe, futhi wayengeke acabange nokuthi mammoths angaba khona namanje. Ngokweqiniso, nginokholo oluncane kulokhu, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi baphila isikhathi eside kwangithinta.