Ngubani inyoka? Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu angawuphendula lo mbuzo ngaphandle kokungabaza: lesi yisilwane esihuquzelayo esihuquza phansi ngoba ayinayo imilenze yokuhamba. Ngokwengxenye, impendulo efanele. Yini ingxenye? Ngoba kunezinambuzane ezingezona izinyoka, kodwa futhi ezingenayo imilenze - lezi zingamaqhude ezingenamlenze. Kodwa-ke, ingxoxo embhalweni wethu ayikho mayelana nabo, kodwa mayelana nezinyoka. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iqembu lalezi zilwane lihlukahluka kakhulu futhi liyathakazelisa.
Ososayensi babala cishe izinyoka ezingama-2500 emvelweni. Lezi zilwane zakha isizinda sonke eqenjini lezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Kulula ukwahlukanisa izinyoka kwezinye izilwane ezisesimweni somzimba: ziyaphakama, njengoba sesishilo, izinyoka azinamilenze. Umzimba walezi ezihubhayo uvumelana nezimo, uhambisa i-regiment ebusweni, wenza ukunyakaza okufana namagagasi. Isakhiwo esikhethekile samathambo nenani elikhulu lama-vertebrae akhipha ama-verobb wangempela izinyoka, ngoba zingakhuphukela ebholeni futhi zize zizibophele ifindo!
Ubungako bezinyoka nabo buphawuleka ngobukhulu bazo: ukusuka ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukuya kumamitha angaphezu kwe-10! O, ngokuphila emhlabeni wethu, sikulungiselele izindaba ezihlukile nezifundisayo.
Zihlala kuphi izinyoka?
Izinyoka zihlala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba wethu, ngaphandle kwaleli lizwekazi elibandayo - i-Antarctica. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zalezi zilwane zingabonakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Lapha izinyoka zifinyelela osayizi obumangalisayo futhi kutholakala abantu abathile bemibala ehlukahlukene. Bathanda ukuhlala emahlathini, ogwadule, amachibi, izintaba, izitebhisi kanye nasemanzini amasha.
Indlela yokuphila, umsoco nokuziphatha kwezinyoka emvelweni
Endleleni yokuphila, zonke izinyoka azishadi. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nesikhathi sokukhwelana, ukunqwabelana kweziningi zalezi zilwane kungabonakala, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Izinyoka eziningi zinobuthi obulalayo. Ikakhulu izinyoka eziningi ezinjalo zitholakala e-Afrika nase-Asia. Cishe emhlabeni le vidiyo izotshela:
Ngokuqondene nezitho zengqondo zezinyoka, azinakuzwa okuhle kakhulu noma ukubona okuhle. Into yokuthi inyoka ayinayo ngokuphelele izindlebe zangaphandle, ngakho-ke inyoka “iyezwa” cishe kuphela ngenxa yokuqhaqha kwenhlabathi, noma kobuso obume phezu kwawo. Amehlo wezinyoka awafani ngokuqapha, ayakwazi ukubona kuphela okuhlala kushukuma, ezimeni eziningi, izinyoka azibheki ukunakwa "inyamazane" emile.
Uma umbono nokuzwa kwendalo kulezi ezihuquzelayo kungakhuli kahle, mhlawumbe ukunambitheka kwezinyoka kusemandleni abo? Ngeshwa, kunjalo futhi lapha. Izinyoka azihlukanisi ukunambitheka kokudla abakudlayo. Ngokuvamile akakujabuleli ukudla ngomqondo ojwayelekile, awukuhlafunisi, kepha ukugwinya ngokuphelele.
Umuzwa kuphela owakhiwe kahle phakathi kwezinyoka umuzwa wazo wokuhogela. Ama-Reptors afaka iphunga atholakala kulezi ezihuquzelayo hhayi kuphela emakhaleni, kodwa nasolimini lwawo olude. Ngakho-ke, izinyoka zivame ukukhipha izilimi zazo ukuhogela iphunga lazo lesikhathi esizayo.
Futhi izinyoka zinikezwa yimvelo ngalolo okuthiwa yi-radar. Lawa ngamadivayisi akhethekile atholakala ebusweni futhi abukeka njengama-dimples. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-receptors anjalo avumela inyoka ukuthi ibone umhlaba oyizungezile kungathi ngumbonisi wesithombe oshisayo.
Izwi lenyoka alithuthukiswanga, okuwukuphela kokuzwakala kwalezi zilwane ezifunde ukwenza ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhulunywa ngaye. Okuhlukile, mhlawumbe, ama-rattlesnake kuphela, azi ukuthi angayenza kanjani "i-rattle" evela emsileni: bahlelele ngokukhethekile ama-flakes kule ngxenye yomzimba.
Enye yezimpawu zezinyoka ukuncibilika. Iqiniso ngukuthi kungekudala inyoka ikhula ngaphandle kwegobolondo layo elinamandla futhi idinga "ukushintshwa". Kodwa-ke, i-flake ngayinye ayiguquki yinyoka, isilwane silahla “isikhumba” esidala ngesitoko.“Isambatho” esilahliweyo sibizwa ngokuthi umsele.
Izinyoka zinemibala ehlukahlukene: ukusuka kwesizotha futhi inconspicuous, kuya kukhanya ngendlela emangalisayo futhi emibalabala. Abanye basebenzisa umbala wesikhumba ukufihla ezitheni noma bathele kuye isisulu. Abanye, kunalokho, baxwayisa ngemibala yabo ukuthi kungcono ukungasondeli kubo. Njengomthetho, zonke izinyoka ezinobuthi zinezikali ezikhanyayo, kepha kukhona okuhlukile.
Bonke abamele isizinda sezinyoka bayizilwane ezidliwayo. Abanye badla amagundane, abanye badla izibungu, abanye badla okuncane kwabo, okwesine badla amaqanda enyoni, kanti owesihlanu ... bangadla ngisho nengwenya ephelele!
Imvamisa, izilwane ezinkulu ezingamhloniphiyo ziba inyoka yezinyoka (ngokwemvelo, zikhulu kakhulu). Inyoka idonsela uqobo phezu kwesidumbu sesilwane esithengiwe bese siyigwinya kancane, bese siyigaya isikhathi eside.
Izinyoka. Yize ngingakaze ngibone inyoka ephilayo ehlathini, ingqondo yami ayinabo ubudlelwano obumnandi kakhulu nabo. :) Ngisikhumbula ngokukhethekile isithombe esenziwa e-Australia. Kuyo, inyoka enkulu ithule izule ngaphandle kwendlu yangasese. Kudala ngazi ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi izinto ezingajwayelekile ziyenzeka e-Australia, kodwa kakhulu. Njengoba ngithatheka kakhulu, lapho-ke ezinye izinsuku ezimbalwa ngisahlola indlu yangasese. :)
Kepha zidlani izinyoka?
Kancane ngezinyoka
Izinyoka zingezazo eqenjini lezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Bengihlala ngithintwa kakhulu yilezi zilwane ngoba ziyizihlobo, njengofudu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, lezi zidalwa ziyizilwane ezihuqayo. Kodwa ukuthola okuthile okufana phakathi kwabo kunzima kakhulu ngokwesigidi kunokuthola umehluko. :)
Lezi zilwane zijabulisa kakhulu - cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Kuyamangaza ukuthi abahlali baseNew Zealand nase-Ireland bangazola ngezindlu zabo zangasese, njengoba lapho futhi namanje kwezinye iziqhingi izifunda inyoka azihlali. :)
Kubantu abajwayelekile kuhlala kuthakazelisa ngabe inyoka inobuthi noma cha. Lezi zidalwa zisebenzisa ubuthi bazo ikakhulukazi ukuzingela, hhayi ukuzivikela. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi nokubulala umuntu.
Izinyoka zizingela kanjani
Izinyoka zithola ukudla kwazo ngokuzingela. Zizingela ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kuya ngezinhlobo. Izinyoka ezinobuthi eziningi zilinda inyamazane yazo, zilele endaweni eyodwa amahora amaningi futhi lapho nje zifunda inyamazane efanelekile, ziyashesha ziyikhuze futhi zibulale.
Uma inyamazane engaba khona ikwazile ukwehla, inyoka ngeke ikusukele, kepha iphinde icashe futhi izolinda isisulu esisha.
Futhi zidliwa kanjani izinyoka ezingenabuthi? Iningi lazo lizifunela inyamazane yalo, liwelele emiseleni nakwezinye izikhova, futhi lapho lithola okuthile okulungele ukudla, ziyagibela zibambe izisulu zazo ziphonseke ngombani.
Ungazidla kanjani izinyoka
Ebamba inyamazane yayo, inyoka iyambulala. Izinhlobo ezinobuthi zikwenza lokhu ngosizo lobuthi, kanti ezingelona ubuthi ziyizungeza emasondweni omzimba wayo, kepha kukhona abaginya inyamazane yabo iphila.
Zonke izinyoka ziginya inyamazane yonke bese ziyithumela ngaphakathi ngosizo lomhlathi wazo ongaphansi ongejwayelekile, oqukethe ama-halves amabili ashukumisayo, axhumeke ngama-ligaments ama-elastic.
Inyoka idla, idonsa ingxenye yesokudla yomhlathi esihlathini, kuyilapho amazinyo engxenye yesobunxele eyibamba ngokuqinile, bese kuthi uhhafu wesokudla abambe inyamazane, nengxenye yesinxele idonsa ngakho kancane kancane inyoka idonsa ukudla kwayo emphinjeni.
Zidlani izinyoka?
Izinyoka zingabizwa ngama-omnivores. Bangakwazi ukuzingela konke abanakho - nakanjani, ngosayizi wabo njengokuvumela. Bayadla:
- Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane - izinyoka, ezinye izinyoka ezincane.
- Ama-Amphibians - amasele, ama-salamanders, njll.
- Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane - amagundane, izinsizi, amagundane. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zingaze zizingele, ngokwesibonelo, izinyamazane.
- Ezinye izinhlobo zize ziphumelele. ukubamba izinhlanzi.
Ezinye izinyoka zithanda uhlobo olulodwa lokudla ngaphezulu, ezinye ziyakwazi ukukhetha noma yikuphi. :)
Ngemuva kokubamba engikutholile izinyoka zidonsa inyamazane ngokuphelele. Ngikholwa ukuthi abaningi bayibonile indlela ebukeka ngayo. :)
Kuyamangaza ukuthi abanye abantu abangenabo ubuthi bayakwazi nokuthatha isisulu sisaphila - okwesabekayo! Izinyoka azikuhlafuni ukudla njengezinye izilwane eziningi. Ngaphakathi emzimbeni wabo wonke ukudla kugaywa kancane.
Izinyoka zasendle zingabazingeli. Abaze badle ukudla kwezitshalo. Izinyoka zikhona kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Azikho e-Antarctic. Iningi lezinyoka zihlala ezindaweni ezisencane, kanye nakwezindawo ezishisayo. Kukhona zombili izinyoka ezingenangozi nezinobungozi. Izinyoka ezinkulu zi-compoteor yamanzi, i-anaconda ne-python enethele. Ziginya yonke inyamazane yazo, ngenxa yamaseli okugaya we-caustic anqwabelana emzimbeni. Izinyoka zishoda ngamazinyo anamandla. Lokho wukuthi, abakwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla. Zinamazinyo amancanyana kuphela afana kakhulu nezinaliti. Lawa mazinyo amancane asiza izinyoka ukuthola ukudla. Isibonelo, i-python, ngenxa yokwakheka kwamazinyo ayo, ingadla izilwane ezinjengengwe nengwe.
Zidlani izinyoka?
Zidlani izinyoka? Kuya futhi ezinhlotsheni.
Izinyoka eziningi zidla konke okuhlobene nezilwane zasendle, i.e. izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, amaqanda, izinambuzane, kanye nabamele isigaba sabo sezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Izinhlobo zezinyoka ezinamanzi, njengalezo ezihlala eduze kwamanzi, nazo zidla izinhlanzi nezilwane zasemanzini.
Kepha kunezilwane futhi ezinesifiso sohlobo olunye lwenyamazane kuphela, futhi kunezinhlobo zezinyoka ezingekho emthethweni kangangoba zidla abamele isigaba sazo noma izinhlobo zazo.
Zidlani izinyoka ezifuywayo?
Inyoka yasekhaya isivele isilwane. Akadedelwa ukuthi azingele ngamagundane amancane, amagundane. Inyoka yilolo hlobo lwesilwane oludinga izimo ezikhethekile zokuboshwa, kanye nokunakwa. Kungcono ukuthenga inyoka ezindaweni ezikhethekile, ngoba lezi zilwane sezijwayele ukudingiselwa, ekudleni okukhanyayo nokukhanya. Akuzona zonke izinyoka ezidla ukudla okufanayo. Isibonelo, omunye udla amagundane ajwayelekile, kanti omunye udla izibungu noma amasele. Konke kuya ngohlobo lwenyoka ofuna ukuyithenga.
Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinyoka zingabadli, zidla cishe yonke into kusuka ezintuthwaneni kuya ezintabeni. Inyoka iyakwazi ukugwinya isilwane esiphakeme kaningana kunaso, futhi isisu sayo sizogaya kalula noma yisiphi isisulu esikhulu, kufaka phakathi amathambo, izimpondo nezinselo.
Izinyoka ziphuza ini
Njengoba izinyoka zicishe zibe nzima, akunzima ukuthola ukuthi inyoka ithani ekudleni, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukubhekana nalokho okukuphuzayo, ngoba isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi izinyoka aziphuzi nakancane.
Ngempela zonke izinyoka, ngaphandle kokukhetha, isiphuzo, zikwenza ngezindlela ezihlukile, umuntu uthatha uketshezi ezigcawini ezigcwele, umuntu uthambisa ulimi lwakhe kuphela, kepha bonke badinga amanzi. Izinyoka zithola iningi lomswakama odingekayo emzimbeni wezisulu zazo, futhi ngenxa yalokho azivamile ukuphuza, ikakhulukazi lezo zinhlobo ezihlala ogwadule, kodwa uma udambisa inyoka yamanzi, ingafa nokufa.
Inkolelo yokuthi izinyoka zithanda ubisi yiphutha. Emzimbeni wezilwane ezihuquzelayo akukho i-enzyme echitha i-lactose, ngakho-ke ubisi lwezinyoka alungenwa futhi kungadala izifo zesisu kanye nemiphumela yokungezwani komzimba. Inyoka izophuza ubisi, kuphela uma yomile kakhulu futhi akukho lutho ngaphandle kobisi, kodwa ngamanani amancane.
Sengiphetha, ngifuna ukusho ukuthi inyoka eyondliwe kahle ayinabungozi kangako, izama ukucasha endaweni ethile ebekiwe bese igaya ukudla kwayo ngomoya ophansi.
Yebo, kudlani okungenani izinyoka ezimbili - ngiyazi impela.
Inyoka yami iphuza igazi. Ngokwemvelo eyami. Ngakho-ke, ngincane futhi ngikhwehlela.
Futhi "inyoka" uSveta ovela emnyangweni ongumakhelwane udla izinkukhu. Uyabathwala ekhaya ekhaya ngembiza yelitha ngaphansi kwekhonkolo le-nylon. Ngimbiza ngoKobrino. Amantombazane emnyangweni wakhe agijimayo avuma.
Ngokuvamile, ngeke uthole izinyoka zemifino. Amane nje awekho. Yize kunjalo, zingabaphangi.
Yize izinyoka zikhethwe ngokudla, imenyu yazo yehluka kakhulu: kusukela ezintuthwaneni kuya kwezintokazi.Izinyoka zasolwandle nezomfula zibamba izinhlanzi, kakhulu kangangokuba ukudla kungaphindwe kabili kosuku okudlayo. Futhi ungabheki ukuthi inyoka enjalo inekhanda elincane. Khumbulani, mhlawumbe kungenzeki, kepha angakuthola ukudla ngaphansi kwamadwala nasemifantweni emincane yezixhobo. Uma nje evula umlomo wakhe, ngeke ucabange ngokwanele.
I-gourmet eyiqiniso, ngokwesibonelo, inyoka eluhlaza yaseNyakatho Melika. Izitsha zakhe azithandayo yizicabucabu kanye namacimbi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyehla ezokudoba nezinkukhu. Kepha uma ehlangana nesixhiba noma igundane - uzophambuka ngokushesha okukhulu. Inyoka enemibala ephuzi ehlala eNyakatho Melika, uma kuqhathaniswa, imangalisa futhi idla konke okuzayo. Ngiqonde, ngale ndlela: izinhlanzi, amasele, amagundane, izinyoni, ngisho neminyonyane.
Izinyoka ezinamakhanda amnyama ezinendawo yokuhlala eMelika nase-Asia adore mollusks. Ama-slugs ahlukene, iminenke, lapho inyoka eluhlaza yaseNyakatho Melika yayizokuhlanza khona, bakhukhumeza umphefumulo omnandi. Babamba ukudla kwabo “ngemilenze”, banamathela emihlathini yabo echibini bese befaka inwebu ngamazinyo abo acwebile.
Ungazondli izinyoka eziyimpumputhe ezihlala enhlabathini ngesinkwa - mazithokozise izintuthwane. Lezi zidalwa ezincane - izinyoka eziyimpumputhe - zingadla amashumi amaningana izintuthwane ehlezi ngasesikhundleni esisodwa, hhayi eziyikhulu ngosuku olulodwa. Kuyenzeka ukuthi zitholakala khona lapho e-anthill, zizemboze iphunga lapho izintuthwane ziphenduka khona. Ngakho-ke, abagcini nje ngokuthinta inyoka, kodwa futhi bangasondeli kuyo. Futhi enye yezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoka eziyimpumputhe nayo inakho ukuthambekela okukhohlisayo. Njengoba ebambe itimu, kayigwinyi, ihlinzeka ngokufa okusheshayo, kepha iqala ukuyikhathaza futhi ihlukumeze kuze kube yilapho okuqukethwe kuphuma esiswini sendawo ehlanzekile. Ukufiphaza okuhle, inyoka enkulukazi idla okuvuthiwe futhi imunce okusele, ishiya igobolondo nje elingatheni kusuka esibayeni.
Kukhona izinyoka ezingabukhumbuli ubumbano. Isibonelo, uma ulambile noma ungabi nabungozi kangako, ulambile ungadla inyoka.
I-Copper, esatholakala eCentral Russia, nayo ingaba nesidlo sasemini nenyoka, futhi ngasikhathi sinye nenyoka. Izibungu nazo zifakiwe ekudleni kwe-copperfish. Kungahle kufane nezinyoka.
I-King cobra, enkulu kunazo zonke yezinyoka zayo ezinobuthi, engafinyelela kubude bamamitha amahlanu, ngokuvamile ithanda izinyoka. Uyababulala ngobuthi bakhe. Kepha inyoka ingaminyanisa iminyanya ngokuluma kwayo: ubuthi benyoka abuthinti ubuchopho.
UMusurana, ongowokuzalwa eMelika Ephakathi, uthanda ukumunca abafowabo nodadewabo abanoshevu. Ubabamba ngemisebe, okuwukuthi, indawo engemva kwekhanda lakhe, azimboze umzimba wakhe, bese emunca imihlathi yakhe, kancane kancane agwinye.
Izinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yi-anaconda ne-python ebuyayo. Baqala babamba izitha zabo, bese begwinya. Njengezisulu, kungahle kube nezilwane ezinkulu, futhi nabantu - amacala anjalo ayaziwa. Kodwa-ke, ngivele ngikhulume ngezinyoka ezinje ekuqaleni ...
Ubuntu besithombe ezinganekwaneni zasendulo
Ezikhathini zasendulo, izinyoka zazisebenza njengophawu olunempikiswano, oluhlanganisa imiqondo emihle yokuzala, ukungafi, ukuhlakanipha kanye nokubi - okubi, ukuphindeka. Ubungqabavu babususelwa kubuthi bezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezilethe ukufa nasekhonweni lokuphinda benze kabusha futhi bavuseleleke, kuchithe isikhumba. Isilwane sisebenza njengophawu lokuphulukisa nokwelapha.
Izinganekwane zithi ukuhlakanipha kwalezi ezihubhayo, abayaziyo imfihlo yempilo engapheli nezimfihlo zokupheka okwelapha. Isithixo sikankulunkulu wasendulo ovusa u-Asclepius kwabafileyo kwakuyisithombe esisesimweni senduku esifakwe inyoka.
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kwakuyizinyoka ezazifanekisela ukwelashwa. Inyoka le yabizwa inyoka ka-Aesculapius futhi yahlonishwa eRoma naseGrisi. Uphawu lomuthi wesimanje luboniswa ngesimo sendebe enomuthi oboshwe nenyoka.
E-Antiquity, i-reptile kwakuyisilwane esingcwele sikankulunkulukazi u-Athena. EGibhithe, ukuvela kukankulunkulukazi u-Isis kuvezwe ngomfanekiso wowesifazane osigamu, uhhafu wenyoka. Izinganekwane zaseGibhithe zihlobanisa isithombe nenyoka neLanga, njengesimfanelo sikankulunkulu u-Osiris. Inyoka ihlanganisa ubuqili nokukhohlisa, amandla amnyama nokubi.Izinkolelo zakudala zinikeze izidalwa ezibuyayo izimfanelo zomlamuleli phakathi komhlaba nezinye izinto zomhlaba.
Isibonakaliso sezilwane ezihuquzelayo emasikweni emazweni asempumalanga
Isiko laseChina ligcwele izinganekwane zasendulo namasiko ahlotshaniswa nezinyoka. Ezindabeni eziningi, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo zinezimpawu ezimbi nezimbi. Amasiko aseMpumalanga Ekude awahlukanisi phakathi kwezithombe zamadragons nezinyoka.
AbakwaDragons babesebenza njengabaqaphi bamathempeli, beqapha ulwazi namagugu we-esoteric. Kunombono omelela inyoka evalelwe isiyingi, njengombukiso womqondo we-yin-yang, obonisa ukuvumelana nobuphakade.
Lesi silwane sasithathwa njengento ephilayo, eyandisa umuntu. Uhlobo lwe-chthonic lwesilwane esihuquzelayo sasiqukethe amandla omlingo omnyama nobuningi. Ngenxa yekhono lokufiphaza ngaphandle kosizo lwamalungu, izitho ezihuquzelayo zazibhekwa njengesidalwa esijikeleze konke, okwazi ukunqoba noma iziphi izithiyo
Ilanga elimnyama lasebenza njengesithombe sabathakathi nabathakathi, ababemelela isono namandla obumnyama bemvelo. INyoka yaseZulwini, noma i-Azure Dragon, yayiwuphawu lothingo, olwaluqukethe ukuguquka phakathi kwezwe. EJapan, lesi silwane siyimfanelo engenakunqotshwa yawonkulunkulu nokuduma kwezulu.
Incazelo yenyoka
Okhokho bezinyoka babhekwa njengezingwe, izizukulwane zazo ezimelelwa yi-iguanoid nezibungu zesimanje ezinomhlwenga. Ngenqubo yokuguqulwa kwezinyoka, kuye kwenzeka izinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu eziboniswa ezimfanelweni zangaphandle nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zalabo abamele isigaba esingaphansi kwesigaba se-Reptile.
Ukubukeka, imibala
Izinyoka zinomzimba ophakeme, ongenamilenze, ubude obuphakathi kuka-100 mm kuya ku-≥700 cm, futhi umehluko omkhulu kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezingenamlenze zezibungu ubukhona besihlanganisi esihlanganayo sesihlahla, esivumela i-reptile ukugwinya inyamazane yaso yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoka azinazo izinkophe ezihambayo, i-eardrum kanye nebhande lehlombe.
Umzimba wezinyoka umbozwe isikhumba esomile nesomile. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjalo, ukuvumelana kwesikhumba esiswini esiswini nokunamathela okuthembekile ebusweni bomhlaba kuyisici, esisiza kakhulu ukunyakaza. Ukushintshwa kwesikhumba enqubweni yokucwilisa noma yokuncibilika kwenzeka kungqimba eyodwa futhi kuhlale kunjalo, kufana nenqubo yokuguqula isitoko ngasohlangothini olungalungile.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Amehlo embozwe isikali esikhethekile sobala noma amashiya okuthiwa abekiwe, ngakho-ke, ahlala evulekile, ngisho nalapho inyoka ilele, futhi ngokushesha ngaphambi komuthi amehlo aphenduka aluhlaza abe amafu.
Izinhlobo eziningi zihluka kakhulu ngesimo nenani eliphelele lesikali esitholakala ekhanda, emuva nesisu, esivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhomba i-reptile kahle ngezinhloso ze-taxonomic. Izinyoka ezithuthukiswe kakhulu zinemichilo ebanzi yesikali se-dorsal ehambelana ne-vertebrae, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukubala wonke ama-vertebrae wesilwane ngaphandle kokuyivula.
Abantu abadala bavame ukushintsha isikhumba sabo kanye noma amahlandla ambalwa ngonyaka owodwa. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abasebasha abaqhubeka bekhula ngokuzikhandla, ukushintshwa kwesikhumba amahlandla amane ngonyaka kuyinto egqamile. Isikhumba esilahliwe ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kwenyoka siwukufakwa kwesikhumba sangaphandle sentambo. Ngesikhumba esichithekile, njengomthetho, kungenzeka ukuthola kalula ukuthi inyoka ingeyohlobo oluthile.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Izici zokuziphatha nendlela yakho yokuphila kuncike ohlotsheni lwezilwane ezibandayo ezinegazi elibandayo . Isibonelo, izinyoka ezi-roller ziyehluka ngendlela yokuphila enesigamu sempilo, zenze ukuhamba emhlabathini othambile, hlola izimbobo zabanye abantu, zikhwele ngaphansi kwezimpande zezitshalo noma enhlabathini ephukile.
Ama-boas asemhlabeni ahola imfihlo noma umgibelo, okubizwa ngokuthi yindlela yokuphila yokumba, ngakho-ke asetshenziselwa ukuchitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sawo ngaphansi komhlaba noma ibule udoti wehlathi. Izinyoka ezinjalo ziya phezulu kuphela ebusuku noma emvuleni.Ezinye izinhlobo zama-boas ezinodaka ziyakwazi kalula futhi ukukhamba ngokushesha ngisho nasezihlahleni ezinde noma ezihlahleni.
Ama-Python ahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinama-savannah, ezindaweni ezinamahlathi ashisayo nasezindaweni ezingama-marshy, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ezindaweni ezisemahlane. Ngokuvamile ama-pythons atholakala eduze kwamanzi, ayakwazi ukubhukuda kahle futhi acwila. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhuphuka ngokuphelele emithini yezihlahla, ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zezihlahla ezisebenzayo kusihlwa noma ebusuku zaziwa kakhulu futhi zifundwe cishe ngokuphelele.
Izinyoka ezinemisebe zihola indlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba, ebizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuphila yokugqekeza,-ke, ngesikhathi sosuku bathanda ukucasha ngaphansi kwamatshe noma ngemisele ebanzi. Imvamisa, izidalwa ezinamakhaza ezibandayo zingcwatshwa ngaphansi konqenqema lwamahlathi noma zidabule emhlabathini oswakeme, zisuka lapho zifika ebusweni kuphela ebusuku. Abamele lo mndeni bayizakhamuzi ezijwayelekile zamahlathi anomswakama, izingadi ezejwayelekile noma amasimu erayisi.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ezinye izinhlobo zinezindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela, ngakho-ke, lapho kuba nengozi, zigoqwa zibe yi-glomerulus eminyene bese zisebenzisa i- “magazi-ngokuzithandela”, lapho kukhutshwa khona amaconsi noma imigilingwane yegazi emehlweni nasemlonyeni.
Izinyoka ezinjenge-worm zaseMelika zibonakaliswa ngokuphila ngaphansi kokulahlwa kwamahlathi noma iziqu zemithi eziwile, futhi indlela yokuphila eyimfihlo ayivumeli ukunquma ngokunembile izici zemvelo kanye nenani eliphelele lezinyoka ezinjalo.
Zingaki izinyoka eziphila
Kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka ziyakwazi ukuphila isikhathi esingaba yingxenye yekhulu, kuyilapho izidalwa ezinamakhaza ezibandayo kuphela ezigcinwa zithunjiwe ziba yimililo emide. Ngokusho kwemibono eminingi, ama-pythons awaphili iminyaka eyikhulu, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka - cishe iminyaka engama-30- 40.
Ubuhlungu benyoka
Ensimini yezwe lethu njengamanje, kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nane kuphela zezinyoka ezisesigabeni sezilwane ezibandayo ezinegazi elibandayo. Imvamisa, umuntu uhlushwa ukulunywa yinyoka noma abamele umndeni wakwa-Aspida. Ukwakheka kwesihlungu senyoka kufaka phakathi amaprotheni nama-peptide anamazinga ahlukahlukene okubukeleka, kanye nama-amino acid, lipids nezinye izinto eziningi. Futhi, ubuthi benyoka buqukethe ama-enzyme angahle acekele phansi izicubu zabantu, ngenxa yemiphumela yabo enobuthi.
I-hyaluronidase enzyme ikhuthaza ukuwohloka kwezicubu ezixhunyiwe kanye nokubhujiswa kwama-capillaries aphakathi nendawo. Isici se-phospholipase ukwahlukaniswa kwengqimba ye-lipid yamangqamuzana egazi abomvu ngokubhujiswa kwawo okulandelayo. Isibonelo, isihlungu se-viper siqukethe ama-enzyme womabili, ngakho-ke sinomphumela omubi ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi ngokwenziwa kwezigaba zegazi kanye nokwehluleka kokujikeleza kwegazi okujwayelekile. Ama-neurotoxins akha ubuthi asheshe abangele ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula, okucasulayo ukufa komuntu ngenxa yokuphefumula.
Kodwa-ke, isihlungu senyoka, esifanekiselwa uketshezi olungenamibala futhi ophuzi, sinezindlela eziningi zokuphulukisa. Ngezizathu zokwelashwa, kusetshenziswa ubuthi obumelwe yi-cobra, i-gyurza ne-viper. Izithako nemijovo zisetshenziswa ekwelapheni ama-pathologies ahambisana nohlelo lwe-musculoskeletal, ekwelapheni ukulimala kanye nokulimala, i-rheumatism ne-polyarthritis, kanye ne-radiculitis ne-osteochondrosis. Izinyoka kanye nezinyoka ziyingxenye yezidakamizwa ezisezingeni eliphakeme, kanti ubuthi be-cobra buyingxenye yababulali nabasukelayo.
Ososayensi benza uchungechunge lokuhlola okuhloswe ngalo ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yobuthi benyoka emalungeni omdlavuza. Izici zento enjalo zibhekwa njengezindlela zokumisa nokuvimbela ukukhula kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwetyhefu yenyoka ngezinhloso zokwelapha kusewukhiqizwa kwe-sera elawulwa ngemithi yokulunywa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjalo ezinegazi elibandayo. Ehlelweni lokwenza i-sera, kusetshenziswa igazi lamahhashi elijovwe ngezingxenye ezincane zetyhefu.
Izinhlobo zezinyoka
Ngokusho kweRertile Database, ekuqaleni konyaka ophelile, izinhlobo zezinyoka ezingaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zazaziwa, zibumbene emindenini engaphezu kweshumi nambili, kanye nemindeni emikhulu eyisithupha. Isibalo sezinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi cishe singama-25% esiphelele.
Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu:
- umndeni we-monotypic Aniliidae, noma izinyoka zeValcous - unomzimba wesilinda omsila omfishane futhi omfushane, ombozwe izikali ezincane,
- Umndeni iBoryeriidae, noma abakwaMascarene - bahlukaniswa yithambo elikhulukazi, elihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, elixhumeke ngokuqondile komunye nomunye,
- I-Troridhorhiidae yomndeni, noma i-Earth Boas - izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo ezingenalo amaphaphu angakwesobunxele lapho kunamaphaphu ezinhlungu,
- umndeni we-monotypic i-Acroshoridae, noma izinyoka ze-Warty - unomzimba ombozwe esikalini odonsanayo futhi omncane ongambozelani omunye nomunye, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ubukhona bezikhumba zakho ezingenalutho,
- umndeni we-monotypic Sylindrophoridae, noma izinyoka ezi-Cylindrical - obonakala ngokungabikho kwamazinyo kwithambo le-intermaxillary, kanye nokuba khona kwamehlo amancane akhule kahle angambozwa yi-scutellum,
- Izinyoka zomndeni i-Uroreltidae, noma izinyoka ezinomsila we-thyroid - zinokuhamba okuhle kakhulu nombala womzimba ogqamile ngokubakhona kwe-metallic tint,
- umndeni we-monotypic we-Lochocemidae, noma ama-pythons asemhlabeni waseMexico, ahlukaniswa ngumzimba omningi futhi omisipha, ikhanda elincane elinesimo esigaxekile, isikali esinsundu noma esinsundu ngombala onsomi,
- umndeni wePythonidae, noma amaPython, ubonakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene, kanye nokuba khona kweziqalo zamalungu asemuva kanye nebhande le-pelvic,
- umndeni we-monotypic Xenoreltidae, noma izinyoka ezi-Radiant - unomzimba wesilinda kanye nomsila omfushane, ombozwe izihlangu ezinkulu zekhanda, kanye nezikali ezibushelelezi nezicwebezelayo ezinophawu lwe-rainbow tint,
- umndeni wakwaWaidai, noma izinyoka ezinyaweni zamanga - ziphakathi kwezinyoka ezisindayo emhlabeni, ezifinyelela cishe isisindo sekhilogremu, kufaka phakathi,
- Umndeni omkhulu kakhulu we-Солbridае, noma usuvele-ufana, wehluka kakhulu ngobude besilinganiso kanye nesimo somzimba,
- umndeni omkhulu u-Elaridae, noma u-Aspidovye - onomzimba omncane, izikali ezingemuva ezibushelelezi, umbala ohlukile nezihlangu ezinkulu ezilinganayo ekhanda,
- i-Virreidae yomndeni, noma i-Vipers - izinyoka ezinobuthi ezibonakaliswa ubukhona befangin ende futhi engenalutho ngokuphelele, esetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa ubuthi obunobuthi obukhiqizwa yizindlala ezikhethekile,
- i-Anomalididae yomndeni, noma izinyoka ezinjenge-worm yaseMelika - ezincane ngosayizi nezilwane ezingenalo ubuthi ezinamagazi, azikho ngaphezu kwe-28-30 cm ubude,
- umndeni wakwaTyrhloridae, noma izinyoka ezingaboni, yizinyoka ezincane ezinjengemibungu ezinomsila omfishane kakhulu futhi ominyene, oyindilinga, ovame ukuphelela emgogodleni obukhali.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! I-Symbiosis yezinyoka eziyimpumputhe enezikhova yaziwa kahle, okuyiletha emgodini namachwane. Izinyoka zibhubhisa izinambuzane ezinamaphiko endlini, ngenxa yokuthi izikhova zikhula ziphilile futhi ziqinile.
Imindeni yezinyoka ezingapheli ibandakanya iMadtsiidai, kubandakanya neSenejeh indusus, ebiphila eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha eyedlule.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Izinyoka zazisebenza cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuphila kweplanethi yethu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo zisakazeke ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia nase-Afrika, eningizimu Melika nase-Australia:
- Izinyoka Ezigobile - INingizimu Melika,
- Bolerides - I-Round Island eduze nesiqhingi saseMauritius,
- Umhlaba Boas - I-Southern Mexico, i-Central neNingizimu Melika, i-Antilles ne-Bahamas,
- Izinyoka ze-Warty - izingxenye eziseningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, New Guinea, Australia naseNdiya,
- Izinyoka eziThunyelwe i-thyroid - iSri Lanka, i-Indian Subcontinent ne-Southeast Asia,
- Ama-pythons asemqoka aseMexico - izihlambi zemvula nezigodi ezomile,
- Izinyoka ezinemisebe - ingxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, iziqhingi zaseMalay kanye nePhilippines,
- Izinyoka ezinezinyawo zamanga ziyizindawo ezishisayo, ezishisayo nezindawo ezinesimo sezulu esisempumalanga nasentshonalanga,
- Imaginative - abekho esifundeni se-polar yomhlaba wethu,
- Ama-Aspids ayizifunda ezishisayo nezindawo eziphansi kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba, ngaphandle kweYurophu,
- Izinyoka zaseMelika ezimise ngezimpethu ziyindawo ephakathi neningizimu Melika.
Izinyoka zithanda izindawo ezinezimo zezulu ezishisayo, lapho zingahlala khona emahlathini, ogwadule nasezintabeni, ezindaweni ezisezintabeni kanye nasezintabeni.
Ukudla kwenyoka
Ukuphaka izinyoka kuhluke kakhulu. . Isibonelo, izinyoka ezi-warty zithanda ukudla kuphela izinhlanzi, kanti izinyoni zomhlaba, kanye namabhungane amaningi amancane, asisekelo somhlaba, ayisisekelo sokudla kwezinyoka ezigcwele umsila. Ukondliwa kwama-pythons aseMexico asemhlabeni kufanekiselwa ngamagundane nezigwedlo, kanye namaqanda ama-iguanas. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezihluke kakhulu ziba inyamazane yama-pythons. Ama-pythons amakhulu ayakwazi ukuzingela futhi, izinyoni nezinye zezikhala.
Ama-pythons amancane kunabo bonke badla ngamagundane amancane nezibungu, kwesinye isikhathi adla amasele. Ama-pythons abamba inyamazane ngamazinyo awo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ayicindezela ngamasongo omzimba. Izinyoka ezinama-Radiant zingabazingeli abahle kakhulu, zibhubhisa ngenkuthalo izinyoka ezincane, inani elikhulu lamagundane, amasele nezinyoni, futhi ukudla kwabameleli bomndeni wakwa-Aspida kuhluke kakhulu.
Izinyoka ezivela emndenini wakwa-Elaridae nazo zingadla izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezinyoka, izibankwa namaxoxo, kanye nezinhlanzi, kodwa iningi labameleli liyakwazi ukondla cishe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokudla okufanele. Ama-invertebrates amancane avame ukuba inyamazane yezinyoka zaseMelika ezinjengempethu.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ukukhiqizwa kugwinywe yi-pythons ngokuphelele, kungenxa yezakhi zesakhiwo semihlathi, kodwa uma kunesidingo, ezihuquzelayo ezinjalo zingakwenza ngaphandle kokudla cishe unyaka nesigamu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlobo zezinyoka ezingenazo ubuthi ziginya inyamazane yazo iphila kuphela, kepha zingabulala inyamazane yazo ngokuyicindezela ngosizo imihlathi yazo futhi ziyicindezela ngomzimba wayo wonke ebusweni bomhlaba. Ama-boas nama-pythons akhetha ukugculisa isisulu emasongo omzimba. Izinhlobo zezinyoka ezinoshevu zibhekana nezisulu zazo ngokungenisa ubuthi emzimbeni wazo. Ubuthi bungena kwisisulu ngokusebenzisa amazinyo akhethekile anobuthi besilwane esinobuthi esinjalo esibandayo.
Izinyoka ziyiqembu eliyinqayizivele lezilwane ezinezici ezihlukile zokwakheka, umzimba nezokuziphatha. Izinyoka zakha isigatshana esihlukile esigabeni samaqembu. Uma uqala ukubheka, kulula ukuhlukanisa kubo kwizibungu - ngokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwezitho zomzimba. Kepha eqinisweni, ukungabikhona kwemilenze akuyona uphawu olukhulu lwenyoka; futhi kunezinhlobo ezingenamlenze zamaqhubu ekunzima ukuzihlukanisa nezinyoka. Lezi ezihuquzelayo zifinyelele ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu - emhlabeni kunezinhlobo zezinyoka ezingama-2500!
Inyoka Ejwayelekile Garter (Thamnophis sirtalis).
Igama lenyoka ngokwayo ingaqondakala ngezindlela ezimbili: ngomqondo obanzi waleli gama, zonke izidalwa ezingenamlenze zibizwa ngokuthi izinyoka, kepha emphakathini wesayensi kunamaqembu wezinyoka anamagama athile - izinyoka, ama-cobras, izinyoka, amaphiramidi, izinyoka, izinyoka, izinyoka, njll. Ezinye izinhlobo kuphela ezigcine igama lesayensi elithi "inyoka". Le ndatshana izodingida ngokuqondile izinyoka ezinjalo ngomqondo omncane wegama, futhi namanye amaqembu amancane ahlelekile ayohlanganiswa ngokuhlukile.
Umzimba wezinyoka uphakama ngokungajwayelekile, ubude bawo bungadlula ububanzi nobude bezikhathi eziyi-10-1o0. Ubukhulu bunokwehluka kusuka ku-10 cm kuya ku-5 m. Ubunjalo bomzimba abuyona neze monotonous njengoba bungabonakala. Kwezinye izinhlobo, umzimba ungafinyezwa futhi ube mnene, kube sengathi ugoqa, kwabanye ubude obude nobubanzi, kwezinye bube mncane kakhulu, futhi ezinyokeni zolwandle buthotshisiwe busuka ezinhlangothini njengembambo. Ikhanda linesimo esingunxantathu, futhi amathambo asesigageni senyoka axhumeke kakhulu.Ikakhulu kunemisipha ephakathi kwemihlathi engenhla nephansi kanye ... nama-halves angakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla womhlathi ngamunye (awaxhunyiwe ngokuqinile ezinyokeni).
Ukuxhuma okunjalo kuvumela lezi zilwanyana ezihuqabayo ukuba zivule imilomo yazo ebanzi kakhulu futhi ziginye inyamazane ezikhudlwana kaningi kunenyoka uqobo, kuthi ngenkathi iginya inyoka ngokuhlukile inyakazise uhlangothi olungakwesobunxele lomhlathi ongaphezulu bese zidonsela inyamazane emphinjeni.
Umzimba wenyoka uguquguquka kalula, lokhu akwenziwa hhayi kuphela ngobude bomzimba obalulekile, kepha futhi nokwakheka kwesikhumba: isibalo se-vertebrae sifinyelela ku-141-435, futhi izimbambo zixhunywe emthanjeni kalula. Lokhu kuvumela izinyoka ukuba zigobise umzimba ngendlela efana ne-wave (edingekayo ukunyakaza), ukuyigoqa ibe yibhola (ukusabela okuvikelayo), futhi nokuyijija kube yimifindo (kudingekile ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa). Umsila uhlukaniswe buthakathaka emzimbeni. Ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba, izitho zangaphakathi ziguqulwa kakhulu: nazo zinde kakhulu, izitho zombhangqwana zinesymmetrical, kanti amaphaphu ngokujwayelekile abe munye kuphela - kwesokudla. Kuliqiniso, izinhlobo zakudala zezinyoka zingase zibe namaphaphu angakwesobunxele, kepha ziqabile (zakhiwe ngaphansi).
Ukungabikho kwezingalo kushiye umbono hhayi ekunyakazeni kuphela, kodwa nasendleleni yokondla izinyoka. Yebo, zama ukubamba inyamazane ngaphandle kwezandla uyidle! Ngakho-ke, ukuphela kwendlela yokubulala isisulu ngenyoka kungubuthi. Ubuthi be-Snake, amathe anobuthi kakhulu akhiqizwa yizindlala zamathe ezishintshiwe. Imisipha yalezi zindlala ayivuli ngqo emlonyeni, kodwa ingena esiteshini samazinyo akhethekile anobuthi. Inyoka inamazinyo amabili kuphela anjalo, angabekwa eduze konqenqema noma ekujuleni komlomo (ukujula kokuluma futhi ngezinga elithile isilinganiso esithile sengozi yezinhlobo ngayinye incike kuyo). Zonke izinhlobo zezinyoka zinobuthi ngezinga elithile noma kwesinye, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo ubuthi bufaka kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinegazi ezifudumele (izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, kubandakanya abantu), nakwabanye - kwabanegazi elibandayo (ama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo). Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zokuqala zibizwa ngokuthi zinobuthi, kanti eyesibili - engenabuthi. Ngomphumela wayo, ubuthi buyi-hemolytic (ibangela ukubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi, ukwephulwa kokuhlangana kwegazi) noma i-neurotoxic (kuthinta uhlelo lwezinzwa, kuholele ekukhubazekeni komzimba, ubumpumputhe, ukubona izinto ezibonakala ngokusobala). Kunezinto ezinobuthi obuxubile.
Umzimba omncane we-wattle-like inyoka enamakhanda aseMexico (i-Oxebelis aeneus) uyenza ingahlukeki emagatsheni omile.
Esimweni sokulunywa yinyoka, kuyadingeka ukusula ubuthi enxebeni (kungakapheli umzuzu ngemuva kokuluma), ungakwazi ukumunca futhi ukhafule ubuthi, kepha kuphela uma ungalimali emgodini womlomo. Ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa ukuluma, lezi zinyathelo sezivele zingasebenzi. Kunoma yikuphi, ukulunywa kufanele kuyiswe esibhedlela, into esemqoka ukungakhohlwa ngokushesha ukuthi inyoka ibukeka kanjani. Ukuhlangana kwezinhlobo zazo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqokwa kwe-serum elwa nenyoka. Endleleni, ohlukunyeziwe kumele anikezwe ukuphumula okuphelele kwengqondo nangokomzimba, kufanele kunikezwe iziphuzo zetonki (itiye). Kepha akufanele ugqoke umlenze olunywe yinyama, awuphazamisi ukumuncwa ubuthi, kepha kungaholela ekulimaleni kwezicubu ezinobuthi. Khumbula, ukwethuka nokwesaba kuyingozi, ngoba kuyashesha ukushaya kwenhliziyo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kunomthelela ekusakazweni kwetyhefu ngokushesha egazini! Ngale ndlela, alukho uhlobo olulodwa lwenyoka olungavikeleki ubuthi bayo, uma inyoka ikhipha ubuthi bayo ngokwayo, izokufa njengaso isisulu sayo.
Ukuxwayiswa kwenyoka.
Izinyoka zinezitho zemizwa eziyinqayizivele kakhulu: azikho izindlebe zangaphandle, ngakho-ke azizwa kahle, kepha izinyoka zikwazi ukuzwa ukunyakaza okuncane komhlaba, okuvame ukubonwa ngababukeli njengokukwazi “ukuzwa” izinyathelo, umbono awunamandla, izinyoka zikwazi ukubona inyamazane, ukunambitha kanjalo. azikho nhlobo - izinyoka azihlukanisi ukunambitheka kokudla, futhi zikugwinya ngokuphelele. Kodwa umuzwa wazo wokuhogela uthuthuke kahle, futhi ama-receptors ama-olodo akatholakali emakhaleni kuphela, kodwa nasolimini.Ulimi ngokwalo lwakhiwe ngendlela eyingqayizivele kakhulu: lunesiphetho esinqunyelwe futhi nama-receptor akutholakala emikhawulweni ehlukene aqonda ukuthi ama-molekyuli anephunga azimele. Lokhu kuvumela inyoka ukuthi inqume ngokunembile isikhundla sohlukumeziwe ngephunga, ngesizathu esifanayo, izinyoka zihlala zilukhipha izilimi zazo, ngakho-ke ziyahlwitha.
I-Decaya Snake (Storeria dekayi) iqubula umoya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zinemigodi ekhethekile ekugcineni kwe-muzzle, zisebenza njengama-radars. Okusho ukuthi, inyoka izwa umehluko kwezinga lokushisa lezinto ezizungezile, futhi izizwa kahle kangangokuba ibona ngokoqobo umhlaba ozungezile njengasesithombeni esishisayo. Lo muzwa oyingqayizivele uhlotshaniswa nokuzingela izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele. Imvamisa ungezwa ukuthi amehlo enyoka awanawo amashiya, ngakho-ke awanaphutha. Kepha lokhu kunembile ngokwengxenye. Eqinisweni, izinyoka zinezinkophe, kepha zikhule ndawonye kwifilimu ebonakalayo eyemboza iso, ngakho-ke inyoka empeleni ayisho lutho. Ngaphandle, umzimba wezinyoka umbozwe esikalini, ubukhulu nobume bawo buhlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene. Emakhandeni, izikali ezisekupheleni komsila zakha uhlobo “lwendandatho” eyenza ukuvela lapho inyoka ihlaba umsila wayo nesihloko sayo. Lokhu kusabela okuvikelayo okuhlose ukukusabisa ama -ululates anganyathela inyoka. Ngokungeziwe "ngezimpondo", izinyoka zingakhala, zikhipha umoya ngamandla. Kodwa-ke, i -hissing ukuphela komsindo owenziwe izinyoka, ngaphandle kwalokho azinazwi (ngokusobala ngoba ziyisithulu).
Izinyoka
(Izinyoka) ,
isigcawu seqembu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo (squamata). Izilwane ezingenamlenze ezinomzimba omncane, ophakeme kakhulu, ongenazintwala zamashiya. Izinyoka zazivela kwizinyoka, ngakho-ke zinokufana okuningi ngazo, kepha izimpawu ezimbili ezisobala cishe zisivumela njalo ukuhlukanisa ngokunembile phakathi kwalawa maqembu amabili. Iningi lezibungu linemilenze. Izinyoka azinayo imilenze yangaphambili, yize izimbotshana zemilenze yangemuva ngezinye izikhathi ibonakala ngendlela yozipho. Izibungu ezingenamthetho, zangaphandle kakhulu kakhulu izinyoka, zinezinkophe ezanyisayo. Izinyoka zibuye zihlukaniswe yizici zesakhiwo nekhanda nomzimba ezihambisana nendlela yazo eyondlayo. Kuyaziwa cishe. Izinhlobo ezingama-2400 zezinyoka. Yize iningi labo lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi, isizinda sisatshalaliswa cishe emhlabeni wonke. Azikho izinyoka kuphela ezindaweni ezine-permafrost, ngoba ngesikhathi sokucwaswa zidinga indawo yokukhosela engaphansi komhlaba ukuze zisinde ngenkathi ebandayo. Zimbalwa izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala olwandle. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-500 zezinyoka ezinobuthi, zazo cishe isigamu ziyingozi enkulu kubantu.
I-Anatomy kanye ne-physiology. Izinyoka, njengazo zonke ezinye izidalwa ezirhubuluzayo, zingezilwane eziseduze nezidladla. Umgogodla wabo ungaba namakhulu ama-vertebrae. Inani elikhulu lalaba bantu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuguquguquka okukhulu komzimba kuhlukanisa izinyoka kuzo zonke izidalwa ezihuquzelayo. Ama-vertebrae wezinyoka ayinkimbinkimbi futhi axhumene ngokuqinile komunye nomunye. Kukhona cishe izimbambo eziningi zezimbambo njengama-vertebrae angenamisila. Ukungabikho kwezitho akuzukukhawulela ukuhamba kwezinyoka, ngoba umzimba omude uzivumela ukuba zikhiqize izindlela ezikhethekile, eziphumelelayo zokwenza indlondlo nokubamba inyamazane. Izindlela ezikhethekile zokuwugwinyiza nazo zilinganela ukungabi namlenze, futhi lezi ezihuquzelayo, zisebenzisa imihlathi yazo ne-torso, ngokumangazayo “zenziwa ngobuqili” ngisho nangezinto ezinkulu. Isikali sezinyoka siqethuka ungqimba lwangaphandle lwesikhumba. Izicubu zalo eziphilayo ziyakhula, kuthi lezo ezibonakala ngaphezu kweseli zihlanganiswe ngokuqinile, ziqine bese ziyafa. Amasayithi esikhumba acwebezelayo ahlala phakathi kwesikali, okuvumela ukuthi isembozo sinwebe, nezinyoka zigwinye izinto ezinobukhulu obukhulu kunabo. Lapho inyoka ikhula, incibilika. Ukuze alahle ungqimba olungaphandle lwesikhumba, okokuqala uludabula luvule umlomo, aluhlikihle ekhanda noma komunye umhlaba onzima. Ngemuva kwalokho inyoka ikhipha izembozo ezindala, iziguqulele emuva futhi iguqukele ngaphakathi. Imvamisa isikhumba siqhamuka esicucwini esisodwa njengesitoko.Isikhathi sokuqala inyoka incibilika lapho inezinsuku eziningana, futhi izilwane ezincane zivuselela izembozo zazo kaningi kunabantu abadala. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuncibilika kwenzeka ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa ngonyaka, kepha imvamisa yakhona kuncike ohlotsheni nasezimpawu zendawo. Isikhumba esilahliwe (ukukhasa ngaphandle) singenamibala, futhi iphethini kuso ibonakala buthaka kakhulu. Amaseli we-pigment afaka isikhumba senyoka alele ekujuleni - ezicutshini eziphilayo. Yize amaphethini ehlukene kakhulu, izinhlobo ezintathu eziphambili zingahlukaniswa: imivimbo emide, imichilo eguqukayo ngemuva, noma ukugoqa ngokuphelele umzimba ngezikhathi ezithile, amabala asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Iphethini ivame ukufihla emvelweni futhi ivumela inyoka ukuba ihlangane nengemuva. Ukuthola ubulili besilwane ngombala, nangezinye izimpawu zangaphandle, kunzima ngisho kuchwepheshe. Noma kunjalo, izinsikazi zezinhlobo eziningi zikhulu kunezabesilisa, futhi umsila wazo umfushane. Ubude bezinyoka ezincane kunazo zonke buyi-12,5-16 cm kuphela ngesisindo esingadluli ku-10-15 g. Kepha imidondoshiya edlula ama-9 m ubude futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu, empeleni yinde kunayo yonke phakathi kwama-vertebrates anamuhla omhlaba, kanti izinhlobo zezinsalela zaziphindwe kabili kunalezo zamanje. Imibono ngobungako benyoka iyahluka. Abanye abasebenza nge-herpentologists babheka ubude obukhulu bungama-11.4 m, bathi yi-anaconda (Eunectes murinus), umnikazi omkhulu we-boa boa waseNingizimu Melika. Inyoka enkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika iyinhlangano evamile ye-boa encomporor efinyelela ku-5.6 m ubude, kepha, nokho, iyivelakancane kuye. Izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezinde kune-5.4 m zingama-boas noma ama-pythons, ngaphandle kwenkosi enobuthi cobra (Naja hannah) ifinyelela ku-5.5 m ubude, otholakala eNingizimu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Izinyoka kanye nezinhlanzi, ama-amphibians nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo zezingezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, noma i-ectothermic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zona, ngokungafani izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, azikhiqizi ukushisa okwanele ukuze zigcine ukushisa komzimba okuhlala njalo. Ngakho-ke, izinyoka zithanda ukubhasha elangeni. Kodwa-ke, zivikelwe kabi ekushiseni ngokweqile, okuzibulala ngokushesha. Okungenani uhlobo olulodwa lwama-pythons alunakubizwa ngokuthi lungazi elibandayo ngokuphelele, ngoba insikazi iyakwazi ukufudumeza amaqanda abekwe kancanyana, izungezwe ngabo ngendandatho.
Ukudla. Izinyoka eziphakathi nendawo ezinkulu zondla cishe kuphela ezinye izidalwa ezifuywayo, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, ama-amphibians nezinhlanzi. Izinhlobo eziningi ezincane zidla izinambuzane namanye ama-invertebrates. Isisulu sicishe sithathwe siphile njalo, futhi uma kungenangozi noma kunzima ukusibulala, kuyagwinywa okufanayo. Izinyoka ezinkulu, ezinonya noma ezihamba phambili, zinezinyoka ezinobuthi, izintambo noma zimane zichoboze, zihamba nomzimba wazo. Ibamba inyamazane enkulu, inyoka ibambe umlomo wayo ngosizo lwamazinyo amaningi abukhali, abheke emuva. Ngesikhathi sokungena, inwebisa kabanzi amagatsha omhlathi ophansi futhi uwahudule kude nekhanda. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amathambo ahambisanayo axhumene nama-ligaments e-elastic, kanti nemihlathi engenhla nayo iyasebenza. Ingxenye ngayinye yomhlathi ophansi, ngokuzimele enye, iqhubekela phambili eceleni kwesisulu, isisunduza emphinjeni. Lapho-ke, izicubu ze-pharynx nokunyakaza komzimba kufakwa kule nqubo, kusiza inyoka ngandlela thile entanjeni yokudla. Akukho ukugaya noma ukuhlafuna kwenzeka. Inqubo yokugwinya isisulu esikhulu ingathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora. Ngenkathi umhlathi ne-pharynx kumunca, i-trachea iqiniswe ngamasongo e-cartilaginous iqhubekela phansi phansi ukuze inyoka ikwazi ukuphefumula. Ngale ndlela, isilwane singaginya inyamazane enkulu kunale, uma kuphela isesimweni esikahle. Amandla okudla izilwane ezinkulu avumela ezinye izinyoka ukuba zondle izikhathi ezimbalwa ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezifanayo nazo zingaginya inyamazane encane, okuyiqiniso ukuthi, kufanele igqitshwe kaningi. Ama “dinning” amathathu noma amane ezinhliziyo ngonyaka, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokuhlala isikhathi eside, anele ukugcina isimo esihle, futhi kunezimo eziningi lapho izinyoka zingadli khona unyaka noma isikhathi eside.
Lokomotiya. Kukholakala ukuthi izinyoka zidamba ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha ukubhekisisa ngokucophelela kufakazela okuhlukile. Ijubane elihle lenyoka enkulu icishe ifane nomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, kanti izinhlobo eziningi zihamba kancane. Ijubane elikhulu kulezi zinto ezihubhayo, bese ibanga elifushane, lingaphezulu kwe-10 km / h. Imvamisa izinyoka ziyakhasa, ukugoba okwenziwe ngo-S endizeni ethe xaxa, lapho imizimba yabo icindezelwa phansi. Ukuguqulwa kokuhumusha kungenxa yokuthi uhlangothi lwangemuva lokugoba ngakunye luxoshwa kusuka ngokungahambi kahle kwesihlukaniso. Inyoka ekhasa esihlabathini esixegayo ishiya izindunduma ezinde ngemuva kwayo ngamabanga alinganayo, ikhuphuka ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomzimba wayo phansi. Le ndlela ejwayelekile yokuqanjwa kwamakhompiyutha yaziwa njenge-undalalululure, noma ukumane "inyoka". Isilwane asikwazi ukuhamba ngale ndlela endaweni ebushelelezi. Kodwa-ke, kuyasetshenziswa uma kubhukuda, futhi izinyoka zibhukuda kahle. Amehlo abo avikelwe ifilimu elisobala nekhono lokubamba ukuphefumula kwabo isikhathi eside kuphawuleka kakhulu ukunyakaza emanzini. Ithiwa "ithrekhi yokukhasa" kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziswa izinyoka ezinkulu, ezisindayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, zihamba emgqeni oqondile ngenxa yokuhlangana okufana namagagasi, ngaphansi kwesikhumba semisipha. Amagagasi agijima ngokulandelana ukusuka entanyeni emuva, nezihlangu ezisesiswini sesilwane zixoshwa emhlabathini ongalingani. "Sideway" isetshenziswa izinyoka esihlabathini esisele. Kuphakathi ngaphambili noma emuva komzimba kuphonswa eduze kwelitshe, kuhlangabezelwe ukumelana okuncane lapho usendleleni. Inyoka, ngokungathi kunjalo, ihamba, noma kunalokho, "iyagxuma", ibambelele eceleni kwendlela eya lapho inyakaza khona. Izinyoka eziningi zikhuphuka kahle. Ngezindlela ezikhethekile ezinamapulangwe, izikali zesisu ezinde eziguqukayo zigoqeke ngaphandle ezinhlangothini, zakha imigodi emibili emide - eyodwa ohlangothini lwesisu.
Ukuzala. Lapho kuqala isikhathi sokuzalela, izinyoka zifuna umuntu azokuya naye ocansini. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesilisa abajabule basebenzisa i-analyzer yamakhemikhali, “beshaya umoya” ngezilimi zabo futhi badlulise inani lamakhemikhali angafani emvelweni owesifazana endaweni yesitho sowesifazane kaJacobson. Ukuqomisana kusiza ukuqaphela abalingani: Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenzisa imidwebo yalo ekhethekile yokuhamba. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ziyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuba zifana nomdanso, kodwa ezimweni eziningi abesilisa bavele bahlikihle isilevu sabo ngemuva komfazi. Ekugcineni, abalingani bahlangana nemisila, bese i-hemipenis yesilisa ingeniswa ku-cloaca yowesifazane. Isitho esikhulu sezinyoka sibhangqwe futhi siqukethe okubili hemipenis, okuthi, lapho ijabule, iphume ku-cloaca. Owesifazane unamandla okugcina isidoda bukhoma, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokukhwelana okukodwa angakhiqiza inzalo kaningana. Amacube azalwa ngezindlela eziningi. Njengomthetho, aqandusela emaqandeni, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoka ziviparous. Uma isikhathi sokufakwa kufushane sifushane kakhulu, ukubeka kweqanda ukubambezeleka kungenza ukuba omncane aqhume kubo ngaphakathi komzimba womama. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kweqanda. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izinhlobo, amafomu elula e-placenta, okuthi ngalo umoya-mpilo, amanzi nezakhi zidluliselwe kusuka kumama ziye kumbungu. Izidleke eziningi zenyoka zilula kakhulu, kepha amaqanda awazibekeli ndawo. Owesifazane ufuna indawo efanelekile, efana nenqwaba yokujikeleza kwezinto eziphilayo, ezizobavikela ekushayeni ngaphandle, izikhukhula, ushintsho olungazelelwe lokushisa kanye nezitha. Lapho amaqanda evikelwe ngabazali bawo, abagcini ngokwethusa izilwane ezidla ezinye, kodwa, njengoba selishonile elangeni, lingakufudumeza ukugcwala kwabo ngemizimba yabo, ekhula ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphakeme. Inani elithile lokushisa libuye likhiqizwe phakathi nokubola kwezinto zesidleke. Inani lamaqanda noma amathole akhiqizwa ngowesifazane ngasikhathi sinye lisuka kwabambalwa liye kufinyelela ku-100 (izinhlobo ezibeka amaqanda ngokwesilinganiso esingaphezu kwe-viviparous). Ama-pythons amakhulu akhula kakhulu: kwesinye isikhathi abekela amaqanda angaphezu kwe-100. Inani labo eliphakathi ku-clutch yezinyoka cishe alikho ngaphezu kwe-10-12.Akulula ukuthola isikhathi sokukhulelwa kulezi ezihuquzelayo, ngoba izinsikazi zingaqhubeka nesidoda bukhoma iminyaka, futhi isikhathi sokukhula kombungu sincike emazingeni okushisa. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuzalela nazo ziyawucindezela umsebenzi. Kodwa-ke, kukholelwa ukuthi kwamanye ama-rattlesnake, ukukhulelwa kuhlala ku-approx. Izinyanga ezi-5, ne-viper ejwayelekile (i-Vipera berus) - izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezimbili. Isikhathi nesikhathi sokufakwa siyashiyana nangokwengeziwe.
Isikhathi sokuphila. Iningi lezinyoka lifinyelela ekukhulelweni ngonyaka wesibili, wesithathu noma wesine wokuphila. Izinga lokukhula lifinyelela isilinganiso salo ngesikhathi sokuthomba okugcwele, emva kwalokho kuncipha ngokubonakalayo, noma izinyoka zikhula impilo yazo yonke. Ubudala obukhulu bezinyoka eziningi kungenzeka busondele. Iminyaka engama-20, yize abanye abantu basinda bacishe baba ngu-30. Emvelweni, izinyoka, njengezinye izilwane eziningi, kuyaqabukela zifinyelela ukuguga. Abaningi bafa bebancane ngenxa yezimo ezingezinhle zemvelo, imvamisa beba izisulu zabazingeli.
IMIHLA YEMINYAKA
Izinyoka zesimanje zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe yimindeni eyi-10. Ezintathu zazo zincane kakhulu futhi zifaka ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zase-Asia. Eziyisikhombisa ezisele zichazwe ngezansi.
I-Colubridae (vele yasekuqaleni). Lo mndeni uhlanganisa okungenani ama-70% wezinyoka zesimanje, kufaka phakathi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinhlobo zaseYurophu kanye nama-80% ahlala e-United States. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo ezivamile isemboze zonke izifunda ezifudumele zamazwekazini, ngaphandle kwe-Australia, lapho zitholakala kuphela enyakatho nasempumalanga. Futhi ziningi eziqhingini eziningi ezinkulu ze-Old World. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke zezilwane sihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi. Abomdabu bathole zonke izinhlobo eziphambili zezindawo zokuhlala: phakathi kwazo kukhona izinhlobo zomhlaba, zasemanzini kanye nezasolwandle. Abaningi babhukuda futhi bagibela kahle. Ubukhulu bawo busuka kokuncane kuya kokuphakathi, futhi ijamo lihlukahlukene kakhulu. Amanye afana nomvini omncane, kanti amanye aminyene njengezinyoka ezinkulu ezinoshevu. Cishe zonke zezokuqala azinangozi, noma izinhlobo zazo ezinobuthi eziningi zase-Afrika zibeka ingozi enkulu, uma kungenjalo ebulalayo. E-United States, lo mndeni umelelwa izinyoka (i-Natrix), izinyoka ze-garter (Thamnophis), izinyoka ezingulube (iHeterodon), izinyoka ezi-Collared (i-Diadophis), izinyoka zotshani (i-Opheodrys), iminenkezo (Coluber), izinyoka zaseMelika ezikhipha izinyoka (Masticophis), izinyoka ze-indigo ), izinyoka ezikhuphukayo (i-Elaphe), izinyoka zikaphayini (iPituophis) nezinyoka zasebukhosini (Lampropeltis). I-genera yokuqala yokuqala ayinayo inani lomnotho elibalulekile. Izinyoka zamakhambi zidla ama-invertebrates ayingozi. Zonke ezinye zingabhekwa njengezilwane eziwusizo, njengoba zibhubhisa ngamagundane nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezidala ukulimala kwezomnotho.
I-Boidae (i-Pseudopods). Cishe i-2,5% yezinhlobo zezinyoka zanamuhla ezalo mndeni, kepha phakathi kwabameleli abangenabuthi be-suborder baba ngemuva kwabaziwayo. Ama-Boas ngokuvamile athathwa njengezakhamizi ezinkulu zamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, nokho, eziningi zazo zinobukhulu obuphakathi ngisho nobukhulu, futhi izindawo ezihlala kuzo zihluka kakhulu - kuze kube ugwadule lwaseCentral Asia. Inyoka enjoloba (uCharina bottae) kuleli qembu idlangile entshonalanga Melika United States futhi itholakala naseCanada. Onke ama-pseudopods abulala inyamazane ngokuwucindezela ngemizimba yawo, ngakho-ke abizwa ngokuthi ama-boas. Kodwa-ke, uma kukhulunywa ngokuqinile, ama-boas akha eyodwa kuphela yemindeni engezansi, inabameleli bayo abaningi abahlala eMelika. I-subseam yesibili yama-pseudopods - ama-pythons - ahlanganisa izinyoka zoMhlaba Omdala kuphela. Cishe kuwo wonke ama-pseudopods, iziqalo zamalungu asemuva ziyaqapheleka noma azinakudingeka - ngesimo semihlaka emibili emincane ngaphansi komsila. Lo mndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyi-6 zezinyoka ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, zonke zihlala emahlathini ashisayo. Okuwukuphela kwento enkulu kunazo zonke ebeka usongo kubantu. Ngaphezu kwama-anacondas nama-boas ajwayelekile (okuwukuphela kwezikhulu ezinkulu zalesi sitshanyana), sikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezi-4 zama-pythons.E-Afrika, i-hieroglyphic (Python sebae) ihlala ku-9.7 m ubude, eningizimu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia - inetha (P. reticulatus) ifinyelela ku-10 m ubude, cishe endaweni efanayo ne-Indian tiger (P. molurus) kuze kube ngu-6 m ubude, futhi ukusuka enyakatho ye-Australia kuya eningizimu yePhilippines kanye ne-Solomon Islands, i-amethyst python (P. amethystinus) itholakala ibude obungu-7 m.
I-typhlopidae (izinyoka eziyizimpumputhe, noma izindundla eziyimpumputhe) neLeptotyphlopidae (izinyoka ezincane). Le mindeni ifaka i-approx. 11% wezinyoka eziphilayo. Bangaboni futhi abanangozi. Imvamisa ididaniswa nemikhonyane yomhlaba, kepha ayifi ezindaweni ezomile. Isikali esikhanyayo, isikali esikhanyayo simboza umzimba wonke, kufaka phakathi iso elinciphile. Ngaphandle, abamele imindeni yomibili bafana kakhulu. Zombili lezi zindawo zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi, yize uhla lwezinyoka ezincanyana e-Old World lukhawulelwe e-Afrika naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia, kanti eNew World New zifinyelela eningizimu-ntshonalanga Melika. Izimpumputhe zihlala engxenyeni enkulu yezwekazi lase-Asia futhi zitholakala nase-Australia. Kunezinhlobo eziphindwe izikhathi ezi-4-5 kulo mndeni kunasekuqaleni. Ubude babo bobabili imvamisa buyi-15-20 cm, futhi bambalwa kuphela abade kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo olulodwa lwase-Afrika lufika kuma-80 cm.
Viperidae (viper). Lo mndeni ufaka i-approx. 5% wezinyoka zesimanje. Zinobuthi futhi zibanzi kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Australia, lapho kungaziwa khona. Kuzo zonke izinyoka, izinyoka zinendlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokwazisa ubuthi kulowo ohlukunyeziwe. Amazinyo abo anobuthi ayizidleke amade kunawezinye izinhlobo ezinobuthi, endaweni ethi "inoperative" abekwe ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka, kuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela akhishwe emlonyeni kufana nembali yommese ogoqekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zithathelwa indawo kwesinye isikhathi, ngakho-ke ukususwa kwazo akuhlanganisi inyoka isikhathi eside. Isengezo singashaya isilwane esisodwa ngebanga elifushane ngokwedlula ubude bomzimba waso. Kuzo zonke izinyoka zomhlaba omusha kanye nasezinhlotsheni eziningi ze-Old, ohlangothini ngalunye lwekhanda kune-fossa ejulile enomuzwa wokushisa ophakeme, osizayo lapho uzingela inyamazane enegazi efudumele. Izinyoka ezinama-thermoreceptors anjalo abizwa ngokuthi ama-pit snakes futhi kwesinye isikhathi avelele emndenini okhethekile. Baningi, yize bengekho e-Afrika. Amapayipi ahlukaniswe ngo-5 genera, enye yawo ifaka uhlobo olulodwa - i-bushmeister, noma i-surukuku (iLachesis muta), evela ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinsalela zezinhlobo ezisele zohlobo lwe-Trimeresurus, ezihlanganisa izinyoka ezishisayo (ama-keffiyehs nama-botrops), asatshalaliswa kabanzi kumaNews and Old Worlds. Amanye ama-pitheads amelwe ama-rattlesnake (Crotalus), ama-pygmy rattles (Sistrurus) no-shchitomordniki (Agkistrodon). Ngokungeziwe kuma-rattlesnakes, e-United States kusuka kuleli qembu bukhoma ama-solar asemanzini (A. piscivorus) kanye ne-copperhead (A. contortrix). Ububanzi bokuqala bunqunyelwe ngamanzi angaphakathi emathafeni aseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe, kanti owesibili ubanzi. AmaRattlesnake ahlala eNyakatho Melika naseNingizimu Melika. E-United States, manje atholakala kuzo zonke izifundazwe ngaphandle kwe-Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii neMaine, yize babehlala entshonalanga yakamuva.
I-Elapidae (isasidi). Cishe i-7.5% yezinhlobo zezinyoka zesimanje ezingezomndeni. Amazinyo abo acishe abe yisihlungu aqiniswa ngqo ngaphambili komhlathi ongenhla. Ukulunywa kwezinhlobo ezinkulu kuba yingozi kubantu. Cishe zonke izinyoka zomhlaba zase-Australia zingezika-spid, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye yohlu lomndeni zimelwe kuleli zwekazi futhi iphesenti lezinyoka ezinobuthi liphezulu kunanoma yiliphi izwekazi. Kodwa-ke, ukulunywa kwezinhlobo eziningi ezincane zase-Australia akusongeli ukufa. Uhlobo olunwebile kakhulu lo mndeni - ama-coral aspid (Micrurus) - uhlanganisa i-approx. Izinhlobo ezingama-50. Kubamele bayo, i-harlequin coral aspid (M. fulvius) ihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States. Okudume kakhulu phakathi kwama-asidi ama-cobras (amaNaja namanye ama-genera ambalwa) ahlala e-Asia nase-Afrika. Inyoka ye-Indian cobra, noma inyoka yombukwane (Naja naja), ethi uma iba nengozi iphakamise ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba bese iphotha intamo, isabalalisa izimbambo zentamo ihlukane, iyasebenza kakhulu, kuze kube yilapho kwakhiwa i-hood ebanzi ephethini efana ne-pince-nez. Kwamanye ama-cobras, leli khono lakhiwa kancane. Ama-mambas ase-Afrika (i-Dendroaspis) anedumela lokuba izinyoka ezinolaka kakhulu. Yize ezinye zazo zingadabuki nhlobo, wonke ama-mambas ayingozi ngoba akhiqiza ubuthi obunamandla.Akukaziwa kangako ukuthi kunamakhara amancane ase-Asia anolaka (iBungarus).
IHydrophiidae (izinyoka zasolwandle). Lo mndeni ufaka i-approx. 2.8% wezinyoka zesimanje. Bahlala emanzini afudumele asogwini ukusuka eSouth Asia empumalanga kuye eSamoa. Uhlobo olulodwa, i-bicolor bonito (Pelamis platurus), libhukuda e-Afrika nasogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Izinyoka zasolwandle zihlobene kakhulu nama-aspid futhi zikhiqiza ubuthi obunamandla, kepha zihamba kancane, ngakho-ke azesabeki kangako. Iningi lazo livumelaniswa nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini: amathumbu avaliwe ngamavolo, futhi umsila ubekwa ngendiza emile. Bambalwa abantu abakhulu abafinyelela ubude obungu-0.9-1,5 m, futhi ubude bezinyoka zasolwandle bungamamitha ayi-2,7.
I-Encyclopedia of Colfer. - Umphakathi ovulekile. 2000.
Unembe ngamunye ngamunye utholakala kwizinyoka, okuvela kuzo (izinyoka) ezivela kuzo esikhathini seCretaceous (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi 135-65 eyedlule), kepha ngokuhlangene ziimpawu zezinyoka kuphela. Njengamanje, cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zezinyoka ziyaziwa.
Isakhiwo.
Umzimba wenyoka uhlukaniswe inhloko, isiqu nomsila. Ezimweni eziningi, ithambo liqukethe ugebhezi nomgogodla (kusuka ku-141 kuya ku-435 vertebrae kwezinye izindlela zezinsalela), izimbambo zifakwe kuzo. Uhlobo oluthile lwenyoka kuphela olugcina ubumbano lwamalungu asemuva.
Izinyoka zishintshwe ngokuphelele ukuze zimunce inyamazane enkulu, lokhu kuvezwe ekwakhekeni kwesikhumba. Ingxenye yesokudla nesobunxele yemihlana engezansi ixhunyiwe ngokuhambisa, ama-ligaments anokwandiswa okukhethekile. Izihloko zamazinyo ziqondiswa emuva: lapho iginya ukudla, inyoka 'ihlala' kuyo, ngokungathi kunjalo, futhi inhlama yokudla ihamba kancane iye ngaphakathi. Izinyoka azinayo i-sternum, futhi izimbambo ziphela ngokukhululeka. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye yomzimba lapho ohlukunyeziwe kugaywe khona ingelulwa kakhulu.
Izinyoka eziningi zinobuthi. Emhlathini wabo ophezulu kunamazinyo amakhulu noma avuyile. Ubuthi obukhiqizwa yizindlala zamathe ezishintshiwe bungena esisekelweni sezinyo bese bugeleza phansi emseleni noma emiseleni luqonde ku-apex. Lapho umlomo wenyoka uvaliwe, amazinyo anobuthi alele kanye esibhakabhakeni. Lapho ehlasela, umlomo uvuleka kakhulu, futhi amazinyo anobuthi aqondiswa phansi noma ekhoneni elincane ngaphambili, inyoka iwagwaze inyamekele.
Zonke izitho zangaphakathi zezinyoka zidlulile. I-esophagus nesisu zinobude obukhulu, amathumbu afushane. Iphaphu langakwesobunxele livame ukukhula kancane noma i-atrophy, ngemuva kwephaphu elingakwesokudla kuphenduka indawo yokugcina yomoya. Ezinye izinyoka zinokunwebeka okufana nesikhwama ngemuva kwe-trachea - iphaphu yenhliziyo. Isigaxa asikho.
Amehlo wezinyoka embozwe i-cornea esobala eyakhiwe ngamajwabu amehlo. Ezinyoka zasemini, umfundi uyindilinga noma ngendlela yegebe elingashintshi, ezinyoka zobusuku - mpo. Umbono, njengokuzwa, awusona isitho esiyinhloko senzwa yenyoka futhi asithuthukisi kangako kunaleso sezikhala. Lapho ihlasela inyamazane, inyoka ingaphuthelwa, ikakhulukazi kaningi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, lapho ungqimba lwamehlo lomahluko wesikhumba namehlo aba namafu. Ngenxa yokwehliswa kwendlebe ephakathi nolwelwesi lwe-tympanic, izinyoka zingahlukanisa kuphela imisindo ephakeme ehambisana nokuzamazama komoya noma kwenhlabathi.
Isitho esiyinyoka senyoka siwulimi olude olufakwe ekugcineni. Ngomlomo ovalekile, ulimi luhamba luvele ngesigaxa somhlanga esisemuva, bese kuthi lapho sidla ukudla lususwe lubekwe esikweni lobufazi obukhethekile. Ngosizo lolimi, inyoka izwa izinto ezisondelene nayo, ama-molecule ezinto ezinamakha awela olimini adluliselwa esithobeni sokuhogela - iphunga likaJacobson. Ukugxila iphunga, inyoka ingahamba ibheke isisulu ebumnyameni obugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lungasebenza njengezwa lokushisa. Umsebenzi ofanayo wenziwa izitho ezikhethekile ezisekhanda lezinyoka ezithile (i-python, i-African viper, pit viper).
Ingqondo yezinyoka incane, kepha intambo yomgogodla ithuthukiswe kahle, ngakho-ke, naphezu kokuqala kokuphendula, izinyoka zihlukaniswa ngokuxhumana okuhle kokunyakaza, ijubane lazo nokunemba kwazo.
Ingqimba yesikhumba yakha izihlangu nezikali ngendlela yamapuleti amade ahlelwe ahlanganisiwe, ngokuvamile ukuphakama okude - izimbambo - kuyabonakala kuzo. Badlala indima enkulu ekunyakazeni kwezinyoka ezihlala phakathi kwamadwala noma ezihlahleni: ngenxa yobulukhuni bezembozo, inyoka ingabambelela ebubini bamatshe noma emagxolo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlobo ezihlala phakathi kwezihlahla zotshani nezihlahlana azinazo izikali, lapho kulokhu kuzonciphisa ukunyakaza kuphela.
Izikali ezinkulu zekhanda zivame ukungahambi kahle ngesimo, kanti ezokuqina zizi-hexagonal. Zitholakala emgqeni owodwa, owokugcina - okuyi-anal - isihlangu sesisu sehlukaniswe kabili. I-curving, inyoka ngosizo lwezihlangu zamathumbu isuswa kusukela lapho igaqa khona futhi iqhubekela phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavikela izitho zangaphakathi. Izinyoka zasolwandle azihlangani nezinkinga ezinjalo, futhi zincishwa izihlangu zesisu. Amaphaphu we-caudal angalala kolunye (i-slender strangler, inyoka yesidenge) noma imigqa emibili (inyoka ejwayelekile, inyoka ye-Amur).
Lapho ukugwinya ukudla, izihlangu nezikali kuqubuka, kudalula imiphetho yesikhumba efihlekile ngaphambi kwalokhu. Izikali zixhunyaniswe ngokuqinile komunye nomunye ngemigqa emide, kepha umugqa ngamunye ungahambisa umgwaqo ohlobene nesihlobo. Ukugoba kwesisu, ngokuhlukile, kuguqukela ohlangothini olude. Umzimba wenyoka ubude.
Ukuhlanza kwenzeka kaningi ngonyaka. Isikhumba esidala siqala ukukhipha izindebe, sisonge bese siyanyamalala kancane kancane. Ku-"creep" ebonakalayo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yamehlo.
Umbala wesikhumba ungashintsha phakathi nokuphila ngesikhathi sokuncibilika. Umbala ubuye uncike ebulini kanye nasezimpawu zenyoka futhi ezimweni eziningi wenza umsebenzi wokufihlakala.
Indlela yokuphila.
Zonke izinyoka zingabazingeli, eziningi zazo zingabamba inyamazane, enkulu kakhulu ngobukhulu kunenyoka uqobo. Imvamisa izinyoka ezincane nezincane zidla izikelemu, ama-mollusks, izinambuzane, ezinye izilwane zasemanzini, ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, izinhlanzi, izinduku nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu. Phakathi kokudla okubili, izinyanga ezimbalwa zingadlula.
Ezimweni eziningi, izinyoka zilala zinganyakazi, zilinda inyamazane, bese ishesha ngejubane elimangazayo bese ziqala ukugwinya masinyane. Izinyoka ezinobuthi ziyaluma zilinde ukuthi ubuthi busebenze, futhi amabhuzu aziqinisa azungeze isisulu asibambe.
Kunezindlela eziningana zezinyoka ezihambayo. Imvamisa inyoka igoba ngendlela ye-zigzag futhi inyakaziswa yizitho zomzimba ezisondele emhlabathini. Ogwadule, izinyoka zisebenzisa lokho okubizwa nge- “eceleni kwendlela”: umzimba uthinta indawo ngamaphoyinti amabili kuphela, umphambili womzimba uhanjiswe eceleni (ngasendaweni yokunyakaza), bese kuthi emuva kube “ukudonswa”, njll. Indlela yokuhambisa i- "accordion" ihlukile ngoba umzimba wenyoka uqoqiwe ngokuqinile, umphambili womzimba uqhubekela phambili. Izinyoka ezinkulu zigudla "inkambo yamakhambi" aqondile, zinamathela enhlabathini ngezihlangu zazo futhi zicindezela izicubu zengxenye yesisu somzimba.
Izinyoka zijabulisa kakhulu, ngaphandle kweNew Zealand neziqhingi ezincane zolwandle. Bakwazi ukubona impilo ehlathini, i-steppe, ugwadule, ngaphansi komhlaba futhi olwandle. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke zezilwane sihlala emazweni afudumele e-East Asia nase-Afrika, ezingaphezu kuka-50% wezinyoka zase-Australia zinobuthi.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ezinye izinyoka zingakhiqiza inzalo kuze kube kaningana ngesizini, kanti ezinye azizali unyaka ngamunye (ngokwesibonelo, inyoka yaseCaucasian). I-bamboo keffiyeh, etholakala eNdiya nasePakistan, ingazalela unyaka wonke. Njengezilwane eziningi, izinyoka zinemicimbi yazo “yokuzalelisa” yamakhono ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene. Ngemuva kokuzalela, izinsikazi ziyakwazi ukugcina isidoda sophathina sisesimweni esisebenzayo isikhathi eside futhi azidingi ukuphinda zihlangane nowesilisa ukuze zifumane umquba omusha.
Imvamisa, amawundlu adonswa eqandeni amaqanda, kepha ukuzalwa bukhoma nakho kubanzi (okujwayelekile izinyoka zasolwandle, ama-boas kanye nezinyoka). Owesifazane wenza i-placenta, lapho imibungu ithola khona umoya-mpilo, amanzi nezakhi. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi ayinaso isikhathi sokubeka phansi i-clutch, namawundlu abambe ngaphakathi komzila wakhe wobulili. Icala elinjalo libizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kweqanda (izinyoka, i-muzzle).
Ku-clutch eyodwa kukhona isilinganiso samaqanda ayi-10. Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kuncike emazingeni okushisa, ngakho-ke izinyoka ziqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga okushisa ayagcinwa esidlekeni, futhi zivikele namaqanda ekuqothulweni ngaphandle.
Izinyoka zivame ukuhlala iminyaka engama-5-10, abanye abantu baphila iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40.
Izinyoni eziningi kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo zidla izinyoka (izingwamza, okokhozi, amakhaza, ama-hedgehogs, abamele i-Predatory oda ngisho nezingulube), kanye nezinye izinyoka.
Ukuhlukaniswa.
Izinyoka ezingaphansi komhlaba zihlukaniswe yimindeni engama-8-16. Imindeni eyinhloko:
Blindfolds (I-typhlopidae ) Izinyoka ezincane ezinomzimba ofana nesibungu. Kuhlukaniswe nempilo engaphansi komhlaba: ikhanda limbozwe ngezihlangu ezinkulu, amathambo kaswazi agqinwe kahle, umsila omfushane usebenza njengokusekelwa komzimba lapho isilwane sihamba ekuqineni kwenhlabathi. Amehlo acishe ancishiswe ngokuphelele. Ukutholakala kwamathambo e-pelvic kutholakale kumagundane. Umndeni unezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-170, eziningi zazo zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezisendaweni ephansi.
Amanga OnembeBoidae ) litholwe igama lokuba khona kweziqalo zamalungu asemuva, okwaphenduka ukugcwala ezinhlangothini zethambo. Ama-pseudopods afaka i-anaconda ne-python enqabile - izinyoka ezinkulu kakhulu zesimanje (zingafinyelela ku-10 m ubude). Le mindeni emithathu engezansi (amaBoas, amaPythons neSand Boas) ifaka izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-80. Bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi, ezinye izinhlobo - ezifundeni ezomile zaseCentral Asia.
Ezinyokeni ze-Aspid (Elapidae ) ifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-170, kufaka phakathi i-cobras kanye nama-mambas. Isibonakaliso esibonakalayo se-aspid ukungabi khona kwethambo lesifuba. Umzimba uphakeme, umsila umfushane, inhloko imbozwe ngezihlangu ezinkulu zesimo esifanele. Abamele umndeni bahola indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni futhi isatshalaliswa ikakhulu e-Afrika nase-Australia.
Iningi lezinyoka zasolwandle (IHydrophiidae ) ungalokothi uqhubeke emhlabeni, uguqulwa impilo emanzini: amaphaphu we-volumetric, ama-valves avale emakhaleni, imizila eyenziwe ngomzimba kanye nomsila we-oyile. Unobuthi kakhulu. Umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-50 ezihlala e-Indian and Pacific Oceans.
I-Vipers (I-Viperidae ) yiba nomzimba owugqinsi onekhanda eliyisicaba sesimo esingunxantathu, umfundi oqonde mpo, izindlala ezinobuthi ezikhuliswe kahle kanye namaphaphu enzalo. Ama-Yamokolovy angaphansi kweframu afaka amabhu nama-rattlesnake, kuya kuzinyoka zangempela - izinyoka, i-gyurza nesihlabathi sefa. Sekukonke, umndeni ufaka izinhlobo zezinyoka ezingaba ngu-120.
Kade (I-Colybridae ) - umndeni ohlanganisa cishe ama-70% wezinyoka zesimanje (cishe izinhlobo eziyi-1500). Ama-alamu angajwayelekile; ahlala impilo yedoti, imigodi, ezihlahleni, ezingwadule noma emachibini. Bahlukaniswa yizinhlobonhlobo zokuthandwa kokudla kanye nezindlela zokuhamba. Umndeni uwonke ubonakala ngokungabi bikho kwamaphaphu angakwesobunxele, amazinyo ashubhu ashukumisayo nezibambo zemilenze yezandla ezingemuva, kanye nendawo ethe tyaba yomhlathi ongaphezulu. Ngokusho kwezici zokwakheka kwamazinyo nekhava le-scaly, imindeni engezansi yomndeni iyahlukaniswa.
Izinyoka zaseRussia.
Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-90 zezinyoka zihlala eRussia, kubandakanya izinhlobo eziyi-10-16 ezinobuthi.
Kusejwayelekile vele (Natrix natrix ) - inyoka enkulu efinyelela ku-140 cm ubude, ehlala endaweni enkulu ukusuka eNyakatho Afrika kuya eScandinavia, kanti empumalanga kuya eCentral Mongolia. E-Russia, isatshalaliswa kabanzi engxenyeni yaseYurophu. Umbala womzimba kusuka kumpunga omnyama kuya komnyama. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda kukhona izindawo zokukhanya ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo ngokucacile ngesimo se-crescent, esilinganiswe imivimbo emnyama. Ukhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Imvamisa izingela ntambama amasele nezinhlwayi, kwesinye isikhathi izikhala ezincane nezinyoni. Kakade - inyoka esebenzayo, ekhasa ngokushesha, igibela izihlahla futhi ibhukuda kahle.Lapho itholwa, izama ukucasha, futhi uma lokhu kwehluleka, ivuselela izicubu futhi ivule umlomo wayo, yenza sengathi ifile. Abantu abakhulu bagoba ibhola bese bekhala ngokweyisa, kepha kuyaqabukela lilume umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, amabhande asanda kubanjwa inyamazane (kwesinye isikhathi asasebenza) futhi angakhipha uketshezi olunuka ku-cesspool.
I-Copper (Coronella austriaca ) - inyoka efinyelela ku-65 cm ubude, ibhebhetheke engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia. Umbala womzimba usuka ku-grey uye onsundu, eduze komzimba - imigqa eminingana yamabala amnyama. Kumfundi oyindilinga, ama-Copper angahlukaniswa yinyoka encane efana nayo. Ebungozini, inyoka iqoqa umzimba ube yinhlama eqinile bese ifihla ikhanda layo. Yenziwe yindoda, izivikela ngolaka futhi ingaziluma ngesikhumba iye egazini.
Encwadini Izilwane ezinoshevu nezitshalo ze-USSR Izinyoka ezilandelayo ezinobuthi zibaliwe: Izinyoka ezijwayelekile (I-Vipera berus ), i-steppe viper (V. Ursini ), I-Caucasian viperV. Kaznakovi ), i-viper Asia Minor (V. xanthina ), inyoka enensa (V. ammodyte ), gyurza (V. lebetina ), i-muzzle ejwayelekile, noma ama-pallas (Ama-Agkistrodon halys ), mollusk empumalanga (A. blomhoffi ), inyoka enemibala eminingi (I-Coluber ravergieri ), brindle kakade (Rhabdophis tigrina ), abakopishi abajwayelekile (Coronella austriaca ), I-Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana ), sandy efa (I-Echis carinatus ) nabanye.
I-Viper ejwayelekile (I-Vipera berus ) - inyoka enkulu ngokulinganayo efinyelela ku-75 cm, inomzimba omningi nekhanda elingunxantathu. Umbala - kusuka ko-grey kuye obomvu-nsundu. Emzimbeni kukhona umucu we-zigzag emnyama, iphethini ebunjwe ngo-X kanye nemikhawulo emithathu emikhulu - ngaphambili ne-parietal emibili - iyabonakala ekhanda. Umfundi uthe mpo, umngcele phakathi kwekhanda nentamo uhlukaniseka ngokusobala.
Izinyoka ezivamile zidlangile emahlathini nasezindaweni ezisemahlathini ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zaseRussia, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Ihlanza kuqala amahlathi ngama-glade, amaxhaphozi, izindonga zamachibi kanye namachibi. Izimpi ngezigxobo, iziqu ezibolile, imigodi, phakathi kwezihlahla. Ama-Vipers overwinter kaningi ngamaqembu emiseleni, ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla kanye nama-haystacks. Amacembe obusika ebusika ngoMashi-Ephreli. Ntambama bathanda ukucwilisa elangeni, imvamisa bazingela ebusuku ngamagundane amancane, amasele, namachwane. Propagate maphakathi noMeyi, ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezintathu. I-sner iletha amawundlu angama-8 ukuya kuma-17 cm ubude.Izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, kwenzeka okokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho - ngemvamisa yezikhathi ezi-1-2 ngenyanga. Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa. Ama-Vipers ahlala iminyaka eyi-11 kuya kwengu-12.
Imihlangano yenyoka nomuntu yenzeka kaningi. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinyoka zithanda ukuchitha izinsuku ezifudumele ezindaweni ezivulekile, zishiswa yilanga. Ebusuku, bangakhasa baye emlilweni, bangene etendeni nesikhwama sokulala. Ubuningi bokuxazululwa kwezinyoka abulingani kakhulu: awukwazi ukuhlangana nenyoka eyodwa endaweni enkulu ngokwanele, kepha endaweni efanelekile bakha i- "nyoka foci" ephelele. Ama-Vipers awona olaka futhi ngeke ahlasele abantu kuqala. Bazolisebenzisa njalo ithuba lokucasha.
USteppe Viper (Vipera ursini ) ihluke kokujwayelekile ngosayizi omncane nemiphetho ekhonjiwe ye-muzzle. Umbala ubuthuntu kakhudlwana, emzimbeni, ngaphezu kwephethini le-zigzag eceleni kwegeji, amabala amnyama atholakala ezinhlangothini. Ihlala esigabeni se-steppe kanye ne-steppe-steppean yengxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia, eCrimea naseCaucasus. Iphila iminyaka engama-7-8.
Isiphuzo esivamile (Ama-Agkistrodon halys ) uhlala endaweni enkulu ukusuka emlonyeni weVolga kuya ogwini loLwandle iPacific. Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-70 cm, umbala - ompunga noma onsundu onamabala amnyama obanzi eceleni kwegedhi.
I-Tiger isivele - inyoka enemibala ekhanyayo yaseMpumalanga Ekude. Ishubhu elingaphezulu kwesinye isikhathi livame ukuluhlaza okukhanyayo ngemivimbo emnyama eshintshekayo. Phambi komzimba, izikali phakathi kwemichilo zibomvu. Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-110 cm. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwentamo kukhona okuthiwa ama-nukho-dorsal gland. Imfihlo yabo ecashile iyabesabisa abazingeli. I-Tiger isivele ithanda izindawo ezimanzi, zidla amasele, ubuhlalu nezinhlanzi.
I-Central Asia cobra (Naja oxiana ) - inyoka enkulu (kufika ku-160 cm ubude) ngombala onsundu noma womnqumo. I-cobra ecasukile iphakamisa umphambili womzimba bese yehlisa i-hood entanyeni. Lapho ehlasela, wenza imibani eminingana, futhi eyodwa yayo iphetha ngokuluma. Kusatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeCentral Asia.
Sandy efa (I-Echis carinatus ) - inyoka enombala wesihlabathi ifinyelela ku-80 cm.Imigqa ekhanyayo ekhanyayo ihamba eceleni komugqa, imigqa ekhanyayo ye-zigzag ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Idla izinduku ezincane nezinyoni, amasele nezinye izinyoka. I-efu ihlukaniswa ukushesha kokujikijela; lapho ihamba, ikhipha ukugqwala owomile. Kuhanjiswa kusuka ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle lweCaspian kuya olwandle lwe-Aral.
Izinyoka zingenye yezakhamuzi ezingaqondakali emhlabeni wethu. Abazingeli bokuqala emhlanganweni nanoma iyiphi inyoka babephuthuma kuyo, bazi ukuthi munye kuphela ukuluma okwaziyo ukufa. Ukwesaba kusize ukugwema ukulunywa, kepha kwangivimba ukuthi ngifunde okuningi ngalezi zidalwa ezingaqondakali. Futhi lapho kwakungekho lwazi olwanele ngokwanele, izikhala zagcwaliswa ngamaphupho nezibabuli, okwadlula amakhulu eminyaka zaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
Futhi ngaphandle kokuthi eziningi zalezi ezihubhayo sezifundwe kahle, amahemuhemu amadala nezinganekwane ezikhuluma ngezinyoka ezidluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane zisenemicabango yabantu. Ukuze ngandlela-thile siphule lo mbuthano onesihluku, siqoqe izinganekwane eziyi-10 ezivame kakhulu ngezinyoka futhi siziphikisile.
1. Izinyoka ziphuza ubisi
Le nsumansumane iye yaziwa ngabaningi bethu ngenxa yomsebenzi kaConan Doyle I-Variegated Ribbon. Eqinisweni, ukuzama ubisi lwenyoka ngobisi kungabulala: abayithathi ngokomqondo i-lactose.
2. Uma uhlasela, izinyoka ziyahluma
Ngezizathu ezingaziwa, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izinyoka ziluma ngolimi lwabo olubukhali nolukhuni ekugcineni. Izinyoka ziluma amazinyo abo, njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane. Ulimi lubasebenzela ngokuphelele ezinye izinhloso.
3. Izinyoka ngaphambi kokuphonsa, ukusongela, zinikeze ulimi lwazo
Njengoba sekushiwo, ulimi lwenyoka aluhloselwe ukuba luhlasele. Iqiniso ngukuthi izinyoka azinalo ikhala, futhi wonke ama-receptor adingekayo atholakala olimini. Ngakho-ke, ukuze umuntu akwazi ukuhogela kangcono inyamazane futhi athole ukuthi ikuphi, izinyoka kufanele zinikeze izilimi zazo.
4. Izinyoka eziningi zinobuthi
Ezinhlanzini eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili nesigamu zezinyoka ezaziwa izazi zezinyoka, zingama-400 kuphela ezinamazinyo anobuthi. Kulaba, bangu-9 kuphela abatholakala eYurophu. Izinyoka ezinobuthi iningi eMelika eseNingizimu - Izinhlobo ezingama-72. Abanye bonke bacishe basatshalaliswa ngokulingana kulo lonke elase-Australia, Central Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and North America.
5. Ungakwazi "ukuvikela" inyoka ngokudwengula amazinyo ayo
Okwesikhashana, lokhu kungasebenza ngempela. Kepha amazinyo azobuyela emuva, nenyoka ngesikhathi sokukhula kwayo, ingakwazi ukuveza ubuthi, ingagula kakhulu. Futhi ngendlela, izinyoka azikwazi ukuqeqeshwa - kubo, noma yimuphi umuntu akasekho nje umuthi ofudumele.
6. Izinyoka zihlala zihlasela emehlweni abantu.
Ngokwezibalo, izinyoka zivame ukuluma abantu ukuze bazivikele. Uma inyoka izwakala ekubona futhi yenza ukunyakaza okusongela, khona-ke ifuna ukusala yodwa. Uma ubuyela emuva kancane, bese inyoka inyamalala ngokushesha ngokubuka, ngokushesha ukuze isindise impilo yayo.
7. Izinyoka zingadliwa inyama
Iningi lezinyoka zidla ngamagundane; kunezinhlobo ezidla amasele nezinhlanzi, kanye nezirhubuluzayo ezingavikeleki. Futhi, ama-cobras wasebukhosini, akhetha izinyoka zezinye izinhlobo ongazidla. Ngakho-ke yini ngempela ukondla inyoka kuya kuphela enyokeni uqobo.
8. Izinyoka zibanda ekuthinteni
Izinyoka zingabameli abajwayelekile bezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo. Futhi-ke, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lenyoka lizoba ngokufana lokushisa kwendawo. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elilungile (ngaphezu kwama-30 ° C), izinyoka zithanda ukushibilika elangeni.
9. Izinyoka zimbozwe nge-mucus
Elinye ibhayisikili elihlangene nezinyoka. Isikhumba salezi ezihuquzelayo empeleni azinazo izindlala futhi simbozwe ngezikali ezibushelelezi ezibushelelezi. Kusuka kulokhu okumnandi kwesikhumba senyoka yokuthinta lapho kwenziwa izicathulo, izikhwama zezandla ngisho nezingubo.
10. Izinyoka zigoqa amagatsha ezihlahla neziqu
Kaningi uvame ukubona isithombe somuntu oshaywa inyoka esisongela isiqu somuthi wolwazi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuhlangene nokuziphatha kwangempela kwezinyoka.Agibela amagatsha ezihlahla alale kuwo, kuyilapho ukusonga izinyoka zizungeze ngemizimba yazo kuyize.
Zihlala kuphi izinyoka?
Izinyoka ezidla izinyoka, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezitholwe ngabantu cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, ezinye ezinkulu (New Zealand, i-Ireland) neziqhingi ezincane zoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic nolwandlekazi iPacific Ocean. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3000 zezinyoka ezahlukahlukene eziphila emhlabeni wethu. Cishe ikota yabo inobuthi. By the way, bonke bahlangana emindenini eyi-14.
Kungani badinga ubuthi?
Njengoba siphawulile ngenhla, amelelwa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo kunezinobuthi. Noma kunjalo, akufanele ubhalele abantu izinyoka eziyingozi. Njengoba igama lisho, izidalwa ezinobuthi zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lobuthi obunobuthi - ubuthi. Amdinga ngokuyinhloko ukuzingela isisulu esithile, hhayi ukuzivikela, njengoba kunenkolelo evamile. Ubuthi babanye babo bunobuthi kangangokuba ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi buyobulala umuntu. Kungakho izinyoka emvelweni ziyizikhali zangempela ezibulalayo eziyingozi!
Isikhumba senyoka
Njengomthetho, wonke umzimba wenyoka umbozwe ngesikhumba, noma esikalini. Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu okufanelelenza lapha. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, isikhumba salezi zidalwa somile ngokuphelele, hhayi i-mucous futhi simanzi, njengoba kunjalo. Mhlawumbe lokhu kudideka kwavela ngenxa yokufana okunemibandela yezinyoka ezinamanzi athambekile nezinyoni zomhlaba ezimanzi.
Iningi lezinyoka zinesakhiwo esithile sesikhumba esiswini sazo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze bakwazi ukubamba kangcono indawo abambeka kuyo. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi lezi ezihuquzelayo azinawo amajwabu amehlo. Lokhu akunjalo. Banjalo, kepha hhayi njengezilwane eziningi. Amajwabuzi wezinyoka amelelwa isikali esibonakalayo futhi ahlala evaliwe.
Ingabe kunezinyoka ezimhlophe?
Zikhona. Kepha hhayi njengezinhlobo ezizimele, kepha njengabantu abahlukile ngofuzo. Ngamanye amagama, inyoka emhlophe yi-albino ejwayelekile kunazo zonke. Ama-albinos aziwa kakhulu eCalifornian. Ososayensi bathi kungekudala nje bangathola cishe ama-70% ayo yonke indawo eyakhiwe esiQhingini saseCanary.
Inyoka emhlophe iyisibonakaliso esiyivelakancane emvelweni. Ingatholakala kunoma imiphi imindeni yalezi ezihuquzelayo - kusuka kwenyoka engenabungozi kuya noma i-cobra yasebukhosini! Ungawadideki ama-albino ngoba wona anombala womzimba ohluke ngokuphelele.
Izinyoka zidla izinyoka
I-cannibal edume kakhulu iyingozi kunazo zonke izinyoka - inkosi cobra. Ukudla kokudla kwayo, ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kanye nama-amphibians, kuqukethe izihlobo zayo. INkosi cobra iqala ukujabula izinyoka ezincane. Uqala ngokubulala isisulu ngobuthi noma ngokuklwebheka, abese egwinya.
Esikhathini esedlule kakhulu, ososayensi bathola elinye iqiniso lokuthi izinyoka phakathi kwezinyoka, ikakhulukazi ama-rattlesnakes. Iqiniso ngukuthi izidalwa lezi zidla inzalo yazo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi le nto angeke yenziwa ukuthi ifundwe yi-pathology futhi akufanele ibhekwe njenge-infanticide, ngoba badla kuphela amawundlu afile. Okusho ukuthi, amanye ama-rattlesnan awagcini nje kuphela ama-cannibals, kodwa futhi ama-scavenger.
Abantu abaningi abakholelwa ukuthi izinyoka ezingafuneki zikhona endalweni. Kodwa-ke, emvelweni, okungekho! Izinyoka ezidla izinyoka akuyona into engjwayelekile, futhi akunjalo neze. Le iphethini. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, izibungu zingadla amawundlu azo, kungani izinyoka zingakwazi ukuzama izihlobo zazo? Ngisho nalabo esaziwa sonke ngezikhathi ezithile singadla. isengezo! Nakhu ukukhetha okungokwemvelo.
Izinyoka zasendle zingabazingeli. Abaze badle ukudla kwezitshalo. Izinyoka zikhona kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Azikho e-Antarctic. Iningi lezinyoka zihlala ezindaweni ezisencane, kanye nakwezindawo ezishisayo. Kukhona zombili izinyoka ezingenangozi nezinobungozi. Izinyoka ezinkulu zi-compoteor yamanzi, i-anaconda ne-python enethele.Ziginya yonke inyamazane yazo, ngenxa yamaseli okugaya we-caustic anqwabelana emzimbeni. Izinyoka zishoda ngamazinyo anamandla. Lokho wukuthi, abakwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla. Zinamazinyo amancanyana kuphela afana kakhulu nezinaliti. Lawa mazinyo amancane asiza izinyoka ukuthola ukudla. Isibonelo, i-python, ngenxa yokwakheka kwamazinyo ayo, ingadla izilwane ezinjengengwe nengwe.
Isayensi yezinyoka
Wazini ngezinyoka, ngaphandle kokuthi, ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi, azinayo imilenze? Ake sibheke ukuthi lezi zidalwa zihlelwe kanjani futhi ujwayelane namanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo.
- Izinyoka zinenqwaba yezimbambo - zifinyelela kwabangu-250. Ibhande lamaphethelo aphezulu alikho, kepha izinsalela ze-pelvis kwezinye izinhlobo ziyagcinwa, noma zingasebenzi. Ama-Python anezinsalela ezincane kakhulu eziyinqaba. Izinyoka ezinemilenze yangaphambili noma yangemuva azikho.
- Amazinyo ezinyoka akhula yonke impilo yawo.
- Ukuhlanza kwenzeka futhi empilweni yonke.
- Izitho zangaphakathi azitholakali kahle, njengasebantwini, kodwa zilandelana ngokulandelana. Iphaphu langakwesobunxele lazo zonke izinyoka likhulu, futhi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ilungelo alikho ngokuphelele.
- Uma igwinyiwe, inhliziyo ingashintsha kakhulu.
- Zonke izinyoka zinezinkophe ezihlala zivaliwe. Amafilimu asobala angaphazamisi ukubona. Kodwa-ke, umbono wezinyoka awumuhle kakhulu. Kepha-ke bayakwazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezifudumele, njengesithombe esishisayo.
Sifaka futhi ukuthi imibono yososayensi mayelana nokuzwa kwezidalwa ezihuquzelayo ihlukile kakhulu. Kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi izinyoka azisithulu empeleni, kepha ezinye izifundo ziyayiphikisa le nguqulo.
Imidondoshiya nezinsana
Inyoka ephilayo enkulu kunazo zonke ibhekwa njenge-python enobuhlungu. I-anaconda eluhlaza ayikho kakhulu ngemuva kwakhe. Abamele lezi zinhlobo bane-centner mass kanye nobude obungamamitha ayishumi.
Izinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezihlala endaweni ye-USSR yangaphambili yi-gyurza. Ubude obukhulu babameleli bale nhlobo 2 m.
Cabanga ngamanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo.
- Izinyoka ezinkulu zihlanganisa ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zama-pythons: amahlosi akhanyayo nehlosi elimnyama.
- Ingulube yensikazi emnyama ebizwa ngokuthi uMntwana, ekhulele kwenye yezindawo zase-US, iyona ephila kakhulu kunayo yonke. Lobuhle bunesisindo esingu-183 kg (ngokwesilinganiso, abameleli balezi zinhlobo banesisindo esingama-75 kg).
- I-pets tiger ekhanyayo ifinyelela kubude bamamitha ayisithupha, kepha ayibeki ingozi kunoma yisiphi isilwane esikhulu kunekati.
- Inkosi cobra iphakathi kwezinhlanu ezinkulu kunazo zonke.
Elincane kunazo zonke inyoka emfishane yeBarbados. Akukhuli ngisho nangamasentimitha ayi-10.Kwabameleli abanobuthi bekilasi, umuntu angasho inyoka ebabayo, engakhula ifike kumasentimitha angamashumi amathathu.
Ababulali abakhulu
Lapho bephendula umbuzo ngesilwane esiyingozi kunazo zonke, abaningi basho imamba emnyama, ngoba yiyo ebhekwa njengenyoka enobuthi kunazo zonke. Iqiniso elithandekayo: umbala walesi sidalwa awusiwona omnyama, kodwa onsundu noma onsundu. Kunezinkolelo-ze eziningi ezihambisana nalenyoka. Izakhamizi zezifunda ahlala kulo, igama lakhe aliphinyiswa nhlobo, ngokwesaba ukuthi inyoka engenangqondo izoyizwa izovakashela. Imamba emnyama nayo ishesha kakhulu, ngoba ingahamba ngejubane elingama-20 km / h.
Kodwa i-mamba esabekayo inencintisana eyingozi kakhulu - i-taipan. Uhlala e-Australia, unokuziphatha okunolaka ngokweqile nobude obumangazayo bamamitha ambalwa. Ubuhlungu beTaipan bukhubazeka izicubu zenhliziyo, bese benza ngokushesha. Njengoba sihlangane naye, gijima nje.
IPhilippine cobra is a sniper onguchwepheshe. Ubulala ngokukhipha ubuthi. Ngisho nebanga lamamitha amathathu aliphephile. Kepha, njengamanye ama-cobras, inyoka yasePhilippines ayivamile ukuhlasela. Isihambi kufanele sibheke ngokucophelela ngaphansi kwezinyawo zayo ukuze singangeni kuso.
I-tra krait ihlala eNdiya, lapho ibizwa ngokuthi yinyoka enamahloni. AmaKraits awanalo ulaka ngaphandle kokuthi uthinte inzalo yawo. Kepha ubuthi benyoka eyodwa banele ukuthumela inqwaba yabantu emhlabeni olandelayo.
Inani lobuthi obuqukethwe yizinduna zenkosi eyodwa cobra lizobe lanele ukubhekana nabantu abadala abangamashumi amabili nantathu. Kungenzeka kube nje akunasikhathi sokwethulwa komuthi. Ukulunywa yi-King cobra kuyabulala ngisho nendlovu. Imvamisa i-cobra ibulala ngenxa yengozi kumathole. Yebo, esinye sezidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni siwumama okhathalelayo.
Phakathi kwezinyoka ezinobuthi, kukhona nababulali bendalo. Kuze kube muva nje, ama-pythons ayethathwa njengabangenabungozi kubantu, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaqoshwa amacala amaningi okuhlaselwa kwabantu e-Southeast Asia. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-python engakwazi ukuhlafuna futhi igwinye konke ukudla inzima kakhulu endodeni (amathambo esihlukumezo sasesiswini ngeke ilunge emlonyeni womhlaseli). Kepha abantu bemibala emincane akufanele babe ngama-pythons athembekile.
Ukuzalanisa izinyoka
Mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezinyoka kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi iningi lazo lizalela amaqanda azo, kanti izinhlobo zasolwandle zizala amawundlu avuthiwe. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izinyoka "ziphenduka" zibe yibhola, futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwayo, othile ungena lapho. Ukufakwa kwemibungu emaqanda enyoka kungahlala ezinyangeni ezi-1 kuye kwezi-2. Isifiso sokuphila kwezinyoka emvelweni sisukela eminyakeni emi-5 kuye kweli-15.
Inyoka kaPseudo
Ake sibheke isidalwa esisodwa esihlekisayo, esibuye sifane kakhulu nenyoka, kepha akunjalo. Eqinisweni, le yi-penguin ephuzi-ephuzi. Ngenkambiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amalunga alahleka ngokungadingekile.
Naka ukwakheka kwekhanda. Amehlo anombala ophuzi anezinkophe zesikhumba ezinokusukelwa. Izimbangi zithatha inyoka le njengenyoka futhi ayithinti.
Kukhona ne-antipode ye-yellowfang - i-skink, ebizwa inyoka enemilenze. Kepha-ke umuzwa awuzange usebenze, isikhumba akuyona inyoka, futhi siyisibungu.
Yini kumenyu yenyoka?
Ake sibheke amanye amaqiniso angajwayelekile aphathelene nokudla kwezinyoka.
- Zonke izinyoka zingabaphangi.
- Iningi lazo alikwazi ukuhlafuna futhi lisebenzise amazinyo alo kuphela ukubamba nokuklebhula ukudla kube yizicucu.
- Inqubo yokugaya ingathatha amasonto ambalwa. Isibonelo, i-python idla kabili kuphela ngenyanga (lokhu kufanele kukhunjulwe yilabo abanquma ukuthola isilwane esingajwayelekile).
- Ezinye izinyoka azikwazi ukuzizwa zigcwele, ngakho-ke zingafa ngenxa yokudla ngokweqile.
Endle
Ukudla okunezilwane ezifuywayo kuncike kokuthandayo, endaweni, nosayizi. Kunzima ukubhala inyamazane engayidla, ngakho-ke sihlala ezinhlotsheni zazo ezijwayelekile.
Uhlobo lokudla | Qaphela |
Izinambuzane | Abamele lesi sigaba bakha isisekelo sokudla kwezinyoka eziningi ezinobuthi nezingelona ubuthi. Baqala nokudla amawundlu enyoka. Ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngokwesibonelo, izinyoka eziyimpumputhe, zingadla izintuthwane, amasimu |
Omama | Isilwane esihuquzelayo, uma sidla ezincelisayo, singabamba futhi sidle noma yisiphi isilwane esincane ngosayizi. Iketanga lokudla liqala ngegundane elincane bese liphela ngo-antelope. Izinyoka azidli kuphela into eminyene noma enamagqubu, njengama-hedgehogs |
Izinyoni namaqanda abo | Lezo zinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo okuthe, njengomthetho, zikuvumelanise ukugibela izihlahla nokuzingela lapho, zijabulela izinyoni. Ziphinde zidle amaqanda anezithelo. |
Inhlanzi | Ama-Pisces nawo ayizidalwa ezidla izinyamazane. Zidla kulezo zinhlobo ezihlala emanzini noma eduze. |
Ama-Amphibians | Izilwane eziningi ezihuquzelayo zidla ama-amphibians, anenqwaba yendawo yazo yokuhlala. Kungaba amasele, ama-salamanders, ama-newts, izibungu |
AmaMollus | Inyoka enamakhanda aminyene, etholakala e-Asia naseMelika, ithanda ukudla izidlo nezihlakala. Esebenzisa umhlathi ophansi namazinyo ngendlela yesikhubekiso, ukhipha imollus kusuka egobolondeni ayidle |
Ezinye izinyoka | Kuyamangaza kakhulu ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilo ezihuquzelayo zidle uhlobo lwazo. Kwabanye, izihlobo 'ziyisengezo' ekudleni, kanti ezinye, njenge-mussurana yaseBrazil, zidla zona kuphela. |
Kwakunezikhathi lapho izinyoka ezinkulu, ezinjengama-pythons nama-boas, zazitholakala esiswini.Kukhona namaqiniso wesithombe ale micimbi. Kodwa-ke, akunakushiwo ukuthi lezi ezihuquzelayo zibheka abantu njengezisulu ezingaba khona: lokhu kuyinto eyehlukile emthethweni.
Yini ukondla ekhaya
Udinga ukondla izilwane ezihuqayo ekhaya ngalokho ezikudlayo endle. Imvamisa, izindlu zigcina izinyoka ezidla izinduku, izinyoni ezincane, amaqanda, ama-amphibians nezinambuzane. Kunamacala angawodwa lapho abamba izidalwa ezinkulu, okuthi ngokulandelana kwazo, ondle ezincelisayo ezinkulu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zelulekwa ukuthi zinikeze ukudla kungaphili noma kukhexile: kungaba kukutsha noma kufrize. ITerrarium kumele ibe namanzi.
Kubalulekile!Lokhu okuphilayoAwukwazi ukunikeza ubisi: imizimba yazo ayikwazi ukukugaya, futhi ukuqhekeka kungenzeka.
Isilwane esidabukisayo asisokhethi inyamazane, kepha siyigwinya sonke. Isilwane esidliwayo esinobuthi ngaphambi kwalokhu silimaza ubuthi, okuthi, ngaphezu kokubulala, futhi sisize iziphuzo zesisu ukugaya isisulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ziphinde zimqubule, kanti ezinye zidla zingabulali nakancane. Inqubo yokugwinya inyoka iyathakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba ezimeni eziningi ukudla kukhulu kunozingeli ngosayizi. Imihlathi ephezulu nangaphansi iyiselula kakhulu, ngoba inamathele ngokukhululekile emathanjeni kakhanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kokugcina kuqukethe ama-halves amabili futhi weluliwe. Isidalwa esiphansi somhlathi sibamba inyamazane ngokuqinile, bese inhla iyasiqhuba.
Kubalulekile!Lapho usuthisa izidalwa ezinobuthi ekhaya, qiniseka ukuthi uqaphela izinyathelo zokuphepha futhi, uma kwenzeka, uba nekhambi lokudambisa.
Lapho ukudla ngomphimbo sekungena ngaphakathi kwe-esophagus, izicubu zayo ziqala ukusebenza, bese zisicindezela esiswini. Nayo, iqukethe amajusi e-caustic kakhulu, anikela ekugayweni kwayo. Le nqubo ingathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Kunezikhathi lapho inyoka ingasakwazi ukufafaza ukudla, khona-ke imane ikukhafulele.
Isihogo nepharadesi kulabo abesaba izinyoka
I-Australia neNew Zealand ... I-Dreamland emaphethelweni omhlaba. Lapho uhlela uhambo lokuya kulezo zindawo ezikude, ungakhohlwa ngezinyoka. I-Australia iyikhaya lezinhlobo ezingama-21 kwezingama-25 ezinobuthi kunazo zonke. Kepha eNew Zealand engomakhelwane azikho izinyoka nakancane! Okuhlukile yizinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasemanzini ezingenangozi emanzini.
Noma mhlawumbe wena, kunalokho, uthanda lezi ezihuquzelayo futhi ufuna ukuzibuka esimweni semvelo? Noma ungathanda ukutshela izingane ngamaqiniso enyoka ajabulisayo? Hhayi, kukhona okudingayo okungenabungozi e-Australia nako. Kepha kufanele uqhubeke nohambo oluhambisana nesiqondisi esinolwazi.
Kungani izinyoka zizidla ngokwazo
Ama-herpetologists anikeza izizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani izinyoka zidla uhlobo lwazo. Ezinye izinhlobo zenza lokhu, ngoba zidla noma yini, futhi izihlobo ezincane zimane zingene ngendlela yesikhathi sokudla. Abanye badla izinyoka ngoba lokhu kuyisisekelo sokudla kwabo - lokhu kwabekwa yimvelo. Kukhona umbono wokuthi i-reptile ekhulunywa ngayo igwenywa kalula ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba wayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi i-cannibalism yezinyoka ivuse iphunga lokuphanga, elalihlale lizihlobo.
Kunezinhlobo zezinyoka ezidla amawundlu nezinsalela zamaqanda azo. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukubuyisela amandla lapho i-reptile ibuthakathaka ngemuva kokuzalela.
UyaziIzinyoka zinezinkophe emehlweni abo, futhi zihlala zivaliwe. Kepha lokhu akuyeki izilwane ezihubhayo ukuthi zingaboni, ngoba zivele obala.
Ukudla izinyoka kuyajabulisa njengokuziphatha kwabo. Ukudla kwabo kuyahlukahluka futhi kwesinye isikhathi kujwayelekile kakhulu. Uma ugcina lezi zilwanyana ezisekelweni ekhaya, udinga ukuzondla ngokudla okusondele kakhulu kulezo ezikudlayo endle.
Izinyoka zasendle zingabazingeli. Abaze badle ukudla kwezitshalo. Izinyoka zikhona kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Azikho e-Antarctic. Iningi lezinyoka zihlala ezindaweni ezisencane, kanye nakwezindawo ezishisayo. Kukhona zombili izinyoka ezingenangozi nezinobungozi. Izinyoka ezinkulu zi-compoteor yamanzi, i-anaconda ne-python enethele. Ziginya yonke inyamazane yazo, ngenxa yamaseli okugaya we-caustic anqwabelana emzimbeni.Izinyoka zishoda ngamazinyo anamandla. Lokho wukuthi, abakwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla. Zinamazinyo amancanyana kuphela afana kakhulu nezinaliti. Lawa mazinyo amancane asiza izinyoka ukuthola ukudla. Isibonelo, i-python, ngenxa yokwakheka kwamazinyo ayo, ingadla izilwane ezinjengengwe nengwe.
Njengesilwane esifuywayo
Noma ngubani ohlela ukuhlinzeka nge-terrarium ekhaya kudingeka azijwayeze amaqiniso athakazelisa kakhulu ngaphambili. Izinyoka zinezici ezimbalwa, okuqukethwe kwazo kulula, kepha umfuyi we-novice kudingeka afunde okuningi.
Funda okubalulekile mayelana nezinga lokushisa nezimo zokuphuza, funda imithetho yokondla. Musa ukugcina kwimishini yendlu yenyoka. Qiniseka ukuthi uthole kusengaphambili uma kukhona udokotela wezilwane emphakathini wakho osebenza nezilwane ezihuqayo. Ngokuhleleka okufanele kwekhaya kanye nokugcinwa kwazo zonke izinkambiso ezidingekayo, inyoka ingaphila ekuthunjweni isikhathi eside kunemvelo. Lesi sidalwa esihle singaphenduki ukwelashwa kwamehlo kuphela, kodwa futhi sibe ngumngane weqiniso. Vele, uma umniniyo enakekela, enomusa futhi ezithanda ngobuqotho izinyoka.
Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinyoka zingabadli, zidla cishe yonke into kusuka ezintuthwaneni kuya ezintabeni. Inyoka iyakwazi ukugwinya isilwane esiphakeme kaningana kunaso, futhi isisu sayo sizogaya kalula noma yisiphi isisulu esikhulu, kufaka phakathi amathambo, izimpondo nezinselo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwesithombe ebuKristwini
Umfanekiso walesi reptile ebuKristwini uthathwa njengombili, ohlanganisa ukuhlakanipha nophawu lukadimoni. Isimo sokuwa kanye nabo bonke ubumnyama okumele bunqotshwe ngumuntu. Isilwane esasizungeze isihlahla soPhila sasiyisibonakaliso esihle, inyoka eMthini Wokwazi iyisimiso esimnyama, uLusifa.
Isilwane sasendle esibonakaliswa ngesilingo esenziwe samuntu ekhanda lowesifazane. Ezinkolelweni nasebuhlotsheni bobuKristu, isilwane siveza isithombe esingesihle sesidalwa esinoshevu sikwazi ukugoqa, sisebenzisa amanga nobuqili. Izinkolelo ezithandwayo zanikeza amaqhawe amabi “nenhliziyo yenyoka”, okusho ukuthi intukuthelo nezithombe ezinenkohliso.
Izinganekwane zamaGrikhi zimelela inyoka efanekisela ukwelashwa nokuvuselela. Ezinganekwaneni zamaJuda, i-reptile ihlala imbi nesono. Lesi sithombe simele kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izinganekwane namasiko omhlaba. Imvamisa uphawu beluhlotshaniswa nokuzala, owesilisa nowesifazane, ekhaya. Imibhalo eminingi yemilingo iqukethe isikhalazo kulezi zilwane njengommeli phakathi kwezwe.
Uthando lwendalo ,hlonipha izinyoka futhi ubhalisele izindatshana ezintsha esizeni.
Emlandweni wezilwane ezihuquzelayo, noma ezihuquzelayo, kusenamabala amaningi angenalutho, kodwa sesivele siyayazi into esemqoka. Kukholakala ukuthi amaphayona omhlaba - ama-amphibians - avele engxenyeni ye-Devonia neCarboniferous. Ukushiya amanzi nokuthola ukuzivumelanisa okuthile nokuphila emhlabeni, abantu bokuqala abaphila ngokusobala bazizwa bephilile: isimo sezulu sasishisa impela, kufudumele, umoya unomswakama, futhi bekukhona nemizimba eyanele yamanzi. Kepha Ekupheleni kwenkathi yeCarboniferous, kwenzeka izinguquko ezinkulu eMhlabeni, isimo sezulu sashintsha: ezindaweni eziningi embulungeni yonke kwashisa futhi kwoma, ngasikhathi sinye, njengoba izindandatho zonyaka ezihlahleni zemithi yefossil zifakaza, kuqala ubusika obunzima nobandayo. Ngokwemvelo, izimila nazo sezishintshile. Impilo ethokozisayo nengenasizotha yabantu bokuqala abasemazweni aphela yaphela. Kwakudingeka ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuba khona. Ingxenye yama-amphibians ayikwazanga ukujwayela futhi yafa. Abanye bahlala bethembekile kunendlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni yasemhlabeni, yasemanzini engatheni futhi kancane kancane bakhulisa abantu abasemazweni anamuhla. Futhi abanye bathatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu futhi sokugcina emhlabeni futhi basala befunda izimo ezintsha zokuphila.
Izilwane zasendle ezidala kunazo zonke, zokuqothuka, kusobala, zavela phakathi nenkathi yeCarboniferous. Futhi enkathini ye-Mesozoic, eyaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-230 eyedlule futhi yaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezulu kwezigidi eziyi-160, izilobi zakudala zathola inkathi yokuchuma futhi zafinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo ezazingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. I-Mesozoic ngesiGreek isho "impilo ephakathi."Kepha imvamisa ibizwa ngokuthi "inkathi yezilwane ezihuquzelayo", ngoba ngaleso sikhathi emlandweni wezilwane ezihuquzelayo zomhlaba - abahlali bangempela bomhlaba weplanethi yethu - ekugcineni bayihlula, baba ngabanikazi bomhlaba ngokugcwele. Babengasaxhomekeki kangako ezimeni zezulu nakwesimo sezulu, bebengasaboshelwe kwinto ethile - eduzane nendawo yokuhlala - bahlala, babenezinzuzo eziningi ngaphezulu kwabase-amphibians. Futhi hhayi okungenani ngoba bekwazi ukubeka amaqanda phambilini.
Kuyiqiniso, isimangaliso esisha semvelo - iqanda elihuqayo - asizange sivele ngokushesha, kusobala, kwathatha izigidi zeminyaka ukusungula nokusiqhakambisa. Kepha ekugcineni, kwaqhamuka iqanda "emaphepheni" aminyene, elalingasabi ukumiswa.
Siyazi vele ukuthi amaqanda e-amphibian angakhula kuphela emanzini. Endaweni enomswakama, zivikelekile ekomeni ngaphandle. Ukusuka kule ndlela ephakathi, imibungu ithola izakhi zomkhondo ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigaba sokuvuthwa kwama-amphibians senzeka ngqo emanzini noma endaweni enomswakama. Hhayi-ke, uma iqanda, okungukuthi, iqanda le-amphibian, liphuma emanzini, liphuma endaweni enomswakama? Umbungu we-amphibian ngeke ukhule kuwo. Kuthiwani ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo? Konke akulungile ngabo. Iqanda elihuquzelayo lidala zonke izimo ezidingekayo zokukhula okujwayelekile nophumelelayo kwesidalwa esisha. Umbungu kufanele ube semanzini isikhathi esithile. Futhi iqanda limnika leli thuba: ngaphansi kwegobolondo kune "Ichibi" elincane. Igciwane kufanele bondliwe. Futhi iqanda limnika konke akudingayo. Ngamanye amagama, iqanda elisha - iqanda elenzelayo - lalivele liphelele futhi lihambisana nezimo zempilo zomhlaba kangangokuthi izigidi eziningi zeminyaka aludingi zinguquko ezibalulekile. Ngisho nasezinyoni zesimanje, ezisuka kuma-dinosaurs asendulo anamaphiko, awahlukile kakhulu kumaqanda ezihuquzelayo. Okokuqala, lokhu kubhekisele kumaqanda agqoke impahla ebukeka kahle igobolondo, evikela umbungu ekushayeni ngaphandle, futhi ivikele ekulimaleni kwemishini, futhi ivumele umbungu ukuba uphefumule njalonjalo. Ngokulungile, mangisho ukuthi akuzona zonke izirhubuluzi ezinamaqanda anjalo. Kukhona okungaphelele okwambozwa hhayi ngegobolondo, kodwa ngento enesikhumba.
Amaqanda aboshwe ngamanzi aqhuma aze afike ku-10 - 15% umswakama, amaqanda ezihubhisa agqoke ngegobolondo lesikhumba - aze afike ku-25%. Ngakho-ke, izidalwa ezifuywayo kusafanele zifihle ubumbano bazo elangeni eliqonde ngqo, zifuna indawo enomswakama ngokwengeziwe.
Ukuzimela kwezirhubuluzi ekubeni khona kwezidumbu zamanzi kuye kwabavumela ukuba basabalale kabanzi ngomhlaba, ukuzuza izimo zokuphila ezingezinhle kuphela, kodwa futhi nezindawo ezinobunzima obukhulu. Izilwane zabantu abadala zifunde ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima. Kodwa-ke, amaqanda, noma ngabe afakwe "iphakethe" elifanele kangako njengegobolondo, awamelana kangako nezimo zezulu ezinzima. Ngakho-ke ezinye ezihuquzelayo "zithole indlela yokuphuma" ngoba amaqanda ayabambezeleka ezikhumbuzweni zikamama. (Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zazibonakala zinwebeka futhi zithuthukisa le ndlela yokulondolozwa kwamaqanda, abanye abantu base-ambiia asebeyiqaphelile.) Kwabanye abaphindayo, ukubambezeleka isikhathi eside kangangokuba akulona iqanda "eligcwele" elinesibungu esithuthukisiwe elizelwe, kodwa ingane ecishe yakheka ngokuphelele embozwe ngengwevu ifilimu - izinsalela zegobolondo leqanda. "Usanda kuzalwa" uludabula ngokushesha bese uqala impilo yokuzimela.
Le nto ibizwa ngokuthi ukuzalwa kwe-ovo native, hhayi ukuzalwa bukhoma, njengoba kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa ngokungafanele. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iqanda kuleli cala lingena kuphela kuma-oviduct, umbungu ukhula ngokuzimela, ungemukeli konke okudingekayo kunina, kodwa kusuka kwiqanda elifanayo. Kuliqiniso, phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kukhona nabathengisi bangempela - imibungu yabo ithola izakhi zomzimba womama ngesikhathi sokukhula. Kepha amacala anjalo aqabile.
Inqwaba yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ibeka amaqanda. Lokhu kusondeza izilwane ezihuquzelayo eduze kwabase-amphibians.Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, yiqanda - umehluko waso oyisisekelo - ohlukanisa ngokuqinile izilo kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuholele kwezinye izinguquko eziyisisekelo, njengoba inika amandla izirhubuluzi ukuba zizimele ngokuphelele emanzini, ukusuka kude nalo kude. Futhi lokhu, ngeke kubuye kuthinte ukwakheka kohlelo lokuphefumula.
Ama-Amphibians, njengoba sazi, ingxenye ebalulekile komoya-mpilo otholwa esikhunjeni. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, isikhumba esingavikelekile siholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu komswakama. Ngokuziphindayo endaweni eshisayo, eyomile, futhi kude namanzi, lokhu kungabulala. Futhi 'benqaba' ngokuphelele ukuphefumula kwesikhumba. Izikhumba zabo zanyamalala, isikhumba sabo sambozwa ngesikali, amapuleti amathambo noma ezinye izinto zokuvikela. Ukulahleka kokuphefumula kwesikhumba kuhlangene kakhulu nezinguquko eziyisisekelo - kuqhathaniswa namadlozi ase-amphibian - wemishini yokuphefumula. Ama-Amphibians, njengomthetho, awunazo izimbambo, futhi uma enza, khona-ke amafushane kakhulu futhi awaphelele. Kunoma yikuphi, azinaso isifuba esifanele ukuphefumula. Ngakho-ke, lapho uphefumula (hhayi isikhumba) umoya, ziqala ukungena emlonyeni, bese, "zixhuma" ukuvula umlomo, ziwucindezele "zingene emphinjeni.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo sezivele izimbambo, isifuba. Futhi lokhu kubanikeze ithuba lokuthi bangagwinyi umoya, kodwa ukuwungenisa.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi selushintshile, inhliziyo isishintshile. Amathambo nemisipha sekushintshile. Okokuqala, ngoba bashintshile - futhi kakhulu! - izinyawo ezihuquzelayo.
Puffer izinhlanzi ngezinga elincane, ama-amphibians - ngokwezinga elikhudlwana, kepha bobabili bathatha izinyathelo zabo zokuqala phansi. Izilwane ezihubhayo zazihamba iplanethi ngokuzethemba. Kulokhu, kwakudingeka izindlela zokuhamba ezifanele. Futhi ezihuquzelayo zathola. Kuliqiniso, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ingxenye yezidalwa ezilahliweyo yanqoba lokhu kunqotshwa okukhulu. Futhi ngenxa yabo, lonke iqembu laqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ezihuquzelayo, noma ezihuquzelayo.
Abahambi bokuqala ababona izimfudu ezinkulu bezimangele hhayi ngobukhulu bazo kuphela, kodwa nangokuthi "zinemilenze emide". Ngempela, ufudu olukhulu olhamba kancane lubonakala sengathi luhamba ngezinsika ezinkulu. Isazi sezilwane esidumile saseMelika, u-Archie Carr, sitshele ukuthi washaqeka kanjani lapho eqala ukubona ingwenya ihambisa amanzi. Ingwenya yavela kungazelelwe kungagcineki ingagugi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ibe i-leggy kakhulu. Izinyoka eziningi zihamba kahle emilenzeni yazo emide emincane, futhi kukhona ezigijimisa ingozi - futhi ngokushesha okukhulu - kuphela emilenzeni yazo yangemuva.
Kepha ngisho nezirhubuluzi ezazilahlekelwe yimilenze azizange ziphelelwe amandla okuhamba. Kwanele ukukhumbula izinyoka nezinyoka ezinemilenze emifishane, ezikhulile kakhulu futhi ezivumelana nezimo ekuguqukeni kangcono kunama-amphibians.
Ngakho-ke, ezihuquzelayo ziqonde ngokuqinile ezweni. Nazo, njengama-amphibians, zibeka amaqanda. Kepha ama-amphibians, noma ehlala emhlabeni ngaso sonke isikhathi, azalela amaqanda awo ikakhulukazi emanzini noma endaweni enomswakama. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, noma ngabe zichitha iningi lempilo yazo emanzini futhi zixhunyiwe ngokuqinile nazo, zizalela amaqanda azo kuphela emhlabeni.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, noma zingenazinga lokushisa lomzimba elihlala njalo, azincike kakhulu emvelweni: isikhumba sazo simbozwe ngemishini yokuvikela, umswakama awubalulekile kangako, asesabi ukushisa, ukoma, ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo. Hhayi lokho kuphela, ukuhamba ethunzini, bese ezindaweni ezifudumele, ngokwezinga elithile bagcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elihlala likhona.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinokuningi “okutholwayo okusha,” okuzibeka phakathi kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane ezingeni eliphakeme lentuthuko kuqhathaniswa nama-amphibians.
Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ngokwazo kunokwehluka okuningi. Futhi ekubukekeni kwangaphandle, nasekwenzeni kwangaphakathi, nasekuziphatheni, nasendleleni yokuphila. Lokhu kungokwemvelo. Yize kunjalo, zenzeka ngezikhathi ezihlukile futhi zivela kokhokho abahlukahlukene. Futhi nasenqubweni yentuthuko, ushintsho lwaqhubeka: ukulahleka kwemilenze kwezinye, ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho emaphashini abanye (izinyoka eziningi zakhiwe ngamaphaphu eyodwa, enye zakhiwa ngaphansi noma azikho ngokuphelele, okufanayo kwezinye izibankwakazi).
Ezinye izinto ezihuquzelayo zaqala ukubuyela emanzini cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Mhlawumbe bashukunyiswa izizathu ezifanayo ukuthi bake bacindezela okhokho babo ukuba bashiye amanzi: umhlaba wawusunabantu abaningi impela, kwaba nomncintiswano, kwavela izitha. Ulwandle "lwabokufika" abanjena lwaluwumhlaba omusha futhi ongakaze uthintwe. Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 eyedlule, kwasekuvele kunezilwane eziningi eziphindaphindayo olwandle. Kuyiqiniso, baqala ukuhluka kwabasemhlabeni - baphinda bathola izindimbane, imisila, balahleka noma bacishe baphulukana nentamo. Kepha futhi, abaphendukanga baba izinhlanzi. Amaphaphu abo ahlala, njengezilwane zomhlaba, ukugeleza kwegazi labo akuzange kube “yinhlanzi,” njalonjalo.
Yebo, izinto ezihuquzelayo zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, banezibonakaliso eziningi ezijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ahlanganiswe ekilasini elilodwa. Futhi njengoba izirhubuluzi zisahluke kakhulu, kuleli klasi kunama-oda amane.
Iqembu elinamakhanda osekhanda linenhlobo eyodwa kuphela (!).
Ukuhlelwa kwamafudu manje kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-250.
Ukuthathwa kwezingwenya kuyinzalo eqondile yezakhamuzi zaseMesozoic. Izingwenya manje sezaziwa cishe ngezinhlobo ezingama-25.
Futhi ekugcineni, iqembu le-scaly. Lezi ezihubhisayo eziningi kakhulu futhi ezinhlobonhlobo. Manje kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-600. Isikali sifaka zonke izinyoka, izibankwa, izinyoni.
Lezi yizidalwa eziphila manje emhlabeni wethu. Ngokuqondile, esaziwa kithi manje. Impela kukhona okuningi okuningi okungaziwa yisayensi.
Ngubani inyoka? Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu angawuphendula lo mbuzo ngaphandle kokungabaza: lesi yisilwane esihuquzelayo esihuquza phansi ngoba ayinayo imilenze yokuhamba. Ngokwengxenye, impendulo efanele. Yini ingxenye? Ngoba idla ezihuquzelayo okungezona izinyoka, kodwa futhi engenayo imilenze - lokhu kuyizibungu ezingenamlenze. Kodwa-ke, ingxoxo embhalweni wethu ayikho mayelana nabo, kodwa mayelana nezinyoka. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iqembu lalezi zilwane lihlukahluka kakhulu futhi liyathakazelisa.
Ososayensi babala cishe izinyoka ezingama-2500 emvelweni. Lezi zilwane zakha isizinda sonke eqenjini lezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Kulula ukwahlukanisa izinyoka kwezinye izilwane ezisesimweni somzimba: ziyaphakama, njengoba sesishilo, izinyoka azinamilenze. Umzimba walezi ezihubhayo uvumelana nezimo, uhambisa i-regiment ebusweni, wenza ukunyakaza okufana namagagasi. Isakhiwo esikhethekile samathambo nenani elikhulu lama-vertebrae akhipha ama-verobb wangempela izinyoka, ngoba zingakhuphukela ebholeni futhi zize zizibophele ifindo!
Ubungako bezinyoka nabo buphawuleka ngobukhulu bazo: ukusuka ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukuya kumamitha angaphezu kwe-10! O, ngokuphila emhlabeni wethu, sikulungiselele izindaba ezihlukile nezifundisayo.
Ngubani odla izinyoka ezilwaneni?
Izinyoka zibonakala ziyizilwane ezinobuthi ezinamandla ezishukumisa ukwesaba kwabanye. Kepha kukhona ama-daredevil abayidlayo. Lokhu:
- izinyoni ezidla inyama
- mongooses
- izingwenya
- izingulube zasendle nezinqola zasendle,
- abamele umndeni wekati
- qapha izibankwa
- ezinye izilwane (ngokuya ngendawo yomuntu othile).
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-hedgehogs alwa nobuthi benyoka. Lapho ehlangane nenyoka, i-hedgehog imhlwitha kusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni, yize inyoka imlume. Uvele akhothe amanxeba akhe ngolimi. Ngemuva kwaloko unamathela enyokeni aqale ukuyidla. Isidumbu se-hedgehog asivezi ubuthi benyoka, ngakho-ke ukulunywa yaso akumlimazi. Ezinye izilwane ezidla izinyoka ama-martens, weasels, izimpungushe kanye nama-ferrets. Emazweni anesimo sezulu esifudumele, i-mongoose iyisitha sezidalwa ezihlaselayo. Baze babhekane nenyoka ebukwayo.