EZimbabwe ngonyaka ka-2008, izikhulu zikahulumeni zavimbela UKWENZA ezindlini zangasese zomphakathi. Yimaphi amagama amabili athathelwa indawo YENZA IT?

Impendulo ithi: Sula imali. Ngo-2008, kwaba ne-hyperinflation eZimbabwe. Kumadola ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane eZimbabwe bekungenakwenzeka ukuthenga ngisho iphepha lasendlini yangasese, ngakho bekubiza kancane ukusula ngemali. Vele, umbuso awuzange uwuthande lo mbono ngohlobo lwemali lukazwelonke

IMITHETHO YAMI YANGEMINYAKA E-AFRIKA

Abathengisi basePortugal bezwa "ngamatshe" amakhulu amatshe avela kubantu base-Afrika abafika ogwini bezoshintshana ngezinto ezivela ngaphakathi ezwekazini. Kepha kuphela ngekhulu le-19 lapho abaseYurophu ekugcineni babona izakhiwo eziyimfihlakalo. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, la manxiwa angaqondakali aqale ukutholwa umgibeli kanye nomzingeli wendlovu, u-Adam Rendere, kepha esikhathini esiningi ukutholwa kwabo kubangelwa isazi sesayensi yokuma komhlaba saseJalimane uKarll Mauch.

Lo sayensi usezwe kaninginingi kubantu base-Afrika mayelana nokwakhiwa kwamatshe amakhulu ezindaweni ezingakahlolisiswa enyakatho noMfula iLimpopo. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi zakhiwe nini futhi zakhiwa ngubani, futhi usosayensi waseJalimane wanquma ukuthatha uhambo oluyingozi lokuya emanxiweni angaqondakali.

Ngo-1867, uMauh wathola izwe lasendulo futhi wabona isakhiwo sezakhiwo, kamuva sabizwa ngokuthi iBig Zimbabwe (ngolimi lwesizwe sendawo samaShayina, igama elithi "Zimbabwe" lasho "indlu yamatshe"). Usosayensi washaqeka ngalokhu akubona. Ukwakhiwa, okuvele phambi kwamehlo akhe, kwathinta umcwaningi ngosayizi bawo nangendlela engajwayelekile.

Udonga lwamatshe oluhlaba umxhwele olunobude okungenani bamamitha angama-250, ukuphakama okungamamitha ayi-10 nobubanzi esilinganisweni esingamamitha ayi-5 luzungeze indawo yakudala, lapho, ngokusobala, kwakuhlala khona umbusi waleli lizwe lakudala.

Manje lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngeThempeli, noma isakhiwo se-Elliptical. Kwakungeneka ukungena kuleyo nsimu ebiyelwe ngodonga ngamaphara amathathu amancanyana. Zonke izakhiwo zazakhiwe ngobumbene owomile, lapho amatshe ebekwa ngaphezulu komunye nomunye ngaphandle kwesixazululo sombopho. Kumamitha angama-800 enyakatho yedolobha elibiyelwe ngodonga, esiqongweni segquma lamagquma, kwakuyizinxiwa zesinye isakhiwo, esibizwa ngokuthi yi-Stone Fortress, noma i-Acropolis.

Yize uMauh athola phakathi kwamanxiwa ezinye zezinto zasendlini ezibonisa isiko lendawo, akuzange kwenzeke kuye ukuthi ama-Afrika akwazi ukwakha izakhiwo zaseZimbabwe. Ngokwesiko, izizwe zasendaweni zazakha izindlu zazo nezinye izakhiwo zisebenzisa udaka, izinkuni notshani obomile, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwetshe njengezinto zokwakha kwakubukeka kungathandeki.

EGOLI LAMAMINYAKA EGOLI

Ngakho-ke, uMauh wanquma ukuthi iGreater Zimbabwe ayakhiwe hhayi ngabantu base-Afrika, kodwa ngabantu abamhlophe ababehambela lezi zingxenye ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokwokucabanga kwakhe, inkosi edumile uSolomoni neNdlovukazi yaseSheba babengabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwenkakhiwo yezakhiwo zamatshe, futhi le ndawo ngokwayo kwakuyi-Ophir esebhayibhelini, izwe lezimayini zegolide.

Usosayensi wagcina esekholelwa emcabangweni wakhe lapho ethola ukuthi ugongolo lomunye weminyango lwenziwe ngokhuni lomsedari. Wayengalethwa kuphela evela eLebhanoni, futhi yiNkosi uSolomoni eyayisebenzisa kakhulu umsedari ekwakheni izigodlo zayo.

Ekugcineni, uKarl Mauh wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi kwakunguNdlovukazi yaseSheba owayeyindlovukazi yaseZimbabwe. Isiphetho esinjalo esibuhlungu sesayensi sabangela imiphumela ebuhlungu kunalokho. Ama-adventure amaningi aqala ukuthontelana emanxiweni asendulo, abephupha ngokuthola umgcinimafa weNdlovukazi yeSheba, ngoba imayini yegolide yasendulo yake yaba khona eduze kwesakhiwo. Akwaziwa ukuthi ukhona yini okwazile ukuthola amagugu, kepha umonakalo owenziwe ezinsolweni zakudala wawumkhulu, futhi kamuva kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukucwaninga kwabavubukuli.

Isiphetho uMauch ngonyaka ka-1905 savunywa ngumvubukuli waseBrithani uDavid Randall-Maciver. Wenza ucwaningo oluzimele eGreater Zimbabwe futhi waveza ukuthi izakhiwo bezingezakudala kangako futhi zakhiwa esikhathini kusukela ngekhulu le-11 kuye kwele-15.

Kwavela ukuthi abomdabu base-Afrika bangakha kahle iBig Zimbabwe. Ukufika emanxiweni asendulo kwakunzima impela, ngakho ukuphuma okulandelayo kwavela kulezi zingxenye kuphela ngo-1929. Kwakuholwa isazi semivubukulo yezesifazane saseBrithani uGertrude Caton-Thompson, iqembu lakhe lalifaka abesifazane kuphela.

Ngaleso sikhathi, abazingeli bezimpahla sebevele benze ukonakala okunjalo esakhiweni esikhulu kangangokuba uCaton-Thompson waphoqeleka ukuba aqale ukusebenza ngokusesha izakhiwo ezingakashazwa. Umcwaningi onesibindi wanquma ukusebenzisa indiza lapho esesha. Ukwazile ukuvumelana ngemoto enamaphiko, yena uqobo wahamba nomshayeli emoyeni bathola nesinye isakhiwo esakhiwe ngamatshe kude kude nedolobha lasendulo.

Ngemuva kokumbiwa, uCato-Thompson ukuqinisekisile ngokuphelele iziphetho zeRen-dall-Makiver mayelana nesikhathi sokwakhiwa kweGreater Zimbabwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waveza ngokuqinile ukuthi isakhiwo sezakhiwo, ngokungangabazeki, sakhiwe ngabantu abamnyama base-Afrika.

ISOLEZWE SENKOLO Yase-Afrika?

Ososayensi bebelokhu befunda iGreater Zimbabwe cishe iminyaka eyikhulu nengxenye, noma kunjalo, yize isikhathi eside kangaka, iGreater Zimbabwe ikwazile ukugcina izimfihlo eziningi. Akukaziwa namanje ukuthi abakhi bakhe bazivikela kanjani ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezinamandla kangaka zokuzivikela. Akusikho konke okucacayo ngesikhathi sokuqala kokwakhiwa kwabo.

Isibonelo, ngaphansi kodonga lwesakhiwo se-Elliptical, kutholakale izingcezwana zokhuni oludonswa amanzi kusukela ngalolo suku phakathi kuka-591 (i-plus noma i-minus iminyaka engu-120) no-702 AD. e. (ihlanganisa noma isusa iminyaka engama-92). Mhlawumbe udonga lwakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sakudala esidala.

Ngesikhathi sokumbiwa, ososayensi bathola izinyoni eziningana ezenziwe nge-steatite (insimbi), kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi izakhamizi zakudala zaseGreater Zimbabwe zikhulekele onkulunkulu abanjengezinyoni. Kungenzeka ukuthi isakhiwo esiyimfihlakalo kunazo zonke seGreater Zimbabwe, umbhoshongo odonsayo odongeni lwesakhiwo se-Elliptical, sixhumeke ngandlela thile kule nkolelo. Ukuphakama kwawo kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-10, kuthi ukujikeleza kwesisekelo kungamamitha ayi-17.

Yayakhiwe kusetshenziswa indlela eyomile yokubumba futhi iyafana ngesakhiwo kumagogo endawo, kepha umbhoshongo awunawo ongenayo, awunamafasitela, awunazitebhisi. Kuze kube manje, inhloso yalesi sakhiwo iyimfumbe engabalulekanga yabavubukuli.

Kodwa-ke, kunomqondo othakazelisa kakhulu kaRichard Wade ovela eNkwe Ridge Observatory, ngokusho ukuthi iThempeli (i-Elliptical Building) yake yasetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo neSthengehenge. Izindonga zamatshe, umbhoshongo ongaqondakali, ama-monoliths ahlukahlukene - konke lokhu bekusetshenziselwa ukubheka iLanga, iNyanga, amaplanethi nezinkanyezi. Ngabe kunjalo? Impendulo inganikeza kuphela ucwaningo olwengeziwe.

ISIVIVINYO SAMANDLA WAMANDLA

Okwamanje, bambalwa ososayensi abangabazayo ukuthi iGreater Zimbabwe yakhiwe ngabase-Afrika. Ngokusho kwabavubukuli, ngekhulu leshumi nane lo mbuso wase-Afrika wabhekana nokugcotshwa kwawo futhi ungafaniswa neLondon endaweni.

Inani labantu bakhona lalibabalelwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-18. IGreater Zimbabwe ibiyinhlokodolobha yombuso omkhulu owamisa izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi wahlanganisa inqwaba, futhi mhlawumbe namakhulu wezizwe.

Yize izimayini zazisebenza embusweni futhi igolide lalinamayini, umcebo omkhulu wabakhileyo kwakuyizinkomo. Igolide namayini endlovu avinjelwe kwathunyelwa kusuka eZimbabwe kuya ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, lapho amachweba ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ngosizo lwabo, ukuhweba kwakusekelwa ne-Arabia, India neMpumalanga Ekude. Ukuthi iZimbabwe yayinokuxhumana nezwe langaphandle kufakazelwa yimivubukulo yemivubukulo yemvelaphi yama-Arabhu namaPheresiya.

Kukholakala ukuthi iGreater Zimbabwe ibiyisizinda sezokumbiwa phansi: kumabanga ahlukahlukene ukusuka ekubumbeni izakhiwo zamatshe, kwatholakala imisebenzi eminingi yemayini. Ngokusho kwabanye abafundile, umbuso wase-Afrika wabakhona kuze kube ngu-1750, wabe usubola.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kubantu base-Afrika, iGreater Zimbabwe iyindawo yokuhlala yangempela. Kuhlonishwa le ndawo yemivubukulo, iSouthern Rhodesia, okuhlala kuyo indawo yayo, yaqanjwa kabusha eZimbabwe ngo-1980.

• Ukubukwa okungu-1878

Imvelaphi yomuntu emhlabeni yakhelwe ubugqila

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuqalwa kwesintu, silwela ukuchaza imvelaphi yethu futhi siphendule umbuzo osisekelo, oyisisekelo: savelaphi? Kuwo wonke amasiko akude asakazeke embulungeni yonke, umuntu angathola izinganekwane nezinsumansumane ngomsuka, ziyehluka njengamasiko aqhamuka kuwo.

Ezikhathini zakamuva, saba nesayensi kanye nombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imizamo yesayensi yokuchaza lo mbuzo ofanayo nobudala osikhathazile selokhu kwavela amazwibela okuqala kokhanya ezingqondweni zethu, kepha azisekho impendulo eqondile yalo mbuzo.

Kepha kukhona imibono yokuthi abantu abanakho ukubukeka kwendawo futhi balethwa eMhlabeni bevela komunye iplanethi.

Umqondo uwukuthi imvelaphi yethu kulomhlaba akuyona into ebonakala iyikho, nokuthi mhlawumbe asisiwona umkhiqizo wokuvela kwemvelo kulo mhlaba, kodwa kunalokho izivakashi ezithi, ngasizathu simbe, zilapha kungekudala ngezinga lesikhathi somhlaba wonke mhlawumbe amakhulu ezinkulungwane noma muva nje, amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule, emva kwalokho sahlangana nezilwane zangaphambilini, njengeNeanderthals, ukuze sibe yizidalwa ezihlanganisiwe esiyikho namuhla.

Lokhu kuzwakala kuyinto evamile kwabaningi, kodwa ososayensi abaningi abadumile bayayisekela le mbono.

Futhi kunezimpikiswano eziningi zokuthi thina, njengezinhlobo zezilwane, asizwani nale ndawo. Isizathu sokuqala nesibalulekile salokhu ukuthi thina bantu asifani nanoma yini enye kule planethi ngokuya ngobuhlakani namakhono engqondo.

Asikho esinye isilwane esisondela kakhulu emandleni ethu okucabanga, amafilosofi, ukudala ezombusazwe, imisebenzi yobuciko kanye nezinkondlo, noma ukuqhubekisela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe ngokushesha okushesha kangaka.

Le yingxabano esobala kakhulu, kepha akuyona eyodwa kuphela, futhi abantu bakhombisa izici eziningi nezici zomzimba ezifakazela ukuthi asikho okudumisayo futhi silungele lo mhlaba njengoba abadali bethu bokuqala bengase bacabange.

Uhlu olude lokwehlukahlukana phakathi kwethu cishe nazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila kule planethi, kusiphawula njengabantu abangavumelani kahle nale ndawo kanye nomhlaba.

Lokhu kungafani okungajwayelekile kungabonakala ekuqaleni kwezimpilo zethu. Abesifazane abangabantu banezinkinga ezinkulu nobuhlungu ngesikhathi sokubeletha okungabhekwa kwenye indawo embusweni wezilwane, ukuzalwa phakathi kwezilwane kungokwemvelo futhi bushelelezi, kuyilapho abantu bedinga ukusekelwa okuningi futhi bangahle bafe lapho bezala, okukhona kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka nanamuhla.

Vele, lokhu kuhlangene nekhanda elikhulu lezingane ezingabantu, kepha kungani, kufanele kube, uma ngabe le inqubo evamile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo? Ngemuva kokuzalwa, ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane sokukhulelwa, sidlula inqubo ende kakhulu yokuqhathanisa, futhi izingane ezingabantu azisizakali ngokuphelele iminyaka eminingi emva kokuzalwa, okude kakhulu nakwinto evamile embusweni wezilwane.

Ekugcineni, lapho bekhula, abantu bakhombisa izici eziningi ezingejwayelekile ezingabelani ngempela ezinye izidalwa ezikule planethi. Simvamisa ngokwemvelo ezifweni ezingamahlalakhona nasezimeni ezinje, njenge-hay fever, i-allergies nabanye.

Futhi kunobuthakathaka bethu obungajwayelekile beLanga, singobunye bezidalwa ezimbalwa ezihlushwa ukushiswa yilanga kuze kube yilapho sisebenza khona, ngaphandle kokuthi "savela" ukuze singabi nezinwele zomzimba, nokuthi ngaphezu kwalokho, singenye yezidalwa ezimbalwa ezidinga ukufiphala amehlo lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kukhanya.

Ububanzi bemvamisa esingayizwa buphinde buphansi ngokudabukisayo buqhathaniswa nezilwane eziningi, njengoba kunephunga lethu. Abantu bathambekele ezinkingeni ezingemuva ezingalapheki, ezingumphumela wokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene phakathi kwe-homeworld yethu noMhlaba, futhi imizimba yethu empeleni ibukeka ivumelana kakhulu nosuku lwamahora angama-25 kunokungama-24, futhi abaningi bethu banokuphazamiseka kokulala nokujwayelekile umuzwa wokukhathazeka ngenxa yalokhu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, asithandi ukuthanda ukudla okuluhlaza, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane, okuvela ngezinwele ezimbalwa zomzimba, kusesimweni esihle, futhi hhayi nendawo ephansi yokudonsela phansi, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane, kodwa inani lethu elikhulu "lelahla" elingeziwe I-DNA ”njengobufakazi bokuthi singabafokazi empeleni.

Sihluke kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi kunoma yisiphi esinye isilwane esisemhlabeni. Ngokuvamile, imizimba yethu imane nje ayilungele le ndawo, uma ngabe sivele savela lapha ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka, khona-ke asikaze sithuthukise ndawo.

Ubuntu abuzange buvele kule nhlobo yokuphila (izidalwa eziphila emhlabeni), kodwa bavela kwenye indawo babuye badluliselwa emhlabeni phakathi kweminyaka engama-60,000 ne-200,000 edlule.

Kodwa-ke, uma konke lokhu kuyiqiniso, manje kungani silapha?

Okunye okungenzeka ukuthi uMhlaba ungaba yiplanethi yokuhlalisa iziboshwa ezihlulekile ukuhlanganisa emphakathini wazo ojwayelekile.

Okhokho bethu bangaxoshwa lapha, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho bakhohlwa futhi bahlangana nezilwane zasendaweni ukwakha lokho manje esinakho ngaphansi kwegama "impucuko yabantu."

Yini esinecala elikhulu ngayo? Isizathu salokhu ukuthi kubonakala sengathi siyizinhlobo ezinonya - futhi silapha size sifunde ukuziphatha. ”

Lapho kungenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona uhlobo oluthile lwababonisi futhi baba onkulunkulu ezingqondweni zokhokho bethu. Ngempela, ama-UFOs abantu abaningi abawabona namuhla kungenzeka angokhokho bethu bangempela, abheka inqubekelaphambili yethu yokulungiswa.

Omunye umqondo ukuthi i-asteroid kudala yalibhubhisa iplanethi yethu yasekhaya, futhi sabalekela lapha, amakhulu eminyaka sikhohlwa ngemvelaphi yethu yangempela, nokuthi singamaMartian abaleke lapha aphuma kule planethi iMars efayo. Amakoloni asendle akhohlwe okwedlule kwawo.

Futhi singabekwa lapha ukuzama isikhathi eside, empeleni kusenze sibe nezingulube ze-Guinea ezihlangene.

Noma ngabe siyini isizathu, iqiniso ukuthi asivelanga lapha.

Saze safika eMhlabeni ngokwengeziwe noma kancane sakhiwe ngokuphelele, okungenzeka sakhiwe ngokuhlanganiswa okuthile, ngotshintsho olwenziwe kumakholoni okuqala asendleleni eya eMhlabeni, ukuze siqinisekise ukuzivumelanisa okuhambisanayo nemibandela yendlu entsha.