Ngokusho kocwaningo olusha olushicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Nature Communications, ososayensi basebenzisa ukuqoshwa komsindo okuwuphawu lwezixhobo zamakhorali ezinempilo ukuze kuthuthukiswe indawo efanelekile ezifundeni abazidingayo, ngakho bakwazile ukubuyisa izingxenye ezilimele kakhulu zeGreat Barrier Reef. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, baye bahlaselwa kanzima yizifo nokushisa komhlaba.
Iqembu lomhlaba wonke lososayensi abavela e-University of Exeter nase-University of Bristol e-UK libalule ukuthi ngosizo lomsindo bangakwazi ukulungisa ngokushesha amadwala amakhorali owonakele. Lapho bebheka i-Great Barrier Reef ebhujelwe e-Australia, ososayensi babeka izikhulumi ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezazikhipha kabusha umsindo orekhodiwe wezixhobo ezinempilo ezindaweni ezinamakhorali afile, futhi zathola izinhlanzi eziphindwe kabili lapho eza kule ndawo.
"Izinhlanzi zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo zamakhorali njengezemvelo ezinempilo," kusho umcwaningi wokuhola uTim Gordon wase-University of Exeter.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ukwanda kwezinhlanzi kusiza ukubangela izinqubo zemvelo ngokulwa nomonakalo abubonayo ezigodini zamakhorali emhlabeni wonke.
Imibala yama-coral polyps manje ibhekwa njengenye yezinkomba ezinembile kakhulu zesimo semvelo yolwandle nokuthi zithinteka kanjani ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ezibi, kufaka phakathi i-acidization yamanzi olwandle nokushisa komhlaba.
"Izixhobo zamakhorali ezinempilo ziyizindawo ezinomsindo ngokumangazayo." Kodwa-ke, lapho kuthula ezizungeze ezigodini, lokhu kuwuphawu oluqinisekile lokuthi le ecosystem iyinkinga. Singakushintsha lokhu ngokulingisa imisindo esiyidingayo kuze kube yilapho isimo esifundeni siphola, ”ososayensi baphawula.
IGreat Barriers Reef
IGreat Barrier Reef iyidwala lamakhorali elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinobude obungamakhilomitha ayi-2,5. Itholakala kuLwandlekazi lwePacific futhi isuka ogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Australia. Ugwedli lunezimbumbulu zamakhorali ezihlukile ezingaphezu kwezi-2.9 neziqhingi ezingama-900 oLwandle lweCoral (oluphakathi konxweme lwase-Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia).
Ngokusho kokuqashelwa yi-Australia Research Council (okuyisikhungo esingaphansi kukahulumeni wase-Australia), izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zalesi sakhiwo semibala asilahlekelwe umbala wazo kule minyaka emibili edlule. Ososayensi bathi le nqubo ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke: ukufudumala kwamanzi, amakhorali ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo futhi kufaka indawo yezinto eziphilayo. Kwesokunxele ngaphandle kwe-algae namanye ama-lichens, amakhorali alahlekelwa umbala wawo, ayeke ukukhula nokuwohloka. NgokukaProfessor Terry Hughes, ohole lolu cwaningo, ukululama kungathatha amashumi eminyaka.
Ezinye izindlela zokuthola kabusha
Izixhobo zamakhorali kungenye yezidalwa eziphilayo ezinhle kakhulu neziwusizo emhlabeni. Imvamisa babizwa ngokuthi "amahlathi emvula olwandle," ngoba, bahlala endaweni encane, bondla iningi lempilo olwandle. Esifundeni samakhorali, kufinyelela ku-9% wezinhlanzi zomhlaba wonke ezihlanganisiwe.
Ngokusho kwephephandaba laseMelika i-New York Times, abantu abayisigidigidi sabantu emhlabeni bathembela ezinhlanzini ezitholakala ezigangeni. Kwamanye amazwe aseziqhingi, lokhu kuwukuphela komthombo wamaprotheni.
Emazweni athuthukile, ikakhulukazi i-Australia, izinhlanga ziyisikhangisi esikhulu sabavakashi esiletha izigidi kwisabelomali.
Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke bafuna izindlela zokubuyisa iGreat Barriers Reef. Ngokusho kweNew York Times, umcwaningi eSarasota Aquarium Laboratory (eFlorida), uDavid Vaughan, uhlukanisa amakhorali abe yizicucu nje ezincane, akhule amakoloni amasha, awabuyisele olwandle. "Kudala kuthathe iminyaka eyisithupha ukudala amakhorali angama-600. Manje sesingakhula amakhorali angama-600 ngesigamu sosuku bese siwalima futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa."
Abaphenyi e-Australia Institute of Marine Science eseTownsville baqoqa izinkampani ezikwazi ukumelana “nokuxineka okukhulu kwezimpilo zabo,” zizalela “amakhorali amahle kakhulu ngezakhi zofuzo ezinhle kakhulu” ababuyisele olwandle. Ososayensi banethemba lokuthi "bazokwakha" izigodo eziqinayo ezingasinda ekushiseni komhlaba.
Coral reef // pixabay.com
I-Zooxanthellae luhlobo lwe-dinoflagellate, iqembu elihlanganisa ne-algae elibhekele "ama-red tide". Njengoba zi-photosynthetic, i-zooxanthellae nayo yenza umzimba we-coral wenze njengesitshalo, ngesitayela sokwenza. Ekugcineni, amakhorali afihla isikhumba, kanti isilwane nezimpawu zayo kusitsha esakhiwe ngamatshe esenziwe nge-aragonite mineral.
Umlando Wokucwaninga Kwamakhorali
Ngenxa yezimpawu zabo ezihlukile, amakhorali afundwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngisho no-Aristotle ubachaze “kuLwandiso Lwezidalwa” (Scala naturae) Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka umlando, lapho-ke uCharles Darwin uzoba umcwaningi odumile kakhulu wamakhorali. Ubuye waphakamisa umbono wokuthi umsuka wezixhobo zamakhorali futhi ikakhulukazi ezinhlokodweni zoLwandlekazi iPacific, nokuyikhona obekulungile, yize ososayensi badinga isikhathi esiningi ukufakazela lokhu.
Umcabango kaDarwin, ochazwe okokuqala kumfanekiso wakhe, i-The Struction and Distribution of Coral Reef, ubaluleke kakhulu. Ubuye waphakamisa ukuthi uma kukhona intaba-mlilo ngaphezulu kolwandle, izihlahla zamatshe zingakha onqenqemeni lwazo. Lapho intaba-mlilo icwila kancane emanzini, iyeka ukukhula ngentshiseko, amakhorali asala. Umphumela uba yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ngamagoda asemngceleni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunesiqhingi esiphakathi kwedamu nokukhala kwamakhorali asizungezile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intaba-mlilo yehla futhi, kangangokuba isiqhingi siyanyamalala, futhi sekusele indandatho yamakhorali. Ngakho-ke kuvela i-classicoll. Kuyamangaza ukuthi uDarwin wenza lo mbono ngokumane abuke amamephu ngaphambi kokubona ngamehlo akhe ama-coral atoll ngenkathi ehamba eBeagle.
Ngemuva kukaDarwin, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, kwenziwa uhambo olukhulu e-Great Barrier Reef ukuyofunda amakhorali. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili kwakuyimisebenzi kaThomas Goro, owaqala ukubheka amakhorali njengezilwane futhi wafunda ukufana kwazo. Umlando wokufundwa kwamakhorali ucebile: amadwala, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqala, afundiswa ngokulinganayo ngabezazi zesayensi yokuma komhlaba kanye nesazi sezinto eziphilayo, futhi izazi zezilwane ngokwazo zafunda amakhorali.
Ukwakhiwa komhlanga wamakhorali
I-Symbiosis enamaseli wezitshalo ivumela ama-coral eyodwa ukuba akhule ngokushesha. Lokhu kubalulekile, njengoba ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakhiwa kwamadwala kuncike kulokhu: izidalwa ezahlukahlukene zihlala emanzini angajulile, zihlafuna njalo izingcezu zamathambo wamakhorali futhi zibhubhise umhlanga. Kunohlobo lomjaho phakathi kokudalwa nokubhujiswa, futhi emanzini angajulile bekungeke kube khona idwala elilodwa elikhulu ngaphandle kwezimpawu, ezinikezela ngokwanda kwezinto ezithambile isikhathi eside.
Emanzini ajulile, zimbalwa kakhulu izinto eziphazamisayo ezingokomzimba nezebhayoloji, futhi amanye amakhorali asolwandle olujulile nawo akha izixhobo, yize engenalo lobu budlelwano bezinto ezingafani nalutho, futhi akhona ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwamandla elanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamakhorali amaningi amancane aphila njengezinto ezizodwa, kwesinye isikhathi njengamakholoni amancane, awazakhi izingqimba ezinkulu.
Izinsika zamakhorali kwakhiwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinamanzi angajulile. Zingatholakala nasezindaweni eziphansi, kepha hhayi emanzini abandayo. IGreat Barrier Reef eneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili, eduzane nase-Australia, inkulu kunazo zonke futhi inobude obungamakhilomitha angama-2000.
Izinhlobonhlobo zamakhorali
Ama-corals alula ngesakhiwo futhi ahlotshaniswa ne-hydra, i-sea anemones ne-jellyfish. Zinesimo esithile samathambo, esihlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwamakhorali, nesakhiwo esibizwa nge-polyp. Kubukeka njenge-tin can enesembozo esidwenguliwe ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuvuleka komunye umkhawulo wesilinda ozungezwe ngamatshe amatshe. Ukudla kungena ngalokhu kuvulwa, bese kususwa imfucuza. Ngakho-ke lesi yisakhiwo esilula kakhulu semvelo - asinayo ngisho nezitho zangempela, njengezilwane eziphakeme.
Naphezu kwalokhu okulula, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhorali - cishe izinhlobo ezingama-1,500. Izinhlobo ze-Acropore (I-Acropora) ezihluke kakhulu, futhi yilezi ezi-corals ezivame kakhulu emanzini angajulile, ikakhulukazi olwandle lwePacific. Onke amagatsha ahlukile ngandlela thile: ezinye zakha izindawo ezinkudlwana ezifuze izihlahla ezineziqu ezinama-acropore iziqu, kanti ezinye ziminyene. Abanye bakhula ngendlela yamapuleti amakhulu noma amatafula. Zonke zihlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi zikhula ngokushesha kakhulu kumakhorali.
Olunye uhlobo oluthokozelayo yinkanyezi enkulu yamakhorali (Montastraea cavernosa), okuyi-coral yamatshe engatholakala eCaribbean. Ngokumangazayo, yize iqiniso ukuthi lisatshalaliswa kabanzi futhi lafundwa ososayensi abaningi, kwavela ukuthi lokhu akusona uhlobo olulodwa, njengoba besicabanga ngaphambili, kodwa kwabambalwa. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi zingaki izinto ezitholakele emkhakheni wokucwaninga ngamakhorali, okubandakanya ucwaningo olusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwamakhorali
Ama-corals anezinto eziphilayo ezingejwayelekile zokuzala: eziningi zizala kanye ngonyaka ngesikhathi sokuzala, lapho zikhipha amaphakethe amaqanda nesidoda ngohlobo lwe-megaorgia engaphansi kwamanzi. Kulokhu, ukuzalwa kabusha ngokocansi kwenzeka ngokukhululwa kwama-gametes.
Ama-corals akhiqiza kabusha ngokuhluma ama-polyps amasha noma ngisho nokuqhekeka abe izingxenye, lapho kubuyiselwa khona. Ngisho nakulokhu, amakhorali ahlukahlukene ngokuhlukahluka.
Indima yamakhorali ohlelweni lokuphilisana kwendalo
Amagquma ahlukane kakhulu kunayo yonke imvelo yasolwandle. Ngenxa yamathambo abo, amakhorali adala indawo ebonakalayo, ezindaweni eziningi ahlinzeka ngezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezisetshenziswa ezinye izidalwa ezihlala kuma-nook kanye nama-crannies of corals, noma ukunamathisela ngaphansi komhlaba, noma ukumane uzidle.
Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo mayelana nezinto eziphilayo ezihlala namakhorali, futhi lokhu okungenani kunezinhlobo ezihlukile zesigidi, futhi mhlawumbe ezingaba yizigidi eziyishumi - asikwazi ukucabanga ukuthi zingakanani ngempela. Uma ubheka ngaphakathi edwaleni, ungathola ukuhlukahluka okungenakuqhathaniswa, futhi zonke lezi zinto eziphilayo, ezithakazelisa kakhulu, zinhle, zihlala ndawonye endaweni encane kakhulu. Uma uhlanganisa zonke lezi zixhobo, uthola indawo elingana cishe nenkundla yeFrance, futhi ngasikhathi sinye iqukethe ukusuka kwengxenye yesithathu kuya kwengxenye yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo olwandle.
Inani elikhulu lemindeni yezinhlanzi, izinyoni zasolwandle, iminenke, imollusks kanye nama-octopus, ama-shrimp, ama-crsters, ama-lobster namanye amaqembu esingaziwa kithina ahlala kumakhorali. Thatha cishe noma ngubani ohlala olwandle, futhi ungathola umuntu ozomela izinhlobo zakhe emadwaleni amakhorali. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinto eziphilayo zisiza ngisho nezixhobo zamatshe. Izinhlanzi, ngokwesibonelo, zilawula i-algae, ebaluleke kakhulu kumakhorali, ngoba i-algae incintisana nazo. Kudingeka inani lezinhlanzi ezizovikela ama-coral embusweni wazo. Kodwa-ke, namuhla lokhu akuyona ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ezisongela amakhorali.
Umphumela wokushisa komhlaba
Ama-corals aphila nge-algae ye-typiotic azwela kakhulu ukwanda okushisa okuncane. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho idlula isilinganiso esivamile sonyaka ngesilinganiso esisodwa noma i-Celsius noma ama-Fahrenheit amabili, lokhu kwephula kabi amandla ama-dinoflagellates ku-photosynthesis. Njengomphumela, ukusabela kwe-keton kubangelwa, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kobudlelwano: amakhorali axosha izimpawu enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-coral blaching, ngoba ngaphandle kwezimpawu acishe abe mhlophe.
Ama-corals awafi ngaso leso sikhathi, kepha uma izimo zingabuyeli kokujwayelekile ngokushesha ngokwanele, azoqala afe. Futhi bafa yindlala, ngoba badinga ukudla abakuthola ezithombeni. Kepha lesi yisibonelo somphumela oqondile wokushisa komhlaba. I-Carbon dioxide - imbangela enkulu yokushisa - ibuye iguqule ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ngamanzi, ikwenze kube acidic, okuholela ebunzimeni bokukhula kwamakhorali. Ikusasa lamakhorali lincike impela ekutheni hlobo luni lwecebo lokuziphatha abantu abalikhethayo eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Lokhu kuzocacisa ukuthi kuzokuba nzima kangakanani ukufudumala, kanye ne-acid acid.
Kuze kube manje, umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu wamakhorali awubangelwe ukushisa komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kodwa ngemiphumela yokudoba ngokweqile kwendawo, ukungcoliswa komhlaba nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, uma singanikela ngokuvikelwa kwendawo, lokhu kuzosinika isikhathi sokuthola ukuthi ingaxazululwa kanjani inkinga yomhlaba jikelele neyinkimbinkimbi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ucwaningo lwanamuhla lwamakhorali
Namuhla sithola imininingwane eminingi emisha mayelana namakhorali esebenzisa izindlela ezintsha zofuzo. Isibonelo, sifunda okuningi ngendlela ama-corals asabela ngayo ekucindezelweni, kufaka phakathi ukufudumala. Eminyakeni eyishumi noma engamashumi amabili edlule, kuningi umsebenzi owenziwe ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezivumela amanye amakhorali ukuthi akwazi ukumelana nokushisa komhlaba. Imiphumela yokuqala yayihlobene nokutholakale ukuthi ezinye izinkomba zimelana kakhulu nokunyuka kokushisa kunezinye, futhi lokhu kuholele enanini elikhulu lomsebenzi ku-physiology yobudlelwano phakathi kwamakhorali nama-dinoflagellates.
Muva nje, besilokhu sifunda ngokwahlukahluka kofuzo kwamakhorali ezilwane nokuthi kunganikeza kanjani ukumelana nokushisa komhlaba. Ukucwaninga kokuhlukahluka okuhambisana namakhorali kanye nezimpawu zawo, nokuthi zingasetshenziswa kanjani ukudala amakhorali angavumelani kakhulu nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kuyingxenye enkulu yocwaningo lwakamuva, kepha ziningi ezinye izindawo zomsebenzi. Isibonelo, izifo zamakhorali manje zidala inkinga enkulu, futhi kwenziwa ucwaningo oluningi kulokhu. Manje sesazi okuningi ngezifo zamakhorali kanye nokuvela kwawo.
Sazi okuningi nangobudlelwano phakathi kokuchazwa kwendawo nempilo yomhlanga wamakhorali. Ngo-2016, kwabanjwa umhlangano eHaiti, lapho bekuhanjelwe khona abantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili, kwenziwa amaseshini angama-112 engqungqutheleni ngaphezulu kwezinsuku ezine kuya kwezinhlanu, ngakho kwahanjiswa amakhulu namakhulu ezincwadi. Kulesi sibalo esikhulu sezindatshana zamakhorali, ososayensi banethemba lokufunda okuningi ngalezi zinto ezinhle, ezingafani futhi ezahlukahlukene ngokumangazayo.
Lokhu ngukuhumusha kwendatshana eluhlelweni lwethu lwesiNgisi lweSense Science. Ungafunda inguqulo yokuqala yombhalo lapha.
Ezemfundo
Iningi lezixhobo zamakhorali esizibona namuhla zakhiwa ngemuva kwenkathi yeqhwa, lapho ukuncibilika kweqhwa kuholele ekuphakameni kwezinga lolwandle kanye nezikhukhula zeshelu yezwekazi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iminyaka yabo ayidluli eminyakeni eyi-10,000. Ngokusekelwe eshalofini, amakoloni aqala ukukhula futhi afinyelela ngaphezu kolwandle. Izixhobo zamakhorali nazo zitholakala kude neshalofu yezwekazi elizungeze iziqhingi nangendlela yama-atoll. Iningi lalezi ziqhingi liqhume ngentabamlilo. Kuhlukile okuvelile ngenxa yokushintshwa kwe-tectonic. Ngo-1842, uCharles Darwin ku-monograph yakhe yokuqala, i-The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reef, bakha umbono wokucwiliswa ochaza ukwakheka kwama-atoll ngokunyusa i-ru en kanye subsidence ru en Ukuqhekeka komhlaba ngaphansi kwezilwandle. Ngokwalo mbono, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-atoll idlula ngezigaba ezintathu ezilandelanayo. Okokuqala, ngemuva kokuncibilika kwentaba-mlilo kanye nokuhlala phansi, kuvela umhlanga ovuthayo esiqhingini sentaba-mlilo esakhiwe. Ngokuqhubeka kokuncipha, isixhumo siba yisithiyo futhi, ekugcineni, siphenduke umgwaqo.
Ngokwombono kaDarwin, kuvela isiqhingi sokuqala sentaba-mlilo
Njengoba phansi kuxazululwa, amafulegi omhlanga othambile asizungeze lesi siqhingi, avame ukuba neziziba eziphakathi nendawo ezijulile
Ngesikhathi sokuncipha, itshe lokuthosa likhula bese liba yidwala elikhulu lomgoqo onedamu elikhulu nelikhulu.
Ekugcineni, lesi siqhingi sicasha ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi isihlahla somgoqo siyaphenduka indawo evimba ichibi elivulekile
Ngokomcabango kaDarwin, ama-coral polyps achuma kuphela olwandle olushisayo lwethropiki, lapho amanzi ahlanganiswa khona, kepha angaba khona olwandle olunomkhawulo, aqala ngaphansi kogu oluphansi nje. Lapho izinga lomhlaba ongaphansi livumela khona, amakhorali akhula azungeze ugu, akha izingulule zasogwini ezingagcina seziba yindawo evimbela umgwaqo.
UDarwin wabikezela ukuthi ngaphansi kwesichibi ngasinye kufanele kube nesisekelo samatshe, okuyizinsalela zentaba-mlilo eyinhloko. Ukumba ngokulandelayo kuqinisekise umbono wakhe. Ngo-1840, e-Hao Atoll (Island yaseTuamotu), sisebenzisa okokumba okungamamitha ayi-14, kwatholakala amakhorali kuphela. Ngo-1896-1898, ngenkathi kuzanywa ukumba umgodi ngaphansi kwesisekelo seFunafuti Atoll (iTuvalu Island), indawo yokumba imboze yajula ngamamitha angama-340 ubukhulu obukhulu be-coral limestone. Umthombo onamamitha angama-432 ekujuleni kwesithombeni saseQuito-Daito-Shima (Isiqhingi saseRyukyu) nawo awuzange ufinyelele embhedeni wedolobha. Ngo-1947, umthombo owawujule ngamamitha ayi-779 waklanywa eBikini, wafinyelela kuma-deposthi aseMiocene akuqala, aneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-25. Ngo-1951, imithombo emibili eyi-1266 kanye ne-1389 m ejulile e-Envetok Atoll (iziqhingi zaseMarshall) yadlula ngamatshe amatshe ase-Eocene acishe abe yizigidi ezingama-50 ubudala futhi afinyelela izisekelo zomdabu ezivela emvelweni. Lokhu okutholakele kukhombisa uhlobo lwentaba-mlilo lwesisekelo se-atoll.
Lapho okuphansi kukhuphuka khona, izigodi zasogwini zingakhula ogwini, kepha, ngokukhuphuka ngaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle, amakhorali ayafa futhi abe ngamatshe olwandle. Uma umhlaba uzinza kancane, isilinganiso sokukhula kwezingulule ezindala, amakhorali afile anele ukwakha umgede ovinjelwe ozungeza ichibi eliphakathi kwamakhorali nomhlaba. Ukunciphiswa okwengeziwe kwephansi lolwandle kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi lesi siqhingi sifihlwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi ngaphezulu kusekhona indandatho yomhlanga kuphela - theoll. Izingodo zomgoqo kanye nama-atoll awahlali enza indandatho evaliwe, kwesinye isikhathi izivunguvungu zidiliza izindonga. Ukukhuphuka okusheshayo kwamazinga olwandle nokuhlala phansi kunganciphisa ukukhula kwamakhorali, khona-ke ama-coral polyps azofa futhi isixuku sizokufa. Ama-corals ahlala kuma-Symbiosis nge-zooxanthellae angafa ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya okwanele ngeke kusangena ekujuleni kwe-photosynthesis yezimpawu zawo.
Uma phansi kolwandle ngaphansi kwe-atoll kukhuphuka, kuzovela isiqhingi. Isihlahla somgoqo esivikela siba isiqhingi esinamaphasi amaningi angajulile. Ngokukhuphuka okwengeziwe ezansi, izindondo zizokoma bese ichibi liguquka echibini eliyisixhumi.
Izinga lokukhula kwamakhorali lincike ezinhlotsheni futhi lisukela kumamilimitha ambalwa ukuya ku-10 cm ngonyaka, yize ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle lingafinyelela kuma-25 cm (acropores).
Amakhorali okuqala eMhlabeni avela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-450 edlule. I-tabuli engapheli kanye nezipanji ze-stromatoporid zakha isisekelo sezakhiwo zamadwala. Kamuva (416
Eminyakeni engama-416- 359 million edlule) kuye kwaqhamuka amakhorali amane anombala omhlaba; indawo eyi-reef ifinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele. Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-246 kuya ku-229 edlule, amakhorali okuqala avela, ephila ngokufana ne-algae, futhi ngesikhathi seCenozoic (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 ezedlule), kwavela amakhorali amaderepores, akhona namuhla.
Ngesikhathi sokukhona kwamakhorali, isimo sezulu sishintshile, izinga lezilwandle selikhuphukile futhi lehla. Ukwehla okuqinile kwezinga lolwandle kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-25-16 edlule. Eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-16 edlule, ukuncibilika kwamaqhwa kwaholela ekhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle, okufika kuleso sikhathi cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha edlule.
Izimo Zokulungiswa
Ukuze kuqhamuke i-coral biocenosis, inhlanganisela yezimo eziningana ezihlobene nokushisa, usawoti, ukuvezwa ukukhanya nezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezihlanzekile kuyadingeka. Ama-coral we-geratypic abonakala nge-stenobiontism ephezulu (ukungakwazi ukubekezelela ukuphambuka okubalulekile kusuka ezimweni ezifanele). Ukujula okuphezulu kokukhula kwezixhobo zamakhorali kungamamitha ayi-10-20. Umkhawulo wokujula awubangelwa yingcindezi, kepha ukwehla kokukhanya.
Wonke amakhorali we-germatypic yi-thermophilic. Inqwaba yezinsimbi zamakhorali itholakala endaweni lapho izinga lokushisa lenyanga ebandayo kakhulu lonyaka lingangeni ngaphansi kuka +18 ° C. Kodwa-ke, ukuzala kabusha ngokobulili kuleliqondo lokushisa akunakwenzeka, futhi i-vegetative yehlisa ijubane. Imvamisa, ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa ngaphansi kuka-1818 C kubangela ukufa kwamakhorali akha amadwala. Ukuvela kwamakholoni amasha kunqunyelwe kulezo zindawo lapho izinga lokushisa lingangeni ngaphansi kwe-+20.5 ° C, ngokusobala lokhu kungumkhawulo wokushisa ophansi we-ovogeneis kanye ne-spermatogenesis kumakhorali e-hermatotype. Umkhawulo ophezulu wobukhona udlula +30 ° C. Ngesikhathi sokuguguleka kwemini emithonjeni engashoni yezifunda, lapho izinhlobo eziningi nobukhulu bokukhula kwamakhorali kugcinwa khona, izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingafinyelela ku-+ 35 ° C. Izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwezidalwa ezakha umhlanga lihlala lizinzile unyaka wonke, ukushintshashintsha kwaminyaka yonke kwekhweyitha kungu-1-2 ° C, futhi ezindaweni ezishisayo azidluli ku-6 ° C.
Usawoti omaphakathi ebusweni bezilwandle ezisendaweni eshisayo cishe yi-35.18 ‰. Umkhawulo ophansi kasawoti lapho ukwakheka kwezixhobo zamakhorali kungenzeka khona kube ngu-30-31 ‰. Lokhu kuchaza ukungabikho kwamakhorali e-madrepore ezigodini zemifula emikhulu. Ukungabi khona kwamakhorali ogwini lwe-Atlantic lwaseNingizimu Melika kuchazwa ngokuqondile ngokuchithwa kwamanzi olwandle ngenxa ye-Amazon. Ngaphezu kokubaleka kwezwekazi, imvula ithinta nosawoti wamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba. Kwesinye isikhathi izimvula ezinde ezinciphisa usawoti wamanzi zingadala ukufa kwama-polyps amaningi. Isibonisi sikasawoti esilungele impilo yamakhorali ebanzi sibanzi kakhulu: amakhorali ahlukahlukene asabalele zombili ezilwandle zasolwandle ezinosawoti omncane (30-31-31 ‰), egeza iziqhingi zaseSunda nasePhilippine (uCelebess, uYavan, Banda, Bali, uFlores, uSulu) no Ulwandle lwaseNingizimu China kanye noLwandle Olubomvu, lapho usawoti ufinyelela kuma-40 ‰.
Izinto eziningi ezakha umhlanga zidinga ukukhanya kwelanga ukuze ziphile. Izinqubo zokwakha umzimba nezokuma kwezinto eziphilayo lapho kukhipha khona ukhonkwane emanzini olwandle kanye nokwakheka kwamathambo wamakhorali e-hermatotype kuhlotshaniswa ne-photosynthesis futhi kuphumelela ngokwengeziwe ekukhanyeni. Ezicutshini zazo kukhona ama-unicellular algae, izimpawu, izimpawu, enza imisebenzi yezitho zokwenza izithombe. Endaweni yendawo yamakhorali, ubude bosuku phakathi nonyaka abuguquki kakhulu: usuku lucishe lilingane nobusuku, ihora lesifushane lifiphele. Eduze kwekhweyitha, iningi lonyaka kuyacaca, ezindaweni ezishisayo isibalo sezinsuku ezinamafu asidluli kuma-70. Amanani wemisebe yelanga lilapha okungenani angama-140 kilocalories nge-1 cm² ngonyaka. Ngokunokwenzeka, amakhorali adinga ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile: ezindaweni ezinombala wethala izindawo zawo zokuhlala zinqabile. Imibala ayihlelwanga enye ngaphezulu komunye, kepha isatshalaliswa ngokuvundlile. Ezinye izinhlobo zamakhorali ezingabandakanyeki kwinqubo ye-photosynthesis, efana ne-tubastrae ebomvu ekhanyayo ne-distichopores ebubende yensimbi, ayisona isisekelo sedwala. Njengoba ukujula kukhula, ukukhanya kukhanya ngokushesha. Ubuningi obukhulu bezindawo zokuhlala zamakhorali bubonwa ebangeni le-15-25 m.
Iningi lezihlahla zamatshe liba ngesisekelo esinqunyelwe. Ama-coral awakhuli ematsheni ahlukile namabhulokhi anenkinga. Ama-corals ahlala emigqeni enesiphithiphithi esikhulu akakwazi ukubekezelela ukugcwala. Ngenkathi ezigangeni zokufiphaza endaweni ephakathi kogu nososebeni kunezindawo ezinendawo enodaka lapho kukhula khona iziloba zazo zamakhorali. Amakhorali amakhulu amise okotshwe amakhowe akhula endaweni engasasebenziyo, isisekelo sayo esikhulu singabavumeli ukuthi bangene ku-silt. Amakhorali amaningi ahlanganisiwe (Acropolis Kuelcha, Psammocore, porite omnyama) ahlala ezindlini zamachibi ezisikiwe anezimpande eziphuma ngaphandle. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, amakhorali awakhi izindawo zokuhlala, ngoba izihlabathi ziyiselula.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ngokusho kobudlelwano besimanje nolwandle, izinkuni zihlukaniswe:
1) Ileveli, efinyelela indawo ephakeme yendawo enamanzi noma ivuthiwe, ifinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu okungenzeka kube khona kwabakhi bezakhiwo zamatshe (ama-germatypes) olwandle olunikeziwe,
I-2) ephakeme - ebekwe ngaphezulu, esakhiweni sayo ikhonjwe kahle amakhorali we-hermatyphic ngaphezulu komkhawulo ophezulu wobukhona bawo,
3) igxiliwe - kungenzeka ifile, ngenxa yokwehla kwe-tectonic, yangena ekujuleni lapho izidalwa zokwakha kabusha zomhlanga zingenakuba khona, noma ziphila, zitholakala ngaphansi komphetho wamanzi, ngensimbi yesigaxa esingavuthi lapho kukhuphuka khona amanzi amancane.
Ngokuqondene nogu lolwandle, izinhlanga zihlukaniswe zaba:
- ukuthosa noma ugu olusogwini
- izithiyo zomgoqo
- ama-atoll
- intra-lagoon reerals - patch reerals, rectnack reerals and hill coral. Izakhiwo ezihlala zodwa ezikhuphuka ngaphezu phansi ngendlela yamagquma namagquma. Akhiwa amakoloni akhula ngokushesha. I-Acropora, IStylophora, Amapulangwe njll. Amagatsha ase-Intralagoon amagatsha anamagatsha acashile futhi aphula kalula ukuqhathaniswa namakhorali afanayo ahlala ngaphandle kwezihlambi. Phakathi kwamagatsha afile, ama-mollusks, ama-echinoderms, ama-polychaetes ahlala ngokushesha, ingaphezulu limbozwe ngamaqhubu e-altycare algae. Izingubo zokuhlanza nezinsimbi kusebenza njengesiphephelo senhlanzi.
Izindawo
I-coral reef ecosystem ihlukaniswe izigaba ezibonisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala. Imvamisa kunezindawo eziningana: i-lagoon, i-reef flat, i-slope yangaphakathi nomhlanga wangaphandle (idwala lamatshe). Zonke izingxenye zixhunyaniswe emvelweni. Impilo esezinhlelweni zamatshe nolwandle idala amathuba okuxubana njalo kwamanzi, udaka, izakhamzimba nezinto eziphilayo.
Umthambeka ongaphandle ubhekene nolwandle oluvulekile, luhlanganiswe ne-coral limestone, embozwe amakhorali aphelele kanye nolwelwe. Imvamisa iqukethe iplatifomu ethambekele engxenyeni engezansi nendawo engaphezulu yama-spurs kanye nezikhala noma ama-spurs neziteshi. Ithambeka elingaphandle ligqweswe umgede okhuphuka ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, futhi ithafa elincane elicashile elinezifo ezinamathelayo - elihlala ngemuva kwalo. I-crest yisiza sokukhula kakhulu kwamakhorali. I-Reef-flat ihlukaniswe yangaphandle, yangaphakathi kanye nendawo yokuqongelela i-block noma i-rampart (shaft eqinile yamabhulokhi cemented ezinezigodi). Ukuthambeka kwangaphakathi kwesixuku kuya ezansi kwichibion, lapho kwakhiwa khona izihlabathi zamakhorali nezinsimbi nosawoti okuqongelelwayo nezihlahla zasolwandle zamachibi.
Ibhayoloji
Amakhorali aphilayo angamakholoni ama-polyps anesikhumba esine-calcareous. Imvamisa lezi yizinto ezincanyana, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zifinyelela ku-30 cm ngaphesheya. Ikoloni lamakhorali liqukethe ama-polyps amaningi axhumeke emzimbeni we-koloni ovamile onemikhawulo ephansi. Ama-polyps amakoloni awanawo wodwa.
Ama-polyps aklama Reef ahlala kuphela esifundeni se-euphotic ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-50. Ama-polyps uqobo awanamandla we-photosynthesis, kepha ahlala e-typiosis ngama-algae Symbiodiniums. Lezi zilwane zihlala ezicutshini ze-polyp futhi zikhiqiza izakhi zomzimba. Ngenxa ye-Symbiosis, amakhorali akhula ngokushesha okukhulu emanzini acacile, lapho ukukhanya okuningana kungena khona. Ngaphandle kwe-algae, ukukhula kuzohamba kancane kakhulu ukuthi kube nokwakhiwa kwezixhobo ezinkulu zamakhorali. Ama-corals athola kuze kufike ku-90% wezondawo zawo yi-Symbiosis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukholelwa ukuthi umoya-mpilo oqukethwe emanzini ugeza iGreat Barrier Reef akwanele ukuphefumula umoya-mpilo, ngakho-ke ngaphandle kokukhiqiza umoya-mpilo, amakhorali amaningi angafa ngokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-photosynthesis ezigodini zamakhorali kufinyelela ku-5-20 g / cm² ngosuku, okuphindwe izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi ezimbili kunevolumu lokukhiqizwa kwe-phytoplankton emanzini azungezile.
Izihlahla zamatshe ziyakhula ngenxa yokubekwa kwemithambo enama-polyps enempilo. Amagagasi nezilwane ezidla ama-polyps (isiponji, inhlanzi yephrotheni, ama-urchins olwandle) zibhubhisa ukwakheka kwesixhumo, okufakwa endaweni yomhlanga naphansi kwelebhulethi ngesihlabathi. Ezinye izinto eziningi ze-reef biocenosis zinomthelela ekubekweni phansi kwe-calcium carbonate ngendlela efanayo. I-Coralline algae iqinisa amakhorali, yakha uqweqwe olunamakhaza ebusweni.
Izinhlobo zamakhorali
Ngokuvamile, amakhorali aqine akha umhlanga angahlukaniswa ngama-brittle brittle (madrepor) nama-coral amakhulu (ubuchopho kanye nama-coral mendrine). Amakhorali ahlutshiwe ajwayele ukutholakala esithebeni esijulile nasiphansi. Zipendiwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsundu ophuzi, onsomi, obomvu, opinki, oluhlaza okotshani nokuphuzi. Kwesinye isikhathi iziqongo zinombala ohlukile, isibonelo, amagatsha aluhlaza anezinhlaka ezibubende.
Ama-coral we-Brain angafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-4 ubukhulu. Zihlala ekujuleni okuthe xaxa ngokuqhathaniswa ne-branchy. Ingaphezulu lamakhorali obuchopho embozwe ngemifantu. Ama-brown ahamba phambili ngombala, kwesinye isikhathi ngokuhlanganiswa naluhlaza. Ama-dense porites akha uhlobo lwesitsha, olusisekelo sawo sakhiwe ngamakhorali afile, futhi aphilayo atholakala emaphethelweni. Imiphetho ikhula, ikhulisa ubukhulu bendawo yesitsha, engafinyelela kumamitha ayi-8. Amapholishi we-porite bukhoma apendwe ngombala onsomi, amatende asemapopini aluhlaza okotshani.
Phansi kwamabhayisekithi, amakhorali akodwa akhiwe ngamakhowe kwesinye isikhathi aqhamuka. Ingxenye yabo ephansi eyisicaba ifanela phansi, futhi phezulu inamapuleti aqonde mpo ahlangana maphakathi nendilinga. Amakhorali we-Mushroom, ngokungafani namakhorali amakhulu anamakhulu anamakhulu, angamakholoni, iyisidalwa esiphilayo esizimele. Kuwo onke amakhorali anjalo, kuhlala i-polyp eyodwa kuphela, amatende awo afinyelela ku-7.5 cm.Amakhorali akhiwe ngamakhowe apendwe ngemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nantsundu. Umbala uphikelela noma ngabe i-polyp idonsela amatende.