I-Texas salamander, noma i-ambistoma enamakhanda amafushane uhlala eNyakatho Melika. Bakhetha izindawo ezimanzi - izikhukhula, izihlahla eziwile neziwohlokayo eduze kwamachibi nezibi noma amaqabunga awile. Sebenzisa imisele ebunjiwe ezinye izilwane. Ukuphendula ukuhlaselwa umhlaseli, ama-amphibians asebekhulile athatha isikhundla sokuzivikela. Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila yobusuku, ecashe ezindaweni zokukhosela phakathi nosuku. Idla ama-invertebrates ahlukahlukene. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi. Oviparous.
Indawo
ENyakatho Melika - kusuka enyakatho-mpumalanga nentshonalanga ye-Ohio kuya eMissouri nasempumalanga yeNebraska. I-Range North isempumalanga ye-Michigan; iRange South idlulela ngasentshonalanga kweKentucky naseTennessee ukuya eGulf of Mexico.
Ukubukeka
Isidumbu se-Texan ambistoma sikhulu, sinesitokisi, umsila mude, uzungezwe esigabeni sesiphambano, umlomo mncane, imigqa engu-2-3 yamazinyo e-palatine iyagudluka - munye ngemuva komunye, inhloko incane, ibanzi ngesigaxa esifushane esifushane, umhlathi ophansi uvele kancane phambili. Amehlo mancane ngezinkophe zokuhamba. Izinyawo zinciphile. Iminwe emifushane emabunzini angaphambili, emihlanu emilenzeni yangemuva. Ama-rib grooves 14-16.
Isikhumba sibushelelezi. Inombolo ye-diploid yama-chromosomes angama-28. Izinduna zincanyana ngosayizi kunezinsikazi, imisila yazo ezinhlangothini icindezelwa kakhulu.
Umbala
Umbala kusuka kumpunga omnyama noma ophuzi ngokukhanya (grey noma isiliva) amabala emuva nasemaceleni, isisu simnyama. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ama-ambistomes aphela.
Izibungu zinemisipha ekhanyayo ingemuva lomnqumo oluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu omnyama. Ngaphambi kwe-metamorphosis, ama-streaks akhanyayo athathelwa indawo ngamabala amnyama. Ngokuvamile, ukufakwa kombala kwama-ambistos anamakhanda amafushane kuncike endaweni yokuhlala yawo.
Habitat
Ama-Ambistomes akhetha izindawo ezinomswakama - izihlambi zezikhukhula, izihlahla eziwile neziwohlokayo eduze kwamachibi nezamachibi noma amaqabunga awileyo, umhlaba wokulima (eduze kwamanzi), kanye nezindawo ezinamachibi namadolobhana (eduze namachibi). Ama-amphibians amadala kwesinye isikhathi angabonakala emithambekeni edwala.
Sebenzisa imisele ebunjiwe ezinye izilwane, kufaka phakathi crayfish nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Imvula yantambama kwesinye isikhathi ibakhuthaza ukuba baphumele ngaphandle.
Ukudla / umsoco
Amamakhosi abantu abadala anamakhanda amafishane adla izinambuzane, ama-slugs, ama-milliped, ama-earthworms, izimvemvane kanye nezicabucabu. Ama-larvae adla inyama yonke, adla ama-invertebrates asemanzini, kufaka phakathi i-daphnia, izibungu ze-isopods, crustaceans, kanye nezibungu zabanye ama-amphibians kanye nezinhlobo zazo.
Ekuphenduleni ekuhlaselweni umhlaseli, izidlakudla ezingabantu abadala zithatha isikhundla sokuzivikela: zithoba amakhanda, zigogeke ngemizimba yazo, ziphakamise futhi ziwuzule umsila wazo (kunezindlala eziningana emsileni ezikhipha i-caustic jambo).
18.01.2019
I-Tiger ambistoma, noma i-tiger salamander (lat. Ambystoma tigrinum) ingeyamalungu omndeni i-Ambistomatidae (Ambystomatidae). Le ampudia ye-caudate ivame ukugcinwa njengesilwane esifuywayo eNyakatho Melika.
Ngo-2005, ngokuvota kwi-Intanethi, yakhethwa njengophawu lwesifundazwe saseMelika e-Illinois, yashaya izimbangi zayo ezisondelene kakhulu - isihlahla esiguqukayo (i-Hyla versicolor) kanye ne-American toad (Anaxyrus americanus).
Isilwane asibangeli nkathazo enkulu, kepha sidinga inhlonipho kumuntu waso. Inememori yokubuka eyenziwe kahle eyenziwe kahle futhi iyakwazi ukukhumbula abanikazi bayo. Njengoba unesimo esijwayelekile, ukhipha ubuthi, obungadala ukusabela komzimba kanye nokucasuka kolwelwesi lwe-mucous. Akumnandi ikakhulukazi lapho zihlangana ngamehlo, zidala umuzwa wokuvutha isikhathi eside futhi ongathandeki.
U-Amphibian waqala wachazwa ngo-1799 njengoSiren operculata ngusosayensi wemvelo waseFrance u-Ambroise Paliso de Beauvois. Yathola igama layo lamanje ngo-1828 emisebenzini yesazi sezilwane saseMelika uJacob Green.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Le ndawo ihlanganisa iningi lezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika kusuka ezifundazweni eziseningizimu yeCanada kuya enyakatho neMexico. Umngcele osenyakatho webanga uhambisana nezifunda eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu zeLabrador.
Ama-Tiger ambistoma ahlala ikakhulu endaweni eshisayo. Izakhamuzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke zihlala eduze namachibi angajulile ngasogwini lwePacific.
Ama-Amphibians atholakala kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene kokubili ezindaweni eziphansi nasezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-3000 m ngaphezu kolwandle, kepha azikho ezintabeni zaseRocky nasezintabeni zakwa-Appalachian. Eningizimu, izixuku ezincane ezicezile zivelela.
Ama-Amphibians ahlala ezimfundeni ezinomswakama, emahlathini anomthunzi nasezitsheni, lapho kunamachibi, amachibi nemifula ehamba kancane enamanzi apholile. Akuvamile ukubonwa ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esisebusika phakathi kwe-shrubbery.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-salamanders we-Tiger angabusuku. Abakuthandi ukukhanya kwelanga, vikela izikhala ezivulekile futhi ungalokothi uhambe kude kakhulu nemizimba yamanzi. Esikhathini sasemini, bacasha ezindaweni zabo zokukhosela ezitholakala ngaphansi kwezihlahla, izihlahla eziwile noma izinqwaba zamatshe.
Imisele evame ukulahlwa yisetshenziswa njengezindawo zokucasha ngaphansi komhlaba. Lapho zingekho, i-amphibian izimba zizodwa.
Ekwindla, i-ambistoma iwela emgodini wobusika, futhi ehlobo, lapho kushisa ngokweqile, kungcwatshwa kujule emhlabathini. Ngemuva kwemvula, ivela futhi emhlabathini.
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo ama-badger (uMelinae), isikhova (iStrigiformes), izinyoka (amaSerpentes) nama-lynxes abomvu (Lynx rufus). Izibungu zamahlosi ezihlafunayo zondliwa ngentshiseko ngezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi nezinambuzane zasemanzini.
Ngezikhathi zengozi, isilwane kwesinye isikhathi esikhundleni sokubalekela silungiselela ukuxosha ukuhlaselwa. Igoba futhi iphakamise umsila, iwushuthele ezinhlangothini futhi isuse amaconsi obisi lobuthi kuyo. Lapho isisemlonyeni noma emehlweni omhlaseli, i-daredevil iyakwazi ukumdumaza ekuhlaseleni.
Umsoco
I-Tiger salamander inesifiso esikhulu sokudla. Kwisitulo esisodwa, uyakwazi ukudla inyamazane, ubukhulu bayo bulingana nesihlanu somzimba wayo.
Isiminzi sihlasela zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingamelana nazo. Ikhipha isisulu ngosizi lokuhogela. Lapho isondela kuye ngangokunokwenzeka, ibamba ulimi lwayo igqame.
Isisekelo sokudliwayo yimisundu, iminenke nezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-amphibians, amagundane asanda kuzalwa, kanye nezinyoka ezincane ziyadliwa.
Ama-larvae adla nge-shellfish kanye nefry yezinhlanzi. Phakathi kwazo, i-cannibalism kanye nokudla izibungu zezinhlobo ezihlobene kukhona ukwanda.
Ukuzala
Isikhathi sokuzalela siqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kanti eningizimu yebanga selikhona engxenyeni yesibili kaDisemba, lapho izidumbu zamanzi ezingashisi zigcwele amanzi emvula. Ezindaweni eziphakeme, ihlala kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaJuni.
Ama-Amphibians alungele ukuzala ayeka ukuba ngamakhambi futhi abuthe emanzini angajulile ngamaqembu amakhulu, lapho kutholakala abantu abangaphezu kuka-50. Zintanta zizungeza omunye ngomunye, ziqhubukusha bese zikhipha umoya emanzini kakhulu kangangokuba zimbozwa ngamabhamuza. Imidlalo enjalo yokuhlangana ijabulisa abesifazane futhi ibaphoqelele ukuthi bathathe izikhala zesiduna zamadoda ngezinsimbi zawo.
Ukuhlangana kuhlala kwenzeka endaweni yasemanzini ngokuqala kobumnyama.
Kwezinye izindawo ezomile lapho ama-tiger salamanders engatholakali khona amanzi, abeka amaqanda awo ku-silt of puddles drying. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kuqala ngemuva kwemvula yokuqala yasekwindla.
Insikazi imvamisa ibeka amaqanda ematsheni, e-driftwood noma emaqabungeni ezitshalo zasemanzini ezitholakala duzane naphansi. Amashalofu awo avela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokukhulelwa kumabheji afinyelela izingcezu ezingama-200 kuye kwayi-1000.
Izibungu zesibungu ngemuva kwamasonto angama-2-3. Isikhathi se-metamorphosis sazo sihluke kakhulu ezimweni zezemvelo futhi sithatha amasonto ayi-10 ukufudumala nokufika onyakeni emanzini abandayo. Njengoba sesifinyelele kubude bomzimba obungu-8-9 cm, ama-ambistomes adlula emhlabeni.
Ezinye izibungu zihlala esigabeni esikhulu sokukhula, zigcine amagilebhisi azo futhi zingayi emhlabeni. Isikhathi esiningi lokhu kuyabonakala emizimbeni yamanzi ejulile futhi ebandayo. Isilwane esisele esiteji se-neotenic larva sibizwa nge-axolotl.
Lawa ma-amphibians angagcinwa ngamaqembu amancane e-aquaterrarium. Kubantu abathathu, ivolumu okungenani engu-100x40x40 cm iyadingeka.
Ingxube yenhlabathi yengadi kanye ne-peat noma i-coconut substrate ibekwa phansi, bese i-sphagnum moss ibekwa phezulu. Ubukhulu obukhulu besendlalelo kumele okungenani bube ngu-10 cm. Ama-salamanders athanda ukumba emhlabathini noma acashe ezindaweni zokukhosela, ngakho-ke, izinto ezenziwe nge-ceramic eziyize noma zepulasitiki zifakwa njengezindawo zokukhosela.
Kuqakathekile ukuthi kube lomkhumbi onamanzi ku-terrarium yokuthambisa isikhumba bese ugeza. Ama-Ambistomes aqala izinqubo zamanzi lapho umswakama womoya wehla. Ukuze uyilondoloze kabili ngesonto, kuyadingeka ukufafaza izindonga nokugcwala komhlaba.
Emini, amazinga okushisa anakekelwa ku-21 ° -24 ° C, bese ehliselwa ku-17 ° -20 ° C ebusuku. Ngokukhanyisa, kusetshenziswa izibani ze-fluorescent.
Izilwane ezifuywayo zondliwa yizikelemu, ama-slugs, izinhlanzi ze-aquarium, amakhethini kanye nama-tadpoles. Izicucu ezincanyana zeleal noma yenkukhu ziyondliwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Izilwane ezincane zondliwa nsuku zonke, kuthi abantu abadala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala busuka ku-17 kuya ku-33 cm. Umzimba ugcwele. Njengomthetho, abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Zinomsila omude ocindezelwe ezinhlangothini nasemilenzeni eyindilinga emuva. Abesifazane banemilenze emifushane. Izilokotho ezinkulu kunazo zonke zabanjwa eColorado.
Ikhanda elikhulu liphela ngo-muzzle obanzi oyindilinga futhi uhlukaniswe ngamehlo entanyeni. Amehlo ayacwayiza, aphakathi nendawo.
Umbala uyahlukahluka kusuka kokuluhlaza okomnqumo kuya ku-brownish noma onsundu ngombala onamabala aphuzi nemivimbo. Ingxenye ye-ventral imvama kakhulu iphuzi noma ibe nsundu.
Ama-larvae anemibala ephuzi-eluhlaza okotshani noma omnqumo-luhlaza onamabala amnyama nemivimbo emide. Isisu simhlophe. Njengoba ukhula, umbala uba mnyama.
Isikhathi sokuphila endle cishe siyiminyaka eyi-16. Ekuthunjweni, ngokunakekelwa okuhle, i-ambistoma yehlosi ihlala iminyaka engama-25.
Isithombo
Izibungu ezisanda kuzalwa ze-salamander yaseTexas zingu-7-14 mm ubude. Izibungu zinamakhoba aminyene, amabala ansundu amnyama emuva, kanye nomucu obonakalayo omncane osondele ezinhlangothini.
Izibungu ezisencane zidla kuma-crustaceans ane-branched, ama-ostracods, izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, ngemuva kokukhula, izibungu zidlulela kuma-isopod crustaceans kanye nama-gastropods. Izibungu zidla nsuku zonke (imini nobusuku). Zigcinwa ngaphezulu kwamanzi (ngaphansi komfucumfucu oyintantayo) noma ngaphansi kwedamu.
I-Metamorphosis iqala eminyakeni engu-2-3 izinyanga. ngosayizi ongu-40-48 mm (ukusuka ekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya kuJulayi). Emavikini ambalwa emva kwe-metamorphosis, ama-ambistomes asemakhanda amafushane athuthela ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Intsha inethuba lokucasha ngamahlamvu awile kunabantu abadala.
Isimo sabantu / ukulondolozwa
Amamakhanda anamakhanda amafushane amaningi kulo lonke uhla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi la ma-amphibians atholakala ezindaweni ezihluke ngokuphelele. Usongo olukhulu ezinhlotsheni ukulahleka kwezindawo ezimanzi ezidingekayo ukuze kuzalwe kabusha.
Kuma-salamanders, ama-protozoa amaningi nama-helminths aqala ukuhluza. Ama-ambistomas anekhanda amafushane angahlangana nezinye izinhlobo ze-Ambystoma.
Texas Salamander Indlela Yokuphila
Ama-Ambistomes athanda izindawo ezinomswakama, ngakho-ke atholakala ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula zemifula, phakathi kwezihlahla eziwohlokayo eziwile, emaqabunga awile, eduze nasezigungwini, emasimini nasezweni lezolimo. Abadala kwesinye isikhathi bahlangana emithambekeni yamatshe.
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ama-ambistomes anezinwele ezimfushane angabuthana ngamaqembu amancane eduze kwedamu. Futhi ngesinye isikhathi, baphila indlela yokuphila bebodwa, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye abakhombisi ukusebenza kwezwe. Emabeleni balinda izinyanga ezishisa kakhulu. Ama-salamanders aseTexas asebenzisa imisele eyembiwa ezinye izilwane, ezinjengezilwane ezincelisayo noma i-crayfish yasolwandle. Uma lina kusihlwa, khona-ke ama-ambistomes aya phezulu.
Ama-salamanders aseTexas awabusuku, futhi asebenza amahora emini ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Izitha ze-salamanders zaseTexas ziyizinambuzane zasemanzini, izinyoka zamanzi nezibungu ze-tiger salamanders. Lapho umhlaseli ehlasela i-salamander, kuthatha isikhundla sokuzivikela: aqala ukuklwebheka, anciphise amakhanda awo futhi azulise umsila wawo. Emsileni kukhona izindlala eziningana ezibhekene nokukhululwa kwendaba ye-caustic.
Ukudla kwe-ambistoma enamakhanda amafushane kuqukethe ama-slugs, izinambuzane, izidumbu zomhlaba, imijikelezi, izicabucabu kanye nezimvemvane. Futhi izibungu ze-ambisto ziyizisulu zomhlaba wonke; zidla ama-invertebrates amancane asemanzini: izibungu ezi crustacean, daphnia nezinye izibungu ze-amphibian, kubandakanya nezinhlobo zazo.
Izinzuzo ze-ambistoma ezinamakhanda amafushane kubantu
Lawa ma-amphibians azobhubhisa izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene zamahlathi nezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bona uqobo bangukudla kwama-jay aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezinye izilwane.
I-ambistoma enamakhanda amafushane idla iminenke, crabs kanye invertebrates.
Usayizi wabantu
I-Texas salamanders ziningi kuyo yonke indawo yazo yokuhlala. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi ama-ambistomes anezinwele ezimfishane angahlala ezindaweni ezihlukile. Usongo olukhulu ekunciphiseni kwenani lezinhlobo ukulahleka kwendawo enomswakama lapho uhlobo luqhubeka khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-salamanders angafa kusuka kuma-helminths amaningi kanye ne-protozoa. Ama-salamanders aseTexas angahlangana nezinye izinhlobo zama-ambistos.
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