Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba mncane futhi zincanyana kune-parridge emhlophe, ubude bomzimba 34-39 cm, cmpan 51-60 cm, isisindo 243-610 g, umlomo omfishane futhi omncane ngombala wepartridge emhlophe.

Umjaho wesiqhingi L. m. hyperboreus kuyehluka ngosayizi omkhulu kakhulu - mkhulu kune-parridge emhlophe.

Kuholela ikakhulukazi empilweni yasemhlabeni. Ihamba ngezinyathelo ezisheshayo noma amachashazi amafushane ngama-frequent Stop, okwenza kungabonakali ukuthi abonakali. Indiza ilula futhi iyashesha, umlingiswa uyafana nowakwenye i-grouse: ukufiphaza okuvamisile kokushintshana ngokuhlela ngamaphiko okusakazeka. Ngokuvamile, nginamahloni kancane kunegogo.

Incazelo. Ebusika, icishe ibe mhlophe ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwezimpaphe zomsila omnyama (izimpaphe zomsila omaphakathi zihlala zimhlophe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kowesilisa, umucu omnyama welula kusuka ekhoneni lomlomo ngeso. Ekuqaleni kokusungulwa kwamanje, amaduna asala emhlophe kakhulu, kuphela izimpaphe ezinemibala ekhanda nasezinqeni, amashiya abomvu aqhakazile aqinile ngaphezu kwamehlo. Isizinda se-plumage ehlobo siphuzi-grey ngephethini elimnyama (eli-straky) eli-transverse elimnyama. Isisu futhi iningi lephiko lihlala limhlophe. Ngaphansi kwekhanda, iphethini emnyama eshintshashintshayo imvama kakhulu kunobuningi bendawo, ngenxa yalokho umphimbo ubukeka ukhanyayo ngokubonakalayo - mhlophe. Amapheya wezinyoni ekwindla ingubo yomthunzi ofanayo, kodwa ngephethini elicwazimula kakhulu elingashintshi, ngenxa yalokho inyoni kude ibukeka icishe ibe yimonophonic. Umphimbo uba mnyama. Ekwindla, umbala wesilisa uphuzi ngokwedlulele.

Owesifazane akanayo ingubo yasentwasahlobo esezingeni eliphakathi; umbala wehlobo ophelele wezinsikazi zisetshenziselwa ithoni ephuzi ephuzi enamachashaza amnyama ashintshashintshayo amnyama namabala ngemuva, ngenxa yokuthi umbala ubonakala umehluko kakhulu kunowephulaji lowesifazane.

Umbala wezinyoni ezincane ngesakhiwo nangombala wazo ufana nokuphuma kwehlobo lowesilisa - iphethini elimnyama eli-transverse lincane kakhulu kunelabesifazane. Isisu simhlophe, cishe akukho mkhondo wezimoto ezimnyama ezidlulayo. Umbala wamachwane amancanyana uvamisile ukufana namachwane wamakhanda, kepha imivimbo emnyama ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba ibukeka ibukhali futhi ibanzi.

Imijaho emikhulu yezwe yalolu hlobo ihlukile ku-parridge emhlophe ngosayizi omncane, umzimba onciphile futhi umlomo omncane omncane. Ebusika, uphawu lwesilisa lwabesilisa umucu omnyama esweni. Ehlobo nasekwindla, abesilisa bezindawo zaseYurophu bahlukaniswa ngombala ophuzi ophuzi ophuzi wezinwele. Isambatho esikhulayo sokufanisa esifana nesitho esimhlophe esimhlophe, lolu hlobo alunjalo. Izinsikazi zabantu baseYurophu zihlukaniswa yipumula ehlukile kakhulu nokungabi bikho kwephawu le-ocher elikhanyayo. Izinyoni ezincane zihlukaniswa umbala ophuzi, iphethini elincanyana lamnyama omnyama nombala omhlophe wesisu.

Izwi. Izwi lowesilisa liwuphawu lwezinkuni oluyisici "kohrrrau". "Ingoma" yokuhlangana komuntu wesilisa yinde futhi iqukethe ukuphindaphinda okuningi okuzayo kwesiginali efanayo. Izwi lowesifazane lifana nele-white parridge.

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Ihlala tundra nezindawo eziphakemeyo ze-Euro kanye neNyakatho Melika (i-Alaska, nenyakatho yeCanada). Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, kuhlala eNhlonhlo yeKola, enyakatho ye-Urals, kanye naseziqhingini zase-Franz Josef Land archipelago (L. m. hyperboreus) Isatshalaliswa kaninginingi futhi iyindlala ezindaweni eziningi, isibalo singaphansi kokuguquguquka okukhulu. Uhlobo lokunyakaza kwesizini luhlukile kubantu abaningi. Ezifundeni eziningi, ikakhulukazi kuFranz Josef Land, izinze. Enyakatho yeSiberia, ingandiza ibheke ku-500 km ubude. Ezintabeni ubusika behlela ezigodini zemifula.

Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala emagqumeni phakathi kwamadwala avulekile anezimila ezibunjiwe, ezintabeni, eningizimu yebanga, ngaphezulu komngcele wehlathi. Ebusika, ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala kunqunywa ukutholakala kokuphakelayo. Ekwindla nasebusika, kugcinwa emihlambini emincane, emaqenjini noma ngababili, ekuqaleni kokuzalela iba indawo yendawo eqinile. I-Cocking ifaka ukundiza ku-trajectory eyinkimbinkimbi enokwehla nokwehla, kanye nemibukiso eseduze nowesifazane phansi. Ebusika, ulala egumbini leqhwa. Owesilisa ubambe iqhaza ekukhetheni nasekuvikeleni indawo enendawo yokwakha isidleke, kuthi owesimame azibandakanye ekwakheni isidleke nasekufukweni. Amanye amadoda abandakanyeka ekushayeleni izingane.

I-Nest - umgodi omncane onobubanzi obungenalutho botshani nezinsiba zezikhukhukazi endaweni evulekile enezikhala ezinotshani kanye nezitshalo eziphansi, phakathi kwamatshe noma, izihlahla ezingajwayelekile, izihlahlana noma izikhala ezinkulu. I-clutch imvamisa inamaqanda ama-6-9, embozwe, njengephepheni elimhlophe, elinamabala amnyama ansundu. Okominyaka uyakwazi ukuphatha inzalo kanye. Isisekelo sokudla kwasebusika yi-efihlekile kanye namahlumela esibulalayo ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamayowin kanye nama-birches, amahlumela kanye namaqabunga e-funnel, kanye nama-catarder we-alder and birch. Ehlobo, idla imifino engaphansi kanye nembewu eminingi (ngokuqhathaniswa nenhlamvu emhlophe), kanye notshani be-axillary anyanisi, izimbali zezihlahlana, iziqu, amaqabunga kanye namajikijolo wesithwathwa.

I-Tundra Partridge (I-Lagopus mutus)

IZIPHUMA ZESIVIVINSI

Kumawele amakhulu, ambozwe izimpaphe, amathuna we-tundra ahamba ngaphandle kweqhwa elijulile. Ekupheleni kwemigwaqo ehlobo e-molt - zishintsha izingubo zasehlobo zibe ubusika obumhlophe qhwa, ukuphela komsila kuhlale kumnyama, kuthi owesilisa abe namabhuloho amnyama ukusuka kubhakha kuye ngamehlo. Entwasahlobo, ama-partergesges aqala uku-molt futhi, ngemuva kwalokho amathiphu kuphela ezimpiko nohlangothi olungezansi lomzimba ahlala emhlophe, bese kuthi yonke ingxenye yelesi imbozwe ngezimpaphe ezibomvu ze-chestnut ngemivimbo ephuzi nomnyama. Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, insikazi iqala i-molt yesithathu - iplamu yakhe iba nsundu okhanyayo, ophuzi ngemivimbo emnyama eshintshashintshayo. Kulesi sambatho, inyoni ibonakala kancane esidlekeni.

YINI UKUDLA

Amabhuloho, njengabanye abamele izinkukhu, yizinyoni ezi-herbivorous, kepha kwesinye isikhathi nazo zidla ama-invertebrates. Ukudla kwezinyoni kutholakala emhlabathini. Ebusika, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni eyiqhwa, avela ezindaweni ezisehlathini futhi avame ukuhamba ayofuna ukudla kwezihlahla. Izinyoni zimba iqhwa, futhi zizame nokuhlala ezindaweni zokondla ama-reindeer ebusika. Ebusika, zidla ngamahlamvu, amagatsha namacici. Entwasahlobo - amajikijolo angonyaka ophelile namaqabunga aluhlaza, ehlobo - izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo, izithelo nembewu. Ekwindla, isisekelo sokudla kwama-tundra partridges ngamajikijolo.

Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu

IPartridge tundra iyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile sase-Arctic nasezintabeni zamadwala-lichen tundra enyakatho ye-USSR kanye nezindawo eziningi zezintaba zaseSiberia, ezihola indlela yokuphila engaguquki. Lesi ngesinye sezinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke emndenini (kuphela iyingxenye emhlophe enomsila, uL. Leucurus, umhlali wamabhande angaphansi kwe-Rocky Mountain eNyakatho Melika, omhlophe ngombala engxenyeni enkulu yonyaka futhi ugqoke ngombala onsomi onsundu kuphela ezinyangeni ezifudumele). Ifana kakhulu nephephethi elimhlophe, futhi ezindaweni zokuhlalisana kahle, zombili lezi zinhlobo zidideka kalula. Umehluko wabo ophambili uchazwe ngenhla, encazelweni esephepheni elimhlophe.

I-ptarmigan, njenge-white partridge, ihola ikakhulukazi indlela yokuphila esekwe ezweni, ukondla ekuseni nakusihlwa futhi uphumule maphakathi nosuku ngaphansi kwesembozo samatshe noma izihlahlana. Ihamba emhlabathini ngezinyathelo noma amachashazi amafushane, manje bese imisa futhi kwesinye isikhathi iqhwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokunyakaza, okuhambisana nombala ovikelayo kuyenza ingalingani. Indiza ilula kakhulu, ishesha, kepha yohlobo olufana nolukagogo omnyama - uchungechunge lokufiphaza okusheshayo kushintshana ngokuntanta emaphikweni kusabalale futhi kuguqa phansi. Le nyoni ethule kakhulu, futhi esikhathini sokukhwelana kuphela lapho owesilisa evame ukukhipha umgobhozi wakhe, isifiso sokwakheka esithandanayo, esikhumbuza udaka olubi lwezingono zomnyango ezigugile.

Incazelo

Umbala. Indoda endala. Ngengubo yasebusika - konke kumhlophe, ngaphandle kwezimpaphe zomsila omnyama (omhlophe kuphela ophakathi nendawo), umucu omnyama uqhamuka ekhoneni lomlomo ngeso, izinzipho ezimnyama nomlomo. Ezimpapheni zomsila omnyama kukhona imichilo emhlophe ye-apical, ebanzi kakhulu ku-2nd bese inyamalala ngomhla we-8. Ukuphuma kwentwasahlobo kowesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzala (kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi) kuyehluka ebusika kuphela lapho kukhona izimpaphe ezihlukwe ngombala onsundu ekhanda namahlombe, ezimboza kuphela intamo nentambo. Phakathi kwalezi zimoto ezimnyama, umucu omnyama ongemuva ngokusebenzisa iso awubonwa kangako. Izingubo zasehlobo ziba sekupheleni kukaJuni futhi ziyagqokwa kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba. Lesi ngubo ephuthuke kakhulu embozwe cishe wonke umzimba wenyoni. Kuphela yisisu kanye nezimpaphe eziningi zephiko ezihlala zimhlophe, ngaphandle kwezimpukane ezincane ezi-4-6 zangaphakathi, izembozo ezinkulu zangaphakathi, cishe zonke izembozo eziphakathi nendawo, ngaphandle kwalezo ezingaphandle. Umbala ojwayelekile womzimba ongaphezulu ungwevu, onamabala amnyama nemivimbo emhlophe eguqukayo eyenziwe ngamasimu amnyama apical nemingcele emhlophe yezimpaphe eziningana.

Izimpaphe eziningi zinephethini le-jet elibushelelezi eliphuzi ngemuva ngemuva kwempunga. Imisipha nezinhlangothi zomsamo - ezindaweni ezinamabala amhlophe amhlophe namphuzi abunjwe ngemichilo eguqukayo engxenyeni engenhla yezimpaphe. Umbala ompunga onemisipha emfishane ephuzi nawo uyabonakala esifubeni, kepha izimpaphe eziningana zinombala ogqamile omnyama nomhlophe ngemivimbo emhlophe. Izinhlangothi zomzimba nazo zidwetshwe. Izimpaphe ezingaphezulu zesembozo zomsila nazo zinezinhlobo ezimbili - ezingwevu ngombala ocwebezelayo ophuzi futhi omile, ngokushintshana ngemivimbo emnyama ebomvana futhi emfishane ophuzi, omenyezelwe kahle engxenyeni ephezulu yempaphe. Iphethini ehlanganisiwe ethambile ihlala kuphela izimpaphe ezikhula kuqala ngoJuni - Julayi, futhi izimpaphe ezikhula kamuva zithwalwa ngephethini elincanyana. Umbhangqwana ophakathi nendawo wezimpaphe kanye nezimpaphe zawo ulimboza ungwevu omnyama, onemingcele emincane emincane ye-vertex nephethini encane evulekile, kwesinye isikhathi ehlangana ibe yimikhakha emnyama maphakathi nengxenye yempaphe. Umbala wezimpaphe ezinemibala yephiko nawo ungwevu, onamaphawu amancanyana amancanyana amancanyana amhlophe. Kumaphethelo wangaphakathi wangaphakathi angaphakathi kuphela iphethini elihlanganayo le-coarser yemivimbo emnyama nobphuzi eyenziwe. Owesilisa ogqoke ingubo yasekwindla (Septhemba - Okthoba) upendiwe ngokufana, ngombala oyimpunga ophuzi ngopende omfushane noma omfushane onsundu. Le ngubo ixutshwe kanti izimpaphe zekwindla zanda kuphela emuva nesifuba. Ekhanda, elinephethini le-coarser mottled, izimpaphe zasehlobo ziphambili, futhi ezimpaphe ezimhlophe zesisu zokugqoka kwasebusika seziqalile ukukhula. Izisekelo zezimpaphe zekwindla zivame ukuba mhlophe.

Owesifazane ngubo ebusika. Imhlophe futhi imvamisa ayinayo imicu emnyama ngeso. Kusezindaweni ezisenyakatho kuphela (enyakatho yeGreenland, Svalbard), iningi labesifazane besembatho sokuqala sasebusika banebhendi emnyama, yize kungenacace kangako, iboniswe mhlophe futhi ingalandeli iso (i-Salomonsen, 1939, Johnsen, 1941). Enyakatho ye-Alaska naseScandinavia, bangama-21.1- 34.3% kuphela besifazane abanebhendi enjalo (Weeden, 1964, Pulliainen, 1970a). Izinsikazi azinayo ingubo yasentwasahlobo futhi lapho zifika, ngokushesha zigqoka ingubo yasehlobo enemibala ehlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngasemuva, umbala omnyama uvela ngokuhlangana nombala omhlophe wama-vertex rims kanye ophuzi - amabhendi wangaphambi kwephezulu. Amasimu amakhulu wangaphambi kokubhabha adala umbala omnyama, ngenhla kwekhanda nasemuva kubukeka kumnyama kakhulu. Imidwebo enezintambo iphinyiselwa kahle emhlane ongezansi, nadhvostu nentambo. Umzimba ophansi ulula ngenxa yeziqongo ezimhlophe ezibanzi nemitheshwana ephuzi ephuzi izimpaphe, ihlangana nemivimbo emnyama emincane. Isifunda se-goiter sibukeka simnyama kunazo zonke. Ehlobo, izimpaphe ezifanayo ezinamaphiko njengeziduna nasesiphakathini esimaphakathi sezimpaphe zomsila zihlala zimhlophe. Ngenkathi ukucubungula nokushayela amachwane, amathiphu amhlophe okwezimpaphe ayaphela futhi umbala wezinsikazi uba mnyama kakhulu ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi, futhi ikhanda nekhanda emuva liba cishe mnyama. Isambatho se-Autumn, sifana nabesilisa, ingxube yezimpaphe zasehlobo, zasekwindla nasebusika. Izimpaphe ze-Autumn zifakwa ikakhulukazi emuva, entanyeni nasesifubeni. Umbala wazo okhanyayo uphakama ngokunqenqemana nesizinda samapheya ehlobo amnyama. Izimpaphe ze-Autumn nazo ziphethe iphethini elintekenteke kakhulu yemivimbo e-brown noma imishanguzo ngemuva kwempunga ephuzi. Akuzona zonke izimpaphe zasekwindla ezinezisekelo ezimhlophe.

Inyoni encane (owesilisa nowesifazane). Engutsheni yokuqala yabantu abadala (ewa kuqala), upendiwe kahle kakhulu. Isisu simhlophe, izimpaphe zezinsana eziluhlaza ziphuzi esifubeni nasentanjeni, bese zishintshwa zimhlophe, futhi engxenyeni engezansi yesifuba kanye nasezinhlangothini izimpaphe zezingubo zokuqala zikhula, ingxenye engenhla yomzimba icishe imbozwe ngokuphelele nazo. Lezi zimpaphe ziphethe iphethini efanelekile yemivimbo emincane e-brown transverse ngemuva ngemuva kwensimu ephuzi nensimu emnyama phezulu fan.

Izimpukane ezi-2 zokuqala ezingaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseningizimu, zinezindawo ezincane ezinsundu namabala eziqongweni. Ithoni ejwayelekile yengubo yentsha ingombala ophuzi, onamabala amnyama ansundu emuva (amasimu we-vertex ezimpaphe) nezindawo ezimhlophe zoxantathu ezimhlophe eziqongweni zezimpaphe. Ngasemuva elingaphansi kunephethini elincanyana kakhulu lemivimbo eshintshashintshayo, i-coarser emuva engezansi. Izimpaphe zomsila ekuqaleni zinamapheya amhlophe abanzi, enemithende ebanzi nsundu ngaphezulu kwesendlahlo esiphuzi, kepha lapho ziphela, iziqongo ezimhlophe ziyanyamalala. Ama-flewheel amancane - nephethini yemichilo emibalabala eshintshashintshayo ebumbana ehlanganisa izimpaphe ze-distal endaweni eyodwa, ethatha lonke fan lwangaphakathi. Emaflukeni amancane angaphakathi kunebala elimhlophe elingunxantathu noma umngcele omhlophe. Izinyoni ezindizayo eziyisisekelo zimdaka, zinemigqa eshintshashintshayo emiselweni yangaphandle nezikhonkwane ezikhanyayo eziqongweni. Izimpiko zaphezulu ezimboze futhi zakhiwe, zibe nebala elimhlophe ngokweqiniso. Emzimbeni ongezansi kunombala omhlophe wesisu kanye nephethini evamile eshisiwe yentamo, esifubeni nasezinhlangothini zomzimba. Izimpaphe eziningi lapha nazo zinendawo emhlophe enama-vertex. Emazaneni amancanyana, izimpaphe eziqala ukukhula kwazo zinemibala ehlukile, imibala iyakhanya futhi amabala amhlophe ama-vertex aqhakaza kakhulu.

Phansi inkukhu. Umbala uyafana nalowo wamachwane aphansi wephalishi.

Ukwakheka nobukhulu

Ubude bomzimba busukela ku-370-400 kwabesilisa nabangu-365-390 kwabesifazane. I-dimorphism yezocansi nayo izibonakalisa ngosayizi wephiko nomsila, nakubantu ngabanye nangomlomo, ngenkathi ubude be-metatarsus kanye nomunwe ophakathi kucishe kufane kubo bobabili ubulili. Izibonda. Abesilisa (n = 285, col. ZIN AN SSSR): iphiko ngo-182-222, umsila u-80-120, ubude beqhwaphu 8- 13, metatarsus 27- 38, umunwe ophakathi ne-19–32. Abesifazane (n = 197, col. 'ZIN, USSR Academy of Sciences): iphiko ngo-175- 204, umsila u-82-103, ubude bomlomo ongu-7.2-12, metatarsus 26- 38, umunwe ophakathi nendawo 21-30. Ubudala nobunzima besikhathi somzimba abuqondwa kahle. Ngezinkathi zonyaka, ayiguquki kangako njengakwimingcele emhlophe, futhi iguquguquka kwengxenye enkulu ngaphakathi kwe-440-540.

Ubuningi bezinyoni bukhulu ekwindla sekwephuzile, kancane kancane buncipha entwasahlobo nangabesilisa, kukhula kancane esikhathini sangaphambi kokudla, kwehla kube okuphakathi maphakathi nehlobo, emva kwalokho kubuye kukhule ekwindla. Kwabesifazane, isisindo sanda kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzalelwa kweqanda, emva kwalokho sehla ngokushesha kube okuncane okwenzeka evikini lokuqala lokushayela kwamachwane. Izinyoni zabantu abasenyakatho kakhulu bahlukaniswa ngobukhulu obukhulu nangobukhulu. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, izingxenye zetundra ezihlala eziqhingini zaseFranz Josef Land naseSvalbard, futhi cishe. Bearish futhi ibe nobukhulu obukhulu ngokungajwayelekile: isisindo sawo sifinyelela ku-880, i.e, sicishe siphindwe kabili kunezinhlobo ezijwayelekile. Ubukhulu nokulingana kwephiko kuyafana nokwamanzana amhlophe, kepha uma sibheka ukuthi ubukhulu nosayizi womzimba wamapharaji we-tundra mancane, aphuma abe maphiko amade. Izilinganiso zezingxenye ezisele zomzimba ziyefana nasengxenyeni emhlophe, ngaphandle kwaqhwaku lomlomo, olunciphile futhi lingaphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lapha ungahlangana nabantu abane-ratio efanayo yobude bomlomo nokuphakama njengamabala athile amhlophe.

I-Molting

Iqhubeka cishe nephethini efanayo naleyo yokugcoba emhlophe, kuphela ukumiswa kwentwasahlobo kuboniswa kancane emadodeni, kuthwebula izindawo ezincane zekhanda ekhanda, entanyeni nasehlombe, futhi ezindaweni ezisenyakatho kakhulu kungahle kungabi nakancane, futhi abesilisa bahamba ngezingubo zasebusika (Salomonsen 1950). Ukuncibilika kwentwasahlobo ngaphandle kwekhefu kungena ehlobo, okuphela ikakhulukazi ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaJulayi, ngoba izimpaphe zakhula kamuva sezivele zindwangu ngombala, isb. Awukho umehluko phakathi kwesigaba sasehlobo nasekwindla sokuncibilikisa. IHemp enezimpaphe zekwindla ivele kuze kube maphakathi no-Agasti, kuthi emva kwalokho ukukhula kwezimpaphe ezimhlophe kuqale, kuphume ngaphansi kwezimpaphe ezinemibala ngoSepthemba. Kusukela kulesi sikhathi kuqhubeke, imhlophe iqala ukusabalala emzimbeni wesinyoni.

Izimpaphe zokugcina ezinemibala ziwela ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba noma ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, kodwa kubantu abaningi baseningizimu, ikakhulukazi eziqhingini zasolwandle, le nqubo ingadonsa kuze kube nguDisemba. EScotland, izinyoni eziningi zigcina izimpaphe zazo zasekwindla ezihlukene zize zifinyelele entwasahlobo., Okuqala lapha ngoFebhuwari (Salomonsen, 1939). Izinsikazi azinakuqunjelwa intwasahlobo, ngokushesha zishintsha zibe ngubo esehlobo esemboza wonke umzimba nesifuba lapho zifukamela. Ezinyoni ezivela kubantu basenyakatho, ngisho nokukhula ngokuphelele kwengubo yasehlobo, indawo enezimpaphe ezimhlophe igcinwa ngokushesha phambi kwendawo ebekiwe. Ukuncibilikisa i-Autumn kuqala isigamu senyanga kamuva kunakwabesilisa, futhi kukhulunyelwa kancane.

Kwabesifazane abavela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho impela, izimpaphe zekwindla zakha hhayi ngaphezulu kwe-10% yazo zonke imibala. Izimpaphe eziningi zasehlobo zihlala kuze kube ukuwa bese zithathelwa indawo esikhundleni saso izimpaphe ezimhlophe. Izimpaphe eziyinhloko zishintshwa ngesikhathi esifushane kune-white parridge, bese kuthatha izinyanga ezi-2,5 ukuya kweziyi-3,3 kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Emazaneni amathoyizi, ingubo yokuqala isephansi, yize kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lwe-7 hemp no-5 (kusukela ngosuku lwesithathu kuya kwele-7) kuboniswa njengezinaliti ezinciphile ze-hemp. Zonke, kanye nenqwaba yezimpaphe ezinkulu ezimboze, zenzeka ekupheleni kweviki lokuqala lempilo futhi zakha indawo ethwele iphiko, evumela ukuthi isidleke ukuba siphinde sindize ngamabanga amafushane. Izimpaphe ezingaphakathi kokunye ziyavela ezinhlangothini nasemuva, esifubeni nasemqheleni. Umphimbo uphumule okokugcina. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuphela kokukhula kwezimpaphe zentsha, eneminyaka engama-4 amasonto, ukuncibilika kuqala engubeni yokuqala yasekwindla: ukukhula kwezimpaphe ezichazayo kuqala ngokushintshwa kokundiza okokuqala okuqala kube okumhlophe. Okwamanje, izinsalela zengubo eyehlayo zisabonakala ekhanda. Ukukhula kwezimpaphe zengubo yokuqala ebusika kuqala ngokukhula kanyekanye okufanayo kwezimpaphe ezinemibala - ngubo yokuqala yasekwindla, enesikhathi kuphela sokuthuthuka okuyingxenye. I-plourage emhlophe iqala ukubonakala esiswini kuphela lapho inezinyanga eziyi-1.5 futhi isakazeka isuka lapha iye ezinhlangothini, ingxenye engezansi yesifuba futhi, ekugcineni, iye emzimbeni ongaphezulu. Izimpaphe ezinde kakhulu ezinemibala zibanjwa ekhanda, emuva nesifuba.

I-Subspecies taxonomy

Uhlobo lwezinhlobo luphawulwa inani elikhulu leziqhingi nokuhlukaniswa izintaba, ubuningi be-subspecies simo, kanti umehluko wokubhaliselwe awukhulunyelwa futhi ubonakaliswa ngokuyinhloko ngesimo sombala wokuphuma kwesikhathi sasehlobo kwabesilisa. Okuwukuphela kwento engafani nalokhu okuyi-subspecies L. m. I-hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845, ehlala eSvalbard, Franz Josef Land naseBear Island futhi ivelele, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngosayizi omkhulu ngokungajwayelekile. Ukubhaliswa kwezintaba zaseJapan L. m. Kuhlukaniswe kahle futhi. japonicus Clark, 1907, Commander L. m. ridgwaui Stejneger, 1884, Kuril L. m. kurilensis Hartert, 1921, no-Aleutian L. m. evermanni Elliot, 1896, ohlala esiqhingini sase-Attu - isiqhingi esikude kunazo zonke segquma lase-Aleutian. Lezi zindawo ezingaphansi kwazo zibonakaliswa ngubo omnyama kakhulu ehlobo.

Elinye iqembu labasiki bengqephu - abaqokiwe, eNyakatho Ural L. m. comensis Sserebrowsky, 1929, alpine L. m. helveticus Thienemann, 1829, kanye Pyrenean L. m cishe ecishe angaqondakali. pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921, kanye neScotland L. m. milliaisi Nartert, 1923 - umbala ongwevu wokugqoka okuphuma ehlobo lowesilisa uyisici. Leli qembu lifaka ne-L. m. Sanfordi Bent, 1912, ohlala eTanaga Island e-Aleutian Ridge. Iqembu lesithathu liqukethe okubhalwe phansi ngopende onsundu we-plumage ehlobo yabesilisa: I-Altai subspecies L. m. nadezdae Sserebrowsky, 1926, South Siberian L. m. i-transbaicalicus Sserebrowsky, 1926 neTarbagatai L. m. macrorhynchus Sserebrowsky, 1926. Izingosi ezisasele - cishe zonke i-Aleutian, yonke iNyakatho Melika neGreenland, iNorth Siberian L. m. pleskei Sserebrowsky, 1926, Kamchatka L. m. I-krascheninnikovi Potapov, 1985 kanye nokubhalwe phansi kweSvalbard kokuphuma kwehlobo kwabesilisa kubonakaliswa yikhanda eliphuzi. Isi-Icelandic L. m. i-Islandorum Faber, i-1882 ithatha isikhundla esiphakathi kweqembu lesibili nelesi-4. Iqembu ngalinye liletha amafomu asondelene impela, kepha kulokhu kunokwahluka: isizinda, ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba okungasivumeli ukuthi sicabange ukusondela kwaso kokunye ukusungulwa kwaleli qembu.

Ukusatshalaliswa

Ibanga le-ptarmigan liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Iningi lazo litholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ngokwengxenye e-Alaska naseNyakatho Yurophu. Inomlingiswa oyi-circumpolar, kepha ukusatshalaliswa kwalesi zinhlobo ezigudle ugu kanye neziqhingi zoLwandlekazi lwe-Arctic akusekho okuqhubekayo.

Umdwebo 34. Ububanzi be-ptarmigan
1 - I-Lagopus mutus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. helveticus, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. i-welchi, i m-saturatus, 10 - L. m. umthwebuli, 11 - L. m. Islandorum, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. i-macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. i-transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 —L. m. Townendi, 19 - L. m. chambertaini, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hyperboreus, 26 - L. m. ridgwayi.

Ngokuphikisana nalokhu okumhlophe, i-tundra partridge ehlala iningi leziqhingi zezigodi zasePolar: cishe sonke isiqhingi saseCanada Arctic, cishe lonke ugu lwaseGreenland, olungenamakhaza eqhwa, kuze kube izingxenye zalo ezisenyakatho (Peary Land - Lockwood Island, 83 ° 24 ′ N .), Iziqhingi zaseSvalbard kanye noFranz Josef Land. ENyakatho Melika, ingena kude kakhulu ngaseningizimu ngasezintabeni zeRocky (kuze kufike ku-49 ° N) ogwini olusempumalanga yeLabrador Peninsula (54 ° 30 ′ N), ehlala ikakhulu i-Alaska kanye nomugqa omncane ogudla ugu lwaseNyakatho Canada. Engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi iPacific kuhlala iziqhingi zase-Aleutian, Commander and Kuril, kanye nesiqhingi saseHonshu. EYurophu, uhlala enyakatho yeScandinavia, engxenyeni esenyakatho yeGreat Britain, e-Alps nasePyrenees. Enyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean kuhlala eziqhingini zase-Iceland naseGreenland. Cishe akukho datha ekushintsheni kwendawo ngesikhathi somlando. Kuphela eScotland kusukela ukuphela kwekhulu le-XVIII. umngcele oseningizimu ubuyela ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ze-anthropogenic.

Ebusika, umngcele oseningizimu uguqulwe ngaphesheya eningizimu, kodwa ezindaweni ezithile zendawo ye-tundra. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-USSR, i-tundra partridge ehlala kuphela iNhlonhlo yeKola neNyakatho ye-Urals.

Umdwebo 35. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-ptarmigan e-USSR
1 - I-Lagopus mutus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. helveticus, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. i-welchi, i m. i-saturatus, 10 - L. m. umthwebuli, 11 - L. m. Islandorum, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. i-macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. i-transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 - L. m. Townendi, 19 - L. m. chambertaini, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hyperboreus, 26 - L. m. ridgwayi.

E-Kola Peninsula, isatshalaliswa kanye nama-tundras asogwini olusogwini olusenyakatho empumalanga eya eSosnovets Island (col. ZIN AN USSR) nasebhande leKhibin Alpine, kepha umkhawulo oseningizimu wokusatshalaliswa kwawo awucaci lapha. UKanin akakatholakali ePeninsula. ENyakatho ne-Urals, isatshalaliswa isuka endaweni esenyakatho impela (iLake Minisey, okungenzeka ukuthi yiPai-Khoy Range) eningizimu kuya eMount Konzhakovsky Kamen (59 ° 40 ′ N). Ngaphezulu kwempumalanga, kuhlala izingxenye ezisenyakatho zeYamal Peninsulas eningizimu kuze kube ngu-68 ° C. N, Gydan eningizimu kuya ku-71 ° C. w. (Naumov, 1931) neTaimyr, lapho umngcele oseningizimu udlula khona entshonalanga ngo-71 ° 30 ′ s. N, nasempumalanga ngo-73 ° (umlomo woMfula iKhatanga). Ihlala indawo encane yodwa ezintabeni zasePutorana. Emkhakheni weSoviet we-Arctic, kutholakala kuphela eziqhingini zaseFranz Josef Land, lapho kungacaci khona ukuthi indawo yokuhlala yaluphi uhlobo: izinyoni ezindala kuphela ezihlangane futhi zachithwa kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Okthoba (Demme, 1934, Rutilevsky, 1957) futhi zabonakala ngokusobala njengezinyoni ezifudukayo eziqhingini zaseNovosibirsk. Impumalanga yomlomo womfula. Umngcele oseningizimu yeKhatanga wehlela ku-72 ° C. w. uye emfuleni U-Popigai (Sdobnikov, 1957), uya empumalanga eceleni kwe-Alazei tundra ukuya emfuleni. U-Lena, ke ohambisana nezinhlelo zezintaba zeVerkhoyansk Range, iYudomo-Meyi ne-Aldan Uplands zehlela ezintabeni zeLake Baikal.

Lapha ukusatshalaliswa kwayo akufundiswanga kahle, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abangabodwa bahlala emabangeni eBaikal naseBarguzinsky. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umngcele uhambisana nomthambeka oseningizimu wesikebhe iStanovoi uya ogwini lwase-Okhotsk, lapho ufinyelela ku-56 ° C. sh., futhi ukusuka lapha - enyakatho ogwini lolwandle kuya eCape Dezhnev. Emingceleni ebekiwe yemigwaqo ye-tundra, akukho magquma asogwini olusentshonalanga lweKamchatka nasesigodini somfula. I-Kamchatka, ekucindezelekeni kwePenzhinsko-Anadyr, e-tundra esebhange elingakwesobunxele leKolyma engezansi, endaweni ephansi ye-Alazei neChroma. Ngasikhathi sinye, atholakala kuzo zonke izindawo eziphakeme ezikhawulela la ma-tundras noma angena emikhawulweni yawo, isibonelo, ezintabeni zaseKondakovsky nasegqumeni lase-Ulakhan-Sis. Ngaseningizimu yaleli banga eliqhubekayo kunezindawo ezimbalwa ezicezile, ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezihlanganisa i-Altai, Sayan neHamar-Daban izinhlelo zezintaba.

Izingxenye ezisele zincane. Le yiKhangai esempumalanga (Mount Othon-Tengri - Kozlova, 1932), maphakathi negquma. Khan-Huhei (idatha yombhali), ku IMongolia Altai (Turgen-Ula, - Potapov, 1985, Munkh-Khairan-Ula, - Kishchinsky et al., 19826), ku-ridge. ISaur, emugqeni uYam-Alin noDusse-Alin (A. A. Nazarenko, ukuxhumana ngomlomo). Kuhlala i-Commander kanye ne-Kuril Islands eseningizimu yesiqhingi sase-Simushir (i-Kuroda, ngo-1925).

Ubusika

Impilo yasebusika ye-ptarmigan ayifundelwa kangako kunemhlophe. Ku-Subpolar Urals, ngihlangane naye ekuqaleni kobusika endaweni ese-subalpine, phakathi kwezihlahla ezikhula yonke indawo lapho kukhona izihlahla ze-birch nezihlahla ezi-larch ngazinye, lapho. kwakungekho zindawo eziphuma ngaphandle, kodwa isembozo seqhwa sasincane futhi singazifihli izihlahla ezincane. E-tundra yeKhibiny neLapland, lezi zinyoni zigxiliwe ezindaweni lapho iqhwa lincane khona ungqimba ngenxa yesimo somoya esenziwa njalo, nasezindaweni kukhona nezindawo ezivulekile. Lapha badla ngamaqabunga, amajikijolo kanye namahlumela ezitshalo zezintaba ze-alpine, kepha ekuqothulweni kweqhwa elinamandla bathuthela emahlathini ama-willow kanye nase-birch emaphethelweni aphezulu ehlathi (Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959, MacDonald, 1970).

ENyakatho-mpumalanga ye-USSR, ama-tundra partridges asebenzisa ubusika ezingxenyeni eziphakemeyo zemithambeka yezintaba, emifuleni engenhla yemifula nemifudlana engxenyeni ephezulu yamahlathi angenamkhawulo phakathi kwezindawo ezinamaphayipele omgodi kanye nemisele engaphansi, izihlahla zomsedari nezinsimbi ezingandile. Isembozo seqhwa lapha sibalulekile kulo lonke ubusika, ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya, uqweqwe luqala ngokushesha phezu kwalo, lusiza ukuhamba kwezinyoni, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kunezindawo ezanele zokukhazimula naphakathi kwezihlahlana, lapho iqhwa ligcina khona ukwakheka kwalo futhi livumele izinyoni ukuhlela amakhamera eqhwa. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nobusika emithambekeni liphakeme ngokugqamile kunaphansi, ezindaweni ezikhukhula, lapho kugeleza khona umoya obandayo, nalapho amabala amhlophe ngokuvamile ebusika (Andreev, 1980). Lokhu kuguqulwa kokushisa kusetshenziswa futhi yi-tundra kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi enyakatho-mpumalanga yeGreenland: imihlambi yalezi zinyoni igcina ngoSepthemba emithambekeni yezintaba ngamamitha ayi-300-1,000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. m., lapho kufudumele khona ama-degree amaningi kunasendaweni esezansi yasogwini (iSalomonsen, 1950). Ngalo lonke ubusika, amachibi we-tundra agcinwa ngamaqembu amancane wezinyoni ezi-5-9, ngababili futhi ngawodwa, ngaphandle kokwenza amaqembu amakhulu. Njengoba zisatshalaliswe endaweni enkulu, ngakho-ke zidinga okokulondolozwa okuncane kakhulu endaweni ngayinye kunezindawo ezimhlophe, futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu izinsiza ezidingwayo zensimu.

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke ebusika uyefana nowamabanga amhlophe amhlophe. Maphakathi nobusika, namahora amancane wemini (Svalbard, Taimyr, Greenland), izinyoni ngokusobala zondla amahora amaningi emini. Ngokwanda kokukhanya kwemini, isikhathi sokondliwa nesikhathi sokuphumula sosuku siqala ukwanda. Izinyoni zondla ngezikhathi ezithile, zishintshana phakathi kokukhetha ukudla nokuphumula okufushane, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi sokudla sondla ngaso sonke isikhathi sihlala njalo. Isabelomali sesikhathi sansuku zonke ebusika simi ngale ndlela elandelayo: ukuphumula ebusuku egumbini elimbozwe yiqhwa 16- 17 h, ukuphumula kosuku ngo-2 - 4 h, umsebenzi wokudla (ukuhamba ngezinyawo eqhweni) 3.5-5.0 h, kundiza kungadluli imizuzu eyi-2-3. Ijubane lokuhamba eqhweni ngesikhathi sokudla aliphezulu, lisuka ku-125 liye ku-250 m / h, ngosuku inyoni idlula ifuna ukudla 600-800 m (Andreev, 1980).

Inyoni edlayo iwela emthambekeni noma eduze nomfudlana ifuna izihlahla ezincane. Ukuseshwa nokukhanywa kwengcezu eyodwa yokudla kuthatha isilinganiso esingu-1.5-2 s. Ububanzi obujwayelekile bokudubula kwezinyoni okuyi-bird goiter bungama-0.9 mm (0.5-1.3) ngesilinganiso (esomile) sesisindo esingu-7.4 mg (5.0-19.0) emadodeni kanye no-5.4 mg (4-16) kwabesifazane. Ubuningi bezicucu zamacici we-alder kukhulu kakhulu, i-78 mg (51-115), elingana ngokugcwele nesikhathi esengeziwe esichithwa ekuzitholeni. Inani elijwayelekile lamandla wakhona yi-442.9 kJ / usuku (207.7-439.6), ngenani lamandla we-excretory of 933.1 kJ / ngosuku. Uma isimo seqhwa sivumela, khona-ke emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-20 ° C, amatholethi we-tundra ahlala isikhathi sonke sokuphumula kobusuku nemini emakamelweni ambozwe yiqhwa. Ukushisa eqhweni kanye nedivayisi yekhamera enjalo kuthatha cishe ama-15 s. Ngaphansi kwegumbi kungamasentimitha angama-25- 28 ukusuka phezulu phezulu kunophahla lweqhwa 7- cm cm ubukhulu nobubanzi bekamelo cishe ngo-16 cm (Andreev, 1980).

Imininingwane yempilo yasebusika yezinyoni eFranz Josef Land ayaziwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi bandize baye eSpitsbergen ngesikhathi esimnyama kakhulu, ngoba akukaze kuhlangane lapha phakathi kuka-Okthoba 23 noFebhuwari 12. ESvalbard, lapho izimo zasebusika zibuthakathaka ngandlela thile, amabanga amatafula aqongelela inani elikhulu lamafutha ngoNovemba, aze afike ku-280- 300 g ngesisindo somzimba esifinyelela kwabangu-900 emadodeni nakuma-850 kwabesifazane (Johnsen, 1941, Mortensen et al., 1982). Le ndawo yokugcina amafutha idliwa ngokuphelele yintwasahlobo, idliwa ikakhulukazi phakathi namasonto okuqala ama-4 wobusuku obunamakhaza, lapho amahora emini (ekhanyisa ngaphezulu kwe-2 lux) ahlala cishe amahora angama-2. Amaphethelo weTundra avame ukondla ngohlobo lwe-tundra kuma-reindeer digger, kufaka phakathi iSvalbard .

Ukubukeka

Ngaphansi kwesigaxa esimhlophe. Ubude bomzimba cishe ngo-35 cm, isisindo esingu-430-880 g.

I-Partridge tundra, kanye ne-partridge emhlophe, ibonakala yi-dimorphism yesizini.

I-plumage yasebusika imhlophe, ngaphandle kwezimpaphe zomsila ongaphandle, zimnyama, futhi imicu emnyama ngaphansi komlomo wesilisa (yingakho elinye igama - chernouska).

Amapayipi ehlobo owesilisa nowesifazane, ngaphandle kwezimpaphe ezimhlophe, ahlanganiswa ngemisipha - nsundu ngombala omnyama namachashazi amnyama nemishayo, izinyoni ezimboza kahle phansi. Kodwa-ke, umbala wengubo yasehlobo uyahluka futhi uhlala uhambisana nombala wamatshe lapho inyoni ihlala khona.

Abantu noPtarmigan

Inyama yale nyoni imnandi kakhulu, kepha inani lentengiso lincane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi yi-tundra partridge eshiwoyo (ngaphansi kwegama iLat.peregrina lagois, okuyi-trapeze-iphepha elivela esiGrekini sakudala) eHorace ku-satire II.2 njengesibonelo esibonisa kakhulu sokudla okucwengiwe okungenangqondo.

I-grouse partridge iyinyoni esemthethweni (uphawu) yensimu yaseCanada eNunavut. Kuhlonipha amachwane ale nyoni, kuqalwa indawo yenkukhu ese-Alaska e-USA. EJapan, "kuyisikhumbuzo semvelo" (into evikelwe) futhi kukhethwe njengophawu lwenyoni lwezifunda ezintathu - uGifu, Nagano kanye noToyama. Ezintabeni zaseHonshu, ibizwa nge-raicho (雷鳥) isiko:Thunderbird). Ngokwenganekwane, kuvikela abantu kanye nemizi yabo emlilweni nokuduma kwezulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Hlela okufika kuma-subspecies angama-32 we-ptarmigan:

• ILagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, 1882
• I-Lagopus mutus barguzinensis
• Umphathi we-Lagopus mutus J. L. Peters, 1934
• I-Lagopus mutus carpathicus
• I-Lagopus mutus egumbinilaini A. H. Clark, ngo-1907
• I-Lagopus mutus dixoni Grinnell, ngo-1909
• I-Lagopus mutus evermanni Elliot, 1896
• I-Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Murie, ngo-1944
• I-Lagopus mutus helveticus (Thienemann, 1829)
• I-Lagopus mutus hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845
• I-Lagopus mutus Islandorum (Faber, 1822)
• ILagopus mutus japonicus A. H. Clark, ngo-1907
• I-Lagopus mutus kelloggae
• I-Lagopus mutus komensis
• I-Lagopus mutus krascheninnikowi
• I-Lagopus mutus kurilensis Kuroda, 1924
• I-Lagopus mutus macrorhynchus
• I-Lagopus mutus millaisi Hartert, 1923
• I-Lagopus mutus mutus (Montin, 1781)
• I-Lagopus mutus nadezdae Serebrovski, 1926
• I-Lagopus mutus nelsoni Stejneger, 1884
• I-Lagopus mutus pleskei Serebrovski, 1926
• I-Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921
• I-Lagopus mutus reinhardi Stejneger, 1884
• I-Lagopus mutus ridgwayi Stejneger, 1884 - Commander
• I-Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin, 1789)
• I-Lagopus mutus sanfordi bent, 1912
• I-Lagopus mutus saturatus Salomonsen, 1950
• ILagopus mutus townendi Elliot, 1896
• I-Lagopus mutus transbaicalicus
• I-Lagopus mutus welchi Brewster, 1885
• I-Lagopus mutus yunaskensis Gabrielson & Lincoln, 1951

U-Commander Tundra Partridge (Lagopus mutus ridgwayi) Kubhalwe kuhlu "Russian lwezinto zezwe lomhlaba ezidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile esimweni sabo semvelo."

I-Partridge (i-Lagopus lagopus)

Ukubukeka Ebusika, umbala weplamu ucishe waba mhlophe ngokuphelele, kuphela umsila umnyama. Entwasahlobo, owesilisa nowesifazane bahluke komunye nomunye: owesilisa ubamhlophe ngokwebala, intamo nekhanda kukhona nsundu-ukugqwala, insikazi ihlala imhlophe ngokuphelele. Ehlobo, zombili zibomvu ngombala onsundu, kuvela iphethini eguqukayo, isisu nezimpiko zimhlophe, amashiya abomvu. Ebusika, izihlakala ziba cishe mhlophe.

Indlela yokuphila. I-partridge emhlophe ihlalwa yi-taiga, ama-steppes, izindawo eziphakemeyo, ama-tundra kanye namahlathi-tundra. Iphila impilo yokungahlali ndawonye noma yokuhlala phansi. Kugcwele. Ngokuthola izidleke, ukhetha amachibi ambozwe nge-moss enezikhala ze-birch, izingxenye ezintabeni ze-tundra noma amathafa anezihlahla.

Isidleke esisesimweni somgodi ongashoni sihlala phansi, sikhethe indawo eyomile kunazo zonke futhi siyifihle emithini. Umqondo wenziwa kusukela maphakathi no-Meyi, ufaka phakathi kwamaqanda ayi-6 kuye kwayi-12, ama-palegated, onephunga elibomvu nezindawo eziningi ezinsundu. Insikazi ihlala esidlekeni ngokuqinile, ingavumela ukuthi isondele kakhulu, bese iqala "ukuhola", kanti owesilisa uyohlala ekhona.

Izwi lakhe lifana nokukhala okukhulu, okubukhali, nokucishe ukuhleka - "kerr .. er-errrrr ...", elandelwa ngokushesha yi- "kibeu ... kibeu" ethule. I-parridge ichitha cishe sonke isikhathi emhlabathini, ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela indiza isihlahla. Ebusika, uchitha ubusuku bakhe angcwatshwe iqhwa ngokuphelele. Uyakwazi ukundiza, ngokushesha, nokuvunguza kwamaphiko, kwesinye isikhathi ahlela.

Emhlabeni kukhuphuka ngomsindo omkhulu. Imfoloji isebenzisa amahlumela amasha ezitshalo, amaqabunga, amahlamvu, amajikijolo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinambuzane. Luhlobo lokuthengisa lwezinyoni oluyigugu.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Umehluko oyinhloko ovela kwi-ptarmigan ebusika ukuthi akukho ntambo emnyama emehlweni, futhi ehlobo kukhona ukucwazimula kwemibala ebomvu kwiplamu. Noma kunjalo, izinsikazi azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa kude.

Isikwele senkukhu. Umndeni womndeni. Gogo.

LIFESTYLE

Ama-Tundra partridges ayizinyoni ezizodwa. Kuwo wonke unyaka, baphila ngokuhlukile, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalela. Amadolobho ahlala emthambekeni owomile, onamadwala wezintaba eziphakeme, imvamisa ngenhla komngcele wehlathi, lapho kukhula khona kuphela izitshalo ezinwabuzelayo eziphansi. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ngotshani nama-lichens, kanti izihlahlana ezimbadlayo kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala emifantwini yamatshe. Ebusika, ama-tundra partridges ehlela ezindaweni eziphansi, lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ezijwayelekile, nezihlahlana eziphakeme kakhulu kangangokuba izihloko zazo zikhuphuka ngaphezu kweqhwa, kuphakathi kwazo lapho kufihlwa imigwaqo yama-tundra. Amanxiwa emigwaqo yama-tundra ahlala eScotland enza ukuzulazula okuma ngezinyawo kusuka eziqongweni zezintaba kuya emasimini e-heather. Izindawo zokuhlala zasehlobo nezindawo zokuhlala zasebusika zezinyoni zivame ukutholakala kude nenye nenye. Imvamisa, insikazi ifudukela emithambekeni yelanga efudumele, kuyilapho abesilisa behlala ezintabeni eziphakeme, lapho kubanda kakhulu khona. Ebusika, ama-tundra wedorobha ahlala ubusuku endaweni yokukhosela emadwaleni noma emfuleni eqhweni, ebeka amakhanda awo kuphela ebusweni.

Ukusikisela

Ngo-Ephreli, amabanga asemafudukayo asuka kumasayithi obusika aye ezindaweni zokudlela, ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Abesilisa bafika kuqala ukuze bathathe amasayithi ahamba phambili. Bakhetha izindawo lapho kukhona idome. Ihleli ebhulokini, iduna libona izimbangi nezintokazi. Iposi elibukwayo ngenkathi izindiza zamanje ziyindawo ukusuka lapho inyoni ingena emoyeni. Isikhathi esithile, owesilisa undizela phezulu komhlaba, bese ukhuphuka ngamandla, ulenga emoyeni isikhashana, bese ushona phansi - zonke lezi zenzo zowesilisa wamanje zihambisana nokumemeza. Ibona umuntu ancintisana naye, iduna liyahamba, lenze umsindo onjengokudubula. Njengoba eselule umsila wakhe, ukhombisa ngenkani umphikisi wakhe “amashiya abomvu” futhi aqonde ngapha nangapha, bezama ukungamvumeli ukuthi aye ecebeni lakhe.
Abesilisa, bancintisana, bashaya umphikisi ngamaphiko nangomlomo. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi yakhela isidleke. Isidleke singumgodi omncane oboshwe ngotshani namahlumela. E-clutch kukhona amaqanda asukela kwayi-6 kuye kwayi-13. Insikazi iqala ukufakwa kuphela emva kokubeka iqanda lokugcina. Owesifazane oyedwa ufaka amaqanda. Owesilisa, kakhulu, ugada isiza. Insikazi kuyaqabukela indiza isidlekeni futhi idle okuncane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-18-20, amaphuphu aqanduselwa emaqanda. Abazali babayisa endaweni engaphansi, lapho bevikeleke kakhudlwana. Imvamisa, ama-brood ambalwa ahlanganiswa abe ngumhlambi owodwa omkhulu. Amachwane we-Partridge akhula ngokushesha.

IZIVIVINYO EZIJWAYELEKILE

Owesilisa uvikela inzalo ngokungenankathalo. Imvamisa isebenzisa inqubo esongela impilo - lapho kuvela inyamazane, isabalalela emhlabathini futhi iyisondeze, bese igxuma ngokungazwakali ekhala kakhulu ekhanda lesitha, ngenkathi isishaya amaphiko. Ngenkathi umhlaseli efika emqondweni, amaphuphu ayakwazi ukucasha, kanti nabazali bezithelo ezincane bandizela kude.

Umdabu wangempela ohlala e-Arctic. I-sedentary ihlala ngisho naseziqhingini ezingama-polar ze-Arctic Ocean. Ubude bale nyoni bufika ku-33 cm, bunokwakha okuqinile. Entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa bakhipha ukukhala okungajwayelekile. Kukhona amaqanda ayi-12 nohhafu ku-clutch. Bobabili abazali bashayela amachwane - okuyindlela engajwayelekile yamalungu alo mndeni. Zidla ngezinso, amaqabunga kanye namajikijolo.

Amaqiniso ATHANDAYO, UKWAZI.

• Ubusika obuneqhwa buyabulala kulezi zinyoni, ngakho-ke umbuso obusika onamaqhwa ulawula inani labantu abasemakhazeni e-tundra.
• Lapho sebekhulume izindaba zokuthi amachwane e-tundra partridge afunda ukundiza lapho izinhlayiya zamaqanda zisalondolozwe kuzo. Eqinisweni, kusuka kude, izimpaphe ezimhlophe ziyavela emaphethelweni ezinhlayiya zamaqanda.
• Ingozi enkulu emaphethelweni ahlala eScotland yenziwa ngabashushi - izinyoni ezethuswe yizo ziwela ezintanjeni zezintambo zamandla anamandla aphezulu bese zifa.

IZIPHUMA ZESIFUNDO SE TUNDRA SHOULDER

Indiza: entwasahlobo, owesilisa wenza indiza yamanje - indiza ivele ibheke phezulu, bese ikhuphuka i-10-15 m phezulu, ilenga emoyeni.

Amapula ehlobo: ngombala obomvana ngemivimbo emnyama eshintshashintshayo, umbala womzimba ongenhla ufaka inyoni phansi, umzimba ophansi uhlala umhlophe.

Amaqanda: kunalokho kunkulu, kuphuzi okuphuzi okunamabala amakhulu amnyama.

I-plumage yasebusika: mhlophe, kuphela umngcele womsila uhlala umnyama. Owesilisa une-tulo elimnyama kusukela esweni kuya kuqhwaku. Izimpaphe ezincane ezinombala omhlophe zivikela izinyoni emakhazeni futhi zisebenza njengesiqalo esihle kakhulu.

Amaphawundi: ezinkulu. Ebusika, zimbozwa izimpaphe ezinhlafunweni. Lokhu kusiza inyoni ukuthi ihambe eqhweni.

- Ububanzi be-tundra partridge
LAPHO UKUPHILA

I-Alaska, enyakatho yeCanada, i-Iceland, iScandinavia Peninsula, iziqhingi zaseSvalbard, enyakatho yeSiberia kuya kuLwandle iBering, iziqhingi zasenyakatho nephakathi neKuril Islands, Japan (Honshu Island), Scotland, Pyrenees kanye ne-Alps.

UKUVIKELA NOKUVIKELA

I-Partridge tundra ehlala ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, ngakho-ke ayidingi ukuvikelwa okukhethekile. Liningi impela ezintabeni ze-Alps, kepha ukungalingani kwabantu lapha kuphansi impela.

01.06.2017

IPartridge ptarmigan (lat. Lagopus mutus) ingemndeni wakwaFasanov (lat. Phasianidae). Le nyoni iguqulwa ukuze ikwazi ukuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zebhande elingaphansi. AmaJapan akholelwa ukuthi ayakwazi ukudala ukuduma, ngakho-ke ayihlonipha ngenhlonipho enkulu futhi awenze wuphawu lwezindawo ezisetshenziswa eGifu, Nagano naseToyama esesiqhingini saseHonshu.

Ku-cuisine yase-Icelandic, inyoni enhle ithatha indawo ekhethekile yokuhlonishwa. Abadli bendawo yamaViking asethusa bathanda ukudla inyama yakhe ebabayo ngamaholide. Ngo-2003, uhulumeni wase-Iceland wakuvimbela ukuzingela ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani labantu. Ukuvinjwa kwavusa intukuthelo yabakhethiweyo.

Yakhanselwa iminyaka embalwa ngemuva kokuthola ukuthobeka okwakulungele wonke umuntu. Manje ama-Iceland anelungelo lokudubula umdlalo wawo awuthandayo kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuya ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, kodwa kusuka kuLwesihlanu kuya ngeSonto.

Umsoco

Ebusika, lokhu kudla kuqukethe amaqabunga nezinhlamvu zezitshalo, ezingatholakala ngaphansi kokhanya beqhwa. Ngokuyisisekelo yi-shiksha (Empetrum) ne-calcium elele (i-Kalmia procumbres). Iqhaza elibalulekile ezondlweni lidlalwa ne-polar willow (Salix polaris) ne-birch emfushane (iBetula nana).

Enyakatho yeYurophu, izinyoni zidla amahlumela ama-blueberry ajwayelekile (i-Vaccinium uliginosum), naseScotland heather (Calluna vulgaris) kanye ne-saxifrage (Saxifraga).

Ehlobo, lokhu kudla kuyahlukahluka nganoma iyiphi imbewu etholakalayo, amajikijolo, amaqabunga nezimbali. Ukudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane akukho ngokuphelele kuyo. Ngisho nam amaphuphu athambekele ekulandeleni ukudla okuqinile kwemifino.

Ubusika

Ubuhlakani kanye namakhono wobunjiniyela kusiza izinyoni zikwazi ukusinda ebusika obunzima. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, babutha imihlambi, inani labo lingadlula abantu abangama-300. Ukusinda ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu kusakazelwa usesho oluhlanganyelwe lokudla nokufudumala okuhlangene.

Ngesikhathi sokudla, imihlambi ivame ukuwela ngamaqembu amancane. Ngayinye yazo ithatha insimu enkulu, ekhulisa amathuba wokondla ngaphambi kokuqala kwentwasahlobo.

Izinyoni ziyacasha kumakhaza emagumbini eqhwa esivame ukwakhelwa phakathi kwezihlahlana. Phansi phansi kwawo kungu 25-25 cm ukusuka ebusweni beqhwa. Ukuze kwakhiwe indawo yokukhosela enjalo, abakhi abanekhono badinga nje imizuzwana eyi-15-20.

Ukuzala

I-Partridge tundra ithanda minyaka yonke ukudala imindeni eyindida. Owesilisa uthola indawo efanele ukuzala, insikazi yakhela isidleke kuyo futhi ikhombise inzalo. Okuhlukile yizifunda zaseNyakatho Ekude, lapho inani labesifazane lihlala likhulu. Izidleke zesifazane ezimbili noma ezintathu esigabeni esisodwa ngasikhathi sinye.

Noma kunjalo, ikhanda labesifazane linaka kuphela okukhethiwe, futhi livame ukuzizwa linganakwa ngokuphelele abanye. Ngenxa yalokhu, zivame ukuhlala zingafundile futhi zisuke ziye ku-monogamous, zenze ukuhlangana kwazo okungashadile.

Isizini yokuzalela iqala ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni. Kusihlwa noma ebusuku, abesilisa phambi kwabesifazane baqala ukusebenza. Sebelule umsila, baqonda ngqo amaphiko bawahlisela phansi. Abanye babo bakhipha ama-troll aqotho, abanye buthule belindele ukusabela okuhle kwabamele abobulili obuhlukile.

Isidleke ukucindezelwa okuncane phakathi kwamatshe noma izihlahlana, okufakwe ngotshani kanye nefluff, noma kuvame ukumbozwa nje ngento yokuqala yokwakha yezitshalo efika.

E-clutch kukhona amaqanda amathathu ansundu noma akhanyayo ansundu anemibala emnyama. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuncike esimweni sezulu nasendaweni. Enyakatho, kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-21, kanti eningizimu izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ezinde.

Iqhude alibambi iqhaza ekufukelweni. Ugibela itshe, igquma noma isihlahla esiseduze futhi ahlelele okubonakalayo lapho, lapho aqapha khona amehlo kuyo yonke into eyenzekayo nxazonke. Lapho umgadli esondela, ngokushesha ugijimela ebusheni futhi, esebenzisa umzuzu wokumangala, uzama ukufaka owephula umngcele ukuba abaleke.

Obaba abaningi ngemuva kokuvela kwamantshontsho balahlekelwe yintshisekelo yemisebenzi enjalo futhi benomqondo wokufeza, baya e-molt. Kepha bakhona abahlala bethembekile emisebenzini yabazali futhi baqhubeke nokuvikela inzalo yabo.

Amachwane aqhekekile, njengoba omile ngaphandle, ashiya isidleke ahambe nonina ukuyofuna imali. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili sebeyazi ukuthi bangandiza kanjani amabanga amafushane. Bazimela ngokuphelele ezinyangeni ezingama-2,5, kuyilapho abameleli bezabantu basenyakatho bekhula ngokushesha kunabalingani babo baseningizimu. Bajwayela ukuya ocansini beneminyaka eyodwa.

Ukufuduka

Lezi zimo aziphinyiswa kangako kunakwigatsha elimhlophe, kepha kwezinye i-arctic tundra isilinganiso sokunyakaza kwesizini kwesinye isikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu. Endaweni yeLake Taimyr, izindiza ezinkulu zasekwindla zenzeka phakathi kukaSepthemba 18 no-Okthoba 4, kodwa emva kwazo inani elincane lezinyoni lisasala ebusika. Lapho indiza ihamba eThaimyr Lake, imihlambi yamamngcele ikhuphukela phezulu emoyeni. Ukunyakaza kwentwasahlobo kuya enyakatho akusheshi futhi isikhathi eside.

Kwi-tundra esenyakatho ekude yeTaimyr neGydan, i-tundra ivela ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba ilanga liqale ukubonakala ngaphezulu kwezulu, phakathi kukaFebhuwari 5 no-25 (Sdobnikov, 1957). Izindiza ezindala kakhulu e-USSR akunakwenzeka ukuthi zidlule ku-500 km. Ikakhulu, izinyoni ezivela eGydan tundra eceleni kwesigodi somfula. UTaz ufinyelela e-Arctic Circle. Zonke iziqhingi eziphakathi nendawo eziphakathi nendawo zihlala ngokuqinile. Esiqhingini esisePolar Basin, amachweba ahamba ngendiza ebusika (eCanada Arctic Archipelago), noma enze ukunyakaza okukhulu esiqhingini esifanayo (iGreenland), noma i-archipelagos (Spitsbergen). Ngasogwini lwaseGreenland, endiza aze afike ku-1 000 km noma ngaphezulu (iSalomonsen, 1950).

Habitat

Izindawo ezihlala kakhulu ehlobo ziyindawo enamadwala evulekile ama-tundra, acishe abe ne-shrubbery, ene-mosaic enotshani noma yesembozo se-mossy. Zikhetha izindawo ezifanayo ezintabeni, lapho zigcinwe khona ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezwe kanye ne-alpine futhi zishintshana ngokubekwa ngamatshe amakhulu, izikebhe namadwala. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ngisho nasezindaweni ezineqhwa ehlobo kulele, kunyamalale ngo-Agasti kuphela. Umbala weplamu wehlobo we-tundra uvumelana ngokuphelele nombala ompunga wamatshe ambozwe amabala we-lichen. Eziqhingini eziningi zolwandle (Kuril, Commander, Aleutian) nazo zitholakala ezindaweni ezinomswakama onotshani obuluhlaza obunothile namabhishi, kepha zithanda ukuhlala esidongeni esinamatshe amile wamagquma amnene.

Ama-shrubbery aminyene ne-hummocky moss tundra, ithandwa kangaka yi-white partridge ne-tundra, anqandwe ngokunqobayo, futhi kuma-Alps aseJapan lapho ngezikhathi ezithile enza isidleke emahlathini amade akhula ngaphansi komsedari. Ebusika, kukhona ushintsho olukhulu lwendawo yokuhlala, oluhambisana kwezinye izindawo ngezindiza zangempela. Kepha ezindaweni eziningi zokufuduka kwesizini ezahlukahlukene azihlukile ngezinga elikhulu. Ukukhethwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ebusika kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko ngokuba khona kokudla - kungaba ngamakhambi ahlukahlukene ezindaweni ezivezwe yiqhwa (lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukushaya"), noma izitshalo ezihlume ngesihlahla ehlathini-tundra noma ngaphansi kwe-subalpine zone.

Ubuningi besilisa

Iduna linamapayipi amhlophe qhwa ebusika. Kuphela izimpaphe zomsila zihlala zimnyama (ngaphandle kombhangqwana ophakathi nendawo), kanye nomucu kusuka ekhoneni lomlomo kuya emehlweni, uqhwaku uqobo kanye nezihlakala. Entwasahlobo, emuva kwekhanda nentamo, izimpaphe ezimhlophe zithathelwa indawo nge-brown-brown, bese imicu emnyama iba icishe ingabonakali. Ikhanda elinamahlombe nalo limbozwe ngokusakazeka kwezimpaphe ezinsundu nezinsundu.

Imibala yokugqoka okuphuma ehlobo kwabesilisa ibonakala ngokuphelele eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, cishe izinyoni zimboza izimpaphe ezimibalabala zinsundu-onsundu, onsundu kanye nezinsundu. Emhlane, iphethini yemivimbo eshintshashintshayo ibonakala kahle. Impaphe ebusika obumhlophe ibonakala kuphela esiswini.

Izingubo zesifazane

Izingubo zasebusika zimhlophe. Okuhlukile kunabesifazane kuphela abahlala eGreenland naseSvalbard. Babugcina umucu omnyama ukusuka koqhwaku beya ezingonweni zamehlo. Izimpaphe zasehlobo zinombala omuhle kakhulu. Umhlane ikakhulukazi umnyama, futhi umngcele wempaphe ngamunye umhlophe.

Amabhendi apical apendwe ngesihlabathi ophuzi. Amaphethini anemizambo emincane ashiwo ikakhulukazi esifundeni se-lumbar, entanyeni nasendaweni ye-epigastric. Ngezansi komzimba kulula ngenxa yemingcele emhlophe ebanzi nemivimbo ephuzi ephuzi.

Ingxenye emnyama kakhulu yomzimba yi-goiter. Ngisho kumbala wehlobo, izinsikazi zigcina izimpaphe ezimhlophe zobusika esiswini nasemilenzeni. Isambatho sokuqothuka sinamandla amakhulu. Siqukethe izimpaphe zasebusika, ehlobo nasekwindla. Izimpaphe ze-Autumn zifakwa ikakhulukazi emuva, esifubeni nasentanyeni. Alula kakhulu kunalawo asehlobo, anemichilo ekhanyayo ebabazekayo ka-brown noma ushokolethi onsundu.

I-plumage of mummy young

Ingubo yokuqala yasekwindla yezilwane ezisencane inombala omuhle kakhulu. Isifuba nentambo ephansi kuphuzi, futhi isisu cishe simhlophe ngokuphelele. Ingxenye engezansi yesifuba nezinhlangothi zigcwele izimpaphe zekwindla. Cishe zonke izimpaphe zinephethini eliphuzi eliphuzi ngemuva kwempunga noma nge-taupe. Entanyeni nasezinhlangothini zentamo, izimpaphe zihlotshiswe ngokusakazeka kwezindawo ezimhlophe no-ukhilimu. Umbala wesifuba esingaphezulu nomhlane ongemuva uyefana nasentanyeni.

Izinyoni ezincane zinezinhlobo ezimbili zokufihla imisila ephezulu:

1. Esokuqala - grey, esine-undusion encane ephuzi eliphuzi.
2. Eyesibili ihlukaniswa ngemibala ebanzi onsundu, mpunga neyimnyama kanye nemithende emincane nebphuzi elimhlophe.

Ezimpaphe ezikhula kuqala, iphethini iqinile. Kamuva leyo inemingcele yombala ethambile. Izimpiko zidwetshwe grey nge-infusion encane nomngcele omhlophe. Izimpaphe zangaphakathi ezifihlekile eziphakathi nendawo zivame ukuba nemivimbo ephuzi nengwephuzi emnyama ngemuva ngemuva.

Amaqiniso angajwayelekile empilweni yamakhekhe

Kunamaqiniso ambalwa ajabulisayo empilweni yama-tundra partridges. Owokuqala wabo, ngama-paws abo aqinile, izinyoni ziyakwazi ukwephula iqhwa elijulile impela lapho zifuna ukudla. Bathanda ukucinga imbewu nezimpande ezindaweni zeqhwa elincane, kodwa uma kunesidingo bangakwazi ukubhekana nekhava yeqhwa engu-30- 40.

Lapho kuvela isitha, abafuni ukundiza. Izinyoni ziyaqina. Lesi simo sinegama lesayensi - i-dyskinesia. Ukusabela okuzivikelayo ezimweni eziningi kusindisa impilo yabo.

Incazelo ilula: ebusika, inyoni efile kunzima ukuyihlukanisa iqhwa. Umbala omhlophe uhlangana nengaphezulu.

Ukushisa komzimba okujwayelekile kwezinyoni kungu-45 ° C, okungaweli ngaphansi kwalezinkomba ngisho nakumaqhwa anamandla kakhulu. Inkukhu inenqwaba yezakhamzimba ebusika. Inothile nge-iron ne-amino acid ezuzisayo.

Inombolo

Awuphakama kangako njengamamabhuloho amhlophe (Ithebula 9), anezinyoni ezingama-60-80 ngamahektha ayi-1 000 entwasahlobo nama-80-120 ezindaweni ezijwayelekile. Kukholelwa ukuthi ubuningi balezi zinhlobo buyaguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kweminyaka eyi-10, kepha kusenemininingwane enganele kule ndaba (Jenkins, Watson, 1970, Gudmundsson, 1972, Weeden, Theberge, 1972).

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha

Uhlobo lomsebenzi wansuku zonke luyafana ncamashi nolwezinhlobo zangaphambilini, kepha ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa bageleza ngamandla aphansi okuphawuleka. Amadolobho weTundra ayizinyoni ezifuyayo, kepha ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile (ukuhamba kwesizini eTaimyr, eGreenland) azikaze zakhe imihlambi emikhulu enjengemigwaqo emhlophe. Ekwindla nasebusika, izinyoni zigcina ngamaqembu amancane, futhi ngambili ngababili eningizimu yebanga, ehlobo abesilisa bakha amaqembu ahlukile ezinyoni ezincibilikayo, kanti izintokazi ezinama-broods zigcinwa zodwa, yize ekugcineni kwehlobo amazinyane amaningana angahlanganiswa abe ngumhlambi owodwa.

Imvamisa zilala phansi noma eqhweni - egumbini elingaphezulu noma eqhweni.

Izitha, izici ezingezinhle

Izitha ze-tundra partridge zonke ezinye izitha ezinkulu, ama-skuas kanye namaqhubu amakhulu. Umonakalo omkhulu wabantu abaningi ubangelwa izimpungushe ze-Arctic, noma kungekho datha ngqo kulokhu. Ngokuvamile, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yobuncane besibalo sabantu esiphansi kunaleso seqoqwana, ukulimala okuvela kwabazingeli kuncane kakhulu.

Phakathi kwezinto ezimbi, umthelela wobusika obukhulu obunamakhaza eqhwa amaningi nokubuya kwehlobo (uSemenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959) waphawulwa, yize isembozo seqhwa esiphakeme esisekelweni saseKolyma sasingathinti isibalo sezinyoni (Andreev, 1980).

Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa

Njengoba isatshalaliswa kabanzi futhi ngokulingana ngokulinganayo ezindaweni zokuphila ezinzima kakhulu nezimpofu enyakatho ye-Holarctic, lolu hlobo luyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yasenyakatho njengomthombo wokudla kwabaningi bezinyamazane. Phakathi kokugcina kukhona nezinye izinhlobo ezingandile, ezinamaqabunga ezinjenge-gyrfalcon, futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso njengephiko le-Arctic.

Njengento yokuzingela nokuzingela, i-tundra partridge ingaphansi kakhulu kokumhlophe, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokungabikho kwamaqembu amakhulu nendawo yokuhlala ebusika ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kubantu. Ebangeni eliningi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe, izinhlobo zilondolozela inani lazo elijwayelekile, kepha ezindaweni ezihlalwa ngabantu, zichithwa ngokushesha. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthembeka okuhlala emqondweni kanye nokungabikhona kwesaba komuntu kuyenza ithembise ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezingamazinga omuntu ofundile wesimanje.