Kulesi sithombe, umdwebi u-Andrei Atuchin waveza i-ichthyornis - izinyoni zakudala zikaThimesson zihlala ogwini lolwandle, ezathatha indawo yesifunda seVolga yanamuhla ngekhulu leCenomanian lesikhathi seCretaceous (100-94 million million edlule). Lokhu kwakhiwa kususelwa ekutholakaleni okusha obekulindelekile okwenziwe muva nje yiqembu lezazi ze-paleontologists ezivela eMoscow, eSt. Petersburg naseSaratov. Isiqephu se-tibia esitholakala esifundeni seSaratov saphenduka kwaba ukutholwa kokuqala kwe-ichthyornis eRussia, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, okuwukuphela komuntu owatholakala kulo lonke i-Old World.
I-Fragmentary tibia ye-ichthyornis evela kuVolga Cretaceous kusuka kuma-engele ahlukene: A - ukubuka okwalandela B - cranial C - medial D - i-caudal, E - proximal F - i-distal. Izithombe ezivela kwinqaku elabhalwa nguN. V. Zelenkov et al., 2017. Inyoni efana ne-Ichthyornis efana ne-Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) yokuqala yase-Russia yase-Europe
Le ngxenye ebukeka ingenamathambo engamasentimitha angaba isigamu esisodwa nesigamu ingumfanekiso omuhle kakhulu wokuthi yini abacwaningi ngezinto zokuvela kwezinyoni abavame ukusebenzisana nayo. Ngenhlanhla, uma kwenzeka kunezinyoni, izingcezu ezitholakele zingaba yinzuzo enkulu: ukuzivumelanisa nezindiza kubeka imingcele eminingi ekwakhiweni kwezinyoni futhi, ikakhulukazi, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuhlukahluka. Kungakho, kusuka ezingxenyeni zamathambo omlenze wangemuva, kuvame ukwenzeka ukunquma ngokunemba ezinhlotsheni okwakungokwalabo noma lesi siqeshana. Le tibia yatholakala ifana neye-ichthyornis.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesizinda samathambo e-ichthyornis kusukela ngesikhathi sikaDarwin. Ukuthathwa encwadini uW. J. Miller, 1922. Geology. Isayensi yokuqothuka komhlaba
Ama-Ichthyornis angamachaphaza akudala ngempela, atholakala emuva ngekhulu le-19 eNyakatho Melika. Ukubaluleka komlando kwe-ichthyornis kukhulu - uDarwin uqobo wathinteka kakhulu ngokutholwa kwezinyoni ze-toothy futhi wabhalela ozakwabo ukuthi lokhu yikho okwamenza waqiniseka ngaphezu kwakho konke ukunemba kombono wakhe wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kwakuyizinyoni ze-toothy North American (futhi hhayi i-archeopteryx nhlobo) ukuthi uDarwin abheka izinhlobo zangempela zokushintsha phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinyoni zesimanje. Kusukela lapho, i-ichthyornis itholakale ngamanani abalulekile e-United States, eCanada naseMexico, kepha ayikaze ibe khona eMhlabeni Omdala. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amanye amathambo avela eCentral Asia naseMongolia angawalabo abangama-ichthyornis, kepha akukho kulokhu okutholakele okuqinisekisiwe.
Ukutholwa okusha okuhlukile okuvela kwaSaratov kuvela ezimeni zekhulu lama-Cenomanian lesikhathi se-Cretaceous - ukutholakala kwakudala kwe-ichthyornis eNyakatho Melika kususela ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungekudala ngemuva kokuvela kwabo, i-ichthyornis yayisakazeke kakhulu eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izihlobo zakudala kakhulu ze-ichthyornis nazo zatholakala ku-Old World (eChina), okusho ukuthi lezi zinyoni kungenzeka ukuthi zazivela endaweni ethile osebeni lolwandle lwasendulo lwe-Eurasia.
Ama-Ichthyornis ayizihlobo eziseduze zezinyoni zesimanje. Sekukonke, babenomzimba ofana nowezinyoni eziphilayo, futhi ngokubukeka okujwayelekile, ukwahlulela ngokulingana, babukeka njengamakhaza. Siyazi ukuthi bakhula ngokushesha, njengabaningi bezinyoni zesimanje, futhi bafinyelela usayizi womzimba wabantu abadala emavikini ambalwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwephiko kusikisela ukuthi indiza kahle, futhi ukwakheka kwengalo yangemuva kukhipha izakhamuzi zasemanzini kuzo. Njengokwezinyoni zasolwandle zesimanjemanje, ama-ichthyornises ayenezindlala ezikhulayo zomlomo ezazisusa usawoti omningi emzimbeni. Ngokubambisana, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-ichthyornis inganqoba izithiyo ezinkulu zamanzi, futhi lokhu kuchaza ukwenzeka kwabo okubanzi kumaCretaceous.
Omunye umehluko omncane phakathi kwe-ichthyornis nezinyoni zesimanje amazinyo - uphawu lwakudala olwahlasela uDarwin. Ukuba khona kwamazinyo ezinyoni zakudala kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokwakheka okungaphelelanga kwezigebenga zazo. Izinyoni zesimanje zigaxela inyamazane yomibili imihlathi efana ne-tweezers - okungukuthi, umhlathi ophansi ocindezelweni entweni yokudla kusuka ngaphansi, nemishini ephezulu evela kuyo ngaphezulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-kinetism yesigaxa - ukuhamba okukhona emathanjeni okuhlobene, okuvumela izinyoni ukuthi zigcine ngempumelelo ukudla emiholweni yazo. Kwi-ichthyornis yakudala, i-kinetism, ngokusobala, ayikhulelwanga kahle, futhi ukuze kugcinwe ngempumelelo inyamazane badinga amazinyo amane awathola kokhokho babo.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kobuso bomhlaba enkathini yeCenomanian. Izithombe ezisuka kumbhalo K. J. Lacovara et al., 2003. I-Ten Ten Islands Coast of Florida: i-analog yesimanjemanje yamandla angenamandla aphansi olwandle lweCretaceous epeiric sea
Ikhulu le-Cenomanian lesikhathi seCretaceous, lapho amaSaratov aqala khona, limelela isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-biota yomhlaba. Kwakuyinkathi yomsebenzi obalulekile we-tectonic nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lolwandle. Ekupheleni kweCenomanian, izinga lolwandle lalingamamitha angama-300 ukuphakama kunanamuhla, futhi izindawo ezinkulu zamazwekazi zazimbozwe olwandle olungashonile. Kuleli khulu leminyaka, kwenziwa kabusha kabusha kwemvelo yasolwandle ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuholele ekushintsheni kokukhiqizwa kwezilwandle. Lokhu kulungiswa kabusha bekuhambisana nokuqothuka okubonakalayo kwamanye amaqembu ezilwane kanye nokuvela kwamaqembu amasha.
Ngakho-ke, eCenomanian, ukwahlukahluka kwabazingeli bezinhlanzi ze-ichthyosaur kuncishiswe kakhulu, kepha kwavela ama-mosasaurs - ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle ezazibusa olwandle ezindaweni zokugcina zesikhathi se-Mesozoic. Kucatshangwa ukuthi eCenomanian umphakathi wezinhlanzi ushintshe kakhulu futhi sekuqhamuke izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi ze-bony - abamele abaphambili bezilwane zanamuhla zezinhlanzi. KuseCenomanian lapho kuvela khona izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezidla izinhlanzi zasolwandle - nezihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zezinyoni zesimanje. Ngeshwa, awekho amaminerali amaningi kangaka amaCenomanian emhlabeni jikelele, futhi cishe asazi lutho ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni zale nkathi ebaluleke kakhulu. Kungakho noma yikuphi okutholwe yizinyoni zaseCenomanian, noma ezihlukaniswe kakhulu, zibaluleke kakhulu ngokwesayensi. Kuyamangaza ukuthi inyoni eyodwa yaseCenomanian yachazwa ngaphambilini - Cerebavis cenomanicaetholakala eRussia, eduze kakhulu nendawo lapho i-ichthyornis entsha ivela khona. UCerebavis uye wachazwa ngokuthi “ubuchopho bezinto eziphilayo” - ngempela ukutholakala okungaphakathi kwekhanda lenyoni iMesozoic. Ababhali bencazelo, bekholelwa ukuthi basebenzisana nobuchopho, baphinde bakhe kabusha izinto eziningi eziyinqayizivele ezazingafani nezinyoni, kepha imvamisa kuyo yonke imilenze emine. Lokhu bekubavumele ukuba bafinyelele eziphethweni mayelana nokungajwayelekile kwe-neuro-specialization yomnikazi wale ngqondo, engacishe ifane nhlobo nezinyoni zesimanje.
Enye into etholakele ephezulu yamaCenomanian avela esifundeni seVolga ingqondo yobuchopho yenyoni eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-fossil. Izithombe ezisusela kumbhalo owenziwe ngu-E. N. Kurochkin et al., 2005. Ngobuchopho benyoni yakudala evela eCretaceous eliphezulu laseYurophu YaseYurophu
Kodwa-ke, ukucwaninga ngokucophelela kwesampula kukhombisile ukuthi i-cerebavis akuyona ubuchopho obuningi kangako njengobuncebi besikhumba ngezindawo zezicubu zobuchopho. Lokhu kucwilisa kusivumele ukuba sicabange kabusha izici eziphawuliwe. Kwacaca ukuthi phambi kwethu kwakungugebhezi lwenyoni ebukeka njengeyesimanje, enamathambo (angenawo umthungo) ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwezinyoni eziphilayo. Futhi ekwakhekeni kwezingxenye zobuchopho eziphuma ngaphansi kwamathambo we-cranial, akukho lutho oluhle kakhulu. Ngokunokwenzeka, le nsangu ingeye-ichthyornis efanayo, isicucu sethambo lomlenze osutholakala endaweni eseduze.
Ukubukeka kwe-Ichthyornis
I-Ichthyornis, ngokungafani nezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu ne-archeopteryx ne-diatrim, isivele ibukeka njengenyoni. Uvele aswele inani elikhulu lama-vertebrae esifundeni se-caudal, futhi amaphiko aphulukene nokushaya kwawo. Futhi, ukwakheka kwamathambo esifundeni se-thoracic, kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi i-ichthyornis yayivele inento efana ne-keel, futhi amathambo ngokwawo asevele enezimbobo ezivulekile ezigcwele nomoya, okubenza babe lula futhi kube lula ukuhamba emoyeni. Kwakungenxa yale neoplasm - i-keel - ukuthi izicubu ze-pectoral ezazilawula amaphiko ngesikhathi sendiza zazinamathiselwe.
Ngokuqondene nosayizi, i-ichthyornis yasendulo yayingubungako bejuba, futhi lokhu akukho ngaphezu kwama-35 cm, kepha ukuphakama kwawo kungafinyelela kuma-60 cm ukuphakama.
Ichthyornis, noma inhlanzi yezinhlanzi
Ifana kakhulu nezinyoni zasolwandle zesimanjemanje, isalondoloze isici esisodwa esivelele kokhokho bezilwane ezihuquzelayo - ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lamazinyo abukhali, okusho ukuthi, ngaphandle kwazo zonke izinguquko, ichthyornis isalokhu ingumhlaseli. Kepha amazinyo akhe ngamunye wayengekho ku-groove ejwayelekile efana neyezihlobo, kodwa yayivele inayo i-alveoli ehlukile.
Indlela yokuphila yase-Ichthyornis
Abaphenyi baphakamisa ukuthi ngenxa yokufana okuqinile ne-tern yesimanje, i-ichthyornis yayiphila impilo efanayo.
Ngenxa yokubukeka kwephiko le-keel namaphiko akhule kahle, i-ichthyornis yandiza kahle. Ngasikhathi sinye, isisekelo sokudla kwalaba bantu abahlukumezayo kwakuyizinhlanzi kuphela. Futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iningi laseNyakatho Melika yanamuhla lalimbozwe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamachibi, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ichthyornis ayintanga ukudla.
Ngenxa yokuthi amazinyo abukhali e-ichthyornis akhula emuva, wayekwazi ukubamba izinhlanzi ezishelelayo kalula ngisho nalapho indiza.
Lezi zinyoni zakudala zazikwazi ukundiza futhi zibhukude ngaphansi kwamanzi
Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi lezi zinyoni zasendulo bezihlangana emihlambini emikhulu, efana nalokho okwenziwa olwandle lwase-Arctic nase-Antarctic namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko omncane ngosayizi wezinto ezitholakele ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo zibonisa ukuthi izinyoni zezinhlanzi zazine-dimorphism yezocansi, okungukuthi, izinsikazi zazinkulu kunezabesilisa, noma okuphambene nalokho.
Futhi ama-paws aqinile ayebavumela ukuba babhukuda kahle
Ekupheleni kweCretaceous, inyoni ye-toothy ichthyornis isifile ngokuphelele emhlabeni wethu. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nesikhathi sokuphilwa kwayo, izinhlobo ezimbili zohlobo oluthile zikwazile ukwakha i-ichthyorniformes order, eyayifaka izinhlobo eziyi-9 zalezi zinyoni zasendulo.
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Bona ukuthi ichthyornis ikuphi kwezinye izichazamazwi:
IHTIORNIS - inyoni engapheli. Ubukhulu bejuba. U-Ichthyornis wayehlala esikhathini seCretaceous eNyakatho. Melika. Ukushayelwa kahle ... I-Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ichthyornis - ibizo, inani lamagama afanayo: 1 • inyoni (723) I-ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. I-Trishin. 2013 ... Isichazamazwi
ichthyornis - (ichthyos. I-Grn Ornis bird) inyoni yesikhathi seCretaceous (bheka iMesozoic), eyaqanjwa ngenxa yokufana kwe-biconcave vertebrae ne-fish ones, yatholakala kuSev. Melika. Isichazamazwi esisha samagama aphesheya. ngo-EdwART ,, 2009. Ichthyornis A., M., Odush. (... Isichazamazwi samagama angaphandle olimi lwaseRussia
IHTIORNIS - inyoni engapheli. Ubukhulu bejuba. Wayehlala enkathini yeCretaceous eNyakatho. Melika. Windiza kahle ... isayensi yemvelo. Isichazamazwi i-Encyclopedic
ichthyornis - Ihti Ornis, kanye ... Isichazamazwi SesiRussia
ichthyornis - (2 m), ubuningi ichthio / rnis, R. ichthio / rnis ... Isichazamazwi sokupelwa kolimi lwesiRussia
ichthyornis - (gr. Ichtyos, omis bird) ukusondeza. inyoni iyamangala kusukela kosuku lonke eKansas, GARDEN ... isichazamazwi sesiMacedonia
Ichthyorniform -? † Ichthyorniform ... Wikipedia
Amazinyo - Ukwakheka kwamathambo okutholakala emgodleni womlomo kubantu nasezinyamazaneni eziningi zezilwane (kwezinye izinhlanzi nako umphimbo), kwenziwa imisebenzi yokuthumba, ukugcina ukudla, ukuhlafuna umakhenikha ... I-Great Soviet Encyclopedia
IZIMBALI - (I-Aves) yisigaba se-vertebrate esihlanganisa izilwane ezihluke kuzo zonke ezinye izilwane lapho kukhona isembozo sentshebe. Izinyoni zisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, zihlukahlukene kakhulu, ziningi futhi zitholakala kalula ukubonwa. Lezi ... ... IColfer Encyclopedia
Okushiwo igama ichthyornis. Kuyini ichthyornis?
IHTIORNIS inyoni engapheli. Ubukhulu bejuba. U-Ichthyornis wayehlala esikhathini seCretaceous eNyakatho. Melika. Windiza kahle.
Isichazamazwi Great Greatedic
I-Ichthyornithes (Ichthyornithes), isibhakabhaka esidlulile sezinyoni zabalandeli. Ubumbano I-Order - Ichthyornithiformes (Ichthyornithiformes). Indawo ohlelweni ayiqinisekile. Ziyaziwa kusuka e-Upper Cretaceous (Kansas, Texas naseWyoming, e-USA, eRussia - Uzbekistan).
Ichthyornits (Ichthyornithes), iqembu lezinyoni zezinkukhu ezingapheli. Bebejwayelekile kumaCretaceous. 2 genera, eyaziwa kusuka eNyakatho Melika. Ukuphakama komzimba kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-1. Ngokungafani nezinyoni ezazihlala eCenozoic, mina ngangine-biconcave vertebrae ...
Ichthyorniformes (lat. Ichthyornithiformes evela kwamanye amaGreek ἰχθύς (ichthys) - "inhlanzi" + ὄρνις (ornis) - "bird bird") - isithako sezinyoni ezonakalisiwe zabalandeli, okuwukuphela kokulandelana kwe-ichthyornis (Ichthyornithes).