Ngaphandle, iqabunga lamaqabunga libukeka njengesele. I-amphibian inomzimba omude, omnyama onobude obungu-2 kuya ku-5,5 cm, ophenduka ngokushelela ekubeni yinhloko ebanzi, eyisicaba. Izingalo zesibindi zithuthukisiwe kakhulu kunangaphambili, kanti enye yeminwe yinde.

Njengawo wonke ama-amphibians ahola indlela yokuphila esekwe ezweni, amaqabunga awanalo ulwelwesi phakathi kweminwe, kodwa iminwe ifakwa kuhlobo loswidi, olimbozwe nge-epithelium enamazinyo nezibotshana zezinzwa eziningi ze-mucous ezithambisa imfihlo yokunamathela. Lesi sakhiwo semilenze sivumela izilwane ukuba zihambe kalula kumagatsha namaqabunga ezihlahla.

Amehlo kaListolase makhulu futhi aqhakazile, kanti i-iris imnyama ngombala noma imnyama.

Isikhumba sabagibeli bamaqabunga abushelelezi futhi mncane kakhulu, sinombala wokuxwayisa okhanyayo wezinhlanganisela ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala, okubonisa ukuthi izinyamazane ezidlayo zinento enobuthi. Ngakho-ke, abagibeli bamaqabunga cishe azikho izitha zemvelo: isilwane esesiphile ngemuva kokuzama ukudla inyamazane ekhanyayo sizodlula la ma-amphibians impilo yaso yonke.

• Umgibeli onamaqabunga egolide(lat.Phyllobates aurotaenia) iba negama layo ngenxa yemigqa emide yegolide, i-orange noma eluhlaza okotshani, edlula emuva emnyama jet. Emilenzeni wangemuva we-amphibian, iziqaqa eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza okotshani, obomvu noma okwegolide ziyahluka ngokusobala. Ingaphezulu lesisu linsundu linamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza. Isikhumba emhlane sinendawo ebunjiwe kancane, esiswini nasemilenzeni isikhumba sibushelelezi. Iinzwane zokuqala zinde kuneyesibili. Ama-discs eminwe angobubanzi obuphakathi. Amazinyo mancane futhi atholakala kumathambo we-maxillary and intermaxillary. Ubukhulu beziduna ezindala azidluli ku-3,2 cm, izinsikazi ze-leafolase zikhulu kancane futhi zikhula zifinyelele ku-3,5 cm. Izinhlobo ezi-2 zalawa ma-amphibians zihlukaniswa - ezokuqala zincanyana ngemivimbo emincane, ezinye zinkulu ngemivimbo ebanzi emuva. Abagibela amaqabunga anamaqabunga agolide bahlala kuphela eColombia, futhi bakhetha ukuhlala bobabili emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo atholakala ezindaweni eziphansi futhi ezindaweni ezinamahlathi asentshonalanga ne-Eastern Cordilleras, endaweni ephakeme ngokungaphezu kwe-1 km. Isimo sokuvikeleka - eduze nasengozini.

• I-colorolase enemibala emibili (i-lat. Phyllobates bicolor) uthathwa njengomunye omkhulu hhayi kuphela kuhlobo, kodwa futhi emndenini: izinsikazi zikhula zibe ngu-5-5,5 cm ubude (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, 3.6-4.3 cm), abesilisa bafinyelela ubude obuyi-4,5-5 cm (ngokusho kweminye imithombo ngu-3.2-4 cm). Isikhumba esibushelelezi seqabunga elinobuthi sinombala ophuzi noma owolintshi, kanti izimbambo (izingalo ezingaphambili nemilenze ephansi) zingaba ne-tint emnyama noma eblue. Kwezinye izikhathi zingamabala aphuzi noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isisu singaba mnyama noma sibe ne-orange yegolide noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Indawo emnyama kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emqaleni. Amazinyo amancane e-listolaz akhula emathanjeni maxillary nase-intermaxillary. Umunwe wokuqala mude kunowesibili, kuthi lapho utholakala kalula unwetshwe. Umuntu oyedwa weqabunga elinemibala emibili liqukethe ama-micrograms ayi-150 ubuthi, ongaphansi kobuthi kuphela esihlotsheni esiseduze kakhulu - i-leafolase esesabekayo. Inani elinjalo lobuthi liyakwazi ukubulala umuntu omdala. Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi yizilwane ezihlala zodwa, yize kwesinye isikhathi ungahlangana neqembu lonke labagibela amaqabunga anemibala emibili. Abuye aqoqane ngamaqembu ngesikhathi semvula, okuyisikhathi sawo sokuvuthwa. Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo idlula emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezisenyakatho nentshonalanga yeSouth America, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga zeColombia. Isimo sokuvikeleka - eduze nasengozini.

• Umgibeli weLeaf Strike(lat.Phyllobates vittatus) - ummeleli onemibala ethandeka kakhulu yohlobo: ingxenye yangemuva, ekhanda nezingalo zezilwane imvamisa imnyama, futhi kwabanye abantu, umucu ophuzi odlulayo uphuma unqenqema. Isikhumba emhlane, isisu kanye nengaphakathi lamathanga sinamafutha amaningi. Amazinyo amancane akhula emathanjeni maxillary and intermaxillary. Kuzo zombili izinhlaka zesizalo, kusukela ebunzini kuya kwesisekelo sethanga, kukhona umucu obanzi ogqamile obomvu-owolintshi, wegolide noma owolintshi. Imicu emhlophe ibaleka esweni, eceleni komlomo kuya ehlombe. Ingaphandle lemilenze limbozwe ngenethi eliminyene leluhlaza okotshani obuluhlaza, kanti ingaphakathi lezinyawo lihlotshiswe ngephethini yemabula eyenziwe ngamabala amhlophe noma aluhlaza kakhulu. Imigqa emhlophe noma ekhanyayo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihamba emaceleni eqabunga leqabunga elinezintambo. Iinzwane zokuqala zinde kuneyesibili. Lezi zinto ezikhuphuka ngamaqabunga zingenye yezincane kunazo zonke emndenini: izinsikazi zikhula zibe ngu-3.1 cm ubude, abesilisa bancinyane ngisho, ubukhulu bawo abudluli ku-2.6 cm. Abagibela amaqabunga anamagquma bahlala emahlathini eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCosta Rica, endaweni eyi-bay. IGolfo Dulce, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-550 ngaphezu kolwandle. By the way, lolu hlobo lwabagawuli bamaqabunga lungelokuba sengozini.
• Ukukhwela iqabunga elihle(lat. Phyllobates lugubris). Kubo bonke abameleli bohlobo, laba bantu abenyuka ngamaqabunga yilona elincane futhi elincane kakhulu kunobuthi: umuntu oyedwa omdala ukhiqiza ama-micrograms ayi-0.8 kuphela, okungenzeka ukuthi yikho okubangele leli gama langempela. Ubude bomzimba besifazane abadala beqabunga leqabunga bungamamitha angama-2,4 kuphela, ubukhulu besilisa bufika ku-2.1 cm. Umunwe wokuqala wama-amphibians ubude kunowesibili, futhi emadodeni amabala amnyama angenasici akhiwa endaweni engaphakathi yesithupha. Ikhanda leqabunga libanzi kunesifuba, futhi ingaphambili labesilisa livame ukuthuthukiswa. Ingxenye engezansi yemilenze nesisu yambozwa ngesikhumba esibushelelezi, kanti izingxenyeni ezingemuva nezangenhla zemilenze zihlukaniswa ngesakhiwo segranular. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda esimnyama esimnyama, imivimbo ekhanyayo edlula ezinhlangothini zomzimba ivele ngokusobala; umbala wayo ungaba ophuzi, owolintshi ugcwele, ufudu nomagolide. Izinyawo zomuntu okhuphuka ngamaqabunga ezihlotshiswe ngemivimbo emile mpo ngokugquma okuboniswe ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Kusuka emaphethelweni we-muzhile we-amphibian, umucu omfushane we-turquoise noma omhlophe uqala, ophakama futhi udlule phakathi kwamehlo nomlomo ophezulu. Lesi sihlahla esihle sokwehla kwamaqabunga sihlala ePanama, Nicaragua naseCosta Rica, sitholakala emahlathini anezindawo eziphansi eduze nemifula nomhlaba wezolimo, ongaphakeme ngamamitha ayi-650 ngaphezu kolwandle. Isimo esivikelekile - esidala ukukhathazeka okuncane.

• I-Horrible Leaf Climber(lat.Phyllobatesi-terribilis) - Lesi yi-amphibian enobuthi kunazo zonke zohlu lwe-genol listolazov. Isilwane esidala sikhiqiza cishe ama-micrograms angama-500 ubuthi obulalayo, yize ubukhulu bawo buthobekile impela: izinsikazi nezinsikazi zikhula zibe ngu-4,7 cm no-4,5 cm ngokulandelana. Abasha bahlukaniswa umbala ophuzi okhanyayo, izinhlangothi zabo zimnyama, kanti imicu emnyama idlula emuva. Njengoba isilwane sikhula, amathoni amnyama ayanyamalala, futhi i-amphibian ithola umbala okhanyayo kakhulu, ophuzi-owolintshi ophethe i-sheen ecwazimulayo. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kweqabalo elibi lamagqabha lilinganiselwe endaweni encane eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeColombia, lapho ama-amphibians ehlala khona emihlathini engezansi yamahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ukukhuphuka kwamaqabunga okwesabekayo kuyizinhlobo ezisengozini futhi kubhalwe ku-International Red Book.

Ukuziphatha Nempilo

Lamaxoxo angomphakathi ngokweqile. Bahlala ngamaqembu lapho kusuka kubantu abane kuya kwabayi-7. Ekuthunjweni, futhi, hlanganani ngamaqembu. Ngokuphathelene nomunye nomunye, ulaka aluvamile. Amalungu aleli qembu angenazo ubuthi bawo. Ukuxhumana usebenzisa imisindo nokunyakaza. Esikhathini sokukhwelana, abesilisa baba nolaka, futhi izinsikazi zihlale zizolile. Bangabazali abanakekelayo futhi bahambisa ama-tadpoles baye emizimbeni yamanzi. Lapho, lokhu kudla kokugcina ku-algae kanye nezibungu zomiyane. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwe-metamorphosis, bajoyina iqembu labazali.

Umthombo omkhulu wokudla okunempilo yizintuthwane, amasimu, amabhungane, imikhaza nazo zidliwe. I-listolaz esabekayo ibhekwa njengeyingozi kakhulu. Ngeke akwazi ukudla ngaphandle kwezinsuku ezingaphezu kwezine, uyafa yindlala. Ekuthunjweni, wondla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, ngenkathi edla inani elikhulu kakhulu lokudla, elidlula usayizi walo.

Abamele lezinhlobo babhekwa njengabahlakaniphile. Ekuthunjweni, babona ubuso babantu ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa okuxhumana. Ekuzingeleni kuphumelela kakhulu. Babamba inyamazane ngezilimi ezinde ezinamathele. Ngasikhathi sinye, ulimi luphuma luphuma emlonyeni waso ngokushesha kangangokuba yonke imivimbo iphelela ekubambeni inyamazane. Lokhu kukhombisa ukulungiswa okuphezulu kombono. Ngasikhathi sinye, zinombala omnyama nomhlophe.

Ukuzala

Owesifazane, okukhombisa ukuthi utholakala ebheke kowesilisa, amgobise nge-paw, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukhwela phezu kwakhe. Insimu yokuhlanganisa, insikazi ibekela amaqanda enhlabathini emanzi noma emacembe emithi yamaqabunga ezitshalo, le nqubo ithatha cishe isigamu sehora. Insikazi iyahamba isuka emaqandeni, kuthi owesilisa afake umquba. E-clutch kungenzeka kube namaqanda ayi-10-20. Uma amasele edla kabi, khona-ke isibalo samaqanda sehla saba izingcezu ezi-5-6. Owesifazane akanandaba nezingane, isibopho siba semahlombe enduna.

Owesilisa ngezikhathi ezithile uqoqa amanzi echibini futhi afudumeze umquba. Kodwa, uma ungafafazi i-terrarium, lokhu kuswakama ngeke kwenele, futhi i-caviar izokoma. Abanye abesilisa bajikijela ukwenziwa komzimba.

Ukuthuthukiswa kweCaviar kuthatha cishe amaviki ama-2. Izidladla ezibunjiwe ezingamamilimitha ayi-12 ubude, zigibela ngemuva kukababa. Ukusuka kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, impilo yowesilisa iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kufanele acwile emanzini futhi ayisebenzise ngaphambili ukuze izingane zibe nomswakama owenele, yize ezikhathini ezijwayelekile la maxoxo angavamile ukungena emanzini. Uma izingane zingathokozi ngokuthile, ngokwesibonelo, ukweqa kukababa, bese zimphonsa emhlane ngemisila. Abesilisa bavame ukubekezelela ukuhlukunyezwa okunjalo izinsuku ezingama-2-3, kepha ezimweni ezingandile, izinsuku ezingama-8. Ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa uphonsa izimbiza echibini, futhi kusukela kulowo mzuzu ususa lonke igunya.

Ama-watpoles angatshalwa ku-terrarium ejwayelekile nabantu abadala, ngoba awathinti izilwane ezincane. Ama-watpoles nawo awadli. Ama-watpoles angahanjiswa nganoma yikuphi ukudla. Inketho enhle ukuphaka okusanhlamvu. Kuma-tadpoles ama-3-4, ucezu lokudla olulingana nohlamvu lwemali olungamaphawundi alanele. Emazingeni okugcina e-metamorphosis, kuvela ama-4 tarsi kuma-tadpoles. Esigabeni sokugcina, abadli. Ngokwesilinganiso esanele sokuphakelwa, ama-tadpoles akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngenyanga ubude bomzimba wabo banda ngezikhathi ezi-2.

Ngokuqukethwe okuhle, abagibeli bamaqabunga abanemigqa bangaphila iminyaka eyi-10, kwesinye isikhathi bangaphila isikhathi eside.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Isithombe: I-Cliff Eagayi Eyisabekayo

Lesi sihlahla esibi esinyakazayo saze saqanjwa igama laso ngengozi - lesi sehlahlana singenye yezidalwa ezinoshevu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ubuthi bayo yi-batrachotoxin, ekhubazeka ngokushesha izitho zokuphefumula nenhliziyo. Isele lingawomndeni wamaxoxo akhuphuka amaqabunga, emndenini wamaxoxo anobuthi. Uhlobo lwabagawuli bamaqabunga laziwa ngezimpawu zalo ezinobuthi. Umuntu oyedwa oneqabunga uyakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-micrograms angama-500 ubuthi ngosuku, okuyinto eningi kakhulu, unikezwe usayizi omncane wohlobo.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Izinto eziningi ezifakwe kule tyhefu zikhiqizwa ngenxa yokudla kwala maxoxo, ngakho-ke ekudingisweni alahlekelwa ubuthi bawo.

Amaxoxo embozwe mumosa, ongangena esikhunjeni bese ubangela imiphumela emibi. Ngokuxhumana nesikhumba, ubuthi buzodala ukufa noma buvuse izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkinga nomsebenzi wohlelo lokuphefumula. Uma ingena kulwelwesi lwama-mucous, esiswini noma egazini, ubuthi buthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. Ngemuva kokuxhumana nexoxo elinjalo, okungenani geza izandla zakho. Onke amasele onhlobo unombala okhanyayo, oxwayisayo.

Ngenxa yalombala,:

• kufihlwe ehlathini elishisayo phakathi kwezitshalo eziluhlaza, izimbali nezithelo,
• baxwayisa abazingeli abakhulu abakwazi ukubulala isele ukuthi linobuthi, futhi ukufa kwalo kuzobandakanya imiphumela yokufa komphangi.

I-listolaz esabekayo ingeyomndeni wamaxoxo anobuthi. Ngokuphikisana negama, azikwazi ukuhlala ezihlahleni kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemasimini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, amadlelo nezihlahla ezitshaliwe. Amaxoxo emindeni athanda isimo sezulu esinomswakama, yize engahlali emanzini noma eduze kwemithombo emikhulu yamanzi. Ngenxa yombala ogqamile, abameli bomndeni wama-Woodpeckers abesabi izinyamazane. Ziyasebenza kuphela phakathi nosuku, futhi zilala ebusuku ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala.

Ividiyo: Umgibeli omubi wamaqabunga

Isisu nengaphakathi lama-paws we-listolaz alula kunomzimba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isithunzi sifinyelela esimhlophe. Amehlo makhulu, amnyama, atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda futhi aqiniswe kancane. Amakhala amancanyana ekugcineni kwesiqalo abonakala kahle.

Iminwe yokugibela amaqabunga amabi ayinazilonda, ezingavumeli ukukhuphuka kwamaqabunga ukubhukuda. Kepha ekugcineni komunwe ngamunye kukhona uphawu oluyindilinga - izinkomishi zokusika lapho isele lihamba khona phezulu kwendawo eqondile. Sekukonke, abagibeli bamaqabunga ababi baneminwe emide emine. Kwesinye isikhathi zimbozwa amabala amnyama noma zibe nomthunzi omnyama ngaphezu kwawo wonke umzimba womuntu.

Lapho zivelisa imisindo yeqabunga, njengamaxoxo amaningi, afaka isaka lesifuba. Esikhunjeni seqabunga leqabunga elibi, umuntu angabona ngokucacile ama-pores afihla ubuthi - yonke inkungu embozwe ngumbungu onobuthi. Ubuthi lobu abuzilimazi amaxoxo ngokwabo, kanye nabanye abantu balo mndeni nohlobo.

Bheka incazelo

Isayizi: cm 2-4.Izitho zingenamakhanda, kanti iziphelo zeminwe zinwetshwa zibe ngama-disc, adlala indebe yezinkomishi ezisiza ngokuhamba kwamahlamvu namagatsha. Anombala ogqamile, ohlukile. Abesilisa nabesifazane balingana. Ubuthi obubulalayo: Ukuthinta nje isikhumba senkungu kwanele ukuthola ubuthi obuyingozi. Izizwe zasendaweni zisebenzisa ubuthi bala maxoxo ukuthambisa imicibisholo: isele elilodwa linganele amathiphu ambalwa.

Uhlala kuphi umgibeli owesabekayo wamaqabunga?

Isithombe: Umgibeli wamaqabunga owesabekayo ezindaweni ezishisayo

Lawa amaxoxo asezindaweni ezishisayo ahlala ikakhulukazi eningizimu nasentshonalanga yeColombia. Bancamela amahlathi emvula aminyene nezimila eziningi. Zihlala emihubeni engezansi yetropiki - otshanini, izimbali, ezimpandeni zezihlahla nezitshalo.

Lawa ma-amphibians ngokuvamile abonakala kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

Umuntu okhuphuka ngamaqabunga omubi akazakheli izindawo zokukhosela unomphela - ebusuku ufuna ikhaya elisha. Imvamisa bahlala ubusuku ngaphansi kwamaqabunga aminyene, izimpande namatshe amanzi phansi, bazingcwaba emhlabathini omanzi. Zingabonakala futhi zindizela otshanini obuvuthiwe nasezintweni zemithi, zamatshe nasemhlabeni.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zamasele, abakhwela amaqabunga akuzona izilozi zamanzi, yize zidinga umswakama. Azihlali eduze kwamanzi abalekayo, zigwema imifudlana futhi, ikakhulukazi imifula. Lokhu kungavunyelwa ngosayizi wabo, ngoba noma yimuphi umsinga wamanzi ungaminza umuntu omncane kangako. Kepha abagibeli bamaqabunga badinga umswakama, ngakho bayathanda ukuhlala lapho kunomphumela wegreenhouse, kanye nokubhukuda ngamaconsi amakhulu amazolo noma imigodi yemvula.

Amaxoxo acasha ezindaweni zemvula ezishisayo ezihlahleni ezinkulu zezihlahla, acashe ngemuva kwamaqabunga amabanzi noma imifantu esegangeni lesihlahla.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Izizwe zasendaweni zisebenzisa ubuthi bexoxozi ngemicibisholo.

Abagibela amaqabunga abukekayo ziyizidalwa ezisendaweni ezikuvikela ngentshiseko imingcele kumalungu ubulili bawo. Manje usuyazi lapho ixoxo lihlala khona esibi kakhulu-umgibeli wamaqabunga. Ake sibheke ukuthi u-amphibian onobuthi udlani.

Ngabe kudlani umuntu ogibela amaqabunga amabi?

Isithombe: Ubuthi obunyakazayo obunamaqabunga

Ama-Horrible-barkers ayizidalwa ezinamandla kakhulu, yingakho i-metabolism yawo ishesha kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinsuku ezintathu zendlala, ezivame ukubonwa ngamanye amaxoxo, zingabulala i-listolaz. Zidinga njalo ukondliwa, futhi kufanele kube nokudla okugayimbayo esiswini sazo.

Ukudla kwansuku zonke kwamaqabunga akhuphukayo amaqabunga kufaka:

• izintuthwane, kufaka phakathi ezinobuthi,
• amabhungane aphakathi nendawo
• imikhaza
• izintethe
• izimpukane
• izicabucabu ezincane
• amabhu
• izinzipho
• izintwala.

Ulimi lwabagibela amaqabunga alude kangako - cishe bude bomzimba wexoxo. Bazwela ukunyakaza okuncane futhi bangabazingeli ababekezelayo kakhulu. Ukuhlala endaweni ecashile, umgibeli wamaqabunga ukhukhulula isisulu futhi amvumele ukuba asondele ngangokunokwenzeka. Ube esekhipha ulimi lwakhe olunamathele olude, abambe inyamazane futhi ayidle khona lapho. Ama-watpoles amaqabunga akhuphuka ekudleni adla ngokudla kwezitshalo kanye nemfucumfucu enempilo. Bayakwazi nokudla amaqanda amanye ama-amphibians. Umuntu okhuphuka ngamaqabunga amabi uvame ukukhanyiswa njengesilwane esifuywayo. Kulokhu, amaxoxo adliwa kabili ngosuku: ekuseni nakusihlwa, kanye ne-terrarium, izilwane kumele zitholakale ukuze umgibeli wamaqabunga angadle nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Ukudla kwabakhwela amaqabunga ekhaya ngokuvamile kufaka:

• i-colembuli (ama-arthropods amancane, avame ukusetshenziswa njengokudla),
• amagazi
• izicabucabu
• izintwala,
• abenzi bamapayipi
• izimpukane zezithelo.

Ukudla okunjalo kunciphisa ubuthi bamaxoxo, kubenze bangabi yingozi kangako ekudingisweni.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Horrible Red Book Climber

Sekukonke, umgibeli owesabekayo wamaqabunga akayona into embi kangako - abahlasela kuqala futhi banobuthi kuphela kulabo abahlasela ngamabomu. Abesifazane nabesilisa abanakho ukwahluka kobulili bangaphandle, kepha kuhlukile ekuziphatheni. Abesilisa baxabana bodwa. Umuntu ngamunye ogibela amaqabunga esilisa unesakhiwo sakhe, lapho kuhlala khona abesifazane abathathu kuya kwabayishumi. Abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane, bayabavikela ekungeneni kwamanye amaduna.

Uma kuvela enye indoda eduzane, umnikazi wesayithi uqala ukukhombisa amakhono akhe: ukhala ngokubabaza, futhi ukukhala kwakhe kubukeka njengethoni yezinyoni. Abesilisa ababili bangahlala amahora amaningi behlala bebhekene futhi bamemeze ngokubambana. Kuyaqabukela, kuza emzabalazweni - abesilisa bangaziluma omunye nomunye, baphinde bashaye nezindlebe zabo - lokhu kukhumbuza ukuxabana kwe-freestyle. Uma owesilisa engenayo ewina, ujaha umnikazi wensimu leyo bese ethatha lelo cebo kanye neqembu labesifazane.

Kwesinye isikhathi abesifazane bangaba nolaka maqondana komunye nomunye - isizathu salokhu kuziphatha asikaze sikhonjwe. Bangakwazi nokuklolodelana noma balwe, kepha imvamisa banokuthula. Izinsikazi zihambahamba ngokuzungeza indawo yeduna futhi ngaphandle kwemiphumela zingaya kwezinye izindawo kwezinye izintokazi. Yize kunendlela yokuphila yendawo, abantu bomuntu omubi kakhulu onamaqabunga bahlala ngokwehlukana. Azinendawo yokukhosela ejwayelekile, azingeli kanyekanye futhi azinabo ubuholi bendawo.

Umuntu ngamunye uchitha usuku lonke ekuzingeleni - alinda izinambuzane lapho kuqashwa. Ebusuku, baya ezindlini zokukhosela - lokhu kungalungisiswa iqiniso lokuthi ebusuku abadla izitha abakwazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kombala wesefo okhanyayo futhi bawudle, okuzoba yingozi kubo bobabili. Ekhaya, i-listolaz esesabekayo nayo ingaxazululwa ngamaqembu ezinsikazi eziningana noma owesilisa onabesifazane. Bazizwa bekhulu e-terrarium futhi ngokuzalanisa ngokuzithandela.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: I-Cliff Eagayi Eyisabekayo

Ukugibela amaqabunga okwesabekayo kunesistimu yokuzala engandile - kuya ngosayizi wexoxo, hhayi ngeminyaka yobudala bawo. Ukuze uqale ukukhiqiza inzalo, owesilisa kufanele afinyelele ubude okungenani obu-3, 7 cm, nowesifazane - amasentimitha angama-4. Lawa ma-amphibians anesikhathi sokuzalela esiwa ngesikhathi semvula - kwaba ngalesi sikhathi lapho amasele ehlangana khona ngamaqembu amakhulu ngaphansi kwamaqabunga namagxolo izihlahla zokucasha kumaconsi.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Iqabunga leqabunga elisabekayo lizalwa lingenabo ubuthi, futhi lapho kuphela iminyaka lithola izakhi ngokudla okwenza ukuthi kukhiqizwe ubuthi.

Owesilisa ufaka zonke izinsikazi zezinkukhu esikhathini esithile. Ukutshala kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwamaqanda, okuhlala emhlabeni omanzi ngaphansi kwamatshe noma amaqabunga. Imvamisa, izinsikazi zikhetha amaqabunga e-bromeliad yokwenza u-masonry. Akunamaqanda amaningi - izingcezu ezi-15-30 kuphela, ngakho-ke cishe bonke abantu bamaxoxo bayasinda.

Owesifazane ushiya i-clutch ngokushesha emva kokukhulelwa, eshiya owesilisa. Amawashi wesilisa ngasikhathi sinye emaphethelweni amaningana, afihla amaqanda emhlabathini oswakeme futhi avikele ekungeneni okungangena kuwo. Kwesinye isikhathi uhlanganisa namaqanda ukuze umswakama usatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo.

Ngemuva kokuvela kwemidlwane, owesilisa uyabaqoqa emhlane wakhe - bayanamathela kuyo ngosizo lwe-mucus futhi bahlale kuyo isikhashana, bondla izinto ezikhishwe isikhumba sowesilisa. Amaxoxo wesikhathi esizayo nawo adla izinsalela zamaqanda eqanda. Ngasemuva kukayise abekho kunoma iyiphi ingozi, ngakho bakulo cishe isonto.

Ama-Tadpoles angahlala emanzini, kepha lapho athambekele ekuhlaseleni adle izihlobo. Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili, baba ngamasele agcwele. Akukaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi bangaki abahamba ngamaqabunga amabi kakhulu abahlala endle, kepha ekudingisweni futhi ngokunakekelwa okufanele bahlala iminyaka eyi-10.

Izitha zemvelo zeqabunga elibi lamaqabunga

Photo: Frog owesabekayo wamaqabunga

I-listolaz esesabekayo cishe ayinazitha zemvelo. Ngenxa yombala wayo, izilwane ezidla ezinye zithanda ukudlula lolu hlanga lwe-amphibian, ngoba ngokwezinga lemvelo ziyaqonda ukuthi umbala okhanyayo uwuphawu lwengozi. Ngakho-ke, umgibeli wamaqabunga uhlala, eheha ngamabomu ukunakwa kwezinyamazane hhayi ukufihla ezindaweni ezisithekile.

Kepha kwesinye isikhathi izitha ezilandelayo zingadla isidlovane esibuhlungu esibuhlungu:

• izinyoka ezinobuthi kanye nezikhala, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Abayihlukanisi imibala, ngakho-ke bangahlasela umuntu okhuphuka ngamaqabunga ngaphandle kokuqonda umbala wokuxwayisa,
• izicabucabu ezinkulu. U-Listolazy ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane angangena kuwebhu, kusukela lapho angeke akwazi ukuphuma. Izicabucabu ezinobuthi nazo zisengozini yobuthi bezinkukhu, ngakho-ke bobabili abantu bangafa,
• izinyoni ezinobukhulu obuphakathi, ikakhulukazi ebusuku.

Imvamisa, amadlozi ahlaselwa - emifuleni nasemachibini adliwa yizinhlanzi, izinyoni eziphakathi nendawo, izibankwa, izicabucabu nezinyoka. Ngakho-ke, izimbotshana azinobuthi, zingumgqumo wabamele abaningi bezilwane ezishisayo.

Ukhuphuka kwamaqabunga amabi uhola indlela yokuphila engafihli - ngenxa yombala wayo okhanyayo ungabonakala usuka kude, ikakhulukazi uma i-amphibian ihlala ekhonkolweni lesihlahla emnyama. Uma i-leafolase ihlaselwa umhlaseli othile noma inyoni, iqala ukumemeza kakhulu. Azilokothi zibaleke futhi azifihli, kunalokho, umgibeli owesabekayo wamahlamvu ushesha usondela kumhlaseli futhi amemeze. Njengomthetho, lokhu kuziphatha kuthela izithelo - inyamazane isuswa masinyane, ngoba ukuxhumana nomuntu okhuphuka ngamaqabunga, oqhubekela phambili ngesitha ebhekise ezitheni.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: Ubuthi obunyakazayo obunamaqabunga

Abagibela amaqabunga basondele endaweni ebeka engcupheni. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu. Isibonelo - ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Izindawo zamahlathi emvula zithuthukiswa ngabantu, futhi lokhu kucekela phansi indawo yemvelo yabagibeli bamaqabunga ababi. Kanye namahlathi, izinhlobo zemvelo ezidliwa yilowo umgibela iqabunga ziyabhujiswa. Ngisho nokuzila ukudla okwenziwa izinsuku ezintathu kuyinhlekelele kulokhu i-amphibian, kepha ziya ngokuya zivame ukushiywa ngaphandle kokudla okwanele.

Futhi, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu - ukuntuleka kwemvula, ukubanda okungazelelwe nokubanda ngokungazelelwe kubi kubagibeli ababi abavame ukusetshenziswa kumazinga athile okushisa. Vele, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo - abagibeli bamaqabunga basabela ngokudabukisayo kwimfucuza yokukhiqiza.

Ukusakazeka kwezinhlobo ezinobutha njengezicabucabu, izinyoka nezibungu. Ngenxa yokuntuleka okunye kokudla okunempilo, baya ngokuya bahlasela abantu abathile abahamba ngamaqabunga amabi, okuholela ekuphazamiseni inani labantu ezinhlangothini zombili. Kukhona ukwenqatshwa kokuzala. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla nezimo zokuhlala ezingazinzile, abantu abamaqabunga abayinaki inkathi yemvula nesikhathi sokukhwelana, nakho okuthinta inani labantu.

Ukubamba abagibeli bamaqabunga njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Lokhu akulimazi isibalo sabantu, ngoba e-trearium esabekayo abagibela amaqabunga bahlala isikhathi eside futhi bazalanisa, noma kunjalo, ukuthathwa kwabantu abadala abasendle kuvame ukuholela kulaka lwabo kubantu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amasele awalungele ukuhlala ekhaya.

Gada umgibeli owesabekayo wamaqabunga

Photo: Horrible Red Book Climber

Ukhuphuka kwamaqabunga amabi, kanye namanye amasele anobuthi, kubhalwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu yamazwe omhlaba ngaphansi kwesimo sengane esisengozini.

Izindlela ezinkulu ezifaka isandla ekunciphiseni ukuqothuka kwalolu hlobo yilezi ezilandelayo:

• ukudonsa umuntu ngamunye wamaqabunga amabi wamaqabunga bese uwahambisa ezindaweni ezivikelekile,
• ukukhulisa amaqabunga amaqabunga emasimini nasezindlini nabafuyi bezinkomo ngenhloso yokukhipha abantu endle,
• Ukulawulwa okwenziwe ngesibalo kwabantu abangaphili abangasongela ukukhuphuka kwamaqabunga okubi,
• ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula noma ukucindezela ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nezinto eziyingozi zokukhula kwezilimo. Zithinta kabi isikhathi sokuphila kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, kufaka phakathi i-listolaz esesabekayo.

Azikho izindlela eziningi ezingathathwa, ngoba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu akunakwenzeka noma kunzima kakhulu ukuvimba. Ngenkathi ososayensi befunda ama-nuances okuphila la maxoxo, ngokuzayo ukuwavumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuphila. Lokhu kuzovumela ukuhambisa abagibeli ababi abangamaqabunga beya kwezinye izindawo lapho kungekho okuzobasongela.

I-Horrible Leaf Climber - isidalwa esimangazayo Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zingenye yezidalwa ezinobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni, zilungele ukuhlala ekhaya. Abagibeli bamaqabunga asekhaya bathambekele ngokuthula kubantu, futhi ngenxa yezimo zokuthunjwa, inani labo lihlala liqinile.

Ubuthi be-straz obuluhlaza

Laba abamele umndeni we-Woodpecker uqukethe ubuthi obunamandla be-alkaloid esikhunjeni sabo. Kumuntu osethweni elikhulu, kubangela ukwethuka kobuhlungu, ukuqina kanye nokukhubazeka. Ngenxa yombala wayo ogqamile, i-amphibian yexwayisa izisulu ngobukhona bokuthi ubuthi. Kepha isele alinazo izindlala ezingawukhiqiza.

Ubuthi buvela ngenxa yokudla izinhlobo ezithile zama-invertebrates futhi buthelela esikhunjeni. Hlobo luni lwezinambuzane lezi - ochwepheshe abazi. Kepha, ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni ezinobuthi ezihlala eNew Guinea zithola ubuthi be-batrachotoxin kusuka kubhungane elincane elivela emndenini wakwaMelyridae.

Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ezikhathini zamuva, i-listolaz enemichilo iye yathandwa njengesilwane esifuywayo. Njengoba besekudingisweni, laba bantu base-amphibians balahlekelwa yizinto zabo ezinobuthi, njengoba beyeka ukuzondla ngalezo zinambuzane, ngosizo lokuthi kukhiqizwa ubuthi obunjani.

Zigcinwa kuma-vivariums ezinobukhulu obuyi-100 ngamasentimitha angama-60. Kulesi sikhala, abamele izinhlobo zezilwane bazizwa bekhululekile impela. Ngokwamaqabunga abekwe ku-vivarium, amasele ahla enyuka nangaphansi ngeminwe yawo eqinile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-vivariums ngokwawo abopha ngokuphelele ukuze ama-amphibians amancane angaphumi kuwo.

Ukugibela ezinobuthi

Ezindebeni zesikhumba sale maxoxo, kukhiqizwa umiyane, oqukethe ubuthi obunamandla. Ubuthi buvikela amasele ezitheni zemvelo, amagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Ukuthi i-leafolase inobuthi, kusho umbala wabo.

Izindlala zale maxoxo ziqukethe ubuthi obufanayo obutholakala ekudleni ezikukhiqizayo - ezintuthwaneni nasezinambuzaneni. Amaxoxo ngamanani amakhulu amunca ubuthi ekudleni futhi agxila nasezindongeni. Ekuthunjweni, ubuthi babakhuphuka bamaqabunga emigqa buye balahleka, ngoba azikho izinto ezinobuthi ezanele ekudleni okudliwayo. Kungakho la maxoxo amahle elungele ukugcinwa emasimini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banesimo esihle futhi bajwayela izandla.

Ama-strake-striking amaqabunga angamaxoxo anobuthi.

Izidingo zeTerrarium zokugcina abagibela amaqabunga emigqa

Izwe lakulezi zihlahla ezinhle liwugu lwePacific eCosta Rica. Bahlala emahlathini aphansi, esihlahleni esiphansi kakhulu, cishe emhlabathini. Lamaxoxo awaphakamisi phezulu ezihlahleni. Ngakho-ke, i-terrarium ingaba ngaphansi, yanele futhi ngamasentimitha angama-30 ukuphakama. Kepha ukuze ungabi nobunzima lapho ukhetha izitshalo, khetha izindawo zokuphakama ezinamasentimitha angama-40-60. Kumabhangqwana amaningana abagibeli bamaqabunga emigwaqo, le ndawo kufanele ibe ngamasentimitha ayi-1500.

Ngaphansi kwe-terrarium kwenziwa ngengqimba yenhlabathi kakhukhunathi. Izitshalo ezingama-hydrophilous zitshalwa emhlabathini. Ama-ficuses, ama-scindapsus, ama-arrowroot amhlophe-ahlangene nokunye okufanelwe kahle lezi zinhloso. Emacembe amaqabunga ezitshalo, amaxoxo ngezinye izikhathi abeka amaqanda. Kufanele kube nepuli encane. Ama-Shelter angenziwa ngama-halves of coconuts noma kwezinye izinto ezifanele.

Ukukhanyisa kufanele kube namandla ngokwanele. I-terrarium kufanele ifafazwe ngamanzi ancitshisiwe nsuku zonke, noma ungasebenzisa umswakama okhethekile.

I-Listolazy ilungele ukugcinwa e-terrarium.

Ukugcina la maxoxo amazinga aphezulu kakhulu awudingekile, ebusuku amazinga okushisa kufanele agcinwe ngaphakathi kwama-degree angama-20- 24, kuthi phakathi nosuku - ama-26-30 degrees. Akufanele ikhuphuke ngaphezulu kwama-30 degrees, ngoba amasele angafa. Zishisa amanzi nge heater ye-aquarium, nomoya uzifudumele uphume emanzini.

Ukudla amaxoxo

Isici esibonakalayo sabagibeli bamaqabunga abanemigqa ukungathobeki kwabo ekukhetheni ukudla. Ukudla kwabo, ngaphezu kwezimpukane zezithelo zendabuko, kuqukethe amaqhude amancane, izibungu zenundu, izintwala zokhuni, umhlonyane wefulawa ne "cricket" yothuli. Izikelemu ezingama-Flour azinikezwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwesingu-1 ngeviki, ngoba lokhu kudla kunamafutha amaningi futhi kunempilo. Ngakho-ke, izibungu ziluma ngaphambi kokuzinikela kumaxoxo, ziqhekeza amakhanda azo ngama-tweezers.

Ama-strread-bark anamaqabunga angamaxoxo anombala omangalisayo.

Ehlobo, ukudliwa kwamaqabunga emigqa emigqeni kuhlukaniswa omiyane, izimpukane, amakhakhasi, izibungu zezitho zokuhlunga nezinsephe. Ama-aphid alungele ikakhulukazi ukondla izilwane ezincane.

La maxoxo awanalo ulaka ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke ku-terrarium ungaqukatha ngokuphepha iqembu eliqukethe abantu abaningana bobulili obuhlukile. Abesilisa bahlabelela kaningi. Imisindo ekhunyuliwe ayinamandla kakhulu. Abesilisa abasenonyaka owodwa manje abakwazi ukucula futhi bahlanganyele ebudaleni. Ebusuku bayancipha.

U-Listolaz - incazelo, ukwakheka, izithombe

Ngaphandle, iqabunga lamaqabunga libukeka njengesele. I-amphibian inomzimba omude, omnyama onobude obungu-2 kuya ku-5,5 cm, ophenduka ngokushelela ekubeni yinhloko ebanzi, eyisicaba. Izingalo zesibindi zithuthukisiwe kakhulu kunangaphambili, kanti enye yeminwe yinde.

Njengawo wonke ama-amphibians ahola indlela yokuphila esekwe ezweni, amaqabunga awanalo ulwelwesi phakathi kweminwe, kodwa iminwe ifakwa kuhlobo loswidi, olimbozwe nge-epithelium enamazinyo nezibotshana zezinzwa eziningi ze-mucous ezithambisa imfihlo yokunamathela. Lesi sakhiwo semilenze sivumela izilwane ukuba zihambe kalula kumagatsha namaqabunga ezihlahla.

Amehlo kaListolase makhulu futhi aqhakazile, kanti i-iris imnyama ngombala noma imnyama.

Isikhumba sabagibeli bamaqabunga abushelelezi futhi mncane kakhulu, sinombala wokuxwayisa okhanyayo wezinhlanganisela ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala, okubonisa ukuthi izinyamazane ezidlayo zinento enobuthi. Ngakho-ke, abagibeli bamaqabunga cishe azikho izitha zemvelo: isilwane esesiphile ngemuva kokuzama ukudla inyamazane ekhanyayo sizodlula la ma-amphibians impilo yaso yonke.

Ubuthi beLeafolase

Izinduna zesikhumba se-leafolase zikhiqiza ubuthi obubulalayo, obuhlukile ubuthi, i-batrachotoxin. Isibonelo, ukuqoqwa kwento emzimbeni womuntu oyedwa osabekayo weqabunga cishe kungama-500 mcg. Uhlobo lokwakheka kwalesi ubuthi emzimbeni we-amphibians alukafundwa ngokugcwele: kungenzeka ukuthi ama-amphibians bahlanganisa ubuthi ngokwabo noma ngosizo lwama-bacteriotic bacteriotic. Ngokusho kwenye, inguqulo ebonakalayo, ubuthi bungena emizimbeni yabo nohlobo oluthile lwamabhungane, ama-amphibians adla kuwo, futhi, njengoba engathinteki emiphumeleni enobuthi, aqongelela inani eliningi lobuthi, abese elusebenzisa kuphela ngenhloso yokuvikela.

IBatrachotoxin inethonya elinamandla lokukhubazeka kanye ne-cardiotoxic.Ukungena egazini ngamanxeba, ama-microcracks esikhunjeni noma ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, noma umthamo ongasho lutho wobuthi ubangela i-arrhythmia, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula kanye nemikhawulo, ngenxa yalokho ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo nokufa. I-amphibian encane kodwa ebulalayo ayikanconywa ngokwengxenye ngokwezigaba, ngoba ama-antidote e-batrachotoxin awakenziwa.

Abakwa-Listolazy bazalwa bengekho ubuthi, futhi ekuthunjweni nabo balahlekelwa yizinto zabo ezibulalayo, ngakho-ke bathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhulekeli bezilwane ezihlala kwamanye amazwe.

Kuhlala kuphi umgibeli wamaqabunga?

I-listolazy yizinhlobo ezingapheli zama-amphibians angenantambo ahlala kuphela eMelika naseMelika Ephakathi. Bahlala emazweni anjengePanama, iNicaragua, iColombia kanye neCosta Rica.

Onke amalungu ohlobo lolo ahola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke, futhi akhetha ukuhlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezikhondweni, eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi. Amaqabunga amaqabunga achitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwawo emhlabathini noma ngaphansi kwezihlahla eziphansi, azingela emini, futhi aphumule ebusuku ngaphansi kwamatshe, otshanini obuhle noma emifantu yegxolo lesihlahla, hhayi phezulu ngaphezu komhlaba.

Amaqabunga anobuthi ayizilwane ezizungeza umhlaba: owesilisa ngamunye unesakhiwo sangasese, esivikela abantu bakhe ubulili bakhe ekuhlaselweni. Ukuvela kwesincintisana kuphoqa umnikazi wale ndawo ukukhombisa izinhloso zakhe ezinjengempi, okuvame ukukhawulelwa ku-trill melodic ende, okusho ukuthi "ukukhala kwempi." Uma lokhu kungasizi, abagibeli bamaqabunga besilisa bahlala phansi bebhekene omunye nomunye bese behlabelela izingoma zabo amahora amaningi, futhi uma kwenzeka kuphela uma sebeseqala ukulwa balwa kakhulu ne-freestyle wrestling. Kepha ngehomere labesilisa besifazane abangama-3-10 lisondelana ngokuphelele, futhi ama-skirmishing phakathi kwabesifazane ancipha kakhulu.

Yini edla i-leafolaz?

U-Listolaz uyisilwane esimangazayo ngokumangazayo esine-metabolism esheshisiwe, futhi izinsuku ezingama-3-4 zendlala zisithela hhayi kuphela ukwenza buthaka umuntu odlisiwe, kodwa futhi kuholele ekufeni kwakhe. Isisekelo sokudla kwabagibeli bamaqabunga sakhiwe izinambuzane ezincane ezahlukahlukene: izintuthwane, amabhungane, imikhaza, amakhethini, izinyawo zezinyawo, izimpukane, izicabucabu eziphakathi nendawo, imichilo yegazi, izintwala zokhuni. Njengawo wonke amalungu omndeni, abakhwela amaqabunga basabela kahle ekunyakazeni futhi bathambekele esikhaleni, ngakho-ke ngobuhlakani babamba inyamazane “ngokudutshulwa” okuhloswe ngalo ngolimi olude futhi kaningi futhi bavame ukudla kakhulu phakathi nosuku. Ukudla kwama-tadpoles kuqukethe izimila ezahlukahlukene, izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo kanye namaqanda angasebenzi kwamanye ama-amphibians.

Izinhlobo zabantu abahamba ngamaqabunga, izithombe namagama

I-genus listolaz ifaka izinhlobo ezi-5 kuphela. Ngezansi incazelo yabo.

• Umgibeli onamaqabunga egolide(Phyllobates aurotaenia)

It got igama layo sibonga imivimbo emide ngombala wegolide, owolintshi noma oluhlaza okotshani, odlula jet black back. Emilenzeni wangemuva we-amphibian, iziqaqa eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza okotshani, obomvu noma okwegolide ziyahluka ngokusobala. Ingaphezulu lesisu linsundu linamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza. Isikhumba emhlane sinendawo ebunjiwe kancane, esiswini nasemilenzeni isikhumba sibushelelezi. Iinzwane zokuqala zinde kuneyesibili. Ama-discs eminwe angobubanzi obuphakathi. Amazinyo mancane futhi atholakala kumathambo we-maxillary and intermaxillary. Ubukhulu beziduna ezindala azidluli ku-3,2 cm, izinsikazi ze-leafolase zikhulu kancane futhi zikhula zifinyelele ku-3,5 cm. Izinhlobo ezi-2 zalawa ma-amphibians zihlukaniswa - ezokuqala zincanyana ngemivimbo emincane, ezinye zinkulu ngemivimbo ebanzi emuva. Abagibela amaqabunga anamaqabunga agolide bahlala kuphela eColombia, futhi bakhetha ukuhlala bobabili emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo atholakala ezindaweni eziphansi futhi ezindaweni ezinamahlathi asentshonalanga ne-Eastern Cordilleras, endaweni ephakeme ngokungaphezu kwe-1 km. Isimo sokuvikeleka - eduze nasengozini.

• Ukugibela amaqabunga anemibala emibili(I-phyllobates bicolor)

Kubhekwa njengenye enkulu hhayi kuphela kuhlobo, kodwa futhi nasemndenini: izinsikazi zikhula ngobude zize zifinyelele ku-5-5,5 cm (ngokusho kweminye imithombo 3.6-4.3 cm), abesilisa bafinyelela ubude obuyi-4,5-5 cm (ngokusho kweminye imithombo 3,2 cm cm). Isikhumba esibushelelezi seqabunga elinobuthi sinombala ophuzi noma owolintshi, kanti izimbambo (izingalo ezingaphambili nemilenze ephansi) zingaba ne-tint emnyama noma eblue. Kwezinye izikhathi zingamabala aphuzi noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isisu singaba mnyama noma sibe ne-orange yegolide noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Indawo emnyama kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emqaleni. Amazinyo amancane e-listolaz akhula emathanjeni maxillary nase-intermaxillary. Umunwe wokuqala mude kunowesibili, kuthi lapho utholakala kalula unwetshwe. Umuntu oyedwa weqabunga elinemibala emibili liqukethe ama-micrograms ayi-150 ubuthi, ongaphansi kobuthi kuphela esihlotsheni esiseduze kakhulu - i-leafolase esesabekayo. Inani elinjalo lobuthi liyakwazi ukubulala umuntu omdala. Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi yizilwane ezihlala zodwa, yize kwesinye isikhathi ungahlangana neqembu lonke labagibela amaqabunga anemibala emibili. Abuye aqoqane ngamaqembu ngesikhathi semvula, okuyisikhathi sawo sokuvuthwa. Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo idlula emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezisenyakatho nentshonalanga yeSouth America, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga zeColombia. Isimo sokuvikeleka - eduze nasengozini.

• Umgibeli weLeaf Strike(Phyllobates vittatus)

Ummeleli onemibala ethandeka kakhulu yohlobo: ingaphezulu lomhlane, ikhanda nezingalo zezilwane kuvame ukuba mnyama, futhi kwabanye abantu, umucu ophuzi ophuzi udlula eceleni kogu. Isikhumba emhlane, isisu kanye nengaphakathi lamathanga sinamafutha amaningi. Amazinyo amancane akhula emathanjeni maxillary and intermaxillary. Kuzo zombili izinhlaka zesizalo, kusukela ebunzini kuya kwesisekelo sethanga, kukhona umucu obanzi ogqamile obomvu-owolintshi, wegolide noma owolintshi. Imicu emhlophe ibaleka esweni, eceleni komlomo kuya ehlombe. Ingaphandle lemilenze limbozwe ngenethi eliminyene leluhlaza okotshani obuluhlaza, kanti ingaphakathi lezinyawo lihlotshiswe ngephethini yemabula eyenziwe ngamabala amhlophe noma aluhlaza kakhulu. Imigqa emhlophe noma ekhanyayo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihamba emaceleni eqabunga leqabunga elinezintambo. Iinzwane zokuqala zinde kuneyesibili. Lezi zinto ezikhuphuka ngamaqabunga zingenye yezincane kunazo zonke emndenini: izinsikazi zikhula zibe ngu-3.1 cm ubude, abesilisa bancinyane ngisho, ubukhulu bawo abudluli ku-2.6 cm. Abagibela amaqabunga anamagquma bahlala emahlathini eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCosta Rica, endaweni eyi-bay. IGolfo Dulce, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-550 ngaphezu kolwandle. By the way, lolu hlobo lwabagawuli bamaqabunga lungelokuba sengozini.

• Ukukhwela iqabunga elihle(Phyllobates lugubris)

Kubo bonke abameleli bohlobo, laba bantu abenyuka ngamaqabunga yilona elincane futhi elincane kakhulu kunobuthi: umuntu oyedwa omdala ukhiqiza ama-micrograms ayi-0.8 kuphela, okungenzeka ukuthi yikho okubangele leli gama langempela. Ubude bomzimba besifazane abadala beqabunga leqabunga bungamamitha angama-2,4 kuphela, ubukhulu besilisa bufika ku-2.1 cm. Umunwe wokuqala wama-amphibians ubude kunowesibili, futhi emadodeni amabala amnyama angenasici akhiwa endaweni engaphakathi yesithupha. Ikhanda leqabunga libanzi kunesifuba, futhi ingaphambili labesilisa livame ukuthuthukiswa. Ingxenye engezansi yemilenze nesisu yambozwa ngesikhumba esibushelelezi, kanti izingxenyeni ezingemuva nezangenhla zemilenze zihlukaniswa ngesakhiwo segranular. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda esimnyama esimnyama, imivimbo ekhanyayo edlula ezinhlangothini zomzimba ivele ngokusobala; umbala wayo ungaba ophuzi, owolintshi ugcwele, ufudu nomagolide. Izinyawo zomuntu okhuphuka ngamaqabunga ezihlotshiswe ngemivimbo emile mpo ngokugquma okuboniswe ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Kusuka emaphethelweni we-muzhile we-amphibian, umucu omfushane we-turquoise noma omhlophe uqala, ophakama futhi udlule phakathi kwamehlo nomlomo ophezulu. Lesi sihlahla esihle sokwehla kwamaqabunga sihlala ePanama, Nicaragua naseCosta Rica, sitholakala emahlathini anezindawo eziphansi eduze nemifula nomhlaba wezolimo, ongaphakeme ngamamitha ayi-650 ngaphezu kolwandle. Isimo esivikelekile - esidala ukukhathazeka okuncane.

• I-Horrible Leaf Climber(Phyllobatesi-terribilis)

Lesi yi-amphibian esinobuthi kunazo zonke emndenini we-listolaz. Isilwane esidala sikhiqiza cishe ama-micrograms angama-500 ubuthi obulalayo, yize ubukhulu bawo buthobekile impela: izinsikazi nezinsikazi zikhula zibe ngu-4,7 cm no-4,5 cm ngokulandelana. Abasha bahlukaniswa umbala ophuzi okhanyayo, izinhlangothi zabo zimnyama, kanti imicu emnyama idlula emuva. Njengoba isilwane sikhula, amathoni amnyama ayanyamalala, futhi i-amphibian ithola umbala okhanyayo kakhulu, ophuzi-owolintshi ophethe i-sheen ecwazimulayo. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kweqabalo elibi lamagqabha lilinganiselwe endaweni encane eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeColombia, lapho ama-amphibians ehlala khona emihlathini engezansi yamahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ukukhuphuka kwamaqabunga okwesabekayo kuyizinhlobo ezisengozini futhi kubhalwe ku-International Red Book.