UDeinonychus - idayinaso encane yokudla, ebude bomzimba wayo ingangeqi kumitha ayi-3-4, futhi iningi layo lawa emsileni, nesisindo esingu-50 kg. Lama-squat lizard angahamba ngokushesha okukhulu, ngenkathi ebeka imizimba yawo icishe ifane nomhlabathi bese esebenzisa umsila njenge-counterweight.
Usayizi omncane awuzange uvimbele i-deinonychus ekugcineni idumela lomunye wabahlaseli abayingozi kakhulu besikhathi sayo. Kulawo nalawo mlenze wesinqe kwakukhona olude (cishe 13 cm) nozipho olubukhali. Isigcilikisha sasisebenzisa ngobuciko lapho sizingela, silimaza amanxeba aso abuhlungu kuso. Iminwe eseleyo ibuye yaphela ebukhali kakhulu, kepha imfushane. Ngenxa yalesi sici, ibhungane lalibizwa ngokuthi i-deinonychus, okusho ukuthi "uzipho olusabekayo".
Imilenze yangaphambili yedayinaso yayithuthukisiwe futhi inamandla futhi ivumelekile ukugcina inyamazane ephakathi, ngenkathi i-deinonychus iliklebhula ngamazinyo namazinyo emikhonto ingemuva. Ukwakheka komhlathi kwakunika ithuba lokubamba ngokuqinile inyamazane, noma ngabe yayikhudlwana: amazinyo omhlaseli ayegobekile kancane emuva, ngakho-ke isisulu sokuqhuma sasesivele simi phezu kwawo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsalela zabantu abambalwa abasondelene komunye nomunye, ama-deinonychus azingelwa emaphaketheni noma emaqenjini amancane, ahlasela kakhulu noma izibankwakazi ezisencane, azikwazi ukunikeza amandla okumelana nezilwane ezizingelayo.
UDeinonychus
UDeinonychus - Ukuhunyushwa okungokoqobo "uzipho olusabekayo" - kubhekise eqenjini lezinyoka nezidonsa. Bahlala ngesikhathi seCretaceous yasekuqaleni kweminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyi-100 ezedlule empumalanga hemisphere endaweni yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Ubungako obunesizotha besipanela - bunesisindo esingama-80 kg, ukuphakama cishe ngamamitha ayi-1,5, ubude obungamamitha amane - awususwanga kokuzingelwayo kwesidina esidliwayo.
Ingxenye enkulu yomzimba (engaphezulu kwengxenye yobude obuphelele) yawa emsileni, ukuqina okwanele okuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwensikazi ekuhambeni futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ekulweni nezinye izilwane. Amazinyo abukhali kanye nozipho abalukhuni babe yingozi enkulu kulabo abangaba izisulu zesilo sangaphambili.
Esiqeshini ngasinye sesipele sesipikili kwakukhona uzipho olunye olukhulu futhi olugogekile ngokuqinile, olulebheka phezulu ngenkathi kugijima. Lapho ehlasela esinye isisulu se-deinonych, wemba uzipho sakhe emzimbeni wakhe ngamandla amabi. Umthelela wesigaxa uya ngokuya ukhula, ngenkathi isikhonkwane esinezimpondo zaso sibambe inyamazane, ngamazinyo abukhali sihlaba umzimba wesisulu esingavikelekile.
Ukutholakala kwamazinyo esixenga esitshekile emuva, isibambo esifile sasibambe inyamazane. Uma isisulu sizamile ukuphunyula, khona-ke amazinyo aya ngokuya emzimbeni wakhe.
Wayezingela ama-dinosaurs amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-herbivores, isibonelo, iguanoda ne-gypsilophodon. Ngemikhuba yayo yokuzingela, i-lizard carnivorous yayifana nengwe yesimanje - yayingakwazi ukuzingela izilwane ezazinkulu futhi zikhulu kunazo.
Isikhali esibulalayo
Izidlakudla yilezo zilwane ezibulala ezazo izinhlobo zokudla. Isenzo esinjalo sidinga izimfanelo ezikhethekile zokuziphatha namadivayisi angaphandle akuvumela ukuba ulandelele, ubambe inyamazane futhi uyihlasele. Phakathi kwama-dinosaurs, izilwane ezidla izinyamazane zazizingela izinyamazane - iziloba. Ama-Dinosaurs aleli qembu ahamba emilenzeni emibili, kuyilapho okwandulelayo kungancishiswa. Imilenze yangemuva, efakwe izicubu ezinamandla, yavumela izilwane ukuba zikhule ngejubane elihle. Ngokuya kwezibalo, i-tyrannosaurus - isisulu esifundwe kunazo zonke - singahamba ngejubane elingama-30 km / h, okuyisinto esiningi kakhulu esidalweni esingamathani ayi-7. Kepha, kusobala, le nkomba yehlise kakhulu ijubane lezinyamazane ezinkulu zanamuhla, ngokwesibonelo, ihlosi, kwesinye isikhathi lifinyelela ku-80 km / h. Ama-dinosaurs amancane futhi agile ngokuya ngejubane elinqobile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-kompognat engamakhilogremu amathathu (yayihlala eYurophu eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 eyedlule) ingagijima ngejubane elikhulu lama-64 km / h.
Njengoba izibonakaliso zangaphambili zama-dinosaurs ezi-carnivorous zazingasebenzi, amazinyo azo ayizikhali eziphambili zokuhlasela. Ngempela bafinyelela osayizi abesabekayo nobukhulu kwamanye ama-theropods. Isibonelo esijwayelekile umlomo we-tyrannosaurus, ofakwe ngamazinyo ayisithupha anamazinyo abukhali anamasayizi ahlukene, phakathi kwawo kuphume "amasongo" amasentimitha angama-30. Wonke amazinyo ayene-nottooth notched ngasemaphethelweni wangemuva futhi egobe emuva, okwakwenza ukuba akwazi ukubamba umuntu ohlukumezekile akuqhekeze kube yizicucu. Ososayensi bathola ukulandelwa kokulunywa yi-tyrannosaurus emathanjeni ezinye izilwane. Isibonelo, cishe amamaki angama-80 akhona emathanjeni e-pelvic e-herbivorous trizeratops, okukhombisa ngokusobala ukubulawa kwakhe. Lapho kufundwa omunye womashiqela, kutholakala izimpawu zokulunywa emathanjeni akhe, kwathi izinyo lommeli wohlobo olufanayo latholakala emgodini wesibeletho sakhe. Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi kube nokulwa phakathi kwabaphikisi abathathu? Yebo, bangashada ngenxa yokudla noma insikazi. Yize lokhu kungeke kwenzeke, ngoba kuphakamisa ubukhona bokuziphatha okuthuthukile kwezocansi, futhi ama-dinosaurs cishe akunakuba nawo. Esikhundleni salokho, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ama-ternannosaurs abenze i-cannibalism ngenkathi yokulamba.
Ama-allosaurus, ayephila ngaphambi kobushiqela, ayengadla ama-diplodocus nama-apatosaurs amakhulu. Lokhu kufakazelwa yi-apatosaurus umsila we-vertebrae otholakala esifundazweni sase-US eWyoming oneminonjana ejulile yamazinyo e-allosaurus, futhi izinyo elilodwa lamasentimitha ayi-15 we-allosaurus, njengasekuqaleni kwesibonelo, lalibambeke ngokuphelele emsileni wesitha. Ngokusobala, wayengqongqothwa empini phakathi kwama-dinosaurs.
Enye isikhali esibi sokuhlaselwa - izindlawu ezibukhali ezibunjiwe njenge-saber zavela kumadayinaso amancane angabizi ngokushesha, kodwa ngesikhathi seCretaceous (iminyaka eyi-145-65 yezigidi edlule). Ugqekembe obunjwebu crescent emaphethelweni aso wawunedayinaso encane, iBaryonyx, “uzipho olusindayo” olwaluhlala eNgilandi yanamuhla eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-130 edlule. Izindandatho emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva, eyodwa ngazinye, yayihlome ngeVelociraptor, “umzingeli onamazipho okusheshayo,” ongaphansi kwamamitha amabili ubude. Ifana naye, i-deinonychus (uDeinonychus) eyimitha-3, "ibhulukwe elibi kakhulu", inezikhafu ezintathu ezibukhali emabunzini ayo ngaphambili kanye nozipho olulodwa olunjenge-saber cm ngamasentimitha angu-13 - ngemuva. Isigaxa eside lesi besikwazi ukuhamba futhi sangemuva ngenkathi sisebenza. UDeinonychus wadla ama-dinosaurs amancane ama-herbivorous like gypsilophodones kanye ne-iguanodons, bebebamba isisulu, bagxumela kuye emuva noma babambelele eceleni kwakhe, ngokushesha behlela ukugoba kwabo okufana nesaberi esiswini sesisulu.
Imininingwane yokuthi ama-dinosaurs adla izisulu asebenzisa kanjani amazinyo nezimpelesi, kanye nohlu lwezisulu zabo ikakhulu yizimpawu ezibizwa ngama-theorytical general, kunobufakazi obunqophile obuqondile (okungukuthi, ukutholakala), futhi banokuchazwa okuhlukile. Njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukutholakala okudumile kakhulu kwamathambo amabili okugcotshwa kwezikeleza - i-protoceratops ene-herbivorous kanye ne-velociraptor edla inyama, enziwe ngonyaka we-1971 ogwadule lwaseGobi ososayensi be-Soviet-Mongolian paleontological expence. Kubukeka sengathi yonke into isobala: omabili amadina athola amakhambi asindayo empini, futhi ayengenawo amandla okuvula imihlathi yawo abaleke lapho kuqala isivunguvungu sothuli. Futhi-ke izitha zashona izingalo zabanye. Kodwa-ke, ku-paleontology iqiniso elifanayo lingahunyushwa ngokuhunyushwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. Cha, bekungekho mpi, kusho abaphikisi, kepha umfudlana wamanzi obonakalayo waxhuma lezi zilwane ezimbili ezifile wazingcwaba ziboshwe ngocansi nesihlabathi.
Ukuzijwayeza umzimba, okufana namazinyo noma uzipho, ngokuqinisekile kwakusetshenziswa njengamathuluzi ayisiqalo esinyamazane, kodwa kwatholakala ukuthi azinamandla phambi kwezilwane ezinobukhulu obuqhathanisiwe. Ukubhekana nama-dinosaurs amakhulu, nawo abelusa imihlambi, adinga amanye amaqhinga. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yokusebenza kahle, ezinye izinyamazane zingakufunda ukuzingela ngokuhlangene, njengoba kwenza amabhubesi nezimpisi. Kuliqiniso, ukuzingela ipakethe kunezinzuzo zalo nokubi: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulula ukubhekana nomuntu ohlukunyeziwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umzingeli ngamunye uthola ukudla okuncane. Kunobufakazi bokuhlaselwa kweqembu, ngisho naphakathi kwama-dinosaurs amakhulu: ngokwesibonelo, amathambo ama-mapusaurs ayisikhombisa atholakala ngenkathi kubembiwa e-Argentina. Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi la ma-dinosaurs afa ngasikhathi sinye futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ayengamalungu e-pack yokuzingela ndawonye. Ngobuchwepheshe, amaMapusaurs ambalwa athulule i-Argentina engamamitha angama-40, akukho lutho olumangalisayo. Izingcwabo ezifanayo ezihlangene zaziwa nge-coelophysis. Kukholakala ukuthi kuzingelwa ama-gigantosaurus amabili noma amathathu. Yize ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutholwa kwamathambo amaningi wezilwane ezidla zodwa ngasikhathi sinye, kuveza kuphela ukuthi lokhu kungumhlambi. Indawo ejwayelekile yokufa kwabo ingachazwa elinye iqiniso, ngokwesibonelo, izilwane eziphelelwe amandla okushisa zifika endaweni eyomile yokunisela.
Impi ye-Styracosaurus ene-Tyrannosaurus Rex
I-Red Deer River Valley, eCanada, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule
Impikiswano yokuthi ngabe umashiqela wayengumhlaseli wangempela noma udle i-carrion iyaqhubeka yini. Noma ukucabanga kokugcina kuyiqiniso, ekuphindaphindweni kwempilo yangempela, impela, kwakukhona ukulwa nabantu abalingana ngokufana. I-tannannosaurus, njengoba yayilambe kakhulu, ingahlasela inyamazane yokuqala eyaqhamuka, kufaka phakathi isilwane esigulayo, kodwa esisiqinile, esasiphambuke emhlambini. Ngasikhathi sinye, isitha bekungafanele ukuthi singavikeleki phambi kwamazinyo womhlaseli, kodwa sakwazi ukuzimela, njenge-Styracosaurus, insiza enophondo oluyimitha yobuso ebusweni bayo kanye nezikhala ezibukhali ezungeze ikhola yentamo. Ukuthi impela impi phakathi kwalezi dinosaurs ingenzeka kanjani futhi ubani owayezovela ayinqobe kuyo, umuntu angaqagela nje. Ukulunywa yiTyrannosaurus kungashiya i-lacerations enkulu emzimbeni we-styracosaurus, futhi kungancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukopha. Ngasikhathi sinye, umhlaseli wayebuye nesithende sakhe se-Achilles - isisu, esivulelwe uphondo olubukhali lwesitha.
Ubuhlakani - isikhali esikhulu somphangi
Akwanele ukuba namazinyo nezimpelesi, asadinga ukusetshenziswa ngobuciko, futhi lokhu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kobuhlakani. Ngemuva kwakho konke, indlela yokuphila yomzingeli isho isidingo sokuhamba ngenkuthalo ukuze ulandelele futhi ujahe isisulu, ukucabanga ngokuqondisa kwaso. Ngakho-ke izitho zobuhlakani nezomqondo zamadayinizi adla lubi athuthukiswa kakhulu kunalawo aholela ekubeni nokuthula. Futhi uma kukhuphuka ubuhlakani, ubukhulu bezinga lobuchopho, kanye nama-dinosaurs bekungafani nalomthetho. Izithungo zezimbambo zibonisa ukuthi ubuchopho be-theropod babumkhulu ngokusobala kunobuchopho be-sauropod - usayizi omkhulu wama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous onentamo ende kanye nekhanda elincane. UVelociraptor no-deinonychus babenobuchopho obukhulu, futhi iqhawe eliphelele kumthamo wobuchopho laliyi-Stenonichosaurus: ubuchopho bayo babukhudlwana amahlandla ayisithupha kunaleso esidalwa esidlule sanamuhla esilinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-stenichosaurus yayinamehlo amakhulu kakhulu futhi, mhlawumbe, umbono we-binocular, njengakwezinyoni nakubantu. Ngalesi hlobo lombono, lesi silwane asiboni isithombe esihlukile ngeso ngalinye, kepha indawo yokuhlangana kwezithombe ezitholwe kuwo womabili amehlo. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi athuthele ngqo enjongweni okuhlosiwe. Ngokungangabazeki, ikhono elinjalo - eliqhakambisa izilo zesikhathi leso - lasiza i-stenichiosaurus ukulandela ngempumelelo inyamazane. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buye benza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola iziphetho ezithile mayelana nezitho zokuzwela zamadayinaso asesimweni esihle. USergey Saveliev ovela ku-Institute of Human Morphology yaseRussia Academy of Medical Science kanye noVladimir Alifanov wasePaleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science wenza ama-silicone akhipha ubuchopho ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho be-tarbosaurus busebenzisa lonke ugebhezi lwayo, futhi lwayiqhathanisa nobuchopho bezinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zesimanje. Kwavela ukuthi i-tarbosaurus yayinama-bulbs amakhulu ama-olodoory, amapheshana ezolimo athuthukiswe kahle, nokuzwa okuhle. Kepha ngohlelo lokubonakalayo, konke kwavela ngokuhlukile - akuzange kuthuthukiswe kangako. Kuyavela ukuthi i-tarbosaurus ekufuneni inyamazane incike kakhulu kunephunga kunokubona. Kungani ayedinga lokhu? Okungenzeka kakhulu ukuze iphunga inyama ebolile ivela kude. Ngokunokwenzeka, i-tarbosaurus, futhi ngokufanisa nayo, ezinye izibankwakazi ezinkulu ezidla ezinye azizange ziphile impilo yokuphinga ngokuphelele - azange bakudele ukudla i-carrion. Ukusekela lesi siphetho, ososayensi futhi banaka ubukhulu obukhulu bezikhonkwane - ngokuzingela, imidondoshiya enjenge-tarbosaurus ne-tyrannosaurus ayikwazanga ukuzondla njalo, ngokunokwenzeka kwakufanele yaneliswe yilokho okuwela phansi kwezinyawo zayo. Kunohlobo lokuyekethisa okuhlukile kwesimo sokuqala: isilwane sizingela ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela ephumelelayo yezimo, ngokwesibonelo, lapho isisulu sisondelene kakhulu futhi ungagijimela kuyo ngokushesha ukuze uyibambe lapho igula futhi ingakwazi ukubalekela, noma ohlukunyezwayo iwundlu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kuxegisa, umzingeli udle ukudla okungabizi kakhulu, ukusesha okungadingi izindleko ezinkulu zamandla.
Izikhali ziqinile
Ukuphanga lapho ama-dinosaurs ezidla "emhlabathini" amazinyo awo e-dagger bekungumbono ohlukahlukene kakhulu: zonke izinhlobo zezidalwa ezi-herbivorous, kanye nalezo zilwane ezidla izinhlanzi, azizange zidelele izibankwa nama-arthropods. Okwamanje, ukwahlukaniswa kwama-dinosaurs kube ama-carnivores nama-herbivores ngokuvamile kuyimpikiswano, iningi lawo kufanele lithathwe njenge-omnivores. Umehluko phakathi kwezilwane ezisebenzayo nezidingayo ubizwa kakhulu, ngoba kwakuyizolo okwakuvame ukuba yimpango yangaphambili. AmaDinosaurs ayehola indlela yokuphila engasho lutho, okungukuthi, angazi ukuthi angagijima futhi azingele kanjani, mhlawumbe ayizidalwa ezimangalisa kakhulu ezake zaphila Emhlabeni. Abaningi babo bamane bacindezelwa ngosayizi wabo. Isibonelo, ama-sauropod amakhulu - idiplodocus, i-brachiosaurus, i-brontosaurus - ifinyelele kumamitha angama-40 ubude futhi isisindo samashumi amathani. Akulula ukubulala abanjalo, akekho noyedwa ongabulala umuntu ngaleso sikhathi ongaziqhathanisa naye ngosayizi. Kuyavela ukuthi osayizi bomzimba bama-sauropod uqobo babakhonza njengohlobo lokuvikela. Ama-Allosaurus nama-ceratosaurs, ayehlala eduzane nediplodocus, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi azingele abantu abadala bodwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi, abahlaseli balandela umhlambi balinde ukuthi umuntu omdala noma iwundlu lishaywe kulo. Kwakungenzeka ukugcwalisa idiplodocus endala noma i-brontosaurus kuphela ngemizamo yabazingeli abakhulu abaningi.
Abamele ama-dinosaurs enkukhu-amagesi - ama-stegosaurs, ama-ankylosaurs, nama-dinosaurs anezimpondo ayengemkhulu njengama-sauropods, kodwa kwangaphandle kwakuyinto engajwayelekile kakhulu. Izikhala zazo, izimpondo, ukuphuma kanye namagobolondo kwakunjengokuzivikela okunamandla. Isibonelo, ama-stegosaurs ayenepuleti lamathambo emhlane wabo lisuka ku-vertebrae. Ngemuva kwezinhlobo ezidumile kunazo zonke, i-stegosaurus uqobo, emigqeni emibili ibekwe ngokuhlukile amapuleti amathambo abukeka emangalisa kakhulu. Kodwa ingabe zazivikela emazinyweni omhlaseli? Iningi lososayensi likholelwa ukuthi amapuleti awethembekile njengendlela yokuvikela: kulula ukuwaphula futhi ashiya evulekile izinhlangothi zezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngokunokwenzeka, amapuleti akhonzela ukugcotshwa komuntu uqobo: isikhumba esamboza kungenzeka ukuthi sangena ngenethiwekhi ecebile yemithambo yegazi, eyayivumela isibungu ukuba sishise ngokushesha elangeni lasekuseni futhi siqale ukuhamba lapho izinyamazane zisalele. Kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva lubeka ukungabaza kule nguqulo: ukube bekukhona imithambo yegazi lapho, ibitholakala ngendlela yokuthi ibingakwazi ukususa ngempumelelo ukufudumala ngokweqile. Mhlawumbe amapuleti dorsal wasebenza njengezinhlobo insignia, njengombala okhanyayo wezinqwaba zezinyoni, kepha lokhu akuqinisekile ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, kungani omunye wabafokazi, “isikhumba esinameva” iKentrosaurus, etholakala e-Afrika, enamapuleti amancane futhi abukhali emhlane nesigaxa eside ezinhlangothini ohlangothini ngalunye? Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-stegosaurs ayenezipikili ezine ezinamandla emsileni, ababengazisebenzisa kahle ukuxosha ukuhlaselwa kwabazingeli.
Ama-Ankylosaurs ayegqoke izembatho zangempela zokuzivikela, njengoba ayekwazi ukufunda izindawo ezinkulu zoMhlaba wasendulo - ukusuka eNyakatho Melika kuye e-Antarctica. Imizimba yabo ibambozwe ngokuphelele ngamagobolondo kusuka kuzihlangu zamathambo ezingemuva kwendandatho, ezazihlinzeka ngokuvikela nje. Kwezinye izinhlobo, izihlangu ziyahlanjululwa, njengamafudu. Izihlangu ezisegobolondweni le-ankylosaurus (i-Ankylosaurus) zazinamachashaza abomvu nezibazi, kangangokuba isibungu sasifana neqhubu elikhulu. Ukuvikelwa okunjalo kwakuneendleko zako: izilwane ezivikelwe ngezikhali zempi bezihamba kancane futhi zihamba kancane, zihamba ngejubane elingadluli ku-3 km / h. Ingabe igobolondo lalibavikela ngokuthembekile kwizilwane ezizingelayo? Mhlawumbe yebo. I-Ankylosaurus iba sengozini kuphela uma ijika ibheke phezulu ngesisu esingenalo igobolondo. Kepha ngisho nomzingeli omkhulu wayengeke enze into enjalo naye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ankylosaurus yayikwazi ukuvikela umsila wayo ngensimbi yamathambo asindayo, ihlasela izitha ngayo ngamandla.
Uphondo ebusweni lithole izibankwakazi ze-herbivorous eqenjini lama-ceratops, izilwane ezinemilenze emine ezinekhanda elikhulu. Ngokokuqala ngqa, amathambo abo anezimpondo zamathambo ahlaba umxhwele avela ngqo kugebhezi atholakala emuva ngo-1872, futhi okwatholakala kamuva kwabonisa ukuthi ekugcineni kwenkathi yedayinaso, “izibankwa ezinezimpondo” zafinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo. AmaCeratops ayegqoka “ikhola” yamathambo e-skull ehlanganisiwe entanyeni yawo, futhi ukuphela kwesihlakala sabo kwakubukeka njengomlomo. Izinyosi zaseNyakatho Melika, amaTriceratops, zazigqoka izimpondo ezintathu: enye ekhaleni, obunjengobhejane, kanti ezimbili, imitha elilodwa ubude, zivele ngaphezulu kwamehlo. Njengokwezilwane zanamuhla ezinezimpondo (izinyamazane, obhejane), izimpondo zedayinaso zadlala indima enkulu ekukhetheni kwezocansi: onezimpondo ezengeziwe, unqoba izintokazi ezinhle kakhulu futhi uthola inzalo ethe xaxa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Triceratops angazivikela ngokuzikhandla kwizinyamazane ngezimpondo: asongele, awahlikihle, ashaye isitha esivela ngaphansi, aqhekeze isisu, okuyinto, ngendlela, sasivulekile kuma -ropods ayibhodloza. Ngokuya ngesimo, izimpondo kungenzeka futhi ukuthi zisetshenziswe njengesikhali sokuhlasela - ukucacisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimbangi zohlobo olufanayo, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi somdlalo wokumatanisa.
Ama-collars amathambo we-ceratops nawo akhonze, kungenzeka kakhulu, njengophawu lokungafani kwangaphandle, njengamapheya womsila wepigogo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisipha yokuhlafuna eqinile yemihlathi yanamathela kubo. Kodwa noma kunjalo, amabala angavikela intamo, noma kungenjalo ngokuphelele, ngoba ezinhlotsheni eziningi zedayinaso yayigcwele izimbobo. Ugebhezi lwe-torosaurus (iTorosaurus), lunikezwe ikholaji, lufinyelele kusayizi okurekhodiwe ngamamitha angama-2.6, futhi lwalunama “windows” amakhulu amaningana. Futhi kuma-styracosaurus (Styracosaurus), atholakala eCanada, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhola yayingaqinile, futhi yayihlonyiswa ngemikhumbi eyisithupha ebukhali. Ama-Paleontologists akholelwa ukuthi ukuzivikela okuhle okunjalo kusabisa izinyamazane lapho zihlangana nama-styracosaurs.
NgoNovemba 2007, abasebenza nge-paleontologists baseCanada bathola isidina esikhulu kunazo zonke esinezimpondo emhlabeni, amamitha angama-9.75 ubude, eHorseshoe Canyon esifundazweni saseCanada e-Alberta. Wakhonjwa njengokhokho wama-trizeratops futhi waqanjwa ngokuthi i-Eotriceratops xerinsularis. Ubude begebhezi le-Eotricheratops cishe amamitha amathathu, acishe afane nemoto. Amalungu okuphuma ngobunzima obukhulu amphakamisela intaba. Njengama-triceratops, ama-eoticeratops ayehlome ngezimpondo ezimbili ezingamakhompiyitha nengxenye ubude futhi uphondo oluncane lwe-pyramidal ekhaleni. Wayenekhola yothambo enezikhafu ezungeze imiphetho.
AmaDinosaurs aqothuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule, futhi indawo yazo yokuhlala kanye nezikhundla eziphezulu emhlabeni kwathathwa izilwane ezincelisayo. Kunokufana okuningi phakathi kwabo, ikakhulukazi, izilwane ezincelisayo zisebenzisa imishini efanayo yokuhlaselwa nokuzivikela njengama-dinosaurs. Amabhubesi kanye namahlosi, kanye ne-Mesozoic theropods, kuhlukaniswa ngumzimba onemisipha, amazinyo abukhali nezihlakala. Futhi ama-porcupines, ama-hedgehogs nama-armadillos athola amagobolondo nezinaliti, okungukuthi, ukuvikelwa okwenziwa njengama-stegosaurs nama-ankylosaurs. Izimpondo njengendlela yokuzivikela azilahlekanga ukufaneleka kwazo - zisetshenziswa obhejane, ama-buffalos ne-moose. Lokhu kufana kuvelaphi? Ngeke sisho ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zathola konke lokhu kusuka kuma-dinosaurs, ngoba womabili amaqembu ezilwane awahlobene ngokuqondile. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zinenye incazelo: ngezindlela eziningi, indawo efanayo, izici ezijwayelekile zesakhiwo se-anatomical, kanye nosayizi osondelene nabantu kuholele izilwane ezincelisayo ukuba zithuthukise amasu wokuziphatha afanayo nawadayinasi.
Imifanekiso ngu-Olga Orekhova-Sokolova
Uhlobo / Izinhlobo - Deinonychus antirrhopus. UDeinonychus
Ubude bamazinyo: 2 cm (ukuphakama komqhele).
Indlela yokuphila nomsuka walesi dinosaur ezixakile kuze kube muva nje bekuyimfihlo enkulu kubacwaningi. Manje, uma ubheka umthambo owakhiwe kabusha walesi dinosaur, ungaziphawula ngokushesha izici zayo ezintathu: imihlathi enamandla, izindlawu ezinkulu nobunqunu obude. Le yindlela obukeka umxhwele ngayo uDeinonychus antirrhopus.
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi abazi ukuthi ama-dinosaurs we-deinonychus asakazwa kanjani. Kukholelwa ukuthi izintokazi zazibeka amaqanda azo, ezazinakekelwa, njengezinyoni zesimanje.
Ukudla: bekungumzingeli onomdlandla, mhlawumbe futhi ondla no-carrion. Ngokunokwenzeka, wayezingela emhlambini ukuze anqobe inyamazane enkulu.
ISICELO
Umzimba we-dinosaur we-darnivorous dinosaur deinonychus wawungaphezulu kuka-3.3 m ubude, wawungaba ngu-1.5 m ukuphakama. I-deinonychus yayinkulu kunabanye abamele abomndeni we-Dromaeosaurus. Lesi sidlakela esidlayo sasinekhanda elikhulu ngokulingana - 35 cm ubude.
UDeinonychus wayenentamo eqinile futhi eguquguqukayo ngokweqile. Wayenamazinyo amakhulu afana nezindledlana ezisika nhlangothi zombili. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezicubu zekhanda kukhombisa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwazo kufanele kusheshe, futhi imihlathi iqine, ngakho-ke umhlaseli, odonsa amazinyo emzimbeni wesisulu, wayekhipha kalula izingcezu zenyama. Ngenxa yomzimba wakhe ongasindi futhi nekhono lokuma ngemilenze emi-2, uDeinonychus wayengumgijimi omuhle kakhulu. Le dinosaur ingasukela inyamazane yayo isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ukugcina ibhalansi yakhe ngenkathi egijima kumsize ngomsila omude. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile somsila (kuyo, eduze nesiphelo kwakukhona amapuleti amathambo), i-deinonych yaqhubeka isebenza
ukufana komhlaba. Ihamba nomsila wayo, ibhungane lingashintsha kalula indlela elihamba ngayo. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, wabamba izisulu zakhe ngezidladla zangaphambili, ngasikhathi sinye ngohlaka olubukhali lomlenze wasemuva, waklebhula wasivula isisu. Kepha isici se-deinonychus esimangalisa kunazo zonke sasingeyona i-forelimbs eqinile, hhayi i-straw ebukhali, noma amazinyo afana ne-razor.
Into emangalisa kakhulu, ngokusho kososayensi, ukuthi wayenobuchopho obukhulu kakhulu. Ubukhulu bobuchopho bakhe buseduze nosayizi wobuchopho bezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo!
IZIMBALI NEZALI
Izinhlobo ezihlobene noDeinonychus zitholakale eMongolia naseNyakatho Melika. Elinye lazo yiPhaedrolosaurus, noma "isimila esikhanyayo", okutholakale izidumbu zabo eChina. Wayephila esikhathini esifanayo ne-deinonychus. Noma yikuphi ukwelashwa okuningi (izilwane ezihamba ngemilenze engu-2) ezazihlala ngokufanayo Isikhathi, njenge-deinonychus, singaba isitha saso esingahle sibe khona. Amakhulu ama-sauropod amakhulu ahamba emilenzeni emine angahlula kalula i-deinonychus, kepha lezi zimidondoshiya ezihlaselayo zazingahlaseli ukuhlasela omakhelwane bazo, ngaphandle uma, ngokweqiniso, zibashukumisela ukuba bahlasele. ingozi enkulu gr Ama-dinosaurs asencane kaZila asuse kude nabazali noma emhlanjini. Njengoba u-deynonihi azingela emaphaketheni, angakwazi ukuhlasela izibankwakazi ezinkulu.
Ukusikisela
Mayelana nokuthi ama-deinonychs asakazwa kanjani, cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha etholakala kusuka ocwaningweni lwezinye izinhlobo zama-dinosaur, njengama-sauropods nama-hadrosaurs (ahlanganisa ama-mayosaurs asanda kutholwa), kukholakala ukuthi lezi zibankwa zingabeka amaqanda. Ukufakwa kwezitho zomzimba wesinqe okuye kwagcinwa kusikisela ukuthi izilwane ezinjenge-deinonychus, emaphaketheni, azigcini nje ngokuzulazula futhi zizingele, kepha futhi zibeka amaqanda. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuqina kwesikhumba okunamandla kwenzeke phakathi kwabesilisa phakathi kwabesilisa. Abaphikisi bagxumelana beshintshana ngeziqubu. Mhlawumbe ngezindlebe zazo ezibukhali zazilimaza amanxeba ajulile komunye nomunye.
UKUFINYELELA KULWAZI. UNYAZI LOKHO.
- Ukuzingela emhlambini kwasiza lezi zibankwa ezincane ukuba zinqobe ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu.
- Ngesikhathi kugijinyiswa, kwavuswa imichilo emikhulu yemilenze yesondo le-deinonych, ngakho-ke idayinaso yadonswa emhlabeni neminye iminwe emibili. Izandulelo zalesi dinosaur zazinamandla amakhulu.
- Ezindalini zezinsalela ze-deinonychus Deinonychus antirrhopus, amafossil e-tenontosaurus nawo ajwayelekile. Le dinosaur enkulu ye-herbivorous kungenzeka ukuthi yayiyisisulu esikhulu seDeinonychus, okuthi, yize incane, ibizingelwa ngamaphakethe. Uma i-tenontosaurus izama ukubaleka, elinye lama-deinonych linamathela emsileni noma emilenzeni yangemuva, kanti amanye amalungu omhlambi anwebule intamo yozalo, isisu noma isifuba.
IZIPHUMA ZESIHLOKO
Ikhanda: sikhulu impela uma siqhathaniswa nomzimba (ubude cishe ngamasentimitha angama-35). Ukuhamba kwemhlathi nokugoba emuva, amazinyo abukhali akhonze ukukhipha inyama.
Intambo: yinde futhi ivumelana nezimo.
Umsila: ngasekupheleni, ukwakheka komsila kwaqiniswa ngezinduku zamathambo, kusiza idayinaso ukugcina umsila uhambisana nomhlabathi phakathi nokunyakaza. Ngosizo lomsila, i-deinonychus yashintsha kalula indlela eya lapho ihamba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsila wasiza i-lizard ukuthi iqhubeke nokulinganisela lapho imi emlenzeni owodwa futhi ishaya isisulu.
Claws esemboniselweni: ngenxa yobukhali bazo, babephelele ukubamba inyamazane. Isilwane ngosizo lwaso singavikela noma sihlasele.
Claws emilenzeni ngemuva ubukhali kakhulu. Kwakukhona uzipho olukhulu ngomunwe ongaphakathi. Imvamisa kwakhuliswa, ngakho idayinaso igijime kwiminwe emi-2. UDeinonychus angashaya isisulu ngenkathi emi emlenzeni owodwa.
- Izindawo zeFossil
LAPHO FUTHI LAPHI LAPHO LAPHA LAPHO LABADALA
Lesi sidlakudla sasihlala insimu yeNyakatho Melika yanamuhla ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yeJurassic. Ngo-1964, amathambo amaningi alesi sibolin atholakala ngaphansi kwegquma eMontana. Izihlobo zakhe ezikude - i-velociraptor, okusho ukuthi “umphangi onobuqili” kanye ne-Dromaeosaurus, okusho ukuthi “umgibeli” - babehlala ekugcineni kweCretaceous.
Umhlambi wama-ceratosaurs uhlasela i-stegosaurus
IColorado Plateau, e-USA, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 edlule
Ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Jurassic, ama-dinosaurs ezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu, ama-Stegosaurus (Stegosaurus), ayehlala endaweni yaseNyakatho Melika. Ukuhlala eceleni nezidleke ezinkulu, babenamazinga athile okuvikela: ubukhulu bemizimba yabo babuqhathaniswa nebhasi, futhi eceleni kwethamo elisuka entanyeni ngokwalo kwakelulwa imigqa emibili yamapuleti ayenjenge-spade, idlula emsileni ibe ngamaphiko amane amathambo. Kepha ngokubukeka okuthusayo okunjalo, babenenkani enkulu futhi bemele ukuzulazula kwabazingeli abayingozi kakhulu besikhathi sabo - ama-ceratosaurs (Ceratosaurus). Kuyiqiniso, akekho umhlaseli oyedwa owayenganquma ukubhekana nesiqhwaga esinjalo sodwa, ngakho-ke ama-ceratosaurs ayethanda ukuhlasela emhlambini. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi ukuzingela kwakulula futhi kushesha, kungenzeka kakhulu, abanye babahlaseli bafa ngokushaywa ngumsila we-stegosaurus, kodwa uma bephumelela, bonke abanye bathola inyama ethe xaxa.
Ukuhlasela kuyisu elijwayelekile ezweni lezilwane. Izinhloso zakhe zihlukile: bahlasela ngenxa yokudla, ukuba nowesifazane, ngenkathi bevikela amawundlu noma izidleke. Ama-Dinosaurs awekho ngaphandle kwalokho, esikhundleni salokho, aba ngesinye sezibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zokuziphatha okunjalo, ezisungulwe, ngendlela, ngezidalwa ezihluke ngokuphelele futhi kwakudala phambi kwazo - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-570 edlule. Kwakungaleso sikhathi lapho izidalwa ezidla ukudla kwezilwane zisatshalaliswa eMhlabeni, esikhundleni sokudla into efile noma i-algae. Ngamanye amagama, izisulu ezidla lubi. Futhi nangaleso sikhathi kwakukhona amathuluzi okuzingela (izengezo ezihlanganisiwe ezahlukahlukene, izipikili, “amahabhu”, izindlala ezinobuthi) nemishini yokuvikela (amagobolondo, amagobolondo). Ngokuqala kwezindlela ezintsha zokuphila, amadivaysi okuhlasela nokuzivikela ngokwemvelo aguqukile, ukuguqulwa kwawo kokuqala kwavela nakuma-dinosaurs: izigaxa namazinyo agobekile emigqeni eminingana, izimpondo ezinkulu, amakhola namagobolondo. Yize ngokwemvelo wonke lawa madivayisi amangalisayo awalutho ngaphandle kwesikhumba esiguquliwe noma amathambo kaswazi. Ngemuva kwama-dinosaurs, ezinye izidalwa ezincelisayo kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo nazo zizamile ukuzihlomisa futhi zivikela ngendlela efanayo, kepha zazikude nabo bonke ama-dinosaurs aseMesozoic. Manje Emhlabeni, izimfudu nezigagasi kuphela ezineliswa ngengxenye enesizotha yemishini eyethusayo eyabephethwe ngabadayisi.
I-Tarbosaurus ilandelela phansi i-ankylosaurus
IGobi Desert, iMongolia, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70 eyedlule
Isihlobo sase-Asiya se-tyrannosaurus - i-tarbosaurus yayingesinye sezidlamlilo ezinkulu zesikhathi sayo futhi yathatha isinyathelo esiphambili kwibhokisi lokudla. Idayinsi yemitha emihlanu iqhubekele emilenzeni emibili yemisipha futhi ikwazi ukuthola noma yisiphi isidakamizwa se-herbivorous. Iningi lekhanda lakhe elikhulu lalinomlomo ohlanganiswe namazinyo anjenge-dagger angama-64. Amazinyo anjalo angena enyameni, njengemikhonto ebukhali, egobile, futhi, esuka, ayiklebhula ngemiphetho yamaseva awo. Kodwa ingabe le “nkosi yesilo” yayilokotha ihlasele iTarchia? Ngemuva kwakho konke, lokhu okwedlule kwakuyisilo esihlomile esivela emndenini wama-ankylosaurids futhi sinendawo eyodwa kuphela engavikelekile - isisu, esasitholakala kuphela ngokuguqula i-pinacosaurus, ngenkathi sigwema ukushaywa komsila wayo. Ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kuyingozi kakhulu ngisho ne-tarbosaurus - kungaba lula ukubheka inyamazane encane noma ukuthatha ucezwana lokutholwa kothile? Ingaphambili: ukuphakama kwempi phakathi kweVelociraptor (isuka ngezansi) neProtoceratops.
Ngenxa yokubonga kuka-deinonychus, kwavela umbono wokuthi izinyoni zehla kuma-dinosaurs
Eminyakeni engama-60s ngasekupheleni kuka-70s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, isazi semvelo saseMelika uJohn Ostrom saphawula ukufana kwe-deinonychus nezinyoni zesimanje. Wayengowokuqala ukubeka phambili umqondo wokuthi izinyoni zehla kumadayinaso. Umbono, ngaleso sikhathi owabonakala unesibindi kakhulu, namuhla awubuzeki emphakathini wesayensi. Izazi eziningi ziyigqugquzele futhi yazenza zathandwa, kufaka phakathi umfundi ka-Ostrom, uRobert Becker.
05. Izidumbu zokuqala ze-deinonychus zatholakala ngo-1931
Umzingeli odumile wase "American dinosaur" uBarnum Brown uthole izinsalela ze-deinonychus ngesikhathi efuna uhlobo olwehluke ngokuphelele esifundeni saseMontana - the hadrosaurus (aka the dinosaur dosa-led). UBrown wayengenasithakazelo esikhulu ku-raptor osayizi omncane, awemba ngephutha, ngoba umuzwa wokuthola lokhu kwakungelindelekile nakancane. Umcwaningi wabiza izinhlobo ezitholakele ngokuthi i-daptosaurus futhi wakhohlwa ngakho.
08. Mhlawumbe uDeinonychus wayezingela ama-hadrosaurs
Izinsalela zama-deinonych zatholakala kanye nezinsalela zama-hadrosaurs (angama-dinosaurs nama-duckbill). Lokhu kusho ukuthi bobabili babehlala eNyakatho Melika endaweni eyodwa e-Middle Cretaceous. Umuntu angathanda ukuphetha ngokuthi u-deinonychus udla ama-hadrosaurs, kepha inkinga ukuthi umuntu omdala we-hadrosaur usinde cishe amathoni amabili, futhi abamele uhlobo oluncane bangalunqoba lodwa.
I-09. Imihlathi ka-Deinonychus ibuthakathaka, njengoba akumangazi
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-deinonychus ayikwazanga ukuluma noma ngubani, ngokungafani nezinye, ama-theropods amakhulu wesikhathi seCretaceous, ngokwesibonelo, i-Rex tyrannosaurus kanye ne-spinosaurus. Lokhu akunakubamba okubi kakhulu kunengwenya yesimanje. Kubukeka sengathi imihlathi eqinile yeqhawekazi lethu ibingadingeki ikakhulukazi, ngoba imihlakulo emibili nezimbobo ezinde zangaphambili zazanele.
Iqanda lokuqala le-deinonychus latholakala kuphela ngonyaka we-2000
Yize amaqanda amanye ama-theropods aseNyakatho Melika, ikakhulukazi ama-troodon, ososayensi bathole inala, cishe abanawo amaqanda ama-deinonychus. Lowo kuphela (kodwa hhayi ikhulu lamaphesenti) ukhetho owatholakala ngonyaka we-2000. Ukuhlaziya kukhombisa ukuthi uDeinonychus waqhekeka inzalo ngendlela yedayosaur enezinhlamvu ezifanayo ezinosayizi afanayo. UChitipati wayengeyena umhlaziyi ngomqondo ophelele wegama, kodwa uhlobo lwe -ropropod olwaziwa ngokuthi i-oviraptor.
Ngokungangabazeki, le dayinaso yaseBrithani ibizwa nge- "Clawed." Izinzipho ezinkulu ezazikhula emilenzeni yangaphambili lakhe zazicishe zibe ubude besandla somuntu!
Ngokokuqala ngqa, izidumbu ze-baryonyx zatholakala eduze kwamathambo e-iguanodon - enye idayinaso enezimpandla zeminwe ephikisayo.Uma sibheka umthambo we-baryonix, ochwepheshe abaqoqe kuwona, singakwazi ukubona izici eziningi zesimo ekwakhekeni komzimba wakhe. Izimpawu ezinjalo zifaka, ngokwesibonelo, igebhezi eliphakeme lihleli entanyeni ende.
Isidumbu se-baryonyx ubude bebhasi - cishe amamitha ayi-9, nesisindo ngokufanele - cishe amathoni ama-2. Ukuze uqhathanise, siphawula ukuthi lesi isisindo silingana nesisindo sesisindo samadoda amadala angamashumi amabili nanhlanu sokuphakama okuphakathi nokugcwele.
Isihloko | Isigaba | Isikwele | Ukuhlonza | Isizinda |
I-Baryonyx | Izilwane ezihuquzelayo | Dinosaurs | Lizopharyngeal | Theropods |
Umndeni | Ukuphakama / ubude / Isisindo | Bekudlani | Lapho ahlala khona | Ngenkathi ephila |
Ama-Spinosaurids | 2,7 m / 8-10 m / 2 t | inhlanzi | IYurophu | Isikhathi sokukhathazeka (eminyakeni eyi-130 kuya kwengu-500 mln edlule) |
Imilenze yangemuva ye-baryonyx yayinamandla amakhulu, yize amabala angaphambili ayecishe abe namandla njengawo. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-baryonics angahamba ngemilenze emine, azulazule eceleni komfula futhi afune izinhlanzi.
Cabanga ngesimo esinjengalesi ngezansi. Izimo ezinjalo zazingadlalwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-120 edlule kuleyo ngxenye yomhlaba, manje osubizwa ngokuthi yiNgilandi. Kwakunenkathi yokuqala yeCretaceous, futhi okuluhlaza okotshani kwakhula kahle ngasogwini lolwandle nemifula eminingi.
I-carnivorous lizard baryonyx yayikwazi ukuthola ukudla kwayo ngesimo sezidalwa eziningi eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, kunobufakazi bokuthi wakuthola ukudla ngendlela engajwayelekile eyedayinaso njengokudoba, okukhonjisiwe kulesi sibalo.
Uzipho olukhulu ezintanjeni eziphikisanayo lungasiza kakhulu ekudobeni. Ososayensi bafunda ukuthi i-baryonyx idla izinhlanzi ngokuthola izinsalela zezinsalela ezinsaleleni zayo.
Esinye isici se-baryonyx siphindwe kabili (uma siqhathaniswa nezinye izibankwakazi ezinobukhazikhazi) inani lamazinyo emihlathini yaso emide, efana nezingwenya. Amazinyo amakhulu kunawo wonke atholakala emgodini womlomo we-anterior, lapho kukhishwa iye emuva, ubukhulu bamazinyo bancipha.
Amazinyo ayenesimo esisebusweni, ebunjiwe kancane - efanelekile ukubamba ukugeleza, inyamazane egoqekayo, njengezinhlanzi noma idayinaso elincane njenge-gypsilophodon noma iguanodon encane.
Ososayensi bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi i-baryonyx ayinazibunu ezinkulu emilenzeni yayo yangemuva njengangaphambili. I-baryonyx yayisinda kakhulu ukuma emlenzeni owodwa wangemuva, futhi yabopha enye ukuzama ukushaya isitha, njengoba isidina esincane kakhulu futhi esilula njenge-deinonychus sasingakwenza kalula.
Noma kunjalo izandulelo ze-baryonics zazinamandla okwanele ukuphatha isikhali esinamandla kangaka. Cishe, kwakunzima izinhlanzi zasolwandle, ngisho nezizincane kunazo zonke, lapho i-baryonyx iya ekuzingeleni!
- Iklasi: I-Reptilia = Izirhubhu noma izirhubuluzi
- Isidumbu: I-Archosauria = I-Archosaurs
- Superorder: Dinosauria † Owen, 1842 = Dinosaurs
- Oda: Saurischia † Seeley, 1888 = I-Lizard-Dinosaurs
- Umndeni: IDromaeosauridae † UMathewu et Brown, 1922 = IDromaeosaurids
- Uhlobo lokuzalwa: Deinonychus Ostrom, 1969 † = Deinonychus
- Izinhlobo: Deinonychus antirrhopus Ostrom, 1969 † = Deinonychus