Yonke insimu yeBelarus
Umndeni weSparle (Anguidae).
Isihlahla se-spindle si-brittle, noma i-brabica, (amagama endawo angama-slіmen, ama-slіven, ama-mjadzyanka, ama-mjadzyanitsa) ukuphela kommeleli weziqhude ezingenamlenze eBelarus. Ezindaweni eziningi republic, labantu ubiza uthi lokuphotha-isihlahla ngephutha a "copperfish", bakubheka njengobuthakathaka inyoka enesihlungu kakhulu futhi okwalapha uwuchithe salokhu.
A zenyathi nominative uthi lokuphotha (Anguis fragilis fragilis) uhlala eBelarus.
Ngokuvamile, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-spindle e-Belarus kuyinto ye-mosaic. Izinhlobo zinamathele kuma-biotopes asehlathini. Ensimini ka Belarus, okumbalwa kakhulu lokuphotha uyathola zalotshwa Mogilev esifundeni, lapho isembozo ihlathi incane.
Ubude umzimba ngomsila kuyinto 23-43 cm, isisindo 15-35 g Ubude komzimba nokwakha uthi lokuphotha ensimini ka Belarus kuyinto 11.5-21.2 cm (♂ -. 11.5-17.4, ♀ - 12.4-21.2 cm), ubude bomsila ngu-11.6-20.6 cm (♂ - 11.6-17.0, ♀ - 13.2-20.6 cm), ubude bekhanda buyi-1.1-1.5 cm. okungaphansi kancane kwenani lesilinganiso sonke - 265 mm. Kodwa-ke, kuhambelana nokungafani kwalesi sici esishiwo ePoland, eJalimane, eCzech Republic naseSlovakia, lapho ubude bezindilinga bungabi ngaphezu kwama-250 mm (imvamisa cishe ngu-200 mm).
Umzimba fusiform, side efana umzimba inyoka ehamba ngayo. Izimpawu zangaphandle ukuthi ukuhlukanisa uthi lokuphotha kusukela izinyoka kukhona khona ezihambayo nezinkophe (e izinyoka basuke tho, esehlanganise iso efana ingilazi iwashi), isikali we ventral futhi izinhlangothi amaphiko cishe okufanayo (e izinyoka esiswini embozwe eyodwa umugqa esikalini uzivulekele kakhulu). Isikali somzimba sibushelelezi ngokungafaniyo. Isibalo esikalini esiphakathi nomzimba 23-28, inani lezikali zesisu le-126-145. Kuvele ukuvulwa evulekile sokuzwa laligujwa e-20% abantu.
Umbala umzimba abantu abasha omdala ihlukile kakhulu. Ama-spindle amancane apendwe ngo-ukhilimu omhlophe wesiliva nopende (onepende legolide). Eceleni kwegquma kugijimisana imisho emnyama noma emibili emnyama eqala ngemuva kwekhanda ngebanga elingunxantathu. Izinhlangothi nesisu zinombala onsundu okhanyayo noma omnyama ngokuhluka okukhulu ngombala wangemuva. Ngo inqubo yokukhula, izinguquko umbala: i-mnyama emuva, futhi izinhlangothi nesisu, kunalokho, kukhanye. Njengoba bekhula, uthi lokuphotha kusukela zithole ngenhla brown kukhanya noma kumnyama grey umbala ne isici zethusi nowethusi luhlaza, echaza elinye igama kwezinhlobo - copperpox.
Iphethini yengxenye yomzimba ephansi ingaphansi kokwehluka okukhulu. EBelarus, kunezinhlobo ezi-5 zokulinganisa zokuvama kokuvela kwezigaba ezahlukahlukene zezimpawu (izinto) kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo. Ngo Belarus, 93,4% we nokwakha uthi lokuphotha abe iphethini, amnyama bands dorsomedial - 18.0% (ingabi khona), 9.8% (noyedwa), 68,9% (oyedwa double), 3.3% (ezintathu double), blue izindawo - 86,9% bengekho, dorsolateral bands okuqhubekayo 85,2% abakhona. Inhlanganisela evame kakhulu yibhande le-dorsomedial (i-awiri-lane variant) nomugqa we-dorsolateral (62.3%). Izingoma ezichazwe kwezinye izingxenye zobubanzi azitholakalanga emaqoqweni eBelarus.
Izindawo ezivame kakhulu zokufiphazwa zihlanganiswa, ama-birch nehlathi likaphayini, amahlathi alder, lapho ekhetha khona ama-glade, imiphetho, ukusulwa, ukusulwa, umgwaqo. Ngezinye izikhathi atholakala esishintshashintshayo umngcele kwamahlathi kaphayini kanye emathafeni (floodplains emifuleni nasemachibini, bogs okusezingeni eliphezulu). Ngokuvamile, uthi lokuphotha eyakhelene ku biotopes okufanayo inyamazane nezibankwa viviparous, inyoka, futhi copperfish.
Inani lama-spindles liphansi kunalokho: ngokuvamile, kuma-biogeocenoses asehlathini, ngabantu abangu-0.5 (kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-50) umuntu ngamunye ngehektha elilodwa. Inani eliphansi le-spindles lifakazelwa yiqiniso lokuthi emahlathini ephayini atholakala ku-biotopes ezi-2 kwezingama-77, emahlathini ama-birch - ezi-2 kwezingu-26, emahlathini acinene - kwezi-3 kwezingama-52, kanti akatholakalanga nakancane emahlathini ase-spruce nase-oak. I kwabantu labantu ehlathini kwaba 0.02 ngabanye ngalinye 1 ha birch amahlathi 0.4, eduze seduze kwemigwaqo 1.5, ngo ezimfundeni kwimfunda 1.7 ngabanye ngalinye 1 ha.
Ngokungafani nezinye izibankwa waseBelarus, uthi lokuphotha kuyinto obunganakekile ngokwemvelo, njengoba kuholela indlela yokuphila kunalokho ube nemfihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenza ikakhulu kusihlwa nasebusuku ngesimo sezulu esifudumele. Emini, ivame ukusebenza kakhulu esimweni sezulu esinamafu, yize kuye kwaba nezimo ezenzekile zomsebenzi we-spindle ekushiseni kwasemini emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-30 ° C. Ama-spindles "ama-sunbathe" angavame ukubonakala entwasahlobo, lapho kungekho ukushisa okwanele, futhi nangemuva kwenkathi yokubanda ehlobo. Lokhu uthanda isibankwa ukuya abazingela emva kwemvula enamandla ehlobo.
Umuthi lokuphotha ungenza indawo uqobo ehlathini udoti noma (kancane kaningi) e yenhlabathi ethambile, kunjengoba uma screwed ikhanda layo substrate futhi yamba nge umzimba wayo. Ubuye acashe ngaphansi kweziqu zezihlahla eziwile nezinqwaba zezingodo, ngaphansi kwezinqwaba zezihlahla eziwile, ezigxotsheni ezibolile, ngaphansi kwamagxolo, ngaphansi kwamatshe, kwizimbobo zezilwane ezincane ezahlukahlukene zokumba. Kwesinye isikhathi usebenzisa indawo yokukhosela engajwayelekile ngokuphelele (amacala lapho acasha khona ezintabeni achazwa). Izintuthwane abanakubalimaza lokuphotha - isikhumba isibankwa embozwe izikali eqinile, futhi uvala amehlo ayo uma ebheka phakathi isiduli esikhulu.
Othini lokuphotha ngokuvamile inyonyoba kancane, okwenza wonke, ukunyakaza engalingani. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi inqoba "indawo enzima" (izihlahla zotshani, izihlahlana, izinqwaba zamatshe), ukunyakaza kwayo kuba namandla ngokwengeziwe.
Lesi sikhwanyana sizingela iminyonyane, eminingi yayo ebusweni bomhlaba emva kwemvula. Indlela ethokozisayo yokubakhipha i-spindle kusuka ezindongeni zobumba. I amazinyo abukhali emuva ngaphambili-uzimisele umvumele ukuba ngokuqiniseka ubambe izimpethu ezishelelayo kudla ukuthi kancane Swallows, shaking head lakhe. Uma worm akusho ngokushesha ukuthela ke uthi lokuphotha, ubambe ingxenye isisulu emlonyeni, oweneka ubude bese iqala ngokushesha uphendukisa emhlabeni ahlangene umzimba kuze ucezu inyamazane ukuthi eliyosenza emlonyeni waso iza off. Ngendlela efanayo, izindlanzana 'zihlukanisa' isibungu, zibanjwe ngabantu ababili abavela emikhawulweni ehlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badla inani elikhulu lazo zombili izimbumbulu kanye nama-conch mollus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Laba deftly kakhulu uhoxile amagobolondo kanzima. Kuningi ekudleni lezi izibankwa izinambuzane izibungu zabo, millipedes. Kunobufakazi besigaxa esidla amazinyane wezinyoka (izinyoka, izinyoka). Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezinye, izibankwa ezixakile, isindilinga singabamba kuphela izisulu ezingasebenzi. Lokhu kuchaza "umlutha" wabo kwizibungu, ama-mollusks, amacimbi.
Ngokwezinga elithile, uthi lokuphotha-isihlahla sigcinwa nge yokuphila nezimfihlo futhi ikhono autotomy nobuntu zonke ezinye izibankwa - beqeda umsila eside ukuthi izinsalela nge umhlaseli (kungakho ingxenye yegama zinhlobo yesibili ulula). Noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile iba yisisulu nezinye izilwane feed ku izibankwa - inhloli, impungushe, Ferret, marten, Izimbila, izinyoni (nonogolantethe ezimhlophe, goshawk, sparrowhawk, harrier, obomvu nonhloyile, Buzzard, bhungane, inyoka-idla, isikhova ukhozi, isikhova ezivamile, igwababa, magpie, jay). Izindlanzana ezincane zivame ukudliwa yizinyoka (i-copperfish kanye ne-viper). Ngo Belovezhskaya Pushcha, uthi lokuphotha okuyize ngayo ingcenye eqakathekileko ekudleni lezo zinyoni ezivamile inyamazane njengoba Buzzard futhi Lesser ukhozi nezimanakanaka, ngenkathi kudliwa kakhulu kaningi kunakuqala zilwane silwane kwande - isibankwa viviparous, i enesihlungu abavamile abavamile. i ukuphishekela olunzulu ezinjalo uthi lokuphotha ngenxa ukuhamba alo iphansana, ukungakwazi biotopes evulekile, kanye lingakanani ezinkulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-buzzard kanye nokhozi olungenabala kubanjwa kaningi phakathi kwamabhubesi wesipanishi (isb., Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke) kunabesilisa, mhlawumbe yingoba, bathwala abesilisa, ngaphezu kwabesilisa bathanda ukubhaka elangeni ezindaweni ezivulekile .
Isihlahla se-spindle sihamba sobusika sekwephuze kakhulu - ekupheleni kukaSepthemba- u-Okthoba. Uchitha basebusika e Burrows, voids ngaphansi iziphunzi, e iziphunzi ebolile, ukugibela a 80 cm ukujula, ukuze ngingasebenzisi ukumisa uma kwenzeka ebusika snowless abandayo. Ngezinye izikhathi zibutha ukuba abantu 20-30 noma ngaphezulu endaweni eyodwa. Entwasahlobo, ubonakala ngo-Ephreli ngasikhathi sinye njengeqhude elisheshayo (i-viviparous ishiya ngaphambili).
Ukuhlotshaniswa ngezindlanzana kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile futhi “ngokwesiko” kunakwizilozane zangempela. I iqopha owesilisa insikazi entanyeni. Ngokuvamile, insikazi lokuqala yenza imizamo phuma, kodwa ke yakha indandatho nokwelukiweyo nalelo duna. Imvamisa iduna lidonsa insikazi liyise endaweni esecaleni, libambe umzimba wayo ungashukumi ngamazinyo entanyeni.
Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalela, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu, insikazi, ngokubeka amaqanda, kuye ngosayizi wayo, iletha amawundlu angama-5 kuye kwangama-26, kaningi ayi-7-14. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho owesifazane e-metari, okuthi ubude bawo bomzimba buba ngu-21 cm, abelethe amawundlu angama-20. Ubude umzimba nokwakha uthi lokuphotha abasha imayelana 5-6 cm ngobukhulu obungaba 5.0-7.6 g. I izingane ngokuvamile avele ngasekupheleni July-August futhi beba ucansi liyakhula unyaka wabo yesithathu yokuphila. I nokwebuza kuthiwa ama lokuphotha izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka, eshiya ngokwayo, efana nezinyoka, isikhumba ubudala yazithandela phandle.
Umuthi we-spindle uzizwa umuhle ngamakona bukhoma futhi umjwayela umuntu, uthatha ukudla ezandleni. Zigcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane, lapho zizizwa zizinhle khona futhi zize zizale ekudingisweni. Kukhona icala aziwayo uma uthi lokuphotha, wayephila esikhathini terrarium iminyaka engu-54.
1. Pikulik M.M. (osasitini.) / Earthwater. I-Pazuny: I-Etsyklapedychny davidnik (ukukhanya kweZhivelny kweBelarus). Minsk, 1996.240 s.
2. UPikulik M. M., Bakharev V. A., Kosov S. V. "Izidakamizwa zaseBelarus." Minsk, 1988. -166s.