Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ezindaweni ezinabantu futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, emadolobheni, kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola lapha isondelene nomuntu futhi iba yingozi empilweni yakhe. Enye yezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu zamadolobha anamuhla ukungcola kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Izinguquko ezinkulu ezenzeka emasimini adalwa ukudalwa kwasemadolobheni, ukungcoliswa komoya, amanzi nenhlabathi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi amaningi ngezidingo zasendlini, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubeka izinkinga eziningi zemvelo kanye ne-biomedical.
Emadolobheni, imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa komoya ngamakhemikhali (kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa) amabhizinisi ezimboni, ezokuhamba ngomgwaqo kanye nenqubo yokushisa imfucumfucu ehlukahlukene. Imithombo yezimboni ifaka phakathi lokhu: i-metallurgy ebanga futhi engaholi, uphethroli, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokwakha, amakhemikhali nezinye izimboni, kanye nezitshalo zokuphanga. Ubungako bokungcoliswa komoya ngemikhiqizo yokuhlanganiswa kaphethiloli kusuka ezitshalweni zamandla kuncike kwikhwalithi kaphethiloli kanye nohlobo lokufakwa kofakagesi. Ukungcola okukhulu yimikhiqizo yokuqothula (okokugcwala kwesibabule nomlotha) nokungapheleli (ikakhulukazi i-carbon monoxide, isokisi, i-hydrocarbons). Indima ebalulekile idlalwa yi-nitrogen oxides, eyakheka ikakhulu kusuka kumoya nitrogen kumazinga okushisa aphezulu okuhlangana. Izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo ezishisa uwoyela cishe azikhiphi umlotha, kepha zikhipha kathathu i-anhydride yesibabule. Izitshalo ezincane ezisebenza inqubo zikhiqiza i-nitrogen oxide encane, kepha zingakhipha inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yokuphelelwa amandla okuphelele, ikakhulukazi umusi.
Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinto ezikhiqizwa ngaphakathi nonyaka kungalingani. Ukukhishwa okungaphezulu komkhathi kubhekwa ezinyangeni zasebusika lapho izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo nezindlu ezi-boiler zisebenza ngokuphelele.
Iqembu lemithombo yezokuthutha yokungcola komoya ifaka phakathi: isitimela, amanzi, umoya kanye nokuhamba komgwaqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima yomunye ekuguquleni ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali komoya ikhula ngokushesha. Emadolobheni ayikhulu namashumi amahlanu amadolobha aseRussia, ukuphuma kwezimoto kunqoba ezezimboni. EMoscow, lesi sibalo singama-88%. Izinjini zokugaya zangaphakathi zisebenzisa isamba esikhulu se-oxygen, futhi amagesi okuqothula aqukethe amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene angaphezu kwama-200. Ingxenye eyinhloko i-carbon monoxide kanye ne-diabetes yayo, i-nitrogen oxides, i-hydrocarbons ne-lead compounds. Kusungulwe ukuthi imoto eyodwa enamamayela wonyaka wamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15 ithatha umoya-mpilo ongamathani angama-4,4 emoyeni womuzi, futhi ikhipha amathani angama-3.3 kabhabhonayokhi, amathani angu-0.5 e-carbon monoxide, amathani angu-0,1 kagesi onobuthi kanye nama-30 kg ama-oxide kuwo. nitrogen. Ukungcola okubalulekile nemafutha kaphethiloli, owoyela nolunye uketshezi eziteshini zikaphethiloli naseziteshini zezithuthi.
Emadolobheni, ukuthutha komgwaqo kungumthombo omkhulu we-carbon monoxide (cishe ama-90% ayo yonke i-anthropogenic emissions). Ngokuya ngesikhathi sosuku nobungako bethrafikhi yemoto, okuqukethwe kwalokhu kungcola emoyeni wasemadolobheni kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-50 mg / m 3. ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo, ukugxilwa kwaso kuphakama izikhathi ezi-2,5 kuye kwayi-4 kunokuhudula. Ngenxa yokuthi i-carbon monoxide ilula izikhathi ezingama-200 kune-oxygen, ihlangana ne-hemoglobin yegazi, kuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwe-oksijini kwezicubu.Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu unezinkinga emcabangweni nasekuhlaziyeni imininingwane, amakhono ayakhelwe ngaphambili ayephulwa. Ekhuluma ngeqhaza lezokuthuthwa kwezimoto njengomthombo wokungcola komoya, kufanele ligcizelele izici zalo ezihlukanisiwe. Okokuqala, inani lezimoto emadolobheni amakhulu likhula ngokushesha, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphuma okuphelele kwemikhiqizo eyingozi kuhlala kukhula njalo. Okwesibili, ngokungafani nemithombo yezimboni yokungcola, "eboshelwe" kumasayithi athile futhi engahlukaniswa izakhiwo zezindawo zokuvikela izindlu zangasese, imoto ingumthombo oshukumisayo wokungcola, umthelela omubi wawo osondele kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala, izindawo zokuzijabulisa, njll. . Okwesithathu, ukuphuma kwezimoto kucishe kube sezingeni lokuphefumula komuntu, ukuhlakazeka kwalo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kunzima. Futhi, ekugcineni, amakhono anamuhla awakakwazi ukunikeza ngezinga elifunekayo lokuhlanzeka komgodi womoya wedolobha.
Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokuphuma kwezimoto zezimoto kanye namabhizinisi wezimboni emadolobheni, iqembu lezinto ezinobuthi liyingozi enkulu. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izinto eziqukethe iqembu le-cya, i-phosphorus compounds, i-halogens, ezinye izinhlanganisela zensimbi (isibonelo, i-arsenic derivatives), amaminerali kanye ne-organic acid (i-sulfuric, i-nitric, i-phosphoric, njll.), I-alkali, i-ammonia, i-sulfur compounds, i-phenols, i-cresols kanye neyabo okukhishwa. Ukuzigcina kwabo ezindlini zokugcina impahla kudala ingozi enkulu kubantu basemadolobheni, ngoba kunenqwaba yabo abagxilile.
Ukungcoliswa kwe-Atmospheric akubanga nomthelela oqondile empilweni yomphakathi, kepha futhi ngokungaqondile ngokushintshwa kombuso wezomnotho. Ngezindlela eziningi, le nkomba incike ekuveleni komkhathi, okunqunywa izinga lokuqukethwe kwalo luthuli. Emadolobheni amakhulu, njengeMoscow, izinga lothuli lomkhathi lungaba phezulu kakhulu, okunciphisa ukungena kwamandla kwemisebe yelanga. Njengomphumela wothuli lomkhathi, ukukhanyiselwa emadolobheni kuyancipha, ukwakheka okubukekayo kokushiswa kwemisebe yelanga okungenayo kuyashintsha. Uma izindlela ezingokomzimba noma zamakhemikhali bezikwazi ukuqeda izinhlayiya emoyeni ezisabalalisa ukukhanya kwelanga, khona-ke ukufakwa emadolobheni bekungakhuphuka ngo-15-20%. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngengxenye ye-ultraviolet yesikhonkwane. Ukulahleka kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet esebenzayo ngokusebenza kungakhuphuka ngenxa yokuhlelelwa okungenangqondo komakhelwane, abantu abakha izakhiwo eziphakeme, kanye nokushiswa komgwaqo okungafanele.
Olunye uhlangothi lwale nkinga ukuthi amandla emisebe ethakiwe asetshenziswa ekwandeni okuqondile kokushisa komoya. Ezinye izinto zinomthelela ekushiseni komoya okuphezulu emadolobheni. Emasimini, amanzi emvula angena emhlabathini, futhi edolobheni ligeleza lidonsa futhi ngenxa yalokho, alikususi ukushisa ngenxa yokuhwamuka. Ukushisa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala, amafektri, njll. Kunomthelela ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa komoya.amapayipi ohlelo lokushisa akhipha i-15 kuye ku-20% yokushisa okudlula kubo ungene emvelweni. Kulokhu, izinga lokushisa lomoya lonyaka emadolobheni liphakeme kakhulu kunezindawo ezinabantu abaningi cishe ngo-1.5 ° C.
Kukhulunywa ngokukhethekile kufanele kube yimibuso yomoya emibi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Lokhu kuvezwa kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ezintsha ngentuthuko yamahhala. Ngenxa yokuhlelwa okungenangqondo komakhelwane, amaconsi endawo ekucindezelweni komoya abonwa ezindaweni ngazinye. Ngakho-ke ezikhaleni ezincane phakathi kwezindlu ezimbili ezinkulu ezinezikhombisi ezithile zomoya, ijubane lokugeleza kwalo linganda kakhulu. Ngokwemithetho ye-aerodynamics, kwehla ingcindezi yendawo, okuthi ngaphakathi ngekota ithole umlingiswa ohudulayo. Ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abahlaselwa yizifo zenhliziyo kungayilimaza impilo yabo.
Inkinga enkulu futhi ekhethekile yamadolobha ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ekunikezelweni kwamanzi asekhaya nasezimboni. Lapho amanzi esetshenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ezimboni nasezindlini ngaphakathi kwensimu yedolobha, kukhiqizwa inani lamanzi amdaka, athuthukiswa ngezinto ezinamaminerali nezinto eziphilayo, zombili zichithwe futhi zimiswe okwesikhashana. Ngokusho kweWHO, emadolobheni amaningi umthamo wamanzi angcolile ufinyelela kumalitha angama-600 ngosuku kumhlali ngamunye futhi uyaqhubeka nokukhula. Njengomphumela walokhu, okuqukethwe okuphelele kwezinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe emifuleni eminingi kukhuphuka ngo-400% okuhlobene nesendalo yemvelo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kwemvelo kwenzeka ngenxa yokubaleka kwamanzi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Amanzi anjalo (akhiwa njengomphumela wezulu nokufika kwamanzi wokunisela) aqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kanye nezimbiwa. Ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya, ukuwa kwezulu kule ndawo yedolobha yisixazululo sikasawoti, ama-asidi, izinto ezi-organic ezinokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya eziqinile eziqinile. Inani eliphelele lokungcola okungenela ukungena kwamanzi ngenxa yokugeleza komhlaba okuvela endaweni yasemadolobheni kungu-8-15% womthamo wokungcola kwamanzi wasendlini akhiqizwa endaweni efanayo. Kunemininingwane eminingi ekhombisa okuqukethwe okubalulekile kwezinsimbi ezisindayo nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli emanzini esivunguvungu, futhi ukungcola kwabo okunamandla kwamagciwane kuyaphawulwa.
Inkinga yamadolobha, ahlobene ngqo nemvelo yabantu, ukungcola kwamanzi asemhlabathini. Ubunzima benkinga bubangelwa ukuthi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angomunye wemithombo esemqoka yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi asekhaya, futhi okokuqala, impilo yabantu incike kwikhwalithi yabo kanye nezinga lokungcola. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kwenzeka ngenxa yemfucumfucu yasendlini neyezimboni, ukuhlunga kusuka endaweni yokugcina imfucumfucu nokukhishwa kwamanzi, ngenxa yokulahleka kwezinhlelo zokukhucululwa kwendle nezindawo zokwelapha, ngenxa yesivunguvungu, ukuncibilika namanzi okunisela kanye nasezimweni eziphuthumayo. ezihambisana nokukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa nokuhanjiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto zokwenziwa ngamakhemikhali noma imfucuza.
Inkinga enkulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni yinkinga yemfucuza, ukucekelwa phansi kwazo nokulahlwa kwayo. Inani lemfucuza efuywayo nezezimboni lihlala likhula njalo, liveza usongo lwangempela lokungcoliswa kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi umoya namanzi emvelo ezindaweni zokugcwala komhlaba. Kuvela nezinkinga ezinkulu maqondana nokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka kamasipala, ngoba izitshalo zokwelapha ziveza inani elikhulu le-sludge ehlanganisiwe noma i-activated sludge. Indlela ejwayelekile yokulahla imfucuza eqinile njengamanje yinhlangano yezindawo ezikhethiwe. Lokhu kungcola kungaba yingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu; basebenze kaningi njengomthombo wezifo ezithathelanayo, kwezinye izimo, izifo eziwubhubhane. Izindunduma nezinambuzane zazo zizalela udoti, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezimpukane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imihlambi yezinja eziqanjiwe ibilokhu ihlala ezindlini zokuhlala komhlaba, ezingaba ngumthombo wezifo ezahlukahlukene ezithathelanayo.
Kwatholakala ukuthi amanzi ageleza evela ekuchithekeni komhlaba, njengomthetho, angcoliswa ngamakhemikhali nangama-bacterium izikhathi ezingaphezulu kwe-10 kunokukhuculwa kwendle kamasipala, futhi ukungcola ezindaweni zokugcotshwa kwenkunkuma kungena emhlabathini kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-2,5 phakathi kwawo, i-mercury ivame ukutholakala, okuqukethwe okungenzeka kube kukhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-50 kunasemhlabathini wezindawo zasemadolobheni ezingenayo indawo. Umphumela omeme wokushayelwa komhlaba emhlabathini wamanzi omhlaba nawo uyaphawuleka, ngoba ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa ngaphansi nangaphansi kwendawo yokulahla komhlaba kufinyelela amanani abalulekile kanye nokulinganiselwa okungu-10 o. Ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba kubalulekile, kepha hhayi ukuphela komthombo wokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi yasemadolobheni. Imithombo yokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi edolobheni ifaka phakathi ukuphuma kwezimboni, ukwakhiwa, umgwaqo kanye nolunye uthuli, amanzi asemhlabathini, ukuhanjiswa kwezulu, amaqabunga awileyo, iqhwa (elingakhiswanga mva nje emadolobheni amaningi), kanti kwezinye izikhathi inhlabathi esetshenziselwa ukubuyisela emuva eminye iziza zensimu yasemadolobheni.Konke lokhu kwakha ukucaciswa kokuma komhlaba kwezindawo zemvelo zasemadolobheni.
Njengamanje, njengomphumela wentuthuko yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamandla, imboni jikelele, izici zomzimba zesimo se-elekthronikhi zithola enye yezindawo eziholayo ekubalulekeni kwemvelo phakathi kwezinye izici zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, manje sesingakhuluma ngokugcwele ngalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi yi- “kungcoliswa” okubizwa ngokuthi yi-electromagnetic, futhi le nkinga ingena esigabeni sezinto zomhlaba wonke, ngokungafani nezinye izici zemvelo, amasimu kagesi, ngenxa yokusebenzisa izinto zawo ezibonakalayo ekukhiqizeni nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke. ayilimazi kangako.
Umsindo ulimaza kakhulu indawo yokuhlala yedolobha elikhulu. I-Noise iyinhlanganisela yemisindo engahleliwe - Ukudlidliza mehendi kububanzi obuvela ku-16 kuye ku-20,000 Hz, obonwa yindlebe yomuntu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhiqiza, kubangelwa ukusebenza kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe nezimoto, emigwaqweni yedolobha - ngabezokuhamba nezixuku zemigwaqo. Ezokuhamba, ikakhulukazi izimoto, zibiza iningi (kufika ku-70 - 90%) lokungcoliswa komsindo. EMoscow, ukuthutha kungumthombo oyinhloko womsindo. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu, noma i-30% yabantu baseMoscow, bahlala ezindaweni zomsindo owandayo owenziwe ngumthombo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinga lomsindo emigwaqweni emikhulu yedolobha likhule ngo-5 dBA futhi lifinyelela ku-78 - 82 dBA. Ububanzi bezindawo zokungaphatheki kahle kwe-acoustic kwezinye izimo ngesikhathi sasemini bungafinyelela ku-700 - 900 m, kuya ngohlobo lwesakhiwo esiseduze, kanye nokuqina kokuvezwa komsindo kudlula kakhulu umkhawulo wokuzwela komuntu. Umzimba uvame ukuphendula umsindo ngezinga lokungazi, kodwa ngesisindo ngokulinganayo, umphumela onjalo ubangela ukusabela kwenhloso kumuntu: ukukhuphuka kwengqondo kwengqondo, ukungezwani kwangaphakathi.
Inkinga enkulu yamadolobha ukungcoliswa kwemisebe, okwenziwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwezitshalo ezishisayo nezindlu ezi-boiler (zikhipha isotopes esikhulu semisebe esibhakabhakeni ngentuthu), imisebenzi yamabhizinisi nezinhlangano ezisebenzisa izinto ezinomsakazo, kanye nokuphuma komhlaba kwama-radionuclides avela emkhathini. Imisebe yemithombo yemvelo icashunwe ngemuva emisebeni ye-anthropogenic. Le mithombo ifaka amadwala afika endaweni yosuku ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto zemvelo zemisebe, kanye nezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-radionuclides emvelo. Sekutholwe ukuthi izindonga zezindlu zezitini nezokhonkolo ziqukethe ama-radionuclide wemvelo ngaphezulu kunokhuni, ngakho-ke abantu basedolobheni bathola umthamo omkhulu wemisebe emafulethini abo nasemagumbini okusebenzela kunabahlali basemakhaya.
Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yalezi zinto ezingenhla, kuye kwaba nesimo esingesihle sendawo yonke yemvelo emadolobheni athinta kabi impilo yabantu. Imiphumela enjalo ifaka phakathi ukwanda kwezifo ezihambisana nendlela yokuphila yasemadolobheni (ukuvela kwezifo ezibizwa ngokuthi yizimpucuko), ukuwohloka kwezinqubo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nokwenziwa kabusha kabusha kwezindlela ze-metabolic kanye nokwakhiwa kwezifo ezi-pathological.
Ushintsho losizo
Njengomphumela wokuhlala emadolobheni, kunokucindezela okukhulu kwi-lithosphere. Lokhu kuholela ekushintsheni kwe-topography, ukwakhiwa kwama-karst voids, nokuphazamiseka kwezigodi zemifula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo eziba ezingafanele impilo yezitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu.
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Ukuwohloka kwesimo semvelo
Ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwezitshalo nezilwane kwenzeka, ukwehluka kwabo kuyancipha, kuvela uhlobo "lwedolobha" lwendalo. Inani lezindawo zemvelo nezokungcebeleka, izikhala eziluhlaza ziyancipha.Umthelela ongemuhle uqhamuka ezimotweni ezidlula emigwaqweni emikhulu yedolobha neyedolobha.
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Izinkinga zokulethwa kwamanzi
Imifula namachibi kungcoliswa amanzi amdaka avela ezimbonini nasekhaya. Konke lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwezindawo ezinamanzi, ukuqothulwa kwezitshalo zasemfuleni kanye nezilwane. Yonke imithombo yamanzi yeplanethi ingcolisiwe: Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amasistimu we-hydraulic angaphakathi, uLwandle Lomhlaba wonke. Omunye wemiphumela ukushoda kwamanzi okuphuza, okubandakanya nokufa kwezinkulungwane zabantu emhlabeni.
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Ukungcoliswa komoya
Lokhu kungenye yezinkinga zokuqala zemvelo ezitholwe yisintu. Umkhathi ungcoliswe ukuphuma kwezimoto, ukuphuma kwezimboni. Konke lokhu kuholela othulini lomkhathi, imvula acid. Esikhathini esizayo, umoya ongcolile uba imbangela yezifo zabantu nezilwane. Njengoba amahlathi egawulwa kakhulu, inani lezitshalo ezisebenzisa i-carbon dioxide liyancipha emhlabeni.
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Inkinga yokungcola kwasendlini
Udoti ungomunye umthombo wokungcola kwenhlabathi, amanzi nomoya. Izinto ezahlukahlukene zivuselelwa isikhathi eside. Ukubola kwezinto ngazinye kudinga iminyaka engama-200-500. Okwamanje, inqubo yokucubungula iyaqhubeka, kukhiqizwa izinto ezinobungozi ezibangela izifo.
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Kunezinye izinkinga zemvelo zamadolobha. Akubalulekanga kangako ukuthi umsindo, ukungcoliswa komsakazo, ukubanda komhlaba okuningi, izinkinga zokusebenza kwamanethiwekhi asemadolobheni. Lezi zinkinga kufanele zibhekiswe ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, kepha abantu uqobo lwabo bangathatha izinyathelo ezincane. Isibonelo, lahla udoti emgodini we-urn, wonge amanzi, usebenzise izitsha ezisebenzisekayo, izitshalo zezitshalo.
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Ukungcoliswa komoya okuphuma ekushayweni kwezimoto kanye nokuphuma kwezimboni edolobheni elikhulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkinga yokulahla nokulahla imfucuza yedolobha edolobheni elikhulu. Ukucatshangelwa kwezinkinga zokungcola komsindo nokuphuza amanzi edolobheni elikhulu.
Isihloko | Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo nokulondolozwa kwemvelo |
Buka | indzaba |
Ulimi | IsiRussia |
Usuku Lungeziwe | 26.04.2016 |
usayizi wefayela | 119.3 K |
Thumela umsebenzi wakho omuhle kwisisekelo solwazi silula. Sebenzisa ifomu elingezansi
Abafundi, abafundi abaneziqu, ososayensi abancane abasebenzisa isisekelo solwazi ezifundweni zabo nasemsebenzini bazokubonga kakhulu.
Kuthunyelwe http://www.allbest.ru/
1. Idolobha kanye nokwenza amadolobha
2. Izinkinga zemvelo zamadolobha amakhulu
2.1 Ukungcoliswa komoya okuphuma kwezimoto
2.2 Ukungcoliswa komoya okuphuma kwezimboni
2.3 Izinkinga zokungcola kwasendlini
Ukungcoliswa kwemisindo
2.5 Inkinga yokuphuza amanzi
3. Ingxenye engokoqobo
ukuphuma komuzi omkhulu
Isimanga esimangalisayo - idolobha! Abahleli basemadolobheni bamakhela iphrojekthi - uhlelo olukhulu, abakhi abaphenduka engokoqobo ngokwakha izakhiwo nezakhiwo, babeke imigwaqo nemigwaqo. Bonke bafuna ukubona idolobha njengoba kwakuhloswe ngalo. Futhi ukhetha ijubane elihlukile ngokuphelele nesiqondisi sokwakha. Umuzi, lo mntwana wabantu ophambukayo, awanqikazi ukusebenzelana ngokungahambisani namaphrojekthi nezifiso zethu.
Umuhle, okokuqala ngqa, yilomuzi ophila ngokuvumelana nemvelo. Isebenzise ngekhono izici zezimo zemvelo, izakhiwo nezakhiwo zihambelana ngezinga lokuphakama kwamagquma namabhange, ububanzi bomfula. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuvela ukuthi ngesikhathi semvelo yokwakha siphoqelelwa ngaphandle kwedolobha, umhlaba uboshwe kokhonkolo, asphalt, itshe.
Kwenzekile ukuthi iningi labantu abaseduze kwami balwele ukuhlela impilo yabo edolobheni, hhayi nje elincane, kodwa edolobheni elikhulu. Yini edonsa laba bantu? Yini edonsela kubo endaweni ethile yasemadolobheni? Umklamo wobuciko, amathuba amaningi okuxhumana komuntu, izimo ezinhle zokuvela nokuhlolwa kwemibono emisha?
Ukucabanga kwamadolobha amakhulu kuyaphikisana njengoba kunjalo. Isazi sokuma komhlaba saseSoviet uNikolai Nikolaevich Baransky wababiza ngokuthi izibani, ubuqili bempilo yezomnotho, yamasiko nezepolitiki yezwe.Umdwebi wamapulani wamaNgisi nomhleli wedolobha uFrederick Gibberd wabhala ukuthi idolobha elikhulu lizala ububi, lihlukanisa umuntu nemvelo. Amandla amakhulu obuhlakani amadolobha amakhulu abenza ukuba babe izindawo zokucwaninga zomhlaba, lapho kutholakala khona izixazululo zezinkinga eziphikisayo zomphakathi. Yize lawa madolobha esindwa ukushiyeka ngisho nemikhuba emibi eye yagxekwa amakhulu eminyaka, noma kunjalo idlala indima yezinjini zokuthuthuka.
Isihloko sengxoxo yami sithi "Izinkinga Zamadolobha Amakhulu". Lesi sihloko sibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba idolobha (ikakhulukazi idolobha elikhulu) liyisibonelo somphakathi esasikhiqizayo. Futhi konke ukuthambekela komphakathi wanamuhla kukhombisa hhayi kuphela amaqiniso anamuhla, kodwa futhi kubikezela nezinkinga lo mphakathi ozobhekana nazo ngokungenakuvinjwa esikhathini esizayo.
Ngakho-ke, inhloso yenkulumo yami ukubheka ezinye zezinkinga zomhlaba wonke abantu ababhekana nazo lapho behlala emadolobheni amakhulu, futhi ngifuna ukunaka ukushiyeka okuningi “kwezinjini zokuqhubekela phambili”.
1. Idolobha kanye nokwenza amadolobha
Idolobha ezweni lethu liyindawo yokuhlala lapho kuhlala khona abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-12, abangama-85% bayo abaqashwe emkhakheni onjalo womnotho wezwe njengemboni. Idolobha linomlingiswa walo ohlukile, oguquka usuka enkabeni uye emaphethelweni wombuso. Ingxenye enkulu yensimu yaseRussia ibonakala ngamadolobha aqhamuka emadolobhaneni angaphambilini efektri - i-Ivanovo, eVladimir. Amadolobha amadala asenyakatho atholakala osebeni lwemifula ehamba emanzini, ngokuvamile endaweni lapho ingena echibini noma olwandle - iNovgorod, Astrakhan. Izimboni zamadolobha ama-Urals zihle kakhulu, iningi lazo lihlanganisa umsebenzi ojwayelekile - Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Kamensk - Uralsk.
Amadolobha anamuhla manje enza umsebenzi ohlukile. Indawo yokuqala, yebo, ihlala enhlokodolobha - isizinda esiyisisekelo sobudlelwano bezomnotho, impilo yezepolitiki namasiko wombuso, izinqamula zezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu, ilabhorethri yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe enezikhungo eziphezulu zesayensi. Umsebenzi wedolobha eliyitheku ushiya uphawu lwayo yonke impilo yomuzi. Ukwehlukahluka kokwakheka kwezwe nenani lezimboni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, okufaka imikhiqizo ngaphambi kokulayisha emikhunjini, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusetshenzelwa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezithunyelwa yimikhumbi, ezihambisana nakho. Kwesinye isikhathi, izici ezingajwayelekile zedolobha zihambisana nemisebenzi ethekwini. Isibonelo, ePreazovskoye Berdyansk, imigwaqo ibunjiwe ngamatshe amaGrikhi, abesebenza njenge-ballast emikhunjini esuka eGrisi iye eBerdyansk yokusanhlamvu. Amadolobha - izindawo zokungcebeleka ngobuningi bazo bokushisa nokukhanya zijabulela ukuthandwa okukhulu nokwazisa ezweni lethu. Bona-ke, bathwala umthwalo owengeziwe - ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi (i-balneology), imboni yokudla nesikhumbuzo, nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha. Futhi konke lokhu kuzungezwe izindawo ezinhle zomhlaba. Akukenzeki ukuthi kube yidolobha leSochi ezweni lethu elethwa emihlanganweni yama-Olimpiki. Amadolobha avame kakhulu eRussia yizimboni. Amafekthri - imidondoshiya, izitshalo zamandla, izimayini nokusebenza kwezitshalo zakha ukubukeka kwazo. Kula madolobha, imboni ethile ibeka ithoni kukho konke: i-metallurgy, ubunjiniyela obunzima, imboni yezindwangu, njll. Amadolobha ayahlukaniswa - ososayensi benza ucwaningo lwesayensi oluyisisekelo kanye nemizi “evaliwe” esebenza ekwakhiweni kwezikhali zanamuhla.
Amadolobha awahlukile emisebenzini yawo, kodwa futhi nakubantu.
Ukusuka kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-50 abantu abangamadolobha amancane,
kusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-50 kuye kwezingu-100 - okumaphakathi,
sisuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyikhulu kuya kwezingama-250 zikhulu,
kusuka kuma-250 kuye kuma-500 000 - amakhulu,
kusuka kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-500 kuye kwele-1 abakhulu,
abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi - amadolobha - izigidi.
Abahlali abaningi edolobheni, kuba nzima kakhulu ukusebenza kwempilo yabo. Ubufakazi balokhu ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokuhamba ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.Ukuhamba kwabantu ngaphakathi kwedolobha elinabantu abafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20 kungaqhutshwa ngezinyawo. Edolobheni elinabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20 sekuvele kunesidingo sebhasi, ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngebhasi nangethilamu, emadolobheni anabantu abaningi abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-500, ngaphezu kwezindlela ezifakwe ohlwini zokuhamba, i-trolleybus ivame kakhulu ukwengezwa, sekuvele kunzima ukwenza ngaphandle kwabo imigwaqo ekhanyayo yesitimela. Emadolobheni - izigidigidi ezingenawo metro wejubane elikhulu, ngesikhathi samahora aphezulu, ukungasebenzi kahle okukhulu kwenzeka ekusebenzeni kwazo zonke izinto zokuhamba zasemadolobheni. Imigwaqo emikhulu yesimanje emadolobheni idala izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo, okuzoxoxwa kabanzi ngayo kulezi zingxenye ezilandelayo zencazelo yami.
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yanamuhla, hhayi yezwe lethu kuphela, kepha yomhlaba wonke, ukukhula ngokushesha kwamadolobha. Ukuhunyushelwa emadolobheni kuqondwa njengokusho ukwanda kwenani lamadolobha, isabelo sezakhamizi sezizonke, iqhaza elandayo lamadolobha kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi kanye nokwanda kwendlela yokuphila yasemadolobheni emaphandleni.
Ungahlulela ukuthi izinga lokufuduka kwabantu emhlabeni wonke lashintsha kanjani engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20 ngokuya ngethebula (bheka ithebula. No. 1)
E-Russia, kunezigaba eziningana zokufudukela emadolobheni:
Isigaba sokuqala sisukela mzuzu kwavela amadolobha okuqala kwaze kwaba sekuqothulweni kwe-serfdom (1861). Amadolobha okuqala asensimini eyayihlaselwe yiRussia avela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-1000 eyedlule, ogwini lolwandle olumnyama lweCaucasus (amadolobha amaGreek - izinqaba) nasogwini loLwandle iCaspian (Dagestan). Amadolobha asendulo aseRussia yesikhathi se-Chronicle (Pskov, Novgorod) sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka-1000 ebala. Imizi ejwayelekile yamaSlavic eRussia yaleyo nkathi iyifa lezikhulu, lapho kwaqalwa khona izindawo zomsebenzi wobuciko nezentengiselwano. Ukuvuselelwa okuthile enqubweni yokwenziwa kwamadolobha kwethulwa isikhathi sokuguqulwa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kukaPeter I. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali kwasheshisa ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha (iMoscow, iSt. Petersburg).
Isigaba sesibili - 1861 - 1917. kwakuphawuleka ukwakhiwa kobudlelwano bezimali ezihlanganisiwe ezweni, ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimboni nezokuthutha, okwenza kwaba lula ukusebenza kwamadolobha. Ngo-1917, i-17% yabantu babehlala emadolobheni. Kwakhiwa inethiwekhi yezindawo zasemadolobheni phakathi kwe-Oka neVolga. Ezigodini ezinezimayini ze-Urals, kanye nange-Trans-Siberian Railway. Imithombo eyinhloko yokwanda kwamanani abantu basemadolobheni ngalesi sikhathi kwakuwukuguqulwa kwemizana kube ngamadolobha kanye nokufuduselwa kwabahlali edolobheni.
Isigaba sesithathu - 1917 - 1941 - iminyaka yokuthuthuka kwezwe. Ukuma komhlaba okwenzeka emadolobheni cishe kuphinde kwaphindaphinda ukuma kwezindawo zezimboni, ezazihlanganisa insimu eningi yaseRussia. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwathathelwa izinyathelo zokuqala ezinkulu zokuthuthukisa imithombo yezemvelo futhi kuthuthukiswe imboni ezifundeni ezisempumalanga, obekubeke kusengaphambili ijubane elikhulayo lokuhamba kwazo emadolobheni.
Isigaba sesine - 1941 - 1945 - isikhathi seMpi eyi-Great Patriotic War. Kwaphawuleka ngoguquko olukhulu lomhlaba kwezomnotho nakubantu basemadolobheni abasempumalanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani labantu abahlala emadolobheni esifundeni saseVolga, e-Urals naseSiberia eNtshonalanga likhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, inani labantu ababhujiswa yimpi entshonalanga, izindawo ezithathwa isikhashana liyancipha.
Isigaba sesihlanu isikhathi sempi yangemva kwempi kusukela ngo-1946 kuze kube namuhla. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukukhula kwesibalo sasemadolobheni kwanda kakhulu, futhi isabelo sawo sokwanda kwenani lezwe (ngo-1946-1995, isabelo sabantu basemadolobheni sakhuphuka sisuka ku-47% saya kuma-73%). Isimo sokudalwa kwamadolobha sasikhula ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwezindawo ezisempumalanga nasenyakatho. Ngasikhathi sinye, lapho kwenziwa inqubo yokufudukela emadolobheni kwakukhona izinguquko ezimbalwa zokuziphatha:
1. Inani labantu elisedolobheni elikhulu nelikhulu likhuphukile,
2. Amadolobha angama-Urban athuthukiswa ngokushesha
3. Izinhlelo ezakhiwe kabusha,
4.Indima yamadolobha amakhulu, ikakhulu amakhulu, kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo yezomnotho nomphakathi inyukile,
5. Indlela yokuphila yasemadolobheni yasakazekela emaphandleni.
Ungabona ukuthi izinga lokufudukela eRussia laliguquka kanjani ngokwesheduli engiyakha ngisebenzisa imininingwane evela endabeni kaLilia Karachurina ethi "Urbanization in Russian" (magazine "Domestic Notes"). Kuyakhombisa ukuthi inani eliphakeme lokukhula kwamadolobha lenzeka ngo-1917-1995. Kuze kube manje, ukukhula emadolobheni kukhule ngo-75%.
2. Izinkinga zemvelo zamadolobha amakhulu
2.1 Ukungcoliswa komoya okuphuma kwezimboni
Amadolobha amakhulu anezinkinga eziningi: ezenhlalo, ezinobuntu. Izinkinga zokwakhiwa kwezindlu zokuhlala, imigwaqo, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Ngifisa ukuhlala imininingwane eminingi ngezinkinga zezemvelo ezibanga imvelo kanye nempilo yabantu.
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukungcoliswa komoya kusuka ezokuthutha izimoto. Imoto iwuphawu lwekhulu lama-20. E-Russia, futhi kunenqubo enkulu yokwenza izimoto. Zigcwalise imigwaqo, zakha imijikelezo emikhulu yezimoto, zashisa uphethiloli obizayo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu zinoshevu emoyeni ngensipho yazo eqeda ukuphuma. Izimoto “zishisa” uphethiloli omningi ukwedlula zonke izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zezwe. Ukuphela kwezimoto kuyingxube yezinto ezingaba ngu-200.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukukhishwa kwezimoto okwenziwa minyaka yonke eRussia ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-400, kufaka phakathi:
- Amathani ayizigidi ezingama-27 i-carbon monoxide
- Amathani ayizigidi eziyi-2,5 ama-hydrocarbons
- Amathani ayisigidi i-nitrogen oxides
- Amathani ayizigidi ezingama-200-230 isikhutha.
Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthelela omubi wokuthuthwa kwemigwaqo kubantu nakwezemvelo yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Ukungcoliswa komoya
Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo,
4. Isizukulwane sokushisa (energy dissipation).
EzokuThutha azithathi hlangothi kwemvelo, kepha izindlela zokuhamba zinamazinga ahlukahlukene womthelela wezemvelo. Ukukhishwa kwezokuThutha - ikakhulukazi okuwukhipha umgwaqo - kumelela ingxenye ephezulu kakhulu yazo zonke izinto ezikhipha umoya: ngaphezu kwe-90% yazo zonke izinto ezikhiphayo, ngaphezu kwama-50% wokukhishwa kwe-NO2 nangaphezulu kwama-30% wazo zonke izinto ezibuthakathaka. Ezokuvakasha zikhipha ama-22% ayo yonke imikhiqizo ye-CO2.
I-Carbon monoxide ne-nitrogen oxides, ekhishwe kakhulu ekuqaleni ngokubuka okungekho emthethweni kokukhanya kwemoto, kungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokulimala kwekhanda, ukukhathala, ukucasuka okungavimbeleki, kanye nokusebenza okuphansi. Igesi yesibabule ingathinta imishini yokusebenza kwezakhi zofuzo, inomthelela ekulimeni kokuzala nokungazalwa, futhi zonke lezi zinto ngokuhlangana ziholela ekuxinekeni, ukubonakaliswa kwemizwa, isifiso sokuba yodwa, ukungabi nandaba nabantu abasondelene kakhulu. Emadolobheni amakhulu, izifo zokujikeleza nokuphefumula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, neoplasms nazo zivame kakhulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, "umnikelo" wokuhambisa umgwaqo oya emkhathini ukhuphuke ufike ku-90% nge-carbon monoxide no-70% nge-nitric oxide. Imoto futhi yengeza izinsimbi ezisindayo nezinye izinto eziyingozi enhlabathini nasemoyeni.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa komoya wezimoto ingamagesi aqeda amandla enjini yokugibela engaphakathi. Injini yokuvutha yangaphakathi iyinjini yokushisa lapho amandla wamakhemikhali kaphethiloli eguqulwa abe ngumsebenzi womshini.
Umthofu oyinhloko ongcolisa umoya womkhathi e-Russian Federation njengamanje yizimoto ezisebenzisa uphethiloli oholwayo: kusuka kuma-70 kuye kwangama-87% wemiphumela yokuphuma komoya, ngokusho kokulinganisa okuhlukahlukene. Lapho ithani elilodwa likaphethiloli eliholayo lishiswa, cishe u-0.5 ... 0.85 kg wama-lead oxides akhishwa emkhathini. Ngokwemininingwane yokuqala, inkinga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngomthofu ovela ekukhuthweni kwezimoto iba namandla emadolobheni anabantu abaningi abangaphezu kwe-100,000 nezingxenye zasendaweni emigwaqweni emikhulu enezimoto ezinkulu.Indlela ebabazekayo yokulwa nokungcoliswa kwemvelo nomthofu ovela ekushayweni kwemoto yezimoto ukwenqaba ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha aholwayo. Ngokusho kuka-1995 Abangu-9 kwabangu-25 abahlanza uwoyela baseRussia bashintshela ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli ongenasisekelo. Ngo-1997, isabelo sikaphethiloli esingafakwanga ekukhiqizweni sisonke safinyelela kuma-68%. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobunzima bezimali nobokuhlela, ukwenqatshwa okuphelele kokukhiqizwa kaphethiloli okuholelekile ezweni kuyabambezeleka. Kusukela ngo-2003, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuthengiswa kukaphethiloli okuholayo bekuvinjelwe eRussia.
Ama-Aldehydes - akhiwa lapho kushiswa uphethiloli emazingeni okushisa aphansi noma ingxube ingekho kahle, futhi futhi ngenxa yokufakwa okhalweni kawoyela omncane odongeni lwesilinda.
Lapho kushiswa uphethiloli emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, la ma-aldehydrate ayanyamalala.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kudlulela eziteshini ezintathu: 1) amagesi aqeda ukuphuma kugesi wokuphelisa (65%), 2) amagesi we crankcase (20%), 3) ama-hydrocarbons avela ekukhipheni kaphethiloli ethangini, e-carburetor nasemapayipini (15%) (bheka iSithasiselo. )
Imoto ngayinye ikhipha izakhi ezingafani ezingama-200 emoyeni wegesi ophumayo. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lamakhompiyutha yi-hydrocarbons. Umphumela wokuwa kokugxila kokungcoliswa komoya, okungukuthi, ukusondela esimweni esejwayelekile, awuhlangene kuphela nokufakwa komoya ophefumulayo womoya, kepha futhi nekhono lokuzihlanza lomkhathi. Ukuzihlanza kususelwa kwinqubo ehlukahlukene yomzimba, ye-physico-yamakhemikhali neyamakhemikhali. Ukuphazima kwezinhlayiya ezisindayo ezimisiwe (sedimentation) ngokushesha kukhulula umkhathi wezinhlayiya ezingama-Coarse kuphela. Izinqubo zokungathathi hlangothi kanye nokubopha amagesi asemkhathini ahamba kancane. Indima ebalulekile idlalwa imifino eluhlaza, ngoba kunokushintshaniswa okukhulu kwegesi phakathi kwezitshalo. Izinga lokushintshwa kwegesi phakathi kwezitshalo zezwe liphindwe izikhathi ezingama-25-30 kunesilinganiso sokushintshwa kwegesi phakathi komuntu nendawo yemvelo ngeyunithi ngalinye lezitho ezisebenza ngokusebenzayo. Inani lemvula linomthelela oqinile kwinqubo yokutakula.
Isimilo sichitha amagesi, usawoti, simunca futhi sifake izinhlayiya zothuli ezingewona zasemhlabeni.
Ukukhishwa kwezimoto kusatshalaliswa futhi kuguqulwe emkhathini ngokuya ngemithetho ethile.
Ngakho-ke, izinhlayiya eziqinile ezinkulu kune-0,1 mm zihlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesenzo samandla adonsela phansi.
Izinga lokungcoliswa komoya okhipha okuphuma ezakhiweni ze-ATC lincike ekuthuthweni kokungcola okubhekwa njengamabanga amade, izinga lomsebenzi wabo wamakhemikhali, kanye nezimo zezulu zokusatshalaliswa.
Ngaphezu kwezici zesimo sezulu zokuzihlanza komkhathi, ezinye izakhi zokukhishwa komoya okulimazayo okuvela ezothuthweni zomgwaqo ziyabandakanyeka ezinqubweni zokuxhumana nezingxenye zemvelo yomoya, umphumela wazo okuvela kwezinto ezintsha eziyingozi (ukungcoliswa kwesibhakabhaka kwesibili). Ukungcola kungena kokuxhumana ngokomzimba, amakhemikhali nezithombe nezakhi zomoya womkhathi.
Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yokuphelelwa ngamandla yezinjini zezimoto zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu afanayo ngokwemvelo emzimbeni noma ngesakhiwo samakhemikhali nezakhiwo:
1) izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi: i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, umphunga wamanzi nekhabhoni dioksijini, okuqukethwe okuthi emkhathini ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile kungafiki ezingeni elilimazayo kubantu,
2) i-carbon monoxide, ubukhona baso buphawu lwezinjini zikaphethiloli eziphelele,
3) i-nitrogen oxides, okuthi lapho ihlala emkhathini ihlangane nomoya-mpilo,
4) ama-hydrocarbons (i-alkain, i-alkenes, i-alkadiene, iziphepho zamakhompiyutha, amakhompiyutha amnandi),
7) amakhompiyutha wokuhola,
8) i-serial anhydride.
Ukuzwela kwesibalo sabantu ngemiphumela yokungcoliswa komoya kuya ngesibalo esikhulu sezinto, kufaka phakathi ubudala, ubulili, impilo ejwayelekile, umsoco, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, njll.Abantu asebekhulile, izingane, iziguli, ababhemayo abahlushwa i-bronchitis, ukuntuleka kolwelwesi, isifo somoya sisengozini enkulu.
Uhlelo lokuphendula komzimba jikelele ngemiphumela yokungcola kwe-OS ngokusho kwe-World Health Organisation (WHO) inefomu elilandelayo.
Inkinga yokwakheka komoya wasemkhathini kanye nokungcoliswa kwawo ukuphuma kwezimoto kuya ngokuya kusebenza. Lokhu kungalandelelwa emuva esibonelweni saseMoscow. Ngo-1982, umnikelo wezimoto ekungcoleni komoya okuphelele waba ngu-69%, ngonyaka we-1990 -74.6%, ekugcineni, ngo-1993 -79.6%.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuhlala endaweni yokuqala, ngoba umoya ungumkhiqizo wokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo komzimba.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lomuntu lunezindlela eziningi ezisiza ukuvikela umzimba ekuchayweni kokungcola komoya. Izinwele zekhala zihlunga izinhlayiya ezinkulu. Ulwelwesi olunamathelayo olungxenyeni engenhla yomgudu wokuphefumula lubamba izinhlayiya ezincane futhi luqede ezinye izinto ezingcolisa igesi. Umshini wokunyakaza nokukhwehlela ngokungazenzisi ususa umoya ongcolile nomsipha ngesikhathi sokucasulwa kohlelo lokuphefumula.
Izinhlayiya ezinhle zibeka ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu, ngoba ziyakwazi ukudlula kolwelwesi olungokwemvelo luvikele emaphashini. Ukuphefumula kwe-ozone kubangela ukukhwehlela, ukuphefumula, kulimaze izicubu zamaphaphu futhi kwehlise namasosha omzimba.
Imiphumela yokungcoliswa komoya empilweni yomphakathi imi ngalendlela elandelayo.
Izinhlayiya Ezimisiwe - Izinhlayiya zothuli ezisukela ngosayizi zisuka ku-0,01 ziye kuma-microns ayi-100 zihlukaniswa ngokulandelayo:
Ngaphezulu kwama-microns ayi-100, ama-microns angaphansi kwama-5 awasebenza.
Izinhlayiya zohlobo lokuqala azinangozi, ngoba zisheshe zifakwe ebusweni bomhlaba noma emgudwini ophakeme wokuphefumula. Izinhlayiya zohlobo lwesibili zingena shí emaphashini. Ukuba khona kwezakhi zekhabhoni, i-hydrocarbon, i-paradin, izinto ezinephunga elimnandi, i-arsenic, i-mercury, namanye amaphaphu ngenxa yokufakwa othulini, kanye nobudlelwano bemvamisa yomdlavuza, isifo sokuphefumula esingamahlalakhona, i-asthma, i-bronchitis, i-emphysema. Ukwanda okubukhali kokuvama kwama-bronchitis okungamahlalakhona kuqala ngokugcotshwa kwe-150-200 mct / m 3. Lapho i-soot ingena emgudwini wokuphefumula, kuvela izifo ezingalapheki (izinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obuyi-0,5 ... ama-2 microns), ukubonakala kokuqina, nesoot ibamba izinto eziqinile ze-carcinogenic (benzapyrene) ebusweni bayo, okuyingozi emzimbeni womuntu. Izinga le-soot kugesi yokuqothula lingu-0.8 g / m 3
Isalfure anhydride. Inomphumela olimazayo kulwelwesi lwe-mucous lwepheshana lokuphefumula elingaphezulu, okubangela ukuqhuma kwe-bronchial. Ukuqala ngo-500 mct / m 3 ezigulini ezine-bronchitis, izinkinga ziyabonakala, ama-200 mct / m 3 abangela ukwanda kokuqanjwa kwe-asthmatics.
Ama-nitrogen oxides. I-nitrogen dioxide kanye ne-phytochemical derivatives yimikhiqizo yezimboni ze-petrochemical nezinqubo ezisebenza ngenjini yedizili. Zithinta amaphaphu nezitho zombono. Ukuqala ngo-150 mkt / m 3, ukuvezwa isikhathi eside kubangela ukungasebenzi kahle kokuphefumula. Ama-nitrogen oxides acasula ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lwamehlo nekhala, abhubhise amaphaphu. Epheshaneni lokuphefumula, ama-nitrogen oxides asabela ngomswakama kule ndawo. INitric oxide inegalelo ekubhujisweni kwengqimba ye-ozone.
Ozone. Ukwanda kokuxineka kwe-nitrogen oxides nama-hydrocarbons ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe yelanga kunika amandla ama-photoghemical smog. Iqoqo lesizinda se-ozone endalweni liyi-20 - 40 mkt / m 3. Ku-200 mct / m 3, kutholakala umphumela ongemuhle emzimbeni womuntu.
Ikhabhoni monoxide. Lapho kushiswa uphethiloli kungabikho moya, i-CO ikhiqizwa ngenkathi kusebenza izinjini zezimoto. Kuhlanganiswa ne-hemoglobin emoyeni ogeleza ngaphakathi, ingena egazini, ivimbela ukugcwala kwegazi ne-oxygen, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwezicubu, izicubu nobuchopho.I-CO ibangela ukwephulwa kohlelo lwezinzwa, ikhanda, ukwehla kwesisindo, ukugabha.
Ucwaningo lokudingidwa kwe-Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Health eqanjwe ngemuva kwalokho A.N. ISysina ikhombisile ukuthi ukuphefumula isikhathi eside komoya okuqukethe i-carbon monoxide ekugxileni kwe-3-6 MPC ne-nitrogen dioxide 2-3 MPC kubangela izimpendulo eziningi emzimbeni wengane.
Ukwandiswa kwesikhathi sokugcina sesibonakaliso - ukusabela kwemoto, i-tonsillitis engamahlalakhona, i-rhinitis engapheli, i-tonsil hypertension, ukwehla kwamaphaphu kwasungulwa.
Abamele abaphambili bama-aldehydrate abangena emkhathini ngokuphuma kwemoto yi-formaldehyde ne-acrolein. I-Formaldehyde inomphumela ocasulayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Ithinta izitho zangaphakathi futhi inactivates ama-enzyme, iphazamisa izinqubo ze-metabolic esitokisini ngokucindezela i-cytoplasmic kanye nokuqanjwa kwenukliya.
Ama-Hydrocarbons anephunga elingathandeki, acasule amehlo, ikhala futhi alimaza kakhulu izimbali nezilwane.
Ama-lead oxides aqongelela emzimbeni womuntu, engena kuwo ngokudla kwezilwane nokutshala. I-lead nezinhlanganisela zayo kungokwesigaba sezinto ezinobuthi kakhulu ezingadala ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu. Ukuhola kuthinta uhlelo lwezinzwa, okuholela ekuncipheni kobuhlakani, futhi futhi kubangele ushintsho ekusebenzeni komzimba, ukuhlangana, ukuzwa, kuthinta uhlelo lwenhliziyo, okuholela ezifweni zenhliziyo.
2.2 Ukungcoliswa komoya okuphuma kwezimboni
Izigidi zeminyaka ezedlule, intuthu nokungcola kwangena emkhathini ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-biology ngokwayo ibhekane nokungcola okukhulu okunjalo. Noma umuntu efunda ukwenza umlilo, leli gobolondo elibuthaka laligcina ikhwalithi yomoya isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kuze kube isikhathi sezinguquko zezimboni.
Amadolobha amakhulu kakhulu kunoma yiliphi izwe, njengomthetho, izikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni lapho amashumi namakhulu amabhizinisi ezimboni ahlukahlukene ahlanganiswe khona. Amabhizinisi amakhemikhali, amakhemikhali nezinye izimboni akhipha uthuli, isikhutha nesibabule namanye amagesi ayingozi akhipha phakathi nezinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezihlukene emkhathini.
I-metallurgy efiphele. Izinqubo zokuncibilikisa i-iron iron kanye nokusebenza kwazo ngensimbi kuhambisana nokukhishwa kwamagesi ahlukahlukene emkhathini. Ukungcoliswa komoya ngothuli ngesikhathi sokupheka amalahle kuhlotshaniswa nokulungiswa kwecala nokulilayisha kuhhavini we-coke, ukuthunyelwa kwe-coke ekucimeni izimoto kanye nokucishwa kwe-coke emanzi. Ukuqedwa kwe-coke emanzi kubuye kuhambisane nokukhishwa emkhathini wezinto ezakha amanzi asetshenziswayo.
Insimbi engaholi. Lapho sekutholwe insimbi ye-aluminium ngama-electrolysis anamagesi aqeda kusuka kubhavu be-electrolysis, inani elikhulu lezinto ezihlanganiswe ngamagesi gaseous ne-draveride likhishwa emoyeni wesibhakabhaka.
Ukukhishwa komoya okuvela emabhizinisini ka-oyela nophethroli kuqukethe inani elikhulu lama-hydrocarbons, i-hydrogen sulfide kanye namagesi amuncu. Ukufakwa kwezinto eziyingozi emkhathini ezindaweni zokuhlanza uwoyela kwenzeka ikakhulu ngenxa yokubekwa okwanele kwemishini.
Ukukhiqiza usimende nezinto zokwakha kungaba ngumthombo wokungcoliswa komoya ngezinhlayiya ezahlukahlukene. Izinqubo eziphambili zobuchwepheshe zalezi zimboni izinqubo zokugaya kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kwezindleko, imikhiqizo eseqediwe kanye nemikhiqizo ekujuleni kwamagesi ashisayo, ahambisana nokufakwa kothuli emoyeni wasemkhathini.
Imboni yamakhemikhali ifaka iqembu elikhulu lamabhizinisi. Ukwakheka kokuphuma kwemboni yabo kuhluke kakhulu. Ukukhishwa okuyinhloko okuvela emabhizinisini embonini yamakhemikhali yi-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides, i-sulphur dioxide, i-ammonia, uthuli oluvela ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezingafani nezinto eziphilayo, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-carbon disulfide, i-chloride ne-fluoride compounds.Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, ukungcola okukhulu kakhulu kuvela kulabo lapho kwenziwa khona upende nama-varnish noma lapho kusetshenziswa khona. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-varnish kanye nopende kuvame ukwenziwa ngesisekelo se-alkyd nezinye izinto ze-polymeric, kanye nama-nitro varnish, ngokuvamile aqukethe iphesenti elikhulu le-solvent. Ukukhishwa kwezinto eziphilayo ze-anthropogenic ezimbonini ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwama-varnish kanye nopende kungamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-350 ngonyaka, wonke imboni yamakhemikhali isiyonke ikhipha amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-170 ngonyaka.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, amadolobha amakhulu azithola esezimweni zokungcola komoya okukhulu. Ukujikeleza kwemvelo ngokuvamile bekungakwazi ukubhekana nokuhlanzwa komoya futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu abanezifo ezinamandla zokuphefumula (ezinjenge-asthma, emphysema).
Ukungcoliswa komoya kubeka engcupheni hhayi empilweni yabantu kuphela, kepha kubangela nomonakalo omkhulu emvelweni yemvelo, njengamahlathi. Imvula ebizwa nge-acid, ebangelwa ikakhulu yi-sulfur dioxide ne-nitrogen oxides, ithinta izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi le-taiga. E-Russia kuphela, indawo iyonke ethintwe ukuphuma kwezimboni ifinyelela kumahektha ayisigidi. Izikhala eziluhlaza emadolobheni ezimboni zithinteka kakhulu.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kudala umonakalo omkhulu emnothweni. Izinto ezinobuthi emfuyweni onoshevu womoya, upende we-discolor odongeni lwezindlu nemizimba yezimoto.
Iyiphi indlela yokuphuma? Ungu. Kuyadingeka ukubheka izindlela ezinjengalezi zokuthuthukisa imboni nokufinyelela esimeni esihlanzekile ebesingakhethi ngokuhlukile futhi kungeke kubangele ukwenyuka kwezindleko zezindawo zokwelapha. Enye yezindlela ezinjalo ukushintshela kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obusha ngokuyisisekelo, ekusetshenzisweni okuhlangene kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Izitshalo kanye nefektri esekwe kubuchwepheshe obungenakudoti yimkhakha yesikhathi esizayo. Inkambu yegesi i-Orenburg yaqala ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehambisana nayo - amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamathani wesibabule. Esikhungweni samakhemikhali saseKirovokansky esiqanjwe ngeButcher, ukuphuma kwamagesi we-zebus emkhathini kwamiswa. Zenziwe kabusha emjikelezweni wezobuchwepheshe njengezixhobo ezingavuthiwe ezishibhile zokukhiqiza i-ammonia ne-urea. Ngokubambisana nabo, into elimazayo - isikhutha, esenza u-60% wazo zonke izinto ezikhipha izitshalo, asisekho ukungena emgodini womoya. Amabhizinisi wokusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo eluhlaza anikeza umphakathi izinzuzo ezinkulu: bakhuphula kakhulu amandla okutshalwa kwezimali okuyimali ephezulu futhi nezindleko zokwakha izindawo zokwelapha ezibizayo zincishiswa ngokufanayo. Impela, ukucubungula okuphelele kwezinto zokwenziwa ezikhiqizwe ebhizinisini elilodwa kuhlale kushibhile kunokuthola imikhiqizo efanayo ehlukile. Ubuchwepheshe obungeyona imfucuza buqeda ubungozi bokungcoliswa komoya.
Ama-chimneys amade ayimfanelo ejwayelekile yomdwebo wesikhungo sezimboni sanamuhla. I-chimney inezinhloso ezimbili: eyokuqala ukudala okusalungiswa futhi ngaleyondlela iphoqe umoya - obambe iqhaza ongabalulekile enqubweni yokuhlanganisa - ukufaka isithando somthamo ngenani elifanele nangejubane elifanele, futhi kwesesibili - ukususa imikhiqizo yokuhlanganiswa - amagesi ayingozi nezinhlayiya eziqinile emsini - ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu umkhathi. Ngenxa yokuhamba okuqhubekayo, okunesiphithiphithi, amagesi alimazayo nezinhlayiya eziqinile athathwa kude nomthombo wokuvela kwawo futhi asakazekile. Ukusabalalisa i-sulphur dioxide equkethwe kumagesi we-flue wezitshalo ezishisayo, kufakwa amapayipi angama-180, 250 nama-320 metres ukuphakama. I-chimney amamitha angu-100 ukuphakama isabalalisa izinto ezincane kakhulu eziyingozi esiyingini esine-radius engamakhilomitha angama-20 iye ekuhlolweni okungenangozi kubantu. Ipayipi elinobude obungamamitha angama-250 lonyusa umsakazo ongafinyelela ku-75 km. Kwindawo eseduze yepayipi, kubizwa indawo ebizwa ngokuthi yisithunzi lapho kungangeni khona izinto eziyingozi.
2.3 Izinkinga zokungcola kwasendlini
Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sobumbano, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kwaqhutshwa amandla okufaka indawo: umhlaba namanzi.Abalimi, ukuthumela imikhiqizo yabo ukusuka enkampanini iye etafuleni, isabalalisa ngokusebenza, izinto zokuhamba, ukupakisha, ukukhangisa nenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa, kulethe imfucuza encane. Izikhombo zemifino zaziphathiselwa izilwane ezifuywayo noma zisetshenziswe njengomanyolo. Ukuhambela emadolobheni kuholele ekwakhiweni okuhluke ngokuphelele kwabathengi. Baqala ukushintshana ngemikhiqizo, okusho ukufaka.
Njengamanje, izakhamizi zezwe lethu nsuku zonke zilahla izinkulungwane zamathani odoti ohlukahlukene: iziqukathi zezingilazi, iphepha lokungcola, ipulasitiki nokudla. Le ngxube iqukethe inani elikhulu lokungcola okuyingozi: i-mercury evela kumabhethri, phosphorus - amakhabhoni avela kumalambu we-fluorescent namakhemikhali anobuthi avela ku-sol sol kaya, upende. Namuhla, iMoscow kuphela ikhipha amathani ayizigidi eziyishumi emfucumfucu yezimboni, 1 miliyoni umuntu ngamunye.
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulahla imfucuza. Lesi yisabelo sokwabiwa komhlaba, kepha i-methane igesi ekhiqizwa ukubola kokungcola ibeka engcupheni enkulu izakhamizi ezihlala eduze nale ndawo, njengoba ingavele iqhume. Lokhu kungukugcwaliswa komhlaba, bese kuba yingozi enkulu emanzini nasemanzini aphansi komhlaba. Lokhu ukushiswa kwemfucumfucu, kepha amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa ukushisa insimbi ashiye le ndlela ngenxa yokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yomoya.
Indlela ethembisayo kakhulu yokuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza. Lezi zindawo ezilandelwayo ezisetshenziswayo lapha zisetshenziselwa lapha: isisindo sezinto eziphilayo sisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kukamanyolo, isindwangu sendwangu kanye nemfucuza yephepha - kutholwa iphepha elisha, kuthunyelwa insimbi yensimbi ukuze iphinde inyibilike. Inkinga enkulu bese kugcina kuhlunga udoti. Yize kuseJalimane, sonke isibalo sezwe siyabandakanyeka kule nqubo. Kanjani? Kulula kakhulu: umndeni ngamunye uqoqa imfucuza yendlu yakhe ezitsheni ezahlukahlukene, ngokuya ngokwakheke futhi ungalahli yonke into inqwaba eyodwa: ingilazi - ingilazi, iphepha lokuchitha - ukuchitha iphepha.
Namuhla eRussia, cishe ama-60% emfucumfucu ayaphinda ayenziwa kabusha, futhi okuseleyo kuchithwa ekuchithekeni kwenhlabathi. Ngemuva kokugcwalisa insimu eyenzelwe udoti, ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi kumbozwe ungqimba lomhlaba okungenani amamitha amathathu. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, yonke indawo yokwebiwa komhlaba iyingozi empilweni yabantu nasezilwaneni. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezinkulu ahlangene nezinto ezinobuthi kanye namagciwane we-pathogenic. Kwaphela amashumishumi eminyaka, akukho okungakhiwa futhi kubandakanyeke kwezolimo kulezi zindawo.
Kepha imfucumfucu yokwakha ingasetshenziselwa ukudala amagquma okwakha Zimbozwe ungqimba lomhlaba, zitshala utshani futhi zakha izikhungo zemidlalo: ukugijima kwe-ski ne-toboggan. Basebenza nezindiza kuma-hang glider. Umuzwa onjalo usuvele ukhona ezweni lethu.
E-Russia, isabelo sabantu abahlala emadolobheni singama-73%, okuyinto ephansi kancane kunezinga lamazwe aseYurophu. Kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukugcwala kukadoti wasendlini emadolobheni amakhulu eRussia manje sekunyuke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni anenani labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-500 nangaphezulu. Umthamo wemfucuza uyanda, futhi namathuba ezindawo zawo zokulahla nokuvuselela ayancipha. Ukulethwa kukadoti kusuka endaweni yesizukulwane kuya endaweni yokulahla kudinga isikhathi nemali ethe xaxa. E-Russia, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa inhlangano inqubo yokulahlwa kukadoti yedolobha.
Manje, imfucuza iqoqwa nje ukuthathwa komhlaba, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuhlukaniselweni kwezindawo zamahhala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha futhi kuvimbele ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zokuhlala. Futhi, ukungcwatshwa okuhlanganayo kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zodoti kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwezakhi eziyingozi.
Isitshalo sokuqala sokuphinda sisebenzise udoti eRussia sakhiwa ngonyaka we-1972, e-Urals, amaphrojekthi okwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezinjalo eYekaterinburg, Nizhny Tigil nasePervouralsk asabhekwa.Kukhona enye indlela yokuqeda imfucuza yasendlini ngokwakha izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamagciwane kanye nesikhunta ezingabhubhisa amakhompiyutha e-organic kanye nama-polymers.
Ukungcoliswa kwemisindo
E-China yasendulo, kubulawa ngomculo (leli qiniso lifakazelwa ngumlando). Kulokhu, kwakusetshenziswa imisindo yomculo ebukhali, ibangela ukusabela kobuhlungu. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamdalela umuntu ethule, okwakungahle kudalulwe ngezinye izikhathi nokuduma kwezulu, ukuzamazama komhlaba nokuzamazama kolwandle. Kepha imisindo yemvelo yezwi leNdalo iya ngokuya ingavamile, inyamalala ngokuphelele noma inyakaziswa yizimboni, ezokuthutha neminye imisindo.
Izinga lomsindo lilinganiswa emayunithi aveza ubungako bokucindezela komsindo - ama-decibels. Izinga lomsindo lama-decibel angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 alinangozi. Ngokwesilinganiso, yedolobha, ama-decibel angama-55 abhekwa njengomsindo ojwayelekile phakathi nosuku, kodwa emadolobheni amakhulu leli zinga liphakeme kakhulu. Umsindo wokuthuthwa kwemigwaqo ungama-decibel angama-80-100, nomsindo wendiza yezindiza ngesikhathi sokuhamba ungu-140. Izinga lomsindo wezimboni nalo liphezulu kakhulu. Emisebenzini eminingi nezimboni ezinomsindo, ifinyelela kuma-decibels angama-90 - 110. Hhayi ukuthula okuningana ekhaya lethu, lapho kunemithombo emisha yomsindo - okubizwa ngokuthi yimpahla yasendlini.
Umsindo awudluliswanga ngumoya kepha ngamabhilidi okwakha abizwa ngokuthi yi-vibration. Imithombo yokudlidliza yimizila ehamba ngaphansi komhlaba, ujantshi kanye nezimoto. Ukuwavimba, izakhiwo zokuhlala edolobheni zakhiwa kude ngamamitha ayi-50 ukusuka ku-tram nakweminye imigqa yokuhamba.
Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organisation yango-1996, indawo yokuqala emhlabeni phakathi kwezifo zasemsebenzini yayihlala ngokulahleka kwezindlebe! Umsindo omude uthinta kabi isitho sokuzwa, sinciphise ukuzwela umsindo. Kuholela ekuphazamisekeni komsebenzi wenhliziyo, isibindi, kanye nokudangala kanye nokuqhela kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa. Amaseli abuthakathaka wesistimu yezinzwa awakwazi ukuqondisa ngokusobala umsebenzi wezinhlelo ezahlukene zomzimba. Ngakho-ke kukhona ukwephulwa kwemisebenzi yabo.
Kumele ngiphawule ukuthi umphumela womsindo ezintweni eziphilayo usufundwe kahle impela. Ngakho-ke, kuyaziwa ukuthi ngosizo lwesigqi esinomsindo kungenzeka ukunciphisa nokusheshisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo kwenja, ukwakha kabusha isigqi sokunyakaza kwama-squirrel esondweni layo. Iwashi elisetiwe e-aquarium futhi likhipha uphawu ngokushesha ngokushesha kunenhlanzi kungaphefumula kuholele ekufeni kwabo.
Njengamanje ososayensi emazweni amaningi omhlaba benza izifundo ezahlukahlukene ukuthola umphumela womsindo empilweni yabantu. Ucwaningo lwabo luveze ukuthi umsindo ubanga ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu, kepha ukuthula okuphelele kuyamethusa futhi kumcindezele. Ngakho-ke, abasebenzi behhovisi elilodwa lokuklama, elalinokuhlukaniswa okuhle, isonto kamuva baqala ukukhononda ukuthi ngeke bakwazi ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela ukuthula. Babenovalo, belahlekelwe amandla abo okusebenza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ososayensi bathole ukuthi imisindo yamandla athile ivusa inqubo yokucabanga, ikakhulukazi inqubo yokubala.
Wonke umuntu ubona umsindo ngokuhlukile. Okuningi kuncike eminyakeni yobudala, ukufudumala, impilo, izimo zezemvelo. Futhi izimo, njengoba wazi, edolobheni elikhulu alanele empilweni yomuntu ejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukulwa nomsindo emadolobheni amakhulu, kusetshenziswa iqoqo lezinyathelo ezihlukile. Izinqola ezinkulu zezimoto azivunyelwe, kwakhiwa amabhizinisi amakhulu anamuhla endaweni eyihlane ukusuka endaweni yokuhlala, inqwaba yezihlahla zitshalwa emigwaqweni emikhulu, eyaziwa ngokuthinta umsindo.
2.5 Inkinga yokuphuza amanzi
Ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile kubahlali basemadolobheni, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kumabhizinisi wezimboni nakomasipala kuphakathi kwezinkinga zokuqala zemvelo zasemadolobheni. Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kufaka ukuxazulula uhla lwezinkinga zonke: kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamanzi okuphuza, qinisekisa isimo esihle sokuhlanzeka nokuhlanzeka kwezimo ezihamba phambili zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzijabulisa zabantu.
Emadolobheni amakhulu, ukutholakala kwamanzi kuvame ukuhlinzekwa ngamanzi angaphezulu kwemifula, amachibi namachibi. Kepha ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukwakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-hydraulic: imisele, izingidi, izitshalo zokwelapha.Umuzi omkhulu, izakhiwo ezinkulu ze-hydraulic kuyadingeka ukudala ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, emadolobheni amaningi kuyadingeka ukwakha imisele ekhethekile lapho amanzi avela emifuleni ekude egeleza edolobheni.
Ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezintsha nefektri, izindawo zokuhlala kwakudinga amanzi amaningi, futhi imithombo yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi nezindawo eziseduzane nayo zase zinciphile. Isibonelo, umfula omncane iMoscow wawungeke usakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yokuphuza amanzi enhlokodolobha yezwe lethu. Ngakho-ke, ngentuthuko engaphezulu yedolobha, kwakudingeka ukuthola imithombo emisha yokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. IVolga yaba ngumthombo onjalo. Budebuduze nedolobha laseTver, imifula yayivinjwe yidamu, ngaphezulu kwalokho kwagcina khona i-Ivankovo reservoir. Ukusuka lapha, amanzi weVolga ngesiteshi esingamakhilomitha ayi-128 aya eMoscow.
ICanal Moscow - Volga isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-hydraulic. Phakathi kwesigodi semifula iVolga neMoscow, isiteshi sinqamula umgodi weKlinsko-Dmitrov. Amanzi anikezwa wona kusuka kwiVolga ngamaphampu kagesi afinyelela kumamitha ayi-38. Nalu uhlelo lwezindawo zokugcina amanzi olwakhiwa ngamanzi emifula nemifudlana yasendaweni yasentwasahlobo yasekhaya. Ukusuka egqumeni, amanzi akhishwa ngokuzimela angena eMfuleni iMoscow. Ngasikhathi sinye, amanzi aguqula imisebe yama-turbine yesitshalo samandla, enanela ingxenye ethile yezindleko zamandla ezisetshenziselwa ukukhipha amanzi kuVolga.
Eminyakeni yama-60s, kwakhiwa amadamu enhla nomfula iVolga, kepha idolobha liyakhula futhi liya ngokuya lidinga amanzi ahlanzekile. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1974, uhlelo lokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ngeVazuz lwaqala ukusetshenziswa, lapho amanzi enikezwa leli dolobha kusuka endaweni yokugcina amanzi emfuleni iVazuz (inkantolo yangakwesokudla yeVolga), engamakhilomitha angama-350 ukusuka enhlokodolobha.
Isixazululo sazo zonke izinkinga zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi eMoscow sasihambisana nezinguquko ezibalulekile emvelweni yemvelo yedolobha nezimo ezikuyo. Amachibi amaningi namachibi akhiwe lapha. Amanzi abo acacile, amabhishi, amahlathi osogwini kanye nezindawo zezihlahla ezindaweni ezinhle kakhulu zokuphumula. Kunama-motels amaningi, amakhaya okuphumula kanye nezimpesheni. Zonke iziqiwu zakhiwa ngamakhulu ezinhlobo zezinyoni zamanzi. Amanzi eVolga neVazuzi enza amanzi oMfula iMoscow, iKlyazma nezinkantolo zazo zagcwala. Zaphenduka izinhlelo ze-lake-river, zaqala ukuba nokugeleza okufanayo. Bayeka izikhukhula ezazicekela phansi. Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kohlelo lwedamu, iSifunda saseMoscow sesibe yindawo echibini.
Uma inkinga yokuhlinzeka ngamanzi kubantu bomuzi omkhulu ingaxazululwa ngokwenza amadamu, pho ingaxazululwa kanjani inkinga yokuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile kuleli dolobha?
Imisebenzi yabantu iguqula kakhulu isimo somhlaba, ikakhulukazi edolobheni. Lezi yizindawo ezinqenqemeni, imigwaqo, izindawo zezimboni, ukuthathwa komhlaba. Ukuphambuka komhlaba kusuka kulezo zindawo kubonakaliswa ukungcola okukhulu kakhulu. Ngokungafani namanzi asemhlabathini - nokho edlula ekuhlunga kwemvelo - ifaka zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezingcolisa umhlaba: umhlabathi owakhiwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokuguguleka, izakhamzimba ezifakiwe kumanyolo, ukuthungwa kwezilwane, ukubulala izinambuzane okusetshenziswa kwezolimo, umusi, uthuli kanye izinto ezinobuthi ezivela ezikhathini zasemkhathini zezimboni nezokuthutha, izinsalela zamafutha kanye namafutha nezithako, imfucuza yasendlini, imfucumfucu yezitshalo, njll.
Enye yezinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwamanzi "ukungcola okushisa". Izitshalo zamandla, amabhizinisi ezimboni zivame ukulahla amanzi afudumele emzimbeni wamanzi. Lokhu kuholela ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi kuyo. Ngokushisa okwandayo endaweni yokugcina amanzi, inani le-oksijini liyancipha, ubuthi bokungcola okungcolisa amanzi benyuka, futhi ukulingana kwezinto eziphilayo kuyaphazamiseka. Emanzini angcolisiwe anokuqukethwe okushisa okuphezulu, amagciwane namagciwane aqala ukwanda ngokushesha okukhulu. Kanye emanzini okuphuza, angadala ukuqubuka kwezifo ezahlukahlukene.
Amadolobha ayimithombo enamandla yokungcoliswa kwamanzi.Emadolobheni amakhulu nge-capita ngayinye (kucatshangelwa imfucumfucu engcolisiwe), cishe i-1 m 3 yemithombo engcolisiwe idonswa nsuku zonke emzimbeni wamanzi. Ngakho-ke, amadolobha adinga izindawo zokwelapha ezinamandla. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izindawo zokwelapha zamanzi ezinhlelo zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi azikwazi ukuhlanza amanzi okuphuza kusuka kuzixazululo zalezi zinto, ngakho-ke ukuphuza amanzi kungawathola ezindaweni ezigxile kakhulu futhi kuphazamise impilo yabantu.
Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi angcolile kanye nokwakhiwa okuhleliwe kwamanethiwekhi okuhambisa indle emadolobheni kwaqala.
Okokuqala, kwenziwa izitshalo zokuhlanza ngomshini. Umnyombo walokhu kuphathwa bekubandakanya ukudilikelwa kwezinhlayiya eziqinile emanzini angcolile kuya phansi, lapho uthulula inhlabathi enesihlabathi, amanzi amdaka ahlanzwa futhi acaciswa. Futhi kungemva kokutholakala kwe-Biological (Living) sludge ngo-1914, kwenzeka ukuthi kwakhiwe ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokuphatha amanzi amdaka, kubandakanya ukubuyisa (ukuphinda kusetshenziswe) kwe-biological sludge engxenyeni entsha yamanzi angcolile kanye nokwenziwa kanye kanye kokumiswa. Zonke izindlela zokusebenzisa amanzi angcolile akhiqizwa eminyakeni elandelayo kuze kube manje azinazo ezinye izixazululo ezintsha, kepha yandisa kuphela indlela eyakhiwe ngaphambili, ezinqunyelwe ekuhlanganiseni okuhlukahlukene kwezigaba ezaziwayo zenqubo yezobuchwepheshe. Okuhlukile yindlela yokwelapha i-physicochemical, esebenzisa izindlela zomzimba kanye nokuphendula kwamakhemikhali ezikhethelwe ukususwa kwezinto eziqukethwe emanzini amdaka
Kepha ukusebenza kwezitshalo eziningi ezisekelwa usilika kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima obukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitshalo sokulungisa amanzi angcolile emadolobheni, kwakhiwa amathani angaba ngu-1.5-2 wemfucumfucu ngonyaka. Ukusetshenziswa kwale sludge njengomanyolo wezitshalo zetafula akwamukeleki, ngoba kuqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi ezingonakalisi. Njengamanje, i-sludge enjalo igcinwa emhlabeni, kuhlala izindawo ezinkulu, futhi ibangele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi enhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezinobuthi kakhulu eziqukethe izinhlanganisela zezinsimbi ezisindayo eziyingozi ethile kumkhathi zihlanzwa ngaphandle kwesilayidi, okokuqala. Izinsimbi ezisindayo zidonswa yi-phytoplankton bese zidluliselwa ngasesitolo sezinto zokudla ezihleleke kakhulu. Kwezinsimbi, ezinobuthi kakhulu yi-zebus, ithusi, i-zinc ne-cadmium.
Isixazululo esithembisa kakhulu kule nkinga ukwethulwa komkhuba wezinhlelo zezobuchwepheshe ezibandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kusuka kusilayidi, kulandele ukushiswa kwezinsalela ze-sludge.
Inkinga ethile ukungena kwezinto ezingcolisiwe ezingaphezulu komhlaba kumanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuphephiswa kwamadolobha njalo kune-acidity ephezulu. Uma idiphozithi chalk kanye namatshe amatshe angaphansi komuzi, ukungena kwamanzi acidified kuwo ngokungenakuholela kuholele ekutholakaleni kwe-karst ye-anthropogenic. I-voids eyakhiwe njengomphumela we-anthropogenic karst ngqo ngaphansi kwedolobha ingaba yingozi enkulu ezakhiweni nasezakhiweni, ngenxa yalokho, emadolobheni lapho kunengozi yangempela yokuvela kwayo, kudingeka insiza ekhethekile yokuma komhlaba ukubikezela nokuvikela imiphumela yako.
3. Ingxenye engokoqobo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-80% womuntu uqukethe uketshezi futhi udinga ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu lamanzi nsuku zonke. Mina ngokwami ngiyazibuza, hlobo luni lwamanzi abaleka empompini wezindlu ezisedolobhaneni lethu? Amanzi ama-Reftinsky awasebenzisa kanjani amanzi? Yize indawo yethu yokuhlala incane, kepha endaweni yayo kukhona amabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni athi, ngenkunkuma yawo yokukhiqiza, kungenzeka angcolise i-Reftinskoe reservoir, enikeza izakhamizi zakuleli dolobhana ngamanzi alo.Benginentshisekelo enkingeni yokwelapha noma yokuthola amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile ku-Reftinsky. Ngosizo, ngaphendukela kubazali bami, abangingenise eapparatchik - umsizi welebhu esiteshini sokuhlunga i-Reftinskoye, eVlasova Olga Vadimovna. IVlasova O.V. bengihlelele ukuvakasha kwalesi sikhungo, lapho ngangenisa khona inqubo yokuhlanzwa kwamanzi.
Ngijwayele inqubo yezobuchwepheshe yokuhlanzwa kwamanzi (bheka iSithasiselo, iSikimu 1). Amanzi avela echibini lamanzi okuphuza oMfula iDemo Reft anikezwa ngamaphampu amane ngamapayipi amathathu amanzi anobubanzi obuyi-300 mm kwizikhungo zokwelapha zesiteshi esihlungiwe. Ngemuva kokuhlanzwa kanye nokuhlanzwa kokuqala kusuka ku-phyto- kanye ne-zooplankton kuma-microfilters No. 1,2,3, amanzi aluhlaza chlorised ageleza ngamandla adonsela phansi kuya kubaxube be-No 1 no-2. Ama-microfilters asetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amanzi amabi, ukubamba izinhlayiya ezimisiwe nezintanta. I-microfilter yisigubhu esimweni sohlaka lwensimbi embozwe endaweni yesilinda ngezinto zokuhlunga - amanetha enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali. Ukungcola okukulesi sigubhu kuhlanzwa izimbiza zamanzi zivela emshinini wokuwasha, bese zingena kumbhobho wokudonsa amanzi. I-mixer yenzelwe ukusatshalaliswa okusheshayo nokufana kwe-reagents futhi iyisichibi sohlobo lwento ethe mpo (vortex). Kuxube, amanzi ahlanganiswa ne-coagulant - i-reagent ekhulisa izinhlayiya ukuze kusheshiswe ukubekwa kwazo. Ngemuva kwama-microfilters, amanzi e-chlorine aqala ukuhanjiswa engxenyeni engezansi ye-mixer, lapha, ngokusebenzisa ama-nozzles akhethekile, i-coagulant, evame ukwenziwa kwe-chlorine, iyanikezwa. Ngalesi senzo, ama-Bubble omoya ne-carbon dioxide ahlukaniswa namanzi, njengoba ijubane lamanzi lihamba lisuka esigabeni esincanyana liye kwesinye ebanzi. Ukuxuba amanzi kufanele kusheshe, imizuzu engu-1-2. Engxenyeni engenhla ye-mixer ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-1 ukusuka phezulu kunamafasitela akhukhulayo anesigaba sesiphambano esingu-50 * 200 mm, izingcezu ezintathu ohlangothini ngalunye. Ngemuva kwalokho, amanzi ahlanganisiwe ahamba ngamandla adonsela phansi ekucaciseleni kokuxhumana kwesigaba sokuqala nesesibili. Amathangi kakhonkolo aqinisiwe anomthamo we-87 m 3, onobhavu kanye nesihlabathi. Lapha, amanzi ayakhululwa ezinhlayiyeni ezi-colloidal nezinqanyuliwe, futhi lapha, i-lime, i-chlorine ne-fluorine kwethulwa kuwo ngokusebenzisa izikhwama ezitholakalayo zokucacisa othintana naye. Ngemuva kwalokho amanzi angahlungiwe angena ethangini lokutholakala kwamanzi, bese liphuma kumthengi ngamapayipi amabili amanzi. Amathangi okugcina amanzi afinyelela ku-1000 m 3 anikezwa indawo yokuhlala indawo yokuhlala (ngenani lezicucu ezi-3), endaweni yezimboni ze-GRES (izingcezu ezi-2) nakuRBF - 1 tank elinomthamo we-2000 m 3.
Umsebenzi omkhulu wesiteshi sokuhlunga sedolobhana ukulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi ngokuya ngamazinga ayo. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza kwenziwa ngokwezinkomba ezine futhi kuvezwe ethebula No. 3 (bheka isithasiselo). Izinkomba ze-Microbiological zilawula ukuba khona kwamagciwane, ubuthi - umthelela onobuthi emzimbeni womuntu, i-organoleptic - umphumela ezinjeni zomuntu, ngokuba khona kwamakhemikhali athinta izinkomba zamanzi ze-organoleptic.
Phakathi kwezinto ezehlukene ezisemanzini kukhona lezo ezingalimazi emzimbeni womuntu, ngokwesibonelo: usawoti, i-calcium nosawoti we-magnesium, okunikeza ukuhlangana kwegazi, i-manganese, okudingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezicubu zamathambo nosawoti we-chloride, okuyingxenye yegazi.
Kepha kunezakhi zamakhemikhali ezinokuqondisa okunobuthi ngaphezu kokusebenziseka. Isibonelo, i-beryllium, enomphumela onobuthi nezinhlanganisela zayo kwizitho zabantu ezifana nesibindi namaphaphu. I-Fluorine - lonke usawoti wayo unobuthi ohlelweni lwamathambo namazinyo, i-strontium - ubuthi obunemizwa nemisipha, ibangela amathambo angenamikhaza. Ukuhola - kubhubhisa uhlelo lwezinzwa nolwezinhliziyo. Kepha ngifaka ubuthi i-aluminium ikakhulukazi enomphumela onobuthi emisebenzini yohlelo lwezinzwa nakwezicubu zobuchopho.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye ngenyanga esiteshini sokuhlunga, izifundo zenziwa ngekhwalithi yamanzi omthombo avela emfuleni uMfula iDemo Reft. Ngaba nentshisekelo ekusebenzeni kwe-aluminium emanzini. Ngiyazi ukuthi i-aluminium iyona nto ejwayelekile yamakhemikhali futhi inyibilika kakhulu emanzini anosawoti. Isimo esivumelekile sayo emanzini ngu-0.5 mg / l. Ngokuthatha ukufundwa kokuqukethwe kwe-aluminium emanzini ngonyaka owedlule futhi ngikuhlaziya, ngafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi inani eliphezulu lale nto emanzini livela entwasahlobo, lapho umzimba wethu wamanzi uhlanganiswa “ngokwengeziwe” ngamanzi ancibilikayo.
Idolobha lifuna ukusenza sikholwe (futhi uyaphumelela) ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwalo akulindelekile. Ukuthonya idolobha, ukuzama ukuqondisa ukukhula kwalo ngendlela efanele, abantu babhekene nokuphendula kwalo okungalindelekile futhi, kanye nemiphumela emihle, bathola abaningi ababi. Amadolobha ayindawo yokuphila yansuku zonke yenani elandayo labantu.
Inhloso yendatshana yami bekuwukucabanga ngezinkinga zamadolobha amakhulu. Umsebenzi owenziwayo usivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi namhlanje amadolobha anezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu, eveza ukuthi, abantu bafunda ukuzixazulula futhi bavikele imiphumela yabo eyinhlekelele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadolobha ayintuthuko enhle. Yizikhungo zamasiko, ubuciko, isayensi kanye nemfundo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadolobha ayinto engeyinhle: njengezikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni, zinokuphazamiseka kwemvelo kwemvelo futhi zilimaza impilo yabantu abahlala kuzo. Kunezimo ezihlangene ezifana nalezi zokuphila komuntu njengokungasebenzi, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, umlutha wezidakamizwa.
Kuphakama imibuzo: ungazihlanganisa kanjani lezi zici ezimbili eziphikisanayo kwanoma yiliphi idolobha elikhulu? Ngemuva kwakho konke, awukwazi ukukhansela idolobha. Ngemuva kwalokho, ungakwenza kanjani lokhu ukuze wehlise umthelela wezinto zabo ezingezinhle emphakathini wonke? Umphakathi wesintu kusafanele uphendule le mibuzo neminye eminingi. Kungakho emsebenzini wami ngazama ukuveza hhayi ezinye zalezi zinkinga, kodwa futhi ngikhombisa ukuthi zixazululwa kanjani emadolobheni amakhulu.
Amandla wokukhula emadolobheni emhlabeni ngo-1950 - 2000
Umehluko phakathi kwedolobha nendawo yemvelo
Izimiso zemvelo zilungile. Uma ingxenye eyodwa yemvelo yemvelo ishintsha, ezinye izingxenye zihambisana kahle nezinguquko. Edolobheni, umuntu wenza indawo yokuhlala. Ngeke akwazi ukubona kusengaphambili ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezizoletha imisebenzi yakhe. Umuntu uphoqeleka ukuba afune izixazululo ezinkingeni azenzele zona.
Ukwahluka kwamadolobha amakhulu kusuka kwimvelo yemvelo:
- Indawo yokuhlala yabantu abaningi endaweni ebumbene,
- Izinga eliphakeme lokushintsha komhlaba,
- athuthukise ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni nezinsiza.
Njengoba idolobha likhula, izakhamuzi zakhona zihamba kude nemvelo, imvelo iba ngeyamangala. Konke okwakhiwe edolobheni ukuze kube lula umuntu kancane kancane kuqala ukwenza ngokumelene naye.
Izici ze-Microclimatic zamadolobha
Emadolobheni, kwakhiwa i-microclimate, eyehluka ezindaweni zemvelo ezizungezile. Izakhiwo, imigwaqo egandayiwe kanye nezindawo zokudlala zishisa kakhulu elangeni. Izihlahla eziluhlaza zimelana nokushiswa ngokweqile ngokuhwamuka komswakama kusuka emaqabungeni, ngakho-ke, umthunzi wezikhala eziluhlaza upholile kunokuba isithunzi sakhiwo.
Ngosuku olushisayo, ihlathi noma ingadi eminyene kuyinto ebandayo engu-7 000 C kunasendaweni yasemadolobheni. Izinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo ligqugquzelwa ukuthutha emadolobheni, ukukhiqiza, ukulahlekelwa kokushisa.
Esimweni sezulu esizolile esiphakeme ngamamitha ayi-100-150, kwakheka ungqimba lwe-inversion lokushisa. Ibambezela ukugcwala kwezindiza zomoya ongcolile edolobheni. Amanani okuqothuka lapho kungekho moya enza i-smog. Ukungcola kwenkungu kulimaza impilo yezakhamizi ngezindlela ezimbili:
- Izinhlayiya ezimisiwe zezinsimbi ezisindayo ziyingozi ngokuphefumula.
- I-smog inciphisa ukuthungwa, okuvele kunganele ebusika.
Izinkinga zemvelo yemvelo yamadolobha
Emadolobheni, zonke izingxenye zemvelo yemvelo ziyashintsha. Umuntu uhlose ukwenza izinguquko eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, eshintsha imifula yasemfuleni. Olunye ushintsho lwenzeka ngentando yomuntu, kepha akuyona inhloso yakhe. Ngakho-ke, lapho ebeka amapayipi kanye nezintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba, umuntu uhlasela inhlabathi, kepha ukusebenza kwezokuxhumana kuyamkhathaza. Ezinye zezinguquko ezenzeka ngokwazo ngenxa yentuthuko, ukungcoliswa komoya, izinguquko ku-microclimate.
Ukubhujiswa kwezimbali nezilwane
Ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha kuhlobene nokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Esehlelweni lokuhlela imigwaqo, imigwaqo eseceleni, amadamu, indle nokunye okuphathelene nemvelo yasemadolobheni, zonke izimila zemvelo ziyachithwa Ezindaweni ezikhululekile zenhlabathi, esikhundleni sezindawo ezimfushane, utshani bukhula buyakhula. Izinsizakusebenza ze-Urban Landcaping services zithwele kanzima ngamatshe athwala umhlonyane, i-burdock ne-amaranth. Endaweni yabo, kutshalwa utshani obusebenzayo futhi obuhle, odinga ukulungiswa njalo.
Kwesinye isikhathi edolobheni kunezigaba zehlathi ezazikhona kule ndawo ngisho nangaphambi kokusungulwa noma ukwandiswa komuzi. Ama-squirrels kanye nezinyoni ezithile zasehlathini zitholakala kule ndawo. Abamele abasele bezilwane zasendle baphoqeleka ukuba bahambe dolobha.
Kwesinye isikhathi idolobha noma ukuxhumana kwalo okuhambisana nalokhu kutholakala emizileni yokufuduka kwezilwane zasendle. Ukwehluleka ukunqoba izithiyo ze-anthropogenic kuholela ekufeni kwezilwane eziningi. Ukwehliswa okwenziwe ngesibalo kwezinhlobo zohlobo olulodwa kwesinye isikhathi kuholela ekungalinganisini kwayo yonke imvelo yasendaweni enkulukazi.
Emadolobheni, inani lamagwababa, ama-jackdaw, ondlunkulu, namajuba asempunga liyanda. Ezinye izinyoni zidla emigqonyeni kadoti, ezinye zondla abantu basedolobheni. Ebusika, ama-tits athuthela emadolobheni.
Izindawo ezingaphansi kwezindlu namabhizinisi - indawo enhle yokuzalanisa amagundane namagundane. Lawa angomakhelwane abayingozi kubantu; kufanele alwe nawo.
Ukushintshwa komhlaba
Ngaphansi kwamadolobha, zonke izingxenye zemvelo yemvelo ziyashintsha: ukwakheka komhlaba nokusiza, amanzi asemhlabeni namanzi angaphansi. Ukungenela komuntu ekujuleni komhlaba kufinyelela emamitha amamitha, metro ilele ekujuleni okunjalo. Ekujuleni okujulile, izintambo, kubekwa amapayipi, kufihlwe emhubheni womfula. Konke lokhu kuthinta inqubo yokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi kanye nezinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba.
Abahleli be-Urban baphendukela ezingeni elinjalo njengokutshala, noma ukukala, ukukhululeka: amachibi nezigodi ziyalala, zidilize amagquma, zishintshe iziteshi zemifula emincane. Ensimini eyisicaba, kulula kakhulu ukwakha izindlu, ukuhlomisa izikwele, imigwaqo, amapaki. Kepha ukungenelela emvelweni kwemvelo kubhebhethekisa ukugeleza komhlaba, ukulala emizimbeni yamanzi kuholela ekhuphukeni kwezinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izikhukhula ezingaphansi komhlaba. Izikhukhula ziholela ezinkingeni eziningi kusukela ekukhiqizweni komiyane kuya ekudonselweni komhlaba.
Kepha emadolobheni kukhona nezindlela zokusiza ezenziwe ngabantu: lezi zingamacala okuhlangana kwezimoto, iziteshi zokuthumela, amabhange okwenziwa kwemifula eqondisiwe.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi
Inkinga yokungcoliswa kwamanzi inezinhlangothi ezimbili. Okokuqala, lesi yisimo samanzi angcolile, kanti okwesibili, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi emadolobheni. Ukubaleka kwedolobha elikhuphukayo kuthinta ikhwalithi yamanzi emadolobheni aphansi.
Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kwedolobha elincane elinamanzi amahle kunganikezwa ngamanzi aphansi komhlaba. Idolobha elikhulu alikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi kusuka kumanzi avulekile. Sekukonke, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhaya nokusetshenziswa kwezimboni emadolobheni kumayitha angama-cubic umuntu ngamunye ngosuku. Ngamanani anjalo emadolobheni anabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa, ayikho imifula yendawo eyanele.
Kwakhiwa umgodi ovela eVolga ukuze kutholakale amanzi eMoscow, ngoba uMfula iMoscow awusaphatheki kahle ngezidingo zedolobha. Ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi emadolobheni amakhulu, kuyakhiwa amadamu. Ngaphambi kokungena emthonjeni wamanzi, amanzi echibi kanye nomfula ayahlanzelwa izigaba eziningi. Ukwelashwa nge-khlorine kubulala amagciwane, kodwa kulimaza impilo yomuntu.Uma i-reservoir ingcolile kakhulu, khona-ke ukuhlanza akususi konke ukungcola okulimazayo.
I-Sewerage ihlanziwe eziteshini zezindiza iminyaka eyikhulu isebenzisa isludge ebukhoma. Ama-Microorganisms adla ukungcola, ngenxa yokuthi ikhula futhi iphindaphindeke kanjani. Umphumela uba namanzi acwebile nengxenye ekhulayo ye-sludge. Ingxenye yesludge isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza i-batch elandelayo yemishini. Ukulahlwa kwe-sludge ngokweqile kuyinkinga enkulu.
Ama-Microorganisms awadli kuphela izinsalela eziphilayo, kodwa futhi nezinto ezinobuthi. Ngenxa yokuqongelela kwezinsimbi ezisindayo, i-sludge ayilungele ukusetshenziswa njengomanyolo ezitshalweni zokudla. E-Russia, igcinwa emhlabeni, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwemvelo okuqhubekayo. E-Europe, kusetshenziswa ama-sludge dryers. Isilayidi sabo esomile sikhiqiza izinto zokwakha namanye amafutha.
Inkinga ehlukile ukubaleka kwengaphezulu.
Izinkinga zezinsizakusebenza nezomnotho zamadolobha
Imisebenzi yamadolobha ihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo ezihlukene: kusuka emoyeni nasemanzini kuya kumaminerali. Izinsizakusebenzisa zingena emvelweni ngefomu eliguquliwe nelingcolile. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezamabhizinisi okuhamba nawezimboni, ukwakheka kwegesi komoya kuyashintsha.
Izigidi zamathani wamandla wezinto zokubasa kanye nezinto zokwenziwa ezingakhiqizi zithunyelwa emadolobheni. Kokubili okwenziwa ngophethiloli nezinto zokusetshenziswa ngokwazo, nemikhiqizo yazo esetshenzisiwe ingaba yingozi kubantu.
Izinkinga zamadolobha
Izinkinga ze-anthropoecological zifaka lezo zici zemvelo yasemadolobheni ezithinta impilo yabantu. Umzimba womuntu awunaso isikhathi sokwemvelo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokushintsha kwezemvelo. Ngakho-ke, abantu bomuzi bavame ukuhlushwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izifo zempucuko":
- Isishayo somhlali wasemadolobheni wanamuhla ukungasebenzi ngokomzimba. Ukuntuleka kokuhamba neminye imisebenzi yomzimba kuholela ekukhuluphele, izifo zenhliziyo kanye nezinye izifo ezithile.
- Ukungcoliswa komoya kuholela ezifweni zokuphefumula ezinjenge-allergies, isifuba somoya, i-COPD, umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
- Ngenxa yesigqi sokuphila esimatasatasa, ulwazi olwedlulele, umsindo, abantu bomuzi baba nezimpawu ezinkulu zedolobha. Izibonakalisa ekukhathazekeni, ekucasukeni, ekucindezelekeni.
- Ukunyuka kwezinga lomsindo kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezindlebe. Ukuzwa ukulahleka kwezakhamizi emadolobheni amakhulu kuvame kaningi ukwedlula kubantu bendawo.
- Edolobheni, umuntu usengozini enkulu yokulimala noma yokufa. Imithombo yengozi - izingozi zemoto, icicles nezitini eziwa ophahleni, izingozi zezimboni emabhizinisini, ukuqhuma kwegesi yasekhaya nokunye okuningi.
Ukuchayeka komuntu emasimini we-electromagnetic kanye nemisebe
Umhlaba ugcwele izinkambu ze-electromagnetic, ezinye zazo ezivela emvelweni. Le yinkambu yeplanethi yethu, ukukhishwa komsakazo welanga nezinto ezenzeka ngogesi. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, umuntu uthinteka nangamakhimu we-electromagnetic yemithombo yokwenziwa, efaka:
- ukufakwa kwesiguquli,
- izintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu,
- dlulisa izimpondo
- izintambo zangaphakathi,
- izinto zasendlini namathuluzi wamandla,
- ezokuthutha zikagesi
- ukuxhumana okungenantambo.
Umthelela wensimu ye-electromagnetic emzimbeni womuntu awuxhomekile ohlotsheni lomthombo, kodwa ezimfanelweni zalo. Izinkambu ziyahlukahluka futhi zimile. Amandla wensimu ancike emandleni omthombo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamaza egumbini kuncike ekubekweni kwezinto, ubungako bokusebenza kahle kwabo.
Lapho insimu isebenza kumuntu, ama-molecule okwakha umzimba ahlangana emigqeni yamandla e-EMF. Lokhu kuholela ekuphulweni kwenkambo evamile yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ze-physico-chemicals. Ithonya lenkambu eshintshayo ngaphezu kwalokho ipholisa umzimba. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-EMF yezingxabano eziphansi, umphumela walezi zinqubo ezempilo awunakwa.
Isenzo sezindima ezidlula esivamile siholela ezifweni zazo zonke izinhlelo zomzimba.Ithonya elikhulu kunawo wonke lifakwa kulezo zitho eziqukethe amanzi amaningi: kuyenyuka umfutho wegazi, inani lama-leukocytes emaconsi egazi, ilensi iba ngamafu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone kukhubazeke. Ukusabela kohlelo lwezinzwa kuboniswa ebuhlungwini bekhanda, ukukhathala okwandayo, imemori engasebenzi kahle, ukulala, ukuxhumana.
Ukuchayeka okuqinile isikhathi eside ku-EMF kungaholela kumdlavuza. Amamosimitha wesizinda se-electromagnetic anquma ukuthi insimu ka-elekthronikhi efulethini iyahambisana yini nezindinganiso. Njengomthetho, ingemuva lenyuka eduze kwezikhoxe, izintambo, izinto zikagesi ezinkulu.
Umthelela wezemvelo wezimoto
Izimoto zingukungcola komoya okukhulu kwemigwaqo yedolobha. Zishisa kakhulu uphethroli kunazo zonke izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zaseRussia. Ngaphezu kwe-carbon dioxide, cishe izinto ezingama-200 ezahlukahlukene zingena emkhathini zisuka kumapayipi okuqothula: i-carbon monoxide, i-nitric oxide, amakhompiyutha womthofu nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo. Ukuthuthwa kwemigwaqo kuyimbangela yezinkinga ezinjalo zemvelo edolobheni:
- ukungcoliswa komoya,
- faka ukungcoliswa kwendaba,
- umsindo okhulayo, ukudlidliza,
- ukwanda kokushisa komoya
- isidingo sokulahlwa kwamathayi asetshenzisiwe, uwoyela, izingxenye ezisele.
Ukuthuthwa kukagesi akumenzi amandla, kepha ithilamu lingaphambi kwezimoto ngomsindo nangokudlidliza.
Uma idolobha linesikhumulo sezindiza, izinkinga ezifanayo zihlanganiswa nezindiza.
Amabhizinisi wezimboni zedolobha
Umkhakha wenza iqhaza elibalulekile ekungcoleni kwamadolobha nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Amabhizinisi enza cishe u-90% wamanzi angcolile akhishwayo. Ukungcola kwendle kuncike embonini.
Amabhizinisi wezimboni angcolisa umkhathi ngezinto eziwuketshezi, eziqinile nezinamagesi. Ukukhuphuka komzimba kunomthelela olimazayo emvelweni ngokushesha noma ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali esibhakabhakeni. Ukungcola kwe-gaseous kanye noluketshezi kuqukethe izakhi zesibabule, i-nitrogen, isikhutha, ne-halogen. Ngefomu eliqinile, uthuli lungena emkhathini, ingxenye yalo equkethe izinto ezinobuthi - i-arsenic beryllium, i-fluorine, i-cyanides.
Umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu emvelweni yasemadolobheni ubangelwa amabhizinisi embonini elandelayo:
- metallurgy ayisiyisi futhi ferrous,
- embonini yokuhlanza uwoyela
- synthesic kwamakhemikhali
- uginindela namaphepha okusamaphepha.
Amabhizinisi wezimboni adlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kwe-smog. Izinkinga zemvelo zamadolobha amakhulu azinakuxazululwa ngaphandle kokuthi kubhekwe umoya osetshenziswayo lapho kuklanywa izikhungo zezimboni.
Izindlela eziyi-7 zokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo yamadolobha
- Ucwaningo lwama roses omoya. Indawo yemimoya engcolisa amabhizinisi ezimboni kanye nezitshalo zamandla ezishisayo ohlangothini lwamanzi. Kuyadingeka ukuthi unake umoya lapho kuklanywa izindawo zokuhlala ezinabantu abaningi.
- Ukulawulwa kokungcola kanye nokuphuma, ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi ukufaka izindawo zokwelapha ezisebenzayo.
- Ukuhlaza imvelo yasemadolobheni. Ukutshala izihlahla futhi uzinakekele kuyabiza kakhulu kunokuhlela utshani nokugibela, ngakho-ke izihlahla zitshalwa zimbalwa emadolobheni amaningi. Ingadi ivimba umsindo nothuli, ilawula amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ithuthukisa ukwakheka komoya. Izihlahla zinikeza umthunzi opholile ekushiseni kwehlobo, amapaki nama-groves asebenza njengendawo yokuphumula yezakhamizi.
- Ukufaka esikhundleni sokungcolisa izimoto ngobungane bemvelo. Ukuthuthwa kwemigwaqo akunakuba yingozi ngokuphelele: amathayi akhiqiza uthuli lwerabha. Kepha ukufaka izinjini zokumaphakathi zangaphakathi zibe ezikagesi, okungenani ezokuthutha umphakathi, kuzothuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yomoya. Onjiniyela basebenza ngezinjini ezithulile nokumiswa kwethilamu.
- Ukuhlunga udoti. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wonke amadolobha azoqongelela ukuqoqwa kanye nokwenza kabusha kokulahlwa kukadoti.
- Isuka ngaphansi komhlaba, emakamelweni angaphansi, emagalaji, ezimotweni nasezimboni eziyingozi.
- Imfundo yesiko lezemvelo lezakhamizi.Akunandaba noma yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwa nguhulumeni nabaholi bamabhizinisi, ngaphandle kokuqwashisa abahlali baleli dolobha, ngeke bahlanzeke futhi babe ntofontofo ngempela. Ukuletha udoti ebhokisini lokuvota, ukuphathisa izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zokuphinda usebenzise kabusha, ukubheka isimo semoto yakho, ukuthula lapho kuthuleke amahora asungulwa ngumthetho - ngisho hhayi zonke izakhamizi ezenza lezi zenzo.
Iziphathimandla zokulawulwa kwemvelo kwedolobha elikhethekile
Imizimba yombuso ebheke ekhethekile imvelo iqapha imisebenzi yamabhizinisi, abaphathi abaphezulu kanye nezakhamizi ezindabeni zezemvelo. Ukuqapha imvelo kwenziwa yizinhlaka zombuso ezigunyazwe ngokukhethekile:
- Umnyango Wezemvelo Nezemvelo,
- Service federal for Supervision of Natural Natural,
- I-Federal Agency Yezamanzi,
- I-Federal Forestry Agency,
- Federal Agency for Subsoil Use.
Eminye iminyango nayo ibamba iqhaza ekulawulweni kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, uMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia ulawula ukuvikelwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zasemanzini: kuqapha ukusebenza kwezindawo zokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi, kulawula ukudotshwa kwemfuyo nokugcinwa kwempahla yedamu. I-Roshydromet ihlela ukuqapha kwesimo somkhathi, inhlabathi, amanzi angaphezulu, kugcina isikhwama sesifundazwe sedatha yokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
I-Rospotrebnadzor ilawula umthelela wezinto zezemvelo kwimpilo yabantu. AbakwaRostechnadzor babheka ukukhishwa kwamabhizinisi. Inkonzo yokuhlanzeka yokuhlanzeka yoMnyango Wezempilo iqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza, kanye nesimo sezindawo zokungcebeleka, zezimboni kanye nezokuhlala zedolobha.
Amabhizinisi kudingeka ukuthi alawule ukuphuma kwawo nomoya. Uma iziphathimandla zokuphatha zikhombe ukwephula umthetho, kufanele zilungiswe kungakapheli isikhathi esibekwe ngumthetho.
1.1 Izinkinga zomhlaba.
Izinkinga zemvelo zihambisana kakhulu nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yemvelo. Ngaphansi kwamadolobha, zonke izinto ziyaguquka: ukwakheka komhlaba nokukhululeka, ingaphezulu kwamanzi omhlaba. Isimo sezulu, ikhava yenhlabathi, izinyama nezimbali. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zemvelo yasemadolobheni zizama ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintsha ngokushesha (ngokujwayelekile, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kuyancishiswa, indawo yokutshala komhlaba nayo iyancipha). Kungabonakala ukuthi imvelo yasemadolobheni iguquka kuphela phezu kobuso, nasezinzulwini ezinkulu, ngaphansi kwezindlu kanye ne-asphalt, konke kuhlala kungashintshiwe, njengoba bekuneminyaka eyizinkulungwane edlule.
Kodwa-ke, akunjalo.
Emadolobheni anamuhla, ezokuxhumana zitholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha ambalwa. Imifula ifihlwe ngaphansi komhlaba emhubheni, kufakwa imigqa kamasipala, kufakwe amapayipi ahlukahlukene, amanethiwekhi amakhebula, njll. Zelulwa lapho. Zonke lezi zinhlaka kanye nezokuxhumana zishintsha kakhulu isimo se-hydroecological. Izinga lamanzi omhlaba lehla, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi iyaphazamiseka.
Lapho bakha idolobha, abakhi basebenzisa kakhulu uhlelo lokuhlela (ukuhlela) usizo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izigodi, izigodi zemifula emincane nemifudlana, amachibi alala. Ngaleyo ndlela, kwandza indawo yemigwaqo yedolobha, imigwaqo kanye nokudlulela phambili kufinyelelwe. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye kukhona ukwephulwa kwezinqubo zemvelo. Ukuhamba kwamanzi angaphezulu kunzima, izimo zokudonsa kanye nokwehliswa kwezinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba ziya zisiba zimbi kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, ukulala ezigodini nasemifuleni kuhambisana nokugcwala kwezindlu ezingaphansi, okwenza izimo zokuphindelela komiyane kuzo. Izikhukhula yindawo lapho amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angaphansi kwamamitha amathathu. Kusekujuleni kwenxa yokuthi izingqimba kanye nezisekelo zezakhiwo, izintambo zikagesi nezingcingo, amapayipi amanzi kanye nogwayi, nokunye okokuxhumana kutholakala. Imbangela yezikhukhula ukungcola okuthuthukile kwamanzi ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi.
Izikhukhula zibhubhisa isisekelo, zinciphise amandla abo, zenza kube nzima ukubeka imizila engaphansi komhlaba, abaqoqi bobuchwepheshe kanye nemipheme futhi ikhulisa ukugcwala kwamapayipi nezinhlaka zensimbi.Izikhukhula ziqinisa izinqubo eziningi ze-geological futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zokusiza zobumba zivame ukuba khona emadolobheni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinto zokuphumula ezisetshenziselwa izinto zokuhamba. Ojantshi bezitimela nemigwaqo emikhulu ibekwe eceleni kwabo, kudlula iziteshi. Ngenhloso efanayo, kwakhiwa imibimbi, kufaka phakathi ukuhamba kwemikhumbi yemifula.
Izinyoni, izinduku, izinambuzane kanye namagciwane amancane azalela inqwaba ezindaweni zokulahlwa emadolobheni nasezindlini zamachibi kuletha inkathazo enkulu, efihla njalo ingozi engaba khona empilweni yabantu.
Ubusika obufudumele nobuningi bemfucuza yokudla emadolobheni buheha izinyoni eziningi. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinyoni, amadolobha asephenduke uhlobo lokuphephela, ngoba lapha, ngokungafani namadlelo amancane, azikho izibulala-zinambuzane nezidlanzana ezimbalwa. Ukukhula kwamadolobha emazweni amaningi omhlaba kuhambisana nokuzalaniswa kwezinyoni zamagwababa futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, amagwababa ampunga. Banqoba ngempumelelo i- "factor factor" futhi abesabi ukuba khona kwabantu njalo eduze kwabo, kufaka phakathi nezidleke. Edolobheni, amakhowe ahlala futhi afune ukudla ngisho nasezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu. Isimo sezulu esiphansi, izimila zakuqala nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, nokuchitheka kokuningi kokudla kwaholela ekwandeni kokuzala kwamagwababa emadolobheni.
Ezintabeni ezishisayo zomhlaba osenyakatho, amadolobha amakhulu aba indawo yobusika bezinyoni eziningi. Ebusika, imihlambi yezingwe kanye nemidondoshiya ihlala lapha ebusika. Bachitha ubusuku ezihlahleni zezihlahla zamapaki nezingadi, futhi ngezinsuku eziqandayo ikakhulukazi bathuthela ekungeneni kwomoya kanye nasezinsikeni zezakhiwo enkabeni yedolobha. Ekuseni, amagwababa andiza esuka enkabeni aya emaphethelweni ezinkudlwana komhlaba. Izinkulungwane zamadada ebusika emanzini angenawo iqhwa ngaphakathi emadolobheni.
Izakhamizi ezihlala njalo emadolobheni ziyizidlakela zasemadolobheni, amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izimbotshana zasemadolobheni, izinqola, izibungu nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni. Emadolobheni amaningi, ama-swans nama-goose ahlala endaweni enobunzima basendle.
Izikhala eziluhlaza zinomthelela omuhle ezimpilweni zezakhamizi. Imifino yinto ebalulekile empilweni nasekuphepheni kwezakhamizi. I-greenery ayigcini ngokujabulisa iso ngombono wayo omuhle, ichaza imvelo nokubukeka okuhle kwesifunda, idolobha (yize lokhu kungaba ngokwanele ukuthethelela amapulani amaningi asedolobheni). Kepha nokho, into ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukuthi bahlanza umoya, bawuthambisa, banciphise izinga lokushisa kwalo ehlobo futhi balikhulise ebusika .. Banikeza umoya-mpilo onikeza impilo futhi basuse isikhutha. Ungumhlunga wemvelo, ofaka izinto eziningi kanye nezithako zomsindo, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhipha izinto eziguquguqukayo - izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinomphumela we-bactericidal, zithinta ithoni yomuntu, njll. Nazi nje izibalo ezimbalwa nezibonelo:
Imigwaqo emincane yamamitha ambalwa ukuphakama futhi ibanzi inciphisa izinga lomsindo wethrafikhi ngo-10-12 dB, ukugcwala kwama-microparticles ayingozi kusuka ku-100 kuye ku-25%, isivinini somoya kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-2 m / s, kanye nokuphela kwegesi yezimoto ukuya ku-15% ngevolumu yomoya ngayinye,
Emthunzini wensimu enhle, eminyene, enempilo ngosuku olushisayo, izinga lokushisa komoya liyi-7-8, kanti nasehlathini lepaki li-100C liphansi kunasesivulekile.
Umuthi ojwayelekile emahoreni angama-24 ubuyisela i-oxygen eningi njengoba udinga ukuphefumula abantu abathathu,
Ngosuku olushisayo lwasehlobo, kukhuphuka imifudlana yomoya ophefumulayo ngenhla komthofu oshisayo, kuphakama izinhlayiya zothuli, bese kwehla imisinga yomoya engenhla kwepaki yakudala, ngoba ingaphezulu lamaqabunga liyabanda, nothuli oluvela emoyeni luhlala emaqabungeni (nawo angaba manzi noma anamathe). Lapho-ke ihektha elilodwa lezihlahla ezi-coniferous libamba kuze kufike kumathani angama-40 ngonyaka owodwa. uthuli, nokhuni oluqinile - cishe i-100t.
Idolobha lithinta nezinguquko ezimweni zezulu ngaphakathi kwalo. Emadolobheni amakhulu, isimo sezulu semvelo kanye nezimo zezulu zishintsha kakhulu. Imvamisa engxenyeni emaphakathi ifudumele kakhulu kunangaphandle nangaphandle kwamadlelo.Ngama-anticyclones, ngezinsuku ezinomoya obuthakathaka, lo mehluko ungafinyelela amadigri ayi-10. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle komuzi nangaphandle kwamadolobha, isithwathwa emhlabathini senzeka entwasahlobo nasekwindla kaningi kunasesikhungweni sedolobha. Izimbali emaphethelweni aqhakaza ezinsukwini ezingama-7-10 kamuva.
Izizathu zokunyuka kokushisa kokushisa edolobheni zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Umuzi omkhulu, kukhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuwo. Futhi lokhu kuhambisana namanani abalulekile okudlulisela ukushisa, zonke izinhlobo zokulahlekelwa ukushisa. Ziyavela phakathi kokushisa kwamabhilidi, ukusebenza kwezimoto nezitshalo zezimboni. Izakhiwo eziningi zibuye zibe nomthelela wokwanda kokushisa emadolobheni: izindlu zamatshe, izakhiwo zikakhonkolo, izikhala ezinkulu ezifuleziwe ezimbozwe nge-asphalt, izindawo ezinkulu zophahla lwensimbi. Zonke ziholela ekwandeni kwezwekazi. Akuyona ingozi ukuthi amadolobha abizwe ngokuthi awugwadule lwamatshe anamafutha aluhlaza esigcawini, izingadi namapaki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya ongcolile wamadolobha ubambezela ukubuya okushisayo kobuso bomhlaba. Futhi lokhu kunomthelela ekugxilweni kokushisa emoyeni ophansi.
Amazinga okushisa aphakeme wezingqimba zomoya phakathi nenkathi yamakhaza athinta uhlobo lokuhanjiswa kwemvula. Ngakho-ke, esimweni sezulu esijikelezayo esinezinga lokushisa lomoya elisondele ku-zero, kuba nezikhathi ezithile zemvula edolobheni, kanti ngaphandle komuzi kuyadonsa.
Emadolobheni amakhulu, isimo sokujikeleza komkhathi siyashintsha. Njengomthetho, emabhuloki akhiwe ngezakhiwo ezinde, ukugqwala kuyanda. Idolobha elikhulu lakha uhlelo olukhethekile lomoya olubizwa ngokuthi "umoya oshaya umoya." Baqhamuka ngenxa yokuhluka komfutho womoya phezu kwedolobha namadlelo alo. Edolobheni, ngenxa yokushisa okungeziwe, kwakheka ukugeleza komoya futhi indawo yendawo yakhiwa maqondana nomfutho ophansi wasemkhathini. Imifudlana yomoya ephuma emaphethelweni edolobha namadolobha angaphansi ashesha lapha. Lapho beshaya bephuma ngaphandle komuzi, umoya ohlanzekile uqhela ungena edolobheni kanye nabo. I-airing yomuzi yenziwa ngendlela efanayo. Ukuphefumula kwasedolobheni kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Kodwa ngokusobala zivame ukuvela kuphela ngaphansi kwenhlanganisela ethile yezimo zezulu. Uma i-anticyclone enamandla ifakwe ngenhla komuzi futhi umfutho womoya ukhuphuka, khona-ke umoya onamandla wedolobha awunakwenzeka.
Izakhiwo eziningi zomoya wasemkhathini zincike esimweni sezwe lemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi nezindawo ezizungeze amadolobha. Izindawo zasemhlabeni zamadolobha awasebenzi nje njengendawo yokuphumula yabantu bomuzi, kodwa futhi zinika nomoya ohlanzekile edolobheni uqobo.
Amadolobha anomthelela omkhulu kuhlobo nasekushintsheni kwamathafa hhayi ngaphakathi kwawo kuphela, kodwa futhi nangaphezulu kwemingcele yawo. Ngezinga elikhulu, lokhu kuhlangene ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. Ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile kubahlali bamadolobha namadolobhana, ukunikezwa kwamanzi kumabhizinisi wezimboni nakomasipala kungenye yezinkinga zokuqala zemvelo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ukusebenziseka kahle kokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kufaka ukuxazulula uhla lwezinkinga zonke: kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamanzi okuphuza, qinisekisa isimo esihle sokuhlanzeka kanye nokuhlanzeka kwendawo yasemadolobheni, ukuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwezimboni nokwakhiwa kwezindlu, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezimo ezingcono zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzijabulisa zabantu.
Emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni wezwe lethu, kusetshenziswa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ekuhlinzekeni ngamanzi. Kepha ukukhuphuka kwabo kokupomula kuhambisana nokuvela kwemishini emincane ecindezela amanzi, imingcele yayo evame ukuya kude kakhulu kwemingcele yamadolobha.
Emadolobheni amakhulu, ukutholakala kwamanzi kuvame ukuhlinzekwa hhayi kuphela ngamanzi aphansi, kepha nangamanzi angaphezulu emifula, amachibi namachibi. Kepha ngenxa yalokhu, kuyadingeka ukwakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-hydraulic - imisele, izingidi, izitshalo zokwelapha indle, nokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi kuthuthukisa izimo zemvelo zamadolobha namadlelo.Umuzi omkhulu, izakhiwo ezinkulu zamanzi kuyadingeka ukuwakha ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Amadolobha angabathengi abaphambili bemithombo yemvelo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izikhungo eziphambili zokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu, kuvela izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulahlwa kukadoti. Ingxenye encane yayo kuphela esetshenziselwa ukuvuselela imfucuza kwezitshalo. Futhi yonke eminye imfucumfucu kufanele ichithwe ekulahlekelweni komhlaba. Izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba zichithwa ekuchithweni komhlaba ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, lapho kuhlelwa khona inhlanzeko nokuhlanzeka. Ukuqongelelwa kukadoti kuguqula kakhulu isimo sezinqubo zemvelo ezindaweni ezinkulu zangaphansi komhlaba. Ngalesi sizathu, ezinye izakhiwo zemvelo ezizungeze amadolobha zichithwe ngokuphelele futhi zisebenza njengomthombo oyingozi kubantu. Ngemuva kokugcwalisa insimu eyenzelwe udoti, ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi kumbozwe ungqimba lomhlabathi okungenani amamitha amathathu. Kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, yonke indawo yokugcwaliswa komhlaba iyingozi empilweni yabantu nasezilwaneni. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezinkulu ahlangene nezinto ezinobuthi namagciwane. Kwaphela amashumishumi eminyaka, akukho okungakhiwa futhi kubandakanyeke kwezolimo kulezi zindawo. Indlela eyinqayizivele yokusebenzisa imfucumfucu yokwakha ukudala amagquma okwenziwe ngawo. Amagatsha amaningi amamitha ukuphakama athululelwa udoti wokwakha. Ingqimba yenhlabathi ithululelwa phezu kwabo bese kutshalwa utshani. Amagquma anjalo angasetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwe-ski kanye ne-toboggan izakhiwo. Ziphinde zisebenzele ukulenga. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zisemadolobheni amaningi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ezindaweni eziningana zaseMoscow.
Amadolobha amakhulu athonya isimo semvelo sendawo engaphansi komhlaba ngemijikelezo yomoya. Umoya uphethe umoya wedolobha ongcolile amashumi ngisho namakhulu amakhilomitha. Lo moya unomphumela ezingxenyeni eziningi zesimo samadlelo angaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni.
Emadolobheni onke ngenxa yokulahlwa uthuli okuvela emkhathini, ukungcoliswa kweqhwa kwenzeka. Izindawo ezimbozwe yiqhwa elinjalo elingcolile zikhulu kaningana kunezindawo zemizi ngokwazo. Ukuphazamiseka kwendawo yeqhwa engcolisiwe ezungeze amadolobha kunokulungiswa okuhlukile. Ngokwezinga elikhulu kakhulu, kuya ngesisekelo somoya ovunguzayo. Iqhwa elihlanzekile libonisa ama-70-90% esenzeko semisebe yelanga kuso. Ngenxa yokungcola, ukubonakala kwayo kuncipha amahlandla amabili kuya kwamathathu. Ngakho-ke, iqhwa elingcolile libamba imisebe yelanga eminingi futhi ancibilike ngokushesha kunokuhlanzeka.
Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni zomhlaba, izidalwa zomoya ezingcolile zingahlangana ndawonye, zenze amafu amakhulu omusi. Umbono oyingozi womkhathi nendawo yamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha-skwele kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni ezinkulu zezimboni zaseMelika naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kuvela amafu entuthu phezu kwalezi zindawo lapho kumiswa khona i-anticyclone ephezulu ngaphezu kwazo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukwehla komoya imisinga kanye nesimo sezulu esipholile kuyanda emoyeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukungcola kuqongelela emoyeni ophansi phezu kwayo yonke indawo yezimboni kanye namafu amaningi entuthu. Kuzo zonke izindawo zasemadolobheni, imisebe yelanga iyancipha, futhi izimo zezemvelo zezinto eziphilayo ziyonakala.
1.2 Izinsizakusebenza kanye nezomnotho.
Izinkinga zezinsizakusebenza kanye nezomnotho zidalwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo ngezinga elikhulu, ukucubungula kwazo kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya imfucumfucu enobuthi.
Izinsizakusebenza zemvelo zentuthuko yamadolobha yendawo ifaka zonke izakhi zemvelo yemvelo: amadwala, ingaphezulu komhlaba kanye namanzi aphansi komhlaba, isisekelo somoya, umhlabathi, izimila, izilwane zasendle.Zonke lezi zingxenye zincishisiwe: izinqolobane zamanzi ahlanzekile nomoya, indawo yokutshala komhlaba, nokwehluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyancishiswa. Ngokufana, ikhwalithi yabo iya yawohloka. Lokhu kuthonywa ukungenelela komuntu okuqondile endaweni yemvelo ngokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha, kanye nomthelela wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola.
Ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimboni, amadolobha aphenduka amafektri nezitshalo eziqhubekayo - izinto eziningi zokwenziwa zalethwa lapha (yebo, ukuthi abantu noma ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo azihlangani nendalo), baqala ukusebenza base kudalulwa imfucuza enobuthi eyaphonswa emoyeni. noma ngesimo semfucumfucu, bangena emizimbeni yamanzi, bayingcolisa, ngasikhathi sinye nomhlabathi namanzi, befaka ubuthi kulomuzi owawuchitha.
Ngenqubo yokuba khona kwedolobha, inqubo yemvelo yezinto eziphilayo yayiphela kancane kepha iphazamisekile impela, umjikelezo wezinto ushintshiwe, namandla abiwa kabusha. Ngokuqala kwezimboni zamakhemikhali, lokhu kwephulwa kukhula phambili. Ngokuhambisana nentuthuko yezimboni, ezokuthutha (amanzi, ujantshi, umgwaqo, amapayipi) athuthukiswa ngokufanele, futhi okubandakanya ukungcoliswa kwezemvelo. Izinto zemvelo nezinhlanganisela, ezaziphumule ekujuleni okukhulu kweminyaka eyi-10-100000 futhi zingangeni kumjikelezo osebenzayo wezinto, manje zilele ngamanani amakhulu ebusweni futhi zibandakanyeka ezinqubweni zemvelo ngenxa yokucubungula, ukushisa, i-oxidation, ukuchithwa, njll. Lokhu bekungeke kuphazamise impilo yabantu abaxhumana nabo ngqo, futhi kunabantu abaningi abengeziwe njalo ngonyaka, futhi ikakhulukazi emadolobheni, ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Maphakathi nekhulu lethu leminyaka, umphakathi waqala ukuzabalaza ngokwengeziwe ngenqwaba yamafemu nezimboni zokuhlanzeka kwamanzi nomoya emadolobheni. Isimo sezinkinga zokuvikela imvelo yasemadolobheni sekushintshe kakhulu. Imithetho yaqala ukukhishwa evimba izimboni, ibaphoqa ukuthi bahlanze futhi bahlukanise imfucuza yokukhiqiza. Izimboni ezingcolisa kakhulu zaqala ukususwa edolobheni, futhi kaningi ezweni.
Ukukhula kwamadolobha kuyaqhubeka, indawo yamadolobha amakhulu iyanda, amadolobha amasha avela, kepha ijubane lokuhamba emadolobheni linciphile kancane emashumini eminyaka amuva. Noma kunjalo, amadolobha ayaqhubeka, ahamba kancane, ahambahamba azungeze iplanethi, athumba indawo eyengeziwe. Isibonelo, esikhathini se-1950-70gg. indawo yezihlanganisi zasemadolobheni ezinkulu kakhulu eziyi-15 icishe yaphindeka kabili. Kepha okushesha emadolobheni ukusetshenziswa kukagesi nokushisa, kanye nenani lezimoto. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyimoto eyaba ngomunye wabephula umthetho oyinhloko bemvelo yasemadolobheni. Uthuli lwerabha kuphela olusuka kubo ngokungena lomoya lungena emoyeni ngonyaka kusuka kumshini ngamunye kuya ku-10 kg. Futhi zingaki izinto ezinobuthi ezikhutshwa epayipini yokuqothula, kungakanani umoya-mpilo obanjiswa ngumshini ne-carbon dioxide ne-carbon monoxide, futhi kumane nje ukuthi umoya uvutha izinjini (ukushisa kwemishini yokuhambisa eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ilingana nokushisa kwezigidi zamalitha amanzi ashisayo). Futhi ukuphuma kwezulu okuphuma emapayipini aqeda kakhulu ezimoto emzimbeni wengane kungadala ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokubuyiselwa kwengqondo, ngenkathi amadolobha nawo engeza inani elikhulu le-mercury, asbestos nokuningi, singasasho isibalo esikhulayo semisebe.
1.3 Ukungcoliswa komoya.
Kuwo wonke amadolobha omhlaba kunokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yomoya ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwawo luthuli. Futhi lokhu kuyingozi enkulu, ngoba impilo yabantu incike esimweni somoya.
Umoya wamadolobha wehluka emaphandleni ngokuqukethwe okwanda kakhulu kwamagesi anobuthi nothuli. Amabhizinisi amaningi, iziteshi zokushisa, izimoto zikhipha inqwaba yezinto ezinothuli emoyeni. Ngenxa yokwanda kokuhlangana komoya emadolobheni, izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu zothuli zikhuphuka ngaphezu kwekhilomitha futhi zisatshalaliswa amashumi ngisho namakhulu amakhilomitha avela emithonjeni yokungcola. Izinhlayiya ezinkulu zothuli ngokuvamile azivuki ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngesimo sezulu esizolile, ungqimba lwezindawo ezingcolile emoyeni, zintanta ngendlela ye-arch engenhla komuzi endaweni ephakeme ngo-300-500m. Le ungqimba, ilenga emadolobheni amakhulu, inciphisa imisebe yelanga eqondile, inciphisa isikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga.Kulokhu, ngokuvamile, kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu omhlaba, imisebe yelanga yehle ngo-10-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqala kwalelikhulu leminyaka. Amandla emisebe ye-ultraviolet nawo anciphe kakhulu, okwaholela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kwamagciwane we-pathogenic.
Ukugcwala kukhutshwa ngamabhizinisi amaningi ezimboni kanye nezitshalo ezifudumeza, izimoto, kukhulisa kakhulu inani le-okuthiwa yi-nuclei okuhlushwa. (Ama-nuclei okuhlushwa ayizinhlayiya eziqinile ebusweni lapho okwakhiwa khona amaconsi amanzi kusuka kumphunga womoya). Kusebenza kakhulu njenge-nuclei ukugxila kwezinhlayiya zesibabule nezinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen, ezimelelwa kabanzi emoyeni wamadolobha. Ngenxa yalokhu, amadolobha amakhulu abonakala ngenani elikhulayo lezinsuku ezinamafu, ezinamafu nezinamafu.
Ngaphezu kothuli, amagesi anobuthi angena emoyeni wemizi. Ukukhishwa okuvame kakhulu yizithako zesibabule. Phakathi kwazo, i-analtride yesibabule ithatha indawo yokuqala ngokuya ngobuthi. Ingena emoyeni lapho kushiswa amalahle, uwoyela kaphethiloli negesi kumasango. Ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo kwezakhi zesibabule, noma kungaphansi kokugxila okuphansi, kuyalimaza noma kulimaze ukukhula kwesitshalo. Iziqongqongo ezomile zamaphayini, amahlamvu ahlukanisiwe, amabala ansundu kanye abomvu emaqabungeni, izihlambi zezinaliti - konke lokhu kuyizimpawu zokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule emoyeni.
Izigidigidi zamamitha ama-carbon monoxide ne-nitrogen aphonswa emigwaqweni yedolobha. Ezindaweni lapho kuhlangana khona izimoto eziningi, okuqukethwe yilezi zinto kufinyelela osayizi abayingozi. Njengoba ume endaweni ethile ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo usuku lonke lokusebenza njengephoyisa eliqaphile, uzothola izinto eziningi eziyingozi njengoba ziqukethwe emaphaketheni kagwayi amahlanu. Ngakho-ke wonke ama-100% abantu basedolobheni bangabhemi, noma ngabe bayafuna noma cha. Ngakho-ke, emadolobheni isibalo sezifo nokufa siya ngokwanda. Futhi kunezinto ezithile ezibangelwa ukusebenza komuntu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-smog ahlukahlukene. Ngokuvela kwe-smog, izimo ezithile ziyadingeka: inani elikhulu lamagesi wezimboni nezokuthutha nothuli olukhipha emoyeni wedolobha, isimo sezulu esizolile nemisinga yomoya eyehlayo. Ama-smog eza ngezinhlobo eziningana. Okuvame kakhulu yi-smog emanzi, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi yiLondon noma imnyama. Uma kufakwa i-anticyclone enkulu edolobheni, wonke amagesi anobuthi nothuli aqongelela engxenyeni yamamitha ayi-100-200 bese kuvela inkungu enombala ophuzi ongcolile. I-smog eyomile ihlukile kwe-smog emnyama kwimvelaphi nezakhiwo. Kwenzeka esimweni sezulu esomile kulawo madolobha lapho kufakwa khona ama-anticyclones. Ngesibhakabhaka esingenamafu, kufakwa amanzi amakhulu e-ultraviolet yokuqothula izimoto kanye nokuphuma kwezimboni. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela izinto ezintsha eziphakeme kunobuthi bazo kokungcola kwasekuqaleni. Ngenxa yokoma komoya, lolu hlobo lwe-smog alwakhi inkungu ewugqinsi, kepha lubukeka njengengquza emnyama. Uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-smog yi-icy noma i-Atlantic smog. Kwenzeka emadolobheni e-Arctic ne-Subarctic ngamazinga okushisa aphansi nesimo sezulu esipholile. Kulesi simo, ukuphuma kwe-umusi noma inani elincane lokungcola okuvela kumasango kuholela ekwakhekeni kwenkungu eminyene, equkethe amakristalu e-ice ne-sulfuric acid. Ama-smog ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene abonakala emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni.
Kuthathwa izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene emadolobheni ukuvikela umoya ekungcoleni. Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ukususa ukungcola kude nezindawo zokukhupha ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kutholakala ngokwakhiwa kwamapayipi aphezulu emafektri naseziteshini ezishisayo. Amapayipi akhipha umusi, umlotha kanye namagesi emoyeni ogeleza, abahamba amabanga amancanyana ukusuka endaweni yokuphuma futhi abasakaze ngamanani omoya amakhulu. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlunga nazo zifakiwe emapayipini, ezinciphisa ukuphuma kwezulu. Kodwa-ke, zonke izindlela ezinjalo azinakuyixazulula ngokuphelele inkinga yokuvikela ikhwalithi yomoya.Ukuhlunga kuholela ekuqongeleleni kwezinqwaba ezinkulu zezinto eziyingozi ezidinga ukugcinwa endaweni ethile. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunokungcola kwenhlabathi, ingaphezulu kwamanzi omhlaba edolobheni kanye nezindawo ezikuzo. Ingxenye yokungcola ayibanjwanga kokuhlunga futhi ingena emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwamabhizinisi wezimboni, iziteshi ezishisayo nezindawo zokuhlala kufanele kube nezindawo zokuvikela ezinezikhala eziluhlaza, ezihlanza umoya wothuli, zithuthukise ukwakheka kwgesi, futhi zinciphise nomthelela womsindo.
Ingxenye enkulu yokungcoliswa emadolobheni yizimoto. Kanye nokwanda kwenani lezimoto, izinga lokungcoliswa komoya liyakhula. Ososayensi nonjiniyela bafuna izindlela ezihlukile zokunciphisa imiphumela eyingozi yezimoto emoyeni. Bakha amapayipi aqeda imishini afakelwe okokuhlunga okumunca, aguqula ukwakheka kwezinjini futhi afune izinto ezinobuthi ezingaphansi njengophethiloli. Izimoto kagesi ezinemvelo ezinobungani, amadrama kanye nama-trolleybus. Umthelela obalulekile ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa komoya yizimoto zidalwa yizinto zokuhamba nezobunjiniyela. Ukwakhiwa kwezinguquko zokuhamba - imigudu kanye nokweqa kwehlisa izinga lokungcoliswa kwemigwaqo emikhulu ngamagesi aqeda izimoto. Imisele nokudlula okukuvumela ukuthi ugweme ukumiswa kwezithuthi ezinde futhi ngaleyo ndlela unciphise ukuphuma kwezimoto.
Uhlobo olukhethekile lokungcoliswa komoya wasemadolobheni ngumsindo. Umsindo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi iqoqo lemisindo ebangela ukungaphatheki kahle futhi icasule izitho zokuzwa. Ukuthula okuphelele kusebenza kumuntu ngendlela engafanele njengokungcola komsindo. Ngokwesilinganiso, yedolobha, ama-decibel angama-55 abhekwa njengomsindo ojwayelekile phakathi nosuku. Kepha emadolobheni amakhulu izinga lawo liphakeme kakhulu. Emigwaqweni emikhulu enabantu abaningi, umsindo udlula ama-decibel angama-80. Ngezinga elikhulayo lomsindo kumuntu, ukuzwa kuncipha kancane kancane, kuphakama umfutho wegazi, kuqhamuke nama-neuroses, futhi kube nokuqina kokuqina kokuziphatha. Umsindo awudluliswanga ngumoya kepha ngamabhilidi okwakha abizwa ngokuthi yi-vibration. Umthombo wokudlidliza yimigqa engaphansi komhlaba engashoni, imigqa yetramu, ujantshi kanye nezimoto. Ukuvimbela ukudlidliza, izakhiwo zokuhlala kufanele zibekwe kuma-25-30m. kusuka kudoti naku-50m. Kusuka kumathrekhi wesitimela.
Isethi yezinyathelo isetshenziselwa ukulwa nomsindo emadolobheni. Emadolobheni amaningi, izinqa zemoto azivunyelwe. Umphumela omkhulu odonsa umsindo udalwa yizikhala eziluhlaza emigwaqweni emikhulu nojantshi, izihlahla ezizungeze izindlu. Izindlela zokucindezela umsindo zokucindezela izakhiwo zezindlu zokuhlala zakhiwe. Amakamelo okulala ezindlini kufanele abekwe ngasohlangothini lwamagceke.
ISINGENISO
“Amadolobha ayindalo enhle yokudalwa kwengqondo nezandla zabantu. Banendima ebambekayo enhlanganweni yomphakathi. Basebenza njengesibuko samazwe abo nezifunda. Amadolobha aholayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-workshop esintu futhi izinqubekela phambili zentuthuko ”- Isimilo salowo muzi odumile sanikezwa uGeorge Mikhailovich Lappo encwadini yakhe ethi" Geography of Cities ".
Umuntu ngeke avumelane naye. Ngempela, ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni kanye nenani labantu kudlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yawo wonke amazwe.
Enye yezinto ezicijisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wanamuhla ukukhula kwamadolobha, ijubane eliqhubekayo lokwandisa inani lezakhamizi, iqhaza elandayo lamadolobha emphakathini, ushintsho lwasemaphandleni lube emadolobheni, kanye nokufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni.
Ukuhlobana kwalesi sihloko kungendlela elandelayo:
izakhamizi eziningi zomhlaba zizalwa njengezakhamizi
ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesithathu, izigidigidi ezinhlanu nesigamu kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa bahlala emadolobheni,
ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni kuthinta isimo semvelo semvelo.
1. UKUVUNJELWA KOMDLALO
Imvelo yasemadolobheni ingumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi futhi osemqoka.Ukutadisha izakhiwo nezimpawu zemvelo yasemadolobheni kuvula indlela eya olwazini lomuzi, umongo wawo njengento eyenzekayo. Imvelo yasemadolobheni iyingxenye ebalulekile yamandla wedolobha. Ikuvumela ukuthi uqaphele amandla okudala omphakathi futhi unikele ekuqongeleleni amandla omphakathi okuqhubekela phambili.
Imvelo yasemadolobheni iyinhlanganisela yeziteshi eziningi ezahlukahlukene zokuxhumana ngobuningi, amafomu nezindlela zokuxhumana, ukuxhumana kwemithombo eyahlukahlukene yolwazi. Isici saso esiyisisekelo kukhula kwehlukahlukana. HE. UJanitsky uphetha ngokuthi inqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ayinakukhula ngaphandle kokuxhuma okuhlukahlukene okukhulayo nokuxhumana. Ukwehlukahluka kwakha ububanzi bamathuba wokwethula umuntu emhlabeni ongenamkhawulo wesiko. Imvelo yasemadolobheni inquma ukukhanga kwedolobha elikhulu.
Imvelo yasemadolobheni iyinto enhlobonhlobo. Kwakhiwa zombili izinto ezibonakalayo (izakhi zomuzi nemvelo), nezinto ezingokomoya. Inani labantu liyisihloko lapho imvelo isuselwa khona. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, kuyisici semvelo. Ukwakheka kwabantu kuthinta kakhulu isimo nezakhiwo zemvelo.
Ingxenye engokomoya yendawo yasemadolobheni iyacetshiswa ngezincwadi ezinkulu. Amadolobha amahle anjengeSt. Petersburg, iMoscow, iParis anenani elikhulu labantu “lemibhalo” - amaqhawe emisebenzi ahlala edolobheni elithile. I-Petersburg yasePushkin, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Blok - lena yi-Petersburg yamaqhawe abo.
Ubulukhuni besakhiwo nobunzima bezinto eziguquguqukayo zedolobha buhambisana nezakhiwo zawo njengokungahambisani, nobunzima, ukumangalisa. Idolobha liyindlela yokuphikisana yenhlangano yomphakathi. Ukuphikisana kuhambisana nakho ekuqaleni, kufakwe emgqondweni wayo uqobo. Zingenziwa buthaka ngomthethonqubo ocatshangwayo, noma zingandiswa ngamaphutha kanye nokungaziphathi kahle kwabaphathi nabaqambi. Kodwa impande yezinkinga nokuphikiswa kuphela ingxenye yezenzo zabantu. Ukuphikisana kanye nezinkinga kubangelwa idolobha uqobo.
Izinsizakusebenza zedolobha zisetshenziswa yimisebenzi ehlukene, phakathi lapho kuphakama ukuphikisana - uhlobo lokuncintisana kwemisebenzi. Kunokungaboni ngasolinye phakathi kwezimboni ezindala nezintsha. Imikhakha ehlukene yesibalo sabantu ifuna izimfuno ezihlukile enhlanganweni yendawo yasemadolobheni, balwela ukuyakha ngokuhambisana nezidingo zabo, okuthandwayo nemibono Idolobha, likhula ngosayizi, njengoba likhula ngezingubo eziqinile esephenduke kuye. Imigwaqo iba mncane kakhulu, ayikwazi ukwedlula ukuhamba okuthe xaxa kwabantu. Lesi sikhungo asihambisani nokulungiswa komuzi kanye nendawo yedolobha. Umthamo wezinsizakusebenza usuphelile.
I-metropolis uhlelo, kepha uhlelo luyinto exakile kakhulu. Izici ezahlukahlukene zedolobha elikhulu zakha ngamanani ahlukile. Kukhona ukungahambi kahle kohlelo, ukwephulwa kokulingana nokuhambisana kwezakhi nezinto ezakha i-megalopolis. Noma, lapho idolobha elikhulu lenzelwa, lokhu kulingana kanye nokuvumelana kuyaqinisekiswa ngesisekelo sokubala ngokucophelela.
I-Urbanization, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithuthukisa isimo sokuphila kwabantu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iholela ekuhanjisweni kwezinhlelo zemvelo ngabasebenza ngezinto zokufakelwa, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, kanye nokwanda komthwalo wamakhemikhali, wenyama nangokwengqondo emzimbeni womuntu.
Idolobha elikhulu lishintsha cishe zonke izingxenye zemvelo yemvelo - umkhathi, uhlaza, inhlabathi, i-topography, inethiwekhi ye-hydrographic, amanzi omhlaba, inhlabathi kanye nesimo sezulu. Inqubo yokwenziwa kwabantu emadolobheni, okubangelwa ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezenhlalo nohlobo lobudlelwano bezenhlalo, nayo inomthelela oguqukayo ekuthuthukisweni nasekusatshalalisweni kokukhiqizwa kwenye indawo yomphakathi, kuguqulwa isimo sayo senhlalo nakwezomnotho, izinkomba zezibalo zabantu, kanye nemibandela yokuthuthuka kobuntu.
Umuntu uhlala aphupha ngekusasa elingcono.Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, waziguqula ngasese noma ngonembeza futhi wenza ngcono ukubukeka kwezindawo zokuhlala. Amandla amadolobha awamangazi neze, ngoba aqongelele izinto ezibonakalayo ezivame ukungatuswa - izindlu, izakhiwo zomphakathi, izinkundla zemidlalo, izinkundla zemidlalo, imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amapayipi namapaki.
I-megalopolis ekugcineni ikhombisa uhlobo lomphakathi lwesigaba, ukungqubuzana kwalo, okubi nokuqhathanisa.
Megacities izikhungo zokuphila kwezepolitiki namasiko. Baqala ngesikhathi sobugqila, bethuthukiswa ngaphansi kobushiqela kanye nobungxowankulu. Inqubo yokuhlaselwa kwenani labantu kumametro kushesha kakhulu ukwedlula ukwanda kwesibalo sonke. Ngokusho kwe-UN, inani labantu basemadolobheni emhlabeni landa minyaka yonke ngo-4% ngonyaka.
Ukuvela kwe-megalopolises kusho ukwakhiwa kabusha okuzenzakalelayo kwezindawo ezinkulu zoMhlaba. Ngasikhathi sinye, amachibi omoya nawamanzi, izindawo eziluhlaza ziyahlupheka, ukuxhumana kwezokuxhumana kuyaphazamiseka, okuholela ekungaphatheki kahle ngazo zonke izindlela. Amadolobha amaningi ayanda ukuze angabe esakwazi ukuhlalisa emhlabeni futhi aqale 'ukuzulazula olwandle.'
Inqubo yokuhlaselwa kwabantu emadolobheni ayinakugwenywa futhi isesimweni esihle. Kepha ukwakheka komuzi ophelele, into eyakha izimboni, "yokwakha idolobha" yaxabana nenhloso yomlando wedolobha nendima yalo ekuthuthukiseni amazinga okuphila abantu.
Amadolobha amakhulu anamuhla, ikakhulukazi ama-megalopolise, anwebile ngokushesha, kubandakanya nezindawo zokuhlala, izikhungo eziningi zesayensi nezomphakathi, amabhizinisi ezimboni kanye nezokuthutha, zikhula, zinwebeka, zihlangana, zidlondlobala futhi zilimaza nemvelo ephilayo yoMhlaba. Amadolobha anamuhla anezimboni, ikakhulukazi amanye amakhulu amakhulu emazweni ongxowankulu, ezimeni eziningi agcwele ukhonkolo, i-asphalt, intuthu, ukuphuma kwomoya onobuthi. Ngezansi sibheka izinkinga eziningi kumetropolis, kanye nokuphepha kwempilo edolobheni.
Ubuntu enqubweni yokuphila ngokuqinisekile buthinta amasistimu ahlukahlukene wemvelo. Izibonelo zalokhu, okuvame ukuba yingozi, imithelela kungukudonswa kwamaxhaphozi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukubhujiswa kwengqimba ye-ozone, ukujikeleza kokugeleza kwemifula, ukulahla imfucuza endaweni yemvelo. Ngalokhu, umuntu ubhubhisa izibopho ezikhona ohlelweni oluzinzile, okungaholela ekunqothulweni kwalo, okungukuthi, kwinhlekelele yemvelo.
Ngezansi sibheka enye yezinkinga zethonya lomuntu emvelweni - inkinga yokungcola kwamadolobha.
Isifunda ngasinye esikhulu, esiyindawo enezimo ezithile zezemvelo nohlobo oluthile lokuthuthuka komnotho, kufanele sibhekwe ngokukhethekile ngokubuka kwemvelo. Ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwesifunda kwemvelo kulele ekutheni imiphumela yayo inenani elikhulu elisetshenzisiwe (izinkinga zesifunda "ziseduze" nomuntu kunezinkinga zezwe, izwekazi noma iplanethi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo semvelo sezifundeni ekugcineni sinquma isimo somhlaba wonke sezingxenye zemvelo.
1.4 Izinkinga ze-Anthropoecological.
Izinkinga ze-anthropoecological zamadolobha zihlotshaniswa nempilo yabantu basemadolobheni. Ukushintsha ikhwalithi yendawo yasemadolobheni kube kubi kubangela izifo ezahlukahlukene kubantu. Uhlobo nemvelo yemvelo yomuntu, eyakhelwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyikhulu, ayikwazi ukuguquka ngesivinini esifanayo nezwe aphila kulo. Ukungahambi kahle phakathi kwalezi zinqubo kungaholela ekungqubuzaneni phakathi kwemvelo yemvelo yomuntu nendawo ahlala kuyo.
Phakathi kwezinkinga ze-anthropoecological, indawo ekhethekile ithathwa yinkinga yokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezemvelo, ukuvumelana nomzimba womuntu nezakhiwo zawo eziguqukayo. Ukushintshwa kungenye yezimfanelo eziyisisekelo zabaphilayo. Kuvame ukukhonjwa ngomqondo wempilo.
Umuntu njengesidalwa semvelo unemingcele emincane yokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezingubo, izindlu nezinye izinto, angaphila ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Indima ebalulekile idlalwa izindlela zengqondo zokuzivumelanisa nezenhlalo, isimo sempilo empilweni esezimeni ezedlulele.
Isigqi esijulile sokuphila kwasemadolobheni, inani elikhulayo lolwazi kanye nejubane lokuhamba kwabangela "izifo zempucuko" eziningi. Phakathi kwazo, ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ukunqotshwa kohlelo lwenhliziyo. Izakhamizi sezivame kakhulu kunakuqala ukuhlushwa umfutho wegazi ophakeme, i-arteriosclerosis, ukufakwa kwe-myocardial.
Isici esiyingozi sempilo yethu yasedolobheni ukungasebenzi. Ukuhamba kungumfutho obalulekile wemvelo wokuthuthuka kwayo yonke imisebenzi yomzimba womzimba. Abantu abaholela ekuhlaleni bengathathi kahle baphethwe izifo ezahlukahlukene futhi, okokuqala, izifo zenhliziyo.
Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kubangela izifo eziningi zokuphefumula. Izinga lezifo ezibangelwa yileli gciwane liyakhula futhi. Emadolobheni anezimboni, isibalo seziguli sisuka ku-10 siye ku-20%, kanti ezindaweni zasemakhaya singama-2-4%. I-metabolism iyaphazamiseka emzimbeni, izifo zezitho zokugaya kanye ne-oncological zivamile. Izakhamizi ngezinga elikhulu zihlushwa yisifo sedolobha elikhulu: isimo sokudangala, ukungalingani kwengqondo.
Edolobheni, owesilisa ubhekene nezingozi ezahlukahlukene zombili ezivela ohlangothini lokuhamba okusheshayo nokuhamba kwezinto eziningi, futhi kusuka esimweni sokuphila eshesha kakhulu - imithwalo eyengeziwe yengqondo, ukukhanya kobuso, ukukhangisa. Idolobha libuye likhuphuke nomsindo wokucasulwa komsindo (usuka ezimotweni uye kweminye imishini - ama-alamu angenaphutha, ukugcwala kwetramu, ukubhonga kwamaloli amakhulu). Izinkulungwane zemithombo yomsindo: ngemuva kwakho konke, lokhu akuvaliwe abatholakali kanye namarekhodi okuqoshwa, umsindo ovela kwindiza ehamba noma uya emhlabeni, njll. Konke lokhu kuholela ekukhathaleni okwandayo, ukuncipha komsebenzi wezengqondo, izifo zomzimba nezinzwa. Isayensi, ekhuluma ngemisindo yemvelo neyenziwe ngabantu ethinta i-psyche nempilo yabantu, isimo sokuqina kwemvelo yemvelo neyokufakelwa, ibizwa nge-audioecology.
Umuntu njengenhlobo waphakama endaweni enomsindo omkhulu. Imisindo ehlukahlukene yemvelo yamzungeza kusuka ezitebhisini zokuqala. Kwakungumsindo womoya nokububula kwamanzi, ukushayeka kokuwa kwamadwala nokuduma, ukuculwa kwezinyoni nokukhala kwezilwane. Zonke zazisayina izehlakalo ezibalulekile emvelweni futhi, ngakho-ke, ukuzwa kwakhe bekuhlala kuvunyelwe kule misindo. Baye baba yingxenye edingekayo yesimo somuntu. Futhi lapho isidingo sezimpawu ezinjalo ziphela (noma sinciphile), bagcina umphumela wabo omuhle kumuntu nakwi-psyche yakhe. Leli thonya lisindile kuze kube namuhla. Kungakho sithanda imisindo yemvelo futhi abakaze basithwale.
Enye into yimisindo eyenziwe ngabantu. Bahamba nathi kuphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka - okuyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando wethu. Futhi asizange sithuthukise imikhuba yabo. Nezindlebe zethu. Ziyingozi namanje futhi azizwisisi kithi.
2 Izisombululo ezingaba khona ezinkingeni
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, kwakhutshwa umthetho wokuqala odumile e-Athene owenqabela ukuphonswa kukadoti emigwaqweni, kuhlinzekwe inhlangano yokuqothuka okukhethekile nokuyalela amadoda odoti ukuthi alahle imfucuza edlula imayela ukusuka edolobheni.
Kusukela lapho, udoti ubelokhu ugcinwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zokugcina ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamadolobha, izindawo ezikhululekile ezindaweni eziseduzane nazo zancipha, futhi nephunga elingajabulisi, inani elikhulayo lamagundane abangelwa ukuqothuka komhlaba, lahluleka ukubekezeleleka. Ukuchitheka komhlaba okuhlukile kuye kwathathelwa indawo ngemigodi kadoti.
Cishe ama-90% emfucuza e-USA asachithwa. Kodwa ukugcwala komhlaba e-United States kugcwalisa ngokushesha, futhi ukwesaba ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kubenza babe omakhelwane abangathandeki.Lo mkhuba uphoqe abantu ezindaweni eziningi kuleli lizwe ukuthi bayeke ukuphuza amanzi emithonjeni. Emzameni wokwehlisa lobungozi, abaphathi beChicago ngo-Agasti 1984 bamemezela umhlangano ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezintsha zokugcwaliswa komhlaba kuze kube sekukhiqizweni uhlobo olusha lokuqapha ukuhamba kwe-methane, ngoba uma ingalawulwa, ingaqhuma.
Ngisho nokugcwaliswa kwenkunkuma okulula kuwumsebenzi obizayo. Kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1987 Izindleko zokugcwaliswa komhlaba e-United States zikhuphuke zisuka ku- $ 20 zaya ku- $ 90 ngethani elilodwa. Indlela yokukhuphuka kwezindleko iyaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi baseYurophu, indlela yokulahla imfucuza, njengoba idinga izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi inomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, yathandwa kakhulu kwenye - ukushiswa.
Ukusetshenziswa okuhleliwe kokuhleleka kwezitofu zokungcola kwahlolwa eNottingham, eNgilandi, ngo-1874. Ukungeniswa kwehlisa inani lemfucumfucu ngo-70-90%, ngokuya ngesakhiwo, ngakho-ke yathola ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzinhlangothi zombili ze-Atlantic. Amadolobha anabantu abaningi futhi abaluleke kakhulu aqala ukufaka izinto zokuhlola. Ukushisa okhiqizwe imfucuza evuthayo kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ukusetshenziselwa ukukhipha amandla kagesi, kepha akubanga ndawo zonke lezi projekthi azikwazanga ukuthethelela izindleko. Izindleko eziphakeme zizoba ezifanelekileyo lapho bekungeke kube khona indlela yokungcwaba eshibhile. Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa lezi zakhiwo asheshe azilahla ngenxa yokuwohloka komoya. I-Landfill ihlala ingenye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokuxazulula le nkinga.
Indlela ethembisayo kakhulu yokuxazulula inkinga ukuphinde usebenzise imfucuza kamasipala. Izinkomba ezinkulu ezilandelayo ekucutshungweni zakhiwe: kusetshenziswe izinto eziphilayo ukuze kutholwe umanyolo, indwangu kanye nephepha lemfucuza yephepha kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza iphepha elisha, kuthunyelwe insimbi yensimbi ukuze iphinde inyibilike. Inkinga enkulu ekucutshungweni ukuhlunga imfucumfucu kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokucubungula.
Ukuphazamiseka kwezomnotho kwendlela yokusebenzisa imfucuza kuncike kuzindleko zezinye izindlela zokulahla kwazo, isikhundla semakethe sezinto ezenziwe kabusha kanye nezindleko zokucutshungulwa kwazo. Iminyaka eminingi, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kwavinjwa umbono wokuthi kunenkolelo yokuthi noma yiliphi ibhizinisi kufanele lenze inzuzo. Kepha kwakukhohliwe ukuthi ukuphinda usebenze kabusha, uma kuqhathaniswa nokungcwatshwa nokucwaswa, kuyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuxazulula inkinga yokungcola, ngoba kudinga uxhaso lukahulumeni oluncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konga amandla futhi ivikele nemvelo. Futhi njengoba izindleko zezindawo zokugcwala kwenhlabathi zikhula ngenxa yamazinga okuqinisa, futhi izitofu zibiza kakhulu futhi ziyingozi endaweni ezungezile, iqhaza lokuphinda lisebenze kabusha lizokhula ngokuqinile.
2.1 Izikhala eziluhlaza emadolobheni
Ukuba khona kwezikhala eziluhlaza emadolobheni kungenye yezinto ezithandeka kakhulu kwezemvelo. Izikhala eziluhlaza zihlanza ngenkuthalo umkhathi, shintsha umoya, zinciphise umsindo, zivimbele ukuvela kombuso womoya ophambene, ngaphezu kwalokho, okuluhlaza okotshani emadolobheni kunomthelela omuhle esimeni somuntu somuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izikhala eziluhlaza kufanele zisondele kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala yomuntu, kuphela lapho zingaba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu wemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, eNovosibirsk azikho izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ezithathwa ekuhlaza idolobhana, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, izihlahla zigawulwa ukuze kwakhiwe nezinye izidingo.
Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, izikhala eziluhlaza zitholakala ngokungalingani. Ngakho-ke, emadolobheni amaningi, naseSiberia akuhlukile, ukuhlinzekwa ngezikhala okuluhlaza okwezakhamizi ezihlala ezifundeni ezimaphakathi kungaphansi kakhulu kwalabo abahlala ngaphandle kwabo (Pervomaisky, Zaeltsovsky district in Novosibirsk).Kucace bha ukuthi ezifundeni eziphakathi nendawo zamadolobha cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola izindawo eziningi noma ezingabalulekile zokwandisa izikhala eziluhlaza, ngakho konke kufanele usebenzise amathuba atholakalayo kuze kube lapho. Lapha, okuthembisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kokutshala ingadi emile, amathuba ayo abanzi kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezindaweni zezakhiwo ezintsha nakho kugcwele ubunzima obukhulu bemvelo yezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho. Izindleko zokuqothula ihektha elilodwa lendawo zibiza isilinganiso sama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20, futhi ukufakwa kotshani endaweni efanayo - ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Ukulima izingadi ezincane kubiza kakhulu, kufinyelela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10-15. nge-1 m2. Kucace bha ukuthi uma kwenzeka kwenzeka lokhu kushibhile futhi kulula kakhulu ukuphenya insimu yegceke kunokuyifaka eluhlaza. Ngokwemibandela yezobuchwepheshe, ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza kuvinjelwa imfuhlumfuhlu yensimu yezakhiwo ezintsha nokugcwala kwenkunkuma yokwakha. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanza okuphezulu kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kungenye yemicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu yezemvelo emadolobheni.
Ukuphetha ukuhlaziywa kwezici ezibalulekile ezakha isimo semvelo emadolobheni, masihlale kwenye inkinga ngqo ehlobene nemvelo yabantu. Izici ezakha isimo sendawo yasemadolobheni zikhonjiswe ngenhla, okwamanje, umuntu omdala wedolobha elikhulu ngezikhathi zaphakathi nesonto usebenzisa iningi lesikhathi sakhe ezindaweni ezivalekile - amahora angu-9 emsebenzini, ngo-10 - 12 - okungenani ekhaya nehora okungenani kwezokuhamba, ezitolo nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, umuntu uxhumana ngqo nemvelo yomuzi cishe amahora angama-2-3 ngosuku. Leli qiniso lisenza sinake kakhulu izici zemvelo zezindawo zezimboni nezokuhlala.
Ukudalwa kwezindawo ezivalekile zezimo ezintofontofo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, umoya ohlanzekile ohlanzekile kanye namazinga aphansi omsindo, kunganciphisa kakhulu umthelela omubi wendawo yasemakhaya empilweni yabantu, futhi lezi zinyathelo zidinga izindleko ezibonakalayo ezincane. Kodwa-ke, ukunakwa okunganele kusakhokhelwa ukuxazulula le nkinga. Ikakhulu, ngisho nakumaphrojekthi wakamuva wokuhlala, amathuba akhayo wokufaka ama-air conditioners nokuhlunga komoya ngokuvamile awanikezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziningi ezithinta ikhwalithi yayo zisebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuphila uqobo. Lokhu kufaka amakhishi wegesi, okungajwayelekile emadolobheni aseSiberia, akhulisa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwgesi yendawo yokuhlala, umswakama ophansi (ngokushisa okuphakathi), ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu le-allergener ehlukahlukene - kumakhaphethi, ifenisha ephakeme, kanye nasezintweni zokufudumeza ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni , nezinye izinto eziningi. Imiphumela emibi yako konke lokhu okungenhla akufanele ihlinzekelwe kuphela ekwakhiweni okusha nasekulungiseni okukhulu, kodwa futhi idinga izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yendawo yokuhlala kusuka kwisakhamuzi ngasinye.
2. IZIPHAKAMISO ZOKUGUQUKA EZIJWAYELEKILE ZEMISEBENZI YAMhlaba
Izinkinga zemvelo zamadolobha, ikakhulukazi elikhulu kunazo zonke, zihambisana nokuxineka ngokweqile ezindaweni ezinkudlwana zabantu, ezokuthutha kanye namabhizinisi ezimboni, ngokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezingama-anthropogenic, ezikude kakhulu nesimo sokulingana kwemvelo.
Izinga lokukhula kwenani labantu emhlabeni liphindwe izikhathi ezi-1.5-2.0 kunokukhula kwenani labantu basemadolobheni, namuhla okubandakanya 40% wabantu bomhlaba. Isikhathi 1939 - 1979 inani lamadolobha amakhulu lakhula ngo-4, phakathi - ngamathathu nangamancane - amahlandla ama-2.
Isimo senhlalo nomnotho siholele ekungalawulekeni kwenqubo yasedolobheni emazweni amaningi. Amaphesenti abantu basemadolobheni emazweni athile yile: Argentina - 83, Uruguay - 82, Australia - 75, USA - 80, Japan - 76, Germany - 90, Sweden - 83.Ngaphezu kwamadolobha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezigidi, ama-generallomlomations noma amadolobha ahlanganisiwe akhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Lawa anjengeWashington - Boston kanye neLos Angeles - iSan Francisco e-USA, amadolobha aseRuhr eJalimane, eMoscow, eDonbass nase-Kuzbass e-CIS.
Umjikelezo wezinto namandla emadolobheni wedlula kude lokho okwasemakhaya. Ubungako obuphakathi bokuphamba kwamandla emvelo komhlaba ngu-180 W / m2, okuyingxenye yamandla e-anthropogenic kuwo kungu-0.1 W / m2. Emadolobheni, ikhuphuka ibe ngu-30- 40 ize ifike ku-150 W / m2 (Manhattan).
Ngaphezulu kwamadolobha amakhulu, umkhathi uqukethe ama-aerosols aphindwe kayishumi namagesi aphindwe izikhathi ezingama-25. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-60-70% wokungcola igesi avela ezokuhamba zomgwaqo. Ukuncipha okusebenzayo okwengeziwe kokuswakama kuholela ekwenyukeni kwezulu ngo-5-10%. Ukuzihlanza komkhathi kuvinjelwa ukwehliswa okungu-10-20% emisebeni yelanga kanye nesivinini somoya.
Ngokuhamba komoya okuphansi, ukungalingani okushisayo ngaphezu komuzi kumboza umkhathi kuma-250-400 m, futhi ukwehluka kwezinga lokushisa kungafinyelela ku-5-6 (C. Zihlotshaniswa nokushintshwa kwezinga lokushisa, okuholela ekukhuphukeni kokungcoliswa komoya, inkungu kanye ne-smog.
Amadolobha athatha amanzi aphindwe kayishumi noma ngaphezulu kumuntu ngamunye ezindaweni zasemakhaya, futhi ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kufinyelela esimweni esibuhlungu. Amavolumu wamanzi angcolile afinyelela ku-1m2 ngosuku umuntu ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, cishe wonke amadolobha amakhulu abhekana nokushoda kwemithombo yamanzi futhi amaningi awo athola amanzi emithonjeni ekude.
Amanzi asemanzini ngaphansi kwamadolobha ancishiswe kakhulu ngenxa yokumpompela okuqhubekayo ngemithombo kanye nemithombo, futhi kubuye kungcoliswe ekujuleni okukhulu.
Isembozo senhlabathi yezindawo zasemadolobheni naso senziwa uguquko olukhulu. Ezindaweni ezinkulu, ngaphansi kwemigwaqo emikhulu nezindawo zokuhlala, iyacekelwa phansi, futhi ezindaweni zokuzilibazisa - amapaki, amabala, amgceke - ichithwe kakhulu, ingcolisiswe imfucuza yasendlini, izinto eziyingozi ezivela emkhathini, ifakwe insimbi esindayo, ukuvezwa kwenhlabathi kunomthelela ekuguguleni kwamanzi nomoya.
Isembozo semvelo semizi sivame ukumelwa ngokuphelele “ngotshalo lwamasiko” - amapaki, amabala, umhlanga, imibhede yezimbali, izikebhe. Ukwakheka kwama-phytocenoses we-anthropogenic akuhambelani nezinhlobo ezingama-zonal nezezifunda zezitshalo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo eziluhlaza zamadolobha kwenzeka ngezimo zokwenziwa, kuxhaswa njalo umuntu. Ama-perennials emadolobheni akhula ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezelwa okukhulu.
3. UMNYANGO WOKUVUNJELWA EKHAYA KWEMPILO YAMAHHALA
Ngezinga elikhulu, ukungcoliswa komoya kuthinta impilo yezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni. Lokhu kufakazelwa, ikakhulukazi, ngomehluko omkhulu ekwenzekeni kwesibalo sabantu ezindaweni ezithile zedolobha elifanayo.
Ushintsho empilweni yezakhamuzi alusona nje kuphela inkomba yesimo semvelo sedolobha, kodwa futhi nomphumela walo obaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho, okufanele unqume izinkomba eziholayo zokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yemvelo. Kulokhu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcizelela ukuthi impilo yezakhamizi ngokwesimo sezinto eziphilayo kuwumsebenzi wezomnotho, wezenhlalo (kubandakanya ezengqondo) kanye nezimo zemvelo.
Ngokuvamile, izici eziningi zithinta impilo yezakhamizi, ikakhulukazi izici zokuphila kwasemadolobheni - ukungasebenzi ngokomzimba, ukukhathazeka kwengcindezi, ukukhathala kwezokuvakasha, kanye nenani labanye, kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke - ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngomehluko omkhulu ekwenzakalweni kwesibalo sabantu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ze-metropolis efanayo.
Imiphumela emibi ephawuleka kakhulu yokungcoliswa kwemvelo edolobheni elikhulu ibonakaliswa ekuwohlokeni kwempilo yezakhamizi uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhamizi zasemakhaya. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, kwenziwe yi-M.S.Ukuhlaziywa kwezigameko zamaqembu athile abantu basemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya ngabantu abampofu nababhali ngokubambisana kukhombise ngokuqiniseka ukuthi izakhamizi zivame ukuhlushwa yi-neurosis, izifo zemithambo yegazi yobuchopho, izifo zesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi, izitho zokuphefumula kunezakhamizi zasemakhaya.
Kanye nokungcoliswa komoya, ezinye izinto eziningi ezizungezile zithinta amadolobha wonke.
Ukungcoliswa kwemisindo emadolobheni cishe kuhlala kunabalingisi bendawo futhi kubangelwa ikakhulu yizinto zokuhamba - zasemadolobheni, ujantshi kanye nezindiza. Kakade manje, emigwaqweni emikhulu yama-megacities, amazinga omsindo adlula i-90 dB futhi athambekele ukukhuphuka minyaka yonke ngo-0,5 dB, okuyingozi enkulu kakhulu yemvelo ezindaweni zemigwaqo ephithizelayo yomgwaqo. Ngokusho kwezifundo zobudokotela, amazinga omsindo akhuphukayo anomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezifo ze-neuropsychiatric kanye ne-hypertension. Impi yokulwa nomsindo ezindaweni eziphakathi nedolobha iyaphazamiseka ngenxa yokuxinana kwezakhiwo ezikhona, ngenxa yokuthi akunakwenzeka ukwakha izikrini zemisindo, ukunweba imigwaqo emikhulu nokutshala izihlahla kunciphisa amazinga omsindo emigwaqweni. Ngakho-ke, izixazululo ezithembisa kakhulu zale nkinga ukunciphisa umsindo wezimoto (ikakhulukazi amathamu) nokusebenzisa ezakhiweni ezibheke imigwaqo ephakeme kakhulu ethatha imisindo, ukuthathwa komhlaba okuthe mpo kwezindlu nokugqoloza kathathu kwamafasitela (ngokusebenzisa kanye umoya opholile).
Inkinga ethile ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokudlidliza ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, okuwumthombo oyinhloko okuyiyo ezokuhamba. Le nkinga ifundwe kancane, kepha akungabazeki ukuthi ukubaluleka kwayo kuzokhula.
Ukudlidliza kunomthelela ekuwohlokeni ngokushesha nasekubhujisweni kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka, kepha okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kungathinta kabi izinqubo ezinembe kakhulu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcizelela ukuthi ukudlidliza kwenza umonakalo omkhulu ezimbonini ezithuthukile futhi, ngakho-ke, ukukhula kwayo kungaba nomthelela onqunyelwe emathubeni entuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kuma-megacities.
4. ISITOLO SAMAHHALA AIR
Ama-megacities amaningi abonakala ngokungcola komoya okuqine kakhulu futhi okunamandla. Kwabenzeli abaningi abangcolisa umoya, futhi kukhona namakhulu abo edolobheni, kungashiwo ngokuzethemba ukuthi, njengomthetho, baphezu kokugxila okuvumelekile okuvumelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba edolobheni kunomphumela ofanayo wabenzeli abaningi bokungcolisa, ukusebenza kwabo okuhlangene kungahle kube okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe.
Kukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi ngokwanda kosayizi wedolobha, inani lokungcola okuhlukahlukene kumkhathi walo nalo liyakhuphuka, kodwa-ke, empeleni, uma sibala isilinganiso sokungcola okuphakathi kulo lonke idolobha, bese kuba emadolobheni asebenza ngokungemthetho nesibalo sabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. ngezinga elifanayo kanye nokwanda kosayizi wedolobha empeleni akukhuphuki. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngasikhathi sinye njengoba ukukhipha kwomoya kukhula, kukhuphuka ngokulingana nokwanda kwesibalo sabantu, indawo yasemadolobheni iyanda, futhi ikhipha nengcindezi yokungcola komoya emkhathini.
Isici esibalulekile samadolobha amakhulu anesibalo sabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-500 ukuthi ngokwanda kwendawo yedolobha nenani lezakhamuzi zalo, umehluko wokugxila kokungcola ezindaweni ezihlukile uyakhula ngokuqhubekayo. Kanye namazinga aphansi wokugcotshwa kokungcola ezindaweni ezinamaphethelo, kukhuphuka kakhulu ezindaweni zamabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni futhi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo.Ekugcineni, naphezu kokungabikho kwamabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni kuwo, njengomthetho, ukugxila okuphakeme kokungcola komoya kuhlala kubhekwa. Lokhu kudalwa yikuthi womgwaqo omkhulu ubonwa kulezi zindawo, futhi nasezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo umoya wesibhakabhaka uvame ukuba ngamazinga athile aphakeme kunalawo asezingeni eliphakeme - lokhu kuholela ekubukekeni kokugobhoza komoya phezu kwezikhungo zedolobha, ukuncela umoya ongcolile kusuka izindawo zezimboni ezisogwini oluseduze.
Njengamanje, amathemba amakhulu emkhakheni wokuvikelwa kwezigxobo zomoya ahlotshaniswa nokukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezezimboni nomkhakha wamafutha namandla, kepha umphumela wegesi awukaze ihaba. Iqiniso ngukuthi ukudluliselwa kusuka kugesi oqinile kuya kugesi, kusobala, kunciphisa kakhulu inani lokukhipha okuqukethe isibabule, kepha kwandisa ukuphuma kwe-nitrogen oxides, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusaqhubeka kuyinkinga.
Kuvela isimo esifanayo lapho ukuncishiswa kwekhabhoni nge-carbon monoxide kuncishisiwe, okuwumkhiqizo wokuhlanganiswa kaphethiloli ongapheleli. Ukwenza ngcono ukubusa komlilo, kungenzeka ukuthi kunciphise ukuphuma kwe-carbon monoxide kube kuncane, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, okshijeni we-nitrogen oxidation nawo uyanda, okuholela ekwandeni kwesibalo sama-nitrogen oxides adluliselwe emkhathini. Ngokungafani nemithombo emile, ukungcoliswa komgodi womoya ngezimoto kwenzeka endaweni ephansi futhi cishe njalo kunomlingiswa wendawo. Ngakho-ke, ukugxila kokungcola okukhiqizwa yizimoto zomgwaqo kusheshe kwehle njengoba besuka kude nomgwaqo omkhulu, futhi uma kunezithiyo eziphakeme ngokwanele (ngokwesibonelo, emagcekeni ezindlu ezivaliwe) zingancipha izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-10.
Ngokuvamile, ukuphuma kwezimoto ezimotweni kuyingozi kakhulu kunokukhishwa kwemithombo engasuki ndawo. Kanye ne-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides kanye nesot (yezimoto ezinodizili), imoto esebenzayo ikhipha izinto ezingaphezu kuka-200 futhi ihlangana nemiphumela enobuthi emvelweni.
Akungatshazwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukungcoliswa komoya osesithombeni somoya ngokuhamba ngezimoto kuzoba yingozi enkulu kunazo zonke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okwamanje azikho izixazululo eziyinkinga zale nkinga, yize kungekho ukushoda kwamaphrojekthi wezobuchwepheshe nezincomo ezihlukile.
Chaza kafushane izinkomba eziphambili zokuxazulula inkinga yokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yizimoto.
4.1 Ukwenza ngcono injini yangaphakathi yokugibela
Lo mhlahlandlela obonakalayo unganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela okuqondile ngo-10-15%, futhi kunciphise ukuphuma ngo-15-20%. Kungamukeleki ukuthi le ndlela ingaba ngempumelelo kakhulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ngoba ayidingi izinguquko ezinkulu kungaba embonini yezimoto noma ohlelweni lokuhambisa nokusebenzisa imoto. Kufanele kubhekwe kuphela ukuthi umphumela wangempela wezemvelo walezi zinyathelo awuphakama njengoba kubonakala ekuqaleni, ngoba, ngokwesibonelo, ukwehla kokukhishwa kwe-carbon monoxide kunxephezelwa kakhulu ngokwanda kokukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxide.
Ukudluliselwa kwenjini yokumelana yangaphakathi kuphethiloli. Injini yokumisa yangaphakathi. Iminyaka eminingi yesipiliyoni ekusebenzeni imoto kwizingxube ze-propane-butane ibonisa imiphumela ephezulu yemvelo. Ekukhishweni kwezimoto, inani le-carbon monoxide, izinsimbi ezisindayo nama-hydrocarbons ancishiswa kakhulu, kepha izinga lokukhipha i-nitrogen oxide lihlala liphezulu impela. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukusetshenziswa kwezingxube zegesi kusenokwenzeka emalolini kuphela futhi kudinga ukuthi kusungulwe uhlelo lweziteshi zegesi, ngakho-ke amathuba alesi sixazululo okwamanje alinganiselwe.
Ukuguqulwa kwenjini yokuhlanganiswa kwangaphakathi kugesi we-hydrogen kuvame ukuthathwa njengesixazululo esiphelele senkinga, kepha kuyakhohlwa ukuthi i-nitrogen oxides nayo iyakhiwa lapho kusetshenziswa i-hydrogen nokuthi ukukhiqizwa, ukuhlanganiswa nokuhamba kwenani elikhulu le-hydrogen kuhlangene nobunzima obukhulu bobuchwepheshe, okungaphephile futhi kakhulu ngaphezulu kwemibandela yezomnotho. Edolobheni elinezimoto eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa, eyodwa kuzodingeka ibe nezinqolobane ezinkulu ze-hydrogen, ukugcinwa kwayo kungadinga (ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabantu) ukwehlukaniswa kwezindawo ezinkulu. Ngokunikezwe ukuthi lokhu kuzonakekelwa yinethiwekhi ethuthukisiwe yeziteshi zikaphethiloli, idolobha elinjalo belingaphephile kakhulu kubahlali balo. Noma ngabe sicabanga ukuthi isixazululo esamukelekayo ngokomnotho senkinga yokugcina i-hydrogen (kufaka nezimoto uqobo) esimweni esiboshiwe siyotholakala, bese kuthi le nkinga, ngokombono wethu, ithembise kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
4.2 Isithuthi sikagesi
Ukushintsha imoto ngemoto kagesi nakho kukhangiswa kakhulu ezincwadini ezithandwayo, kodwa-ke, okwamanje kuyinto engatheni njengoba umusho owedlule. Okokuqala, ngisho namabhethri athuthuke kakhulu, kanye nesisindo esikhulu esifile, esandisa imingcele yemoto, adinga amandla amaningi ukukhokhisa kuneyimoto ejwayelekile esebenzisa umsebenzi olinganayo. Ngakho-ke, imoto kagesi, njengoba ichitha kakhulu, ngomqondo wamandla, izindlela zokuhamba, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo endaweni yokusebenza kwayo, ikwandisa kakhulu endaweni lapho kukhiqizwa khona amandla. Okwesibili, ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri kudinga inani elikhulu lezinsimbi ezingabalulekanga, ukusilela kwalo okukhula ngokushesha okukhulu kunokusilela kawoyela negesi. Okwesithathu, imoto kagesi, "ehlanzekile" yomgwaqo wedolobha, ayiyenzeki kulowo mshayeli uqobo, ngoba lapho kusebenza amabhethri kukhona ukukhishwa okungatheni kwezinto ezinobuthi ezingangeni nakanjani engaphakathi emotweni yemoto. Noma ngabe sicabanga ukuthi zonke lezi zinkinga ezingenhla zingaxazululeka ngobuchwepheshe, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukulungisa kabusha imboni yezimoto zonke, ukuguqula izimoto, nokwakha kabusha amasistimu okusebenza nezithuthi ezisebenzayo kungadinga iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nambili namashumi ambalwa, uma kungenjalo ngamakhulu ezigidigidi zamaRandi. Ngakho-ke, imoto yebhethri cishe ayibe yisixazululo esithembisayo senkinga yokungcoliswa kwemvelo yizimoto.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kunezinye izixazululo eziningi zobuchwepheshe, eziningi zazo ezilethwa kuma-prototypes. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ezingavikeleki, ngokwesibonelo, imoto enebhethri le-flywheel elingahamba kahle kuphela emgwaqweni oshelelezi futhi oqondile - ngaphandle kwalokho umphumela we-gyroscopic we-flywheel uzophazamisa kakhulu ukulawulwa, kanye namiklamo ethembisayo ethi “hybrid”. Phakathi kokugcina, umbono webhasi elithwala izimpahla ezithwala abantu ngokuhamba ngezinyawo unelukuluku kakhulu, ukuqaliswa kwalo, kuncike kubaqoqi bamanje nokwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo zokushayela njengamanje, kunganciphisa kakhulu ukungcoliswa komoya, ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni zedolobha.
Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuhamba ngokwazo, iqhaza elikhulu ekwehliseni ukungcoliswa komoya wegesi emoyeni wamadolobha lingenziwa ngokuhlela imicimbi, izindlela zokwenza ngcono ukuphathwa kwezimoto nezindlela zokuhambisa ezokuhamba edolobheni. Ukudalwa emadolobheni ohlelo lokuphathwa kwezokuxhumana oluzenzakalelayo kunganciphisa ngokumangalisayo mileage yezimoto ngaphakathi kwedolobha futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kunciphise ukungcoliswa komgodi womoya wayo.
Echaza ukungcoliswa komgodi womoya wedolobha, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kuncike ekushintsheni okubonakalayo okubangelwa yizo zombili izimo zezulu kanye nendlela yokusebenza yebhizinisi nezimoto.
Njengomthetho, ukungcoliswa kwegesi kwasemkhathini kukhulu phakathi nosuku kunasebusuku, ngaphezulu ebusika kunasehlobo, kepha kukhona okuhlukile lapha, ngokwesibonelo, okuhlotshaniswa ne-Photochemical smog ehlobo noma ukwakheka kwezixuku zomoya ongcolile ebusuku phezu kwe-metropolis. Kuma-megacities akhiwe ezindaweni ezihlukile zesimo sezulu futhi etholakala ezimweni ezithile zokuma kwendawo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimo ezibucayi ziyisici, lapho ukungcoliswa komoya komoya kungafinyelela amanani abucayi, kepha kuzo zonke izimo kuhlotshaniswa nesimo sezulu esithe cwaka.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuyinkinga enkulu yezemvelo edolobheni lanamuhla, kubangela ukulimala okukhulu empilweni yezakhamizi, izinto zokwakha kanye nezobuchwepheshe ezitholakala edolobheni (izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izinhlaka, imishini yezimboni yezokuthutha, ezokuxhumana, imikhiqizo yezimboni, izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo engapheli) nezindawo ezihlaza okotshani .
Kulula ukubona ukuthi njengoba izindleko zemishini yezimboni nemikhiqizo yezimboni ziba zimba eqolo, ukulimala okubangelwa ukungcoliswa komoya kuzokhula ngokuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvela ukuthi manje imboni yezimboni esezithuthukile kakhulu, njengobuchwepheshe, ubunjiniyela bokunemba nokusebenzisa izinsiza kusebenza, zibhekene nobunzima obukhulu ekukhuleni kwabo emadolobheni. Amabhizinisi alezi zimboni kufanele asebenzise imali eningi ekuhlanzeni umoya engena ezindaweni zokusebenzela, futhi, ngaphandle kwalokhu, ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza eziseMegacities, ukuphazamiseka kobuchwepheshe okubangelwa ukungcoliswa komoya kuya ngokuya kuvama njalo ngonyaka. Kepha noma ngabe izimo ezisondele kakhulu zingadalwa ezindaweni zokusebenzela ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu, lapho-ke, kudlula umhlangano wokusebenzela, uqala ukuthola imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokungcola futhi kungalahlekelwa ikhwalithi yayo ngokushesha.
Ngakho-ke, ukungcoliswa komoya kuba yisibambiso sangempela kwinqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe emadolobheni, umphumela wazo uyoqhubeka ukhuphuka ngezidingo ezikhulayo zobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile, ukwandisa ukunemba kwemishini yezimboni nokusatshalaliswa kwe-microminiaturization.
Ukwanda okufanayo komonakalo kuyabonakala ngokubhujiswa okusheshiswayo kwama-facade endaweni engcolisiwe yamadolobha.
5. UKUFINYELELA KOMGAQO WOKUZIPHATHA NGOKUZIPHATHA NGEMPILO
Indaba okuxoxwa ngayo phakathi kwabachwepheshe umnikelo wezinto ezingcolisa imvelo kanye nezinhlobo zazo ngazinye ekwandeni kokungasebenzi komzimba nokushona kwabantu, ngenxa yobulukhuni bokusebenzisana kwezinto eziningi zethonya nobunzima ekuboneni izici zezifo. Ithebula linikezela ngohlu olujwayelekile lwezifo zabantu ezingase zihambisane nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Uhlu lwezifo ezihambisana nokungcoliswa komoya
I-Pathology | Izinto ezibangela i-pathology. |
Izifo zesistimu ukuhamba kwegazi | i-sulfur oxides, i-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides, i-sulfur compounds, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-ethylene, i-propylene, i-butylene, i-acid enamafutha, i-zebus, lead. |
Izifo zesistimu yezinzwa nezitho zomzimba. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo | chromium, hydrogen sulfide, i-silicon dioxide, i-mercury. |
Izifo eziphefumulayo | uthuli, isibabule kanye ne-nitrogen oxides, i-carbon monoxide, i-sulfur dioxide, i-phenol, i-ammonia, i-hydrocarbon, i-silicon dioxide, i-chlorine, i-mercury. |
Izifo zesistimu yokugaya | i-carbon disulfide, i-hydrogen sulfide, uthuli, i-nitrogen oxides, chromium, phenol, silicon dioxide, fluorine. |
Izifo zegazi nezitho ezakha igazi | i-oksidi yesibabule, i-carbon, i-nitrogen, i-hydrocarbon, i-nitrous-hydrogen acid, i-ethylene, i-propylene, i-hydrogen sulfide. |
Izifo zesikhumba nezicubu ezingaphansi | izinto eziqukethe i-fluorine. |
Izifo Zofuzo | i-carbon disulfide, isikhutha, i-hydrocarbon, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-ethylene, i-sulfur oxide, i-butylene, i-carbon monoxide. |
Ukungcola kungaba nemiphumela ehlukahlukene emzimbeni futhi kuya ngohlobo lwayo, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ubude besikhathi nokuvama kokuchayeka. Ukusabela komzimba kunqunywa yizimpawu zomuntu ngamunye, ubudala, ubulili, impilo yomuntu. Okusengozini kakhulu yizingane, iziguli, abantu abasebenza ezimeni ezinobungozi bokusebenza, ababhemayo. Zonke izehlakalo eziqoshiwe futhi ezifundwayo zokunyuka kwesibalo sokufa kwabantu nokushayeka kwezindawo ezindaweni ezinokungcoliswa komoya okuphezulu zibonisa ubufakazi kanye nobuningi bemiphumela enjalo yokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe beWorld Health Organisation (WHO), kunezigaba ezinhlanu zokuphendula kwesimo sezempilo yomphakathi ekungcoleni kwemvelo:
ukuba khona kwezinguquko ezisebenza ngokweqile kokujwayelekile,
ukuba khona kwezinguquko ezisebenzayo ezingeqi okujwayelekile,
isimo esiphephile.
Lezi zigaba zingabhekwa njengezinkomba ezihlobene ezibonisa isimo sempilo yabantu nekhwalithi yendawo ezungezile. Inkomba yezempilo, okokuqala, inani lempilo, isb. isikhathi sokuphila.
Uma sigcina lesi sikhombisi engqondweni, khona-ke okulandelayo kuphakathi kwezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zengozi yemvelo:
ukuphuza ukungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Ubuthi obukhulu noma obungamahlalakhona buqhamuka emzimbeni womuntu, futhi kunezinqubo ezikude ze-pathogenic ngokuya ngethamo, isikhathi kanye nemvelo yemiphumela yokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali. Ukuthatha isikhathi esifushane inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi emzimbeni kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo ye-pathological ebizwa ngokuthi yi-pathological - ubuthi obukhulu. Ubuthi obunjalo buhlukaniswe ngamaphaphu, ngokulinganisela futhi kunzima. Lezi kwesinye isikhathi ziyabulala.
Ubuthi, obubangelwa ukungena ngokwezinhlelo noma ngezikhathi ezithile zezinto ezinobuthi obuncane emzimbeni, bubizwa ngokuthi ubuthi obungamahlalakhona. Lezi ubuthi akuvamile ukuba nesithombe emtholampilo. Ukuxilongwa kwabo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba into efanayo kwabanye abantu ibangela ukulimala kwesibindi, kwabanye - izitho ezakha igazi, okwesithathu - izinso, ohlelweni lwesine - lwezinzwa. Inani elincane nje lokungcola kwamakhemikhali, lapho kuvezwa kumithamo emincane, kubangela inqubo eqondile yokuthola indlela, iningi elikhulu elinika umphumela okuthiwa ubuthi obujwayelekile. Ngomthelela "wesikhathi eside" noma "umphumela wesikhathi eside" wethonya lokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kuchazwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ze-pathogenic kanye nezimo ze-pathological kubantu abaxhumana nokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali esikhathini eside sokuphila kwabo, kanye nangempilo yezizukulwane eziningana zezizukulwane zabo. Imiphumela yesilawuli kude ihlanganisa iqembu elikhulu lezinqubo ze-pathological.
I-Pathological phenomena ohlelweni lwezinzwa esikhathini esisekude kakhulu ngemuva kokuthi amathonya amakhemikhali abangele izifo ezinjenge-parkinsonism, i-polyneuritis, i-paresis kanye nokukhubazeka, i-psychosis, kanye nohlelo lwezinhliziyo - ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-coronary, njll.
Ngokwezibalo zokufa, umuntu angahlulela ukubaluleka kwemiphumela yesikhathi eside:
kusuka kuma-pathologies wezinhliziyo (cishe ama-50%),
kusuka kumathumbu amlimazayo (cishe ama-20%) emadolobheni anezimboni.
Ngokwemvelo, izitho zohlelo lokuphefumula ziyizitho ezibucayi kakhulu emiphumeleni yokungcola komoya. Ubuthi bomzimba buvela nge-alveoli yamaphaphu, indawo lapho (ekwazi ukushintshanisa ngegesi) idlula i-100 m2. Ngenqubo yokushintshwa kwegesi, izidakamizwa zingena egazini. Ukumiswa okuqinile ngesimo sezinhlayiya zamasayizi ahlukahlukene kuxazululwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zephepha lokuphefumula.
6. UMNYANGO WEZIMFUZI WAMANZI
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi emadolobheni kufanele kubhekwe kule mikhakha emibili - ukungcoliswa kwamanzi emkhakheni wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi edolobheni ngenxa yemithombo yawo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi endaweni yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuyisici esibucayi esidala isimo semvelo samadolobha. Akhiqizwa womabili ngenxa yokulahlwa kwengxenye yokukhucululwa kwendle okungekho emthethweni okuqhamuka emadolobheni nasemabhizinisini akhiwe ngaphezulu kwendawo ethatha amanzi kuleli dolobha nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngokuthuthwa kwemifula, nangenxa yokufakwa kwengxenye yamanyolo kanye namakhemikhali anobuthi emizimbeni yamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izinhlobo zokuqala zokungcola zingalawulwa ngempumelelo ngokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokwelapha, khona-ke kunzima kakhulu ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa komgodi wamanzi obangelwa yizinyathelo zezolimo. Ezindaweni zomswakama okhulayo, cishe ama-20% omanyolo kanye nama-pesticides angeniswa enhlabathini awela emiseleni yamanzi. Lokhu-ke kungaholela ekutheni kutholakale izidumbu zamanzi, ezithinta futhi ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izindawo zokwelapha zamanzi ezinhlelo zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi azikwazi ukuhlanza amanzi okuphuza kusuka kuzixazululo zalezi zinto, ngakho-ke ukuphuza amanzi kungawathola ezindaweni ezigxile kakhulu futhi kuphazamise impilo yabantu. Ukulwa nalolu hlobo lokungcoliswa kwemvelo kudinga ukusetshenziswa komanyolo nokubulala izinambuzane ezindaweni ezitholwa kuphela ngesimo se-granular, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kokubulala izinambuzane okubola ngokushesha, kanye nezindlela zemvelo zokuvikela izitshalo.
Amadolobha ayimithombo enamandla yokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Emadolobheni amakhulu nge-capita ngayinye (kucatshangelwa imfucumfucu engcolisiwe), cishe i-1 m3 yemishini engcolisiwe idonswa nsuku zonke emzimbeni wamanzi. Ngakho-ke, amadolobha adinga izindawo zokwelapha ezinamandla, ukusebenza kwawo kubangela ubunzima obukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitshalo sokulungisa amanzi angcolile emadolobheni, kwakhiwa amathani angaba ngu-1.5-2 wemfucumfucu ngonyaka. Njengamanje, i-sludge enjalo igcinwa emhlabeni, kuhlala izindawo ezinkulu, futhi ibangele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi enhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezinobuthi kunazo zonke eziqukethe izinhlanganisela zezinsimbi ezisindayo ziyahlanzwa kuqala kunakho konke. Isixazululo esithembisa kakhulu kule nkinga ukwethulwa komkhuba wezinhlelo zezobuchwepheshe ezibandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kusuka kusilayidi, kulandele ukushiswa kwezinsalela ze-sludge.
Inkinga ethile ukungena kwezinto ezingcolisiwe ezingaphezulu komhlaba kumanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukuphephiswa kwamadolobha njalo kune-acidity ephezulu. Uma idiphozithi chalk kanye namatshe amatshe angaphansi komuzi, ukungena kwamanzi acidified kuwo ngokungenakuholela kuholele ekutholakaleni kwe-karst ye-anthropogenic. I-voids eyakhiwe njengomphumela we-anthropogenic karst ngqo ngaphansi kwedolobha ingaba yingozi enkulu ezakhiweni nasezakhiweni, ngenxa yalokho, emadolobheni lapho kunengozi yangempela yokuvela kwayo, kudingeka insiza ekhethekile yokuma komhlaba ukubikezela nokuvikela imiphumela yako.
7. UKUFINYELELA KWAMANZI AMAHLE NGEMPILO YABO
Amanzi amaminerali aqinisekisa ukuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Amanzi ayingxenye yamaseli wanoma yisiphi isilwane nesitshalo. Inani elinganele lamanzi emzimbeni womuntu liholela ekuphazamiswenieni kokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokugaya ukudla, igazi liphelelwa ngamanzi, futhi umuntu umkhuhlane. Amanzi weBenign yinto ebalulekile empilweni nasekuphileni kwabantu nasezilwaneni.
Namuhla, emhlabeni wonke, ingozi enkulu yamanzi omhlaba ukungcoliswa komhlaba. Ukungcola kubhekisa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphambuka okungokomzimba nokwamakhemikhali kusuka ekubunjweni kwemvelo kwamanzi: ukuthambeka okuhlala njalo nokuhlala isikhathi eside, ukukhuphuka kokushisa, izinto ezijikelezayo, ukubakhona kwe-hydrogen sulfide nezinye izinto ezinobuthi emanzini.Kukho konke lokhu, kufakwa amanzi amdaka: amanzi asendlini, imboni yokudla, ezolimo. Imvamisa amanzi amdaka aqukethe imikhiqizo kawoyela, ama-cyanides, usawoti wezinsimbi ezisindayo, i-chlorine, i-alkali ne-acid. Akufanele sikhohlwe ukutheleleka kwamanzi ngama-herbicides nezinto ezinemisebe. Nanamuhla, yonke indawo, amanzi angcolisiwe ngodoti olahlwe yonke indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi amdaka avela emasimini ayongena ezigodini zamanzi awalashwa.
Ngenxa yokukhula kwezimboni, izidumbu zamanzi nemifula kungcoliswa kakhulu. Kungasungulwa imikhakha ehlukahlukene yokungcola, ngokuya ngesimo samakhemikhali esibangela. Emabhizinisini ezimboni ze-petrochemical kanye namakhemikhali, amanzi asetshenziswa njenge-solvent, futhi amanzi angcolile akhethekile ngokuvamile akhiqizwa. Ezindongeni zamaphepha nezamaphepha ne-hydrolysis, kudingeka amanzi njengendlela esebenza ngayo. Ekhwalithi efanayo, isetshenziswa emabhizinisini ezimboni zokukhanya nokudla. Phakathi kokungcola okuvela kumabhizinisi wezimboni, ukungcoliswa kwe-hydrocarbon kuyabonakala kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezinto zokwenziwa ezigcwele ebusweni (ama-survivants), ikakhulukazi njengengxenye yamabhuleki, kunquma ukungena kwawo, ndawonye namanzi amdaka, emizimbeni eminingi yamanzi, kufaka phakathi imithombo yamanzi okuphuza. Ukungasebenzi kahle kokulashwa kwamanzi okuvela kuma-survivants yisizathu sokubonakala kwawo emapayipini amanzi okuphuza. Abasebenza ngokungemuva bangaba nomthelela ongemuhle kwikhwalithi yamanzi, amandla okuzihlanza okwenziwe imizimba yamanzi, umzimba womuntu.
Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komhlaba kwezolimo sekuqinise ukungcoliswa kwezidumbu zamanzi ngokuhambisa amanzi emasimini aqukethe amakhemikhali kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Ukungcola okuningi kungangena imvelo yasemanzini kusuka kumkhathi ihambisana nomoya (isb. Lead). Umehluko phakathi kokugxiliswa okuholwa ngokuthandwa ngabantu nalezo ezidala izimpawu zobuthi yiwo omncane kakhulu. Amasistimu wezinzwa nokujikeleza kokuqala ukushaywa, ikakhulukazi izingane zizwela ukuholela ubuthi.
Amakhemikhali akhishwa kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle, ukungena emifuleni nasemachibini, kuvame ukuguqula imvelo yasemanzini. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezinjalo, amanzi angaba angafaneleki kwimisebenzi yabantu kanye nokugcinwa kwempilo yezitshalo nezilwane.
Hhayi amakhemikhali kuphela, kodwa futhi nama-organic angadala umonakalo omkhulu. Ukulahlwa kwezinto ezi-organic ngamanani amakhulu ngokweqile kuholela kubuthi obunamandla bamanzi emvelo. Umuntu uqobo nemisebenzi yakhe bahlushwa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi emvelo. Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ezindaweni zokuhlala kuncike ngokuphelele emifuleni, futhi ukwelashwa kwamanzi ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokungcola kwe-organic kanye namaminerali kuya ngokuya kuba nzima. Impilo yomphakathi isengozini enkulu. Umphumela wezinto ezithile emanzini, ukususwa ngokuphelele kwawo okungeke kunikezwe yiluphi uhlelo lokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, kungathinta umuntu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi amhlophe kuyinkinga enkulu yesintu.
8. I-MICROCLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS EMEGAPOLIS
Umsebenzi wezomnotho, ukwakheka kwezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nenani elilinganiselwe lezikhala eziluhlaza kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi amadolobha, ikakhulukazi amakhulu, anezawo ama-microclimate, ngokuvamile enza zibe zimbi kakhulu izici zezemvelo.
Ngezinsuku ezingenamoya ngaphezulu kwamadolobha amakhulu endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-100-150, kungakheka ungqimba lokushisa, okufaka izicupho zomoya ezingcolile endaweni yomuzi. Lokhu, kanye nokukhipha okukhulu okushisayo kanye nokushisa okukhulu kwamatshe, izitini nokuqiniswa kwezakhiwo zekhonkolo, kuholela ekushiseni kwezindawo eziphakathi nedolobha.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ngokukhethekile imibuso yomoya engathandeki evelayo ezindaweni eziningi zezakhiwo ezintsha ngentuthuko yamahhala.Kuyaziwa ukuthi umehluko wokucindezela komoya, ikakhulukazi ukuncipha kwawo, unomphumela omubi enhlalakahleni yabantu abahlushwa yizifo zenhliziyo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ezindaweni eziningi zezakhiwo ezintsha, ngenxa yokubekwa okungenamsoco komakhelwane, amaconsi endawo ekucindezelweni komoya angaqapheleka ezindaweni ezithile. Ngakho-ke, kwizikhala ezincane phakathi kwezindlu ezimbili ezinkulu ezinezikhombisi-ndlela ezithile zomoya, ijubane lokugeleza komoya linganda kakhulu. Ngokwemithetho ye-aerodynamics, ukwehla kwendawo ekucindezelweni komkhathi (kuze kufike kumashumi ezinkulungwane zamamilimitha) kwenzeka kulezi zindawo, okuthola umlingisi ohudulayo ovela ngaphakathi kwekota (imvamisa mayelana ne-5-6 Hz). Umkhawulo wengcindezi enjalo yokudonsela phambili ufinyelela kumamitha ayi-15-20 kude negebe eliphakathi kwezindlu. Isimo esifanayo, yize singechaziwe kahle, isimo sibonwa emafulethini aphezulu ezakhiwo ophahleni oluyisicaba. Akunakusho ukuthi, ukuhlala kulezi zindawo zabantu abanezifo zenhliziyo kungayilimaza impilo yabo.
Isixazululo sale nkinga ngaso sonke isikhathi sidinga iqoqo lezinyathelo ezifundeni zezakhiwo ezintsha ukuze kubuyiswe amandla omoya ezindaweni ezi-microdistricts ngayinye ngenxa yokuhleleka okuhle kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuphephela umoya nokutshala izikhala eziluhlaza.
9. UHLELO LOKUHLELWA EMEGAPOLIS
Ukuba khona kwezikhala eziluhlaza emadolobheni kungenye yezinto ezithandeka kakhulu kwezemvelo. Izikhala eziluhlaza zihlanza ngenkuthalo umkhathi, shintsha umoya, zinciphise umsindo, zivimbele ukuvela kombuso womoya ophambene, ngaphezu kwalokho, okuluhlaza okotshani emadolobheni kunomthelela omuhle esimeni somuntu somuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izikhala eziluhlaza kufanele zisondele kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala yomuntu, lapho kuphela zingaba nomphumela omuhle wemvelo ophelele.
Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, izikhala eziluhlaza zihlukile kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezindaweni zezakhiwo ezintsha nakho kugcwele ubunzima obukhulu bemvelo yezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho. Izindleko zokuqothula umhlaba ongu-1 ha zensimu zibiza ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40, kanye nokufakwa komshini endaweni efanayo - ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12. Ukulima izingadi ezincane kubiza kakhulu, kufinyelela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-30. nge-1 m2. Kucace bha ukuthi uma kwenzeka kwenzeka lokhu kushibhile futhi kulula kakhulu ukuphenya insimu yegceke kunokuyifaka eluhlaza. Ngokwemibandela yezobuchwepheshe, ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza kuvinjelwa imfuhlumfuhlu yensimu yezakhiwo ezintsha nokugcwala kwenkunkuma yokwakha. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanza okuphezulu kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kungenye yemicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu yezemvelo emadolobheni.
10. UMNYANGO WOKUZENZELA KANYE WOKUGCINWA KWESIVIVINYO
Ukuphetha ukuhlaziywa kwezici ezibalulekile ezakha isimo semvelo emadolobheni, masihlale kwenye inkinga ngqo ehlobene nemvelo yabantu. Izici ezakha imvelo yedolobha zikhonjisiwe ngenhla, okwamanje, umuntu omdala wedolobha elikhulu ngosuku lwesonto uchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi ezindaweni ezivalekile - amahora angu-9. Emsebenzini, ngo-10-12 - ekhaya futhi okungenani ihora kwezokuhamba, ezitolo nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi futhi, ngakho-ke, lixhumana ngqo nemvelo yedolobha cishe amahora angama-2-3 ngosuku. Leli qiniso lisenza sinake kakhulu izici zemvelo zezindawo zezimboni nezokuhlala.
Ukudalwa kwezindawo ezivalekile zezimo ezintofontofo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, umoya ohlanzekile ohlanzekile kanye namazinga omsindo ophansi kunganciphisa kakhulu umthelela omubi wendawo yasemakhaya empilweni yabantu, futhi lezi zinyathelo zidinga izindleko ezincane ezibonakalayo. Kodwa-ke, ukunakwa okunganele kusakhokhelwa ukuxazulula le nkinga.Ikakhulu, ngisho nakumaphrojekthi wakamuva wokuhlala, amathuba akhayo wokufaka ama-air conditioners nokuhlunga komoya ngokuvamile awanikezwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziningi ezithinta ikhwalithi yayo zisebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuphila uqobo. Lokhu kufaka amakhishi wegesi akhulisa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwgesi yendawo ephilayo, umswakama ophansi womoya (ngokushisa okuphakathi), ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu le-allergener ehlukahlukene - kumakhaphethi, ifenisha enophahla, kanye nasezintweni ezifaka ukushisa ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Imiphumela emibi yako konke lokhu okungenhla akufanele ihlinzekelwe kuphela ekwakhiweni okusha nasekulungiseni okukhulu, kodwa futhi idinga izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yendawo yokuhlala kusuka kwisakhamuzi ngasinye.
11. INKINGA YOKUNGCOLA KOKWENZA URRAN
Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sobumbano, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kwaqhutshwa amandla okufaka indawo: umhlaba namanzi. Abalimi, ukuthumela imikhiqizo yabo ukusuka enkampanini iye etafuleni, isabalalisa ngokusebenza, izinto zokuhamba, ukupakisha, ukukhangisa nenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa, kulethe imfucuza encane. Izikhwanyana zemifino nokunye okunjalo kwakudliwa noma kusetshenziswe umquba njengomanyolo wezitshalo zonyaka olandelayo. Ukuhambela emadolobheni kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwabathengi abahluke ngokuphelele. Baqala ukushintshana ngemikhiqizo, okusho ukuthi ukufakwa kulula kakhulu.
AbaseNew Yorkers njengamanje balahla ingqikithi yamathani angama-24,000 wempahla ngosuku. Le nhlanganisela, ehlanganisa iningi lodoti ohlukahlukene, iqukethe izinsimbi, iziqukathi zengilazi, iphepha lodoti, ipulasitiki nokudla okulahlwayo. Le ngxube inenqwaba yemfucumfucu eyingozi: i-mercury evela kumabhethri, i-phosphorus carbonates kusuka kumalambu we-fluorescent namakhemikhali anobuthi avela ku-sol sol kaya, upende kanye nokugcinwa kokugotshwa kwezinkuni.
Idolobha elilingana neSan Francisco linama-aluminium amaningi kunemayini encane ye-bauxite, yethusi kunekhophi yethusi ejwayelekile, nephepha eliningi kunokutholakala ngenani elikhulu lokhuni.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-70s kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka engama-80s eRussia kwakukhona imfucuza yendlu ephindwe izikhathi ezimbili. Lezi yizigidi zamathani. Isimo namuhla sinje. Kusukela ngo-1987, inani likadoti ezweni seliphindeke kabili futhi lalinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-120 ngonyaka, anikezwe imboni. Namuhla, yiMoscow kuphela ekhipha imfucumfucu eyizigidi eziyishumi, cishe ithoni eyi-1 kumuntu ngamunye!
Njengoba kungabonakala kulezi zibonelo ezingenhla, isilinganiso sokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngodoti lwasemadolobheni sikhulu kangangokuba ubukhulu benkinga buyakhula.
12. IZINDLELA EZIQHAWULEKILE ZOKUVIKELA IZINGXENYE
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, kwakhutshwa umthetho wokuqala odumile e-Athene owenqabela ukuphonswa kukadoti emigwaqweni, kuhlinzekwe inhlangano yokuqothuka okukhethekile nokuyalela amadoda odoti ukuthi alahle imfucuza edlula imayela ukusuka edolobheni.
Kusukela lapho, udoti ubelokhu ugcinwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zokugcina ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamadolobha, izindawo ezikhululekile ezindaweni eziseduzane nazo zancipha, futhi nephunga elingajabulisi, inani elikhulayo lamagundane abangelwa ukuqothuka komhlaba, lahluleka ukubekezeleleka. Ukuchitheka komhlaba okuhlukile kuye kwathathelwa indawo ngemigodi kadoti.
Cishe ama-90% emfucuza e-USA asachithwa. Kodwa ukugcwala komhlaba e-United States kugcwalisa ngokushesha, futhi ukwesaba ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kubenza babe omakhelwane abangathandeki. Lo mkhuba uphoqe abantu ezindaweni eziningi kuleli lizwe ukuthi bayeke ukuphuza amanzi emithonjeni. Emzameni wokwehlisa lobungozi, abaphathi beChicago ngo-Agasti 1984 bamemezela umhlangano ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezintsha zokugcwaliswa komhlaba kuze kube sekukhiqizweni uhlobo olusha lokuqapha ukuhamba kwe-methane, ngoba uma ingalawulwa, ingaqhuma.
Ngisho nokugcwaliswa kwenkunkuma okulula kuwumsebenzi obizayo. Kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1987Izindleko zokugcwaliswa komhlaba e-United States zikhuphuke zisuka ku- $ 20 zaya ku- $ 90 ngethani elilodwa. Indlela yokukhuphuka kwezindleko iyaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi baseYurophu, indlela yokulahla imfucuza, njengoba idinga izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi inomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, yathandwa kakhulu kwenye - ukushiswa.
Ukusetshenziswa okuhleliwe kokuhleleka kwezitofu zokungcola kwahlolwa eNottingham, eNgilandi, ngo-1874. Ukungeniswa kwehlisa inani lemfucumfucu ngo-70-90%, ngokuya ngesakhiwo, ngakho-ke yathola ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzinhlangothi zombili ze-Atlantic. Amadolobha anabantu abaningi futhi abaluleke kakhulu aqala ukufaka izinto zokuhlola. Ukushisa okhiqizwe imfucuza evuthayo kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ukusetshenziselwa ukukhipha amandla kagesi, kepha akubanga ndawo zonke lezi projekthi azikwazanga ukuthethelela izindleko. Izindleko eziphakeme zizoba ezifanelekileyo lapho bekungeke kube khona indlela yokungcwaba eshibhile. Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa lezi zakhiwo asheshe azilahla ngenxa yokuwohloka komoya. I-Landfill ihlala ingenye yezindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zokuxazulula le nkinga.
Indlela ethembisayo kakhulu yokuxazulula inkinga ukuphinde usebenzise imfucuza kamasipala. Izinkomba ezinkulu ezilandelayo ekucutshungweni zakhiwe: kusetshenziswe izinto eziphilayo ukuze kutholwe umanyolo, indwangu kanye nephepha lemfucuza yephepha kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza iphepha elisha, kuthunyelwe insimbi yensimbi ukuze iphinde inyibilike. Inkinga enkulu ekucutshungweni ukuhlunga imfucumfucu kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokucubungula.
Ukuphazamiseka kwezomnotho kwendlela yokusebenzisa imfucuza kuncike kuzindleko zezinye izindlela zokulahla kwazo, isikhundla semakethe sezinto ezenziwe kabusha kanye nezindleko zokucutshungulwa kwazo. Iminyaka eminingi, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kwavinjwa umbono wokuthi kunenkolelo yokuthi noma yiliphi ibhizinisi kufanele lenze inzuzo. Kepha kwakukhohliwe ukuthi ukuphinda usebenze kabusha, uma kuqhathaniswa nokungcwatshwa nokucwaswa, kuyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuxazulula inkinga yokungcola, ngoba kudinga uxhaso lukahulumeni oluncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konga amandla futhi ivikele nemvelo. Futhi njengoba izindleko zezindawo zokugcwala kwenhlabathi zikhula ngenxa yamazinga okuqinisa, futhi izitofu zibiza kakhulu futhi ziyingozi endaweni ezungezile, iqhaza lokuphinda lisebenze kabusha lizokhula ngokuqinile.
ISIPHETHO
Imvelo, engakaze ifundwe yimpucuko, kufanele ihlale iyindawo ebekelwe ukubekelwa indawo, lapho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba izosebenzisa izinhloso zezimboni, zobuhle nezesayensi, iyoba ibaluleke ngokwengeziwe njengendinganiso, inqubo, ubuhle, ngokuzayo, ezinye izincazelo ezingaziwa zingavela lezi zindawo. Ngakho-ke, indlela enengqondo, eyisisekelo yesayensi yokuziqhelanisa nokwanda kwezindawo zobuntombi, ukugcinwa kwemvelo kuyadingeka, ikakhulukazi njengoba njengoba uguquko lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe lukhula, inani lethonya elibi ezintweni zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu landa kangangokuba imisebenzi yamasiko okuhloswe ngayo ukubuyisa umonakalo owenziwe kwesinye isikhathi ayiphumeleli ngemisebenzi yakho.
Ngaphansi kwale mibandela, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuzimisela kwesilinganiso esifanelekile semvelo eyisisekelo ngokubukwa kwesiko. Isu elicokeme nenhlangano ehlelekile ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi nemvelo yemvelo kuyisigaba esisha ekuphathweni kwemvelo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zobusosayensi obuthuthukisiwe, zonke izinhlobo zomsebenzi ekwakheni kabusha ubuhle bendawo yemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu. Okokuqala, lokhu kungusiko lokubhaliswa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza nokubuyisa, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokungcebeleka, ukunwetshwa kwezindawo zamapaki kazwelonke, izindawo zokugcina, ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko bokwenza izingadi namapaki, amafomu amancane dendrodecorative. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha njengendlela yokuzijabulisa yabasebenzi abaningi.
Kukhona igebe phakathi kokukhulisa inani lamasiko elijwayelekile labantu kanye nesiko lezimo zengqondo ekubhekaneni nemvelo.Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo, okokuqala, sokudala uhlelo lwezinyathelo zezemvelo, okwesibili, ukulungiswa kwesayensi kanye nokufakwa kulolu hlelo lwezinto zokuhlola ubuhle bemvelo, okwesithathu, ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwemfundo yezemvelo, ukuphuculwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko obuhlobene nemvelo.
2.2 nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile
Lapho wenza uhlelo lokuphathwa kwemfucuza oluhambelana nemvelo, okulandelayo (ngokulandelana kokubaluleka) kusetshenzelwa imisebenzi ebalulekile:
1. Ukunciphisa inani lokungcola osekuvele inqubo yokukhiqiza.
2. Ukuncishiswa imfucuza ngenxa ukuhlunga ngesikhatsi iqoqo.
3. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha izinto ezingcolile.
4. Ukulahlwa kukadoti ngemuva kokulungiswa ngobungozi obuncane obuphansi obukhona kwimvelo nakwimpilo yabantu.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana imfucuza emhlabeni:
* Ukwenza umquba (awusebenzi emfucumeni equkethe ubuthi)
izinto)
Kakhulu indlela evamile eSiberia, futhi eRussia iyonke, is ligcinela, ngenxa yalokhu, ezindaweni omkhulu avimbekile ngaphansi landfills kuthiwa ivimbekile. Singazijwayeza izindlela zokulahla imfucuza kwamanye amazwe futhi sihlole imiphumela yazo.
Cishe ama-90% emfucuza e-USA asachithwa. Kodwa landfills e-United States ngokushesha begcwalisa, nokwesaba ukungcoliswa komhlaba kubenza omakhelwane engathandeki. Emzameni wokwehlisa lobungozi, abaphathi beChicago ngo-Agasti 1984 bamemezela umhlangano ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezintsha zokugcwaliswa komhlaba kuze kube sekukhiqizweni uhlobo olusha lokuqapha ukuhamba kwe-methane, ngoba uma ingalawulwa, ingaqhuma.
Ngisho nokugcwaliswa kwenkunkuma okulula kuwumsebenzi obizayo. Kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-1987 Izindleko zokugcwaliswa komhlaba e-United States zikhuphuke zisuka ku- $ 20 zaya ku- $ 90 ngethani elilodwa. Indlela yokukhuphuka kwezindleko iyaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi baseYurophu, indlela yokulahla imfucuza, njengoba idinga izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi inomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, yathandwa kakhulu kwenye - ukushiswa.
Ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ehlelekile imfucuza izitofu lwavivinywa e Nottingham, eNgilandi, ngo-1874. nokushiswa kunciphise inani udoti by 70-90%, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka, ngakho-ke wathola isicelo yayo nhlangothi zombili Atlantic. Amadolobha anabantu abaningi futhi abaluleke kakhulu aqala ukufaka izinto zokuhlola. Ukushisa okhiqizwe ukushiswa kukadoti kwaqala ukusetshenziswa ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi, kepha akubanga ndawo zonke lezi projekthi zazikwazi ukuzwakalisa izindleko. izindleko High kungafaneleka lapho bekungeke kube indlela ezishibhile ecabangela ukungcwatshwa kwami. Amadolobha amaningi asebenzisa lezi zakhiwo asheshe azishiya ngenxa yokuwohloka kokwakheka komoya (Ithebula 9.10). Kepha njengamanje, emazweni athuthukile, kuze kube yi-50% yayo yonke imfucuza ingashiswa.
Landfill uhlala eyodwa yezindlela ethandwa kakhulu ukuxazulula le nkinga. Cishe i-2/3 yayo yonke imfucuza yasendlini neyezimboni igcinwa ezindaweni zokulahlwa komhlaba. Lezi zindawo ezinendawo enkulu zigcina ezindaweni ezinkulu, ziwumsuka womsindo, uthuli kanye namagesi akhiqizwayo ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali nokuvela kwe-anaerobic ebuningini, kanye nemithombo yokungcoliswa kwamanzi asemhlabeni ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamanzi avuzayo ekuweni komhlaba okuvulekile.
Indlela ezithembisa kakhulu ukuxazulula inkinga udoti imfucuza kamasipala. Izinkomba ezinkulu ezilandelayo ekucutshungweni zakhiwe: kusetshenziswe izinto eziphilayo ukuze kutholwe umanyolo, indwangu kanye nephepha lephepha elisetshenziselwa ukungcola kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza iphepha elisha, kuthunyelwe insimbi yensimbi ukuze iphinde inyibilike. Inkinga enkulu ekucutshungulweni ukuhlunga imfucumfucu kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokucubungula.
Zibheke kwezomnotho we indlela kucutshungulwa imfucuza incike izindleko izindlela ayenazo, isimo emakethe ngoba izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye izindleko ukucubungula kwabo.Iminyaka eminingi, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kwavinjwa umbono wokuthi kunenkolelo yokuthi noma yiliphi ibhizinisi kufanele lenze inzuzo. Kepha kwakukhohliwe ukuthi ukuphinda usebenze kabusha, uma kuqhathaniswa nokungcwatshwa nokucwaswa, kuyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuxazulula inkinga yokungcola, ngoba kudinga uxhaso lukahulumeni oluncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, konga amandla futhi ivikele nemvelo. Futhi njengoba izindleko zokwebiwa komhlaba ngokudonswa komhlaba zikhula ngenxa yamazinga okuqinisa, futhi izitofu zibiza kakhulu futhi ziyingozi endaweni ezungezile, iqhaza lokulungisa imfucuza lizokhula ngokuqinile.
2.3 Ukungcoliswa komsindo
Ukuba khona kokungcoliswa komsindo, okucishe kufane nawo wonke amadolobha eSiberia, kuyinkinga enkulu njengezulu, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukubheka izindlela zokuyixazulula
Ngakho-ke, izixazululo ezithembisa kakhulu zale nkinga ukunciphisa umsindo wezimoto (ikakhulukazi amathamu) nokusebenzisa ezakhiweni ezibheke imigwaqo ephakeme kakhulu ethatha umsindo, ukuthathwa komhlaba okuthe mpo kwezindlu nokugqoloza kathathu kwamawindi (nokusebenzisa umoya kanyekanye lapho).
Idolobha lifuna ukusenza sikholwe (futhi uyaphumelela) ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwalo akulindelekile. Ukuthonya idolobha, ukuzama ukuqondisa ukukhula kwalo ngendlela efanele, abantu babhekene nokuphendula okungalindelekile futhi, kanye nemiphumela emihle, bathola abaningi ababi ... .... Amadolobha ayindawo yokuphila yansuku zonke yenani elandayo labantu.
Inhloso yendatshana yami bekuwukucabanga ngezinkinga zamadolobha amakhulu. Umsebenzi owenziwayo usivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi namhlanje amadolobha anezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu, eveza ukuthi, abantu bafunda ukuzixazulula futhi bavikele imiphumela yabo eyinhlekelele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadolobha ayintuthuko enhle. Yizikhungo zamasiko, ubuciko, isayensi kanye nemfundo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amadolobha ayinto engeyinhle: njengezikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni, zinokuphazamiseka kwemvelo kwemvelo futhi zilimaza impilo yabantu abahlala kuzo. Kunezimo ezihlangene ezifana nalezi zokuphila komuntu njengokungasebenzi, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, ukuluthwa izidakamizwa.
Kuphakama imibuzo: ungazihlanganisa kanjani lezi zici ezimbili eziphikisanayo kwanoma yiliphi idolobha elikhulu? Ngemuva kwakho konke, awukwazi ukukhansela idolobha. Manje-ke, ungenza kanjani ukuthi wehlise umthelela wezinhlangothi zabo ezingezinhle emphakathini wonke? Umphakathi wesintu kusafanele uphendule le mibuzo neminye eminingi. Kungakho emsebenzini wami ngazama ukuveza hhayi ezinye zalezi zinkinga, kodwa futhi ngikhombisa ukuthi zixazululwa kanjani emadolobheni amakhulu.
Uhlu lwemithombo esetshenzisiwe
Bystrakov Yu.I., Kolosov A.V. Ukuphilisana kwezenhlalo. - UM., 1988.
IMilanova E.V., Ryabchikov A.M. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezemvelo ukulondolozwa kwemvelo. M: Uphakeme. isikole., 1996.280 s.
ILvovich N.K. Impilo emadolobheni amakhulu. M.: Nauka, 2006.254 s.
UDorst C. Ngaphambi kokuba imvelo ife. M: Intuthuko, 1978.415 s.
IBezuglaya E.Yu., Rastorgueva G.P., Smirnova I.V. Okuphefumula idolobha lezimboni. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991.255 k.