Abalimi bawazi kahle umonakalo ongabangelwa ukhula okuncane kakolweni esitshalweni sokusanhlamvu. Umphumela wempilo yakhe ukwehla kwekhwalithi yokusanhlamvu, inani layo lokuhlwanyela liyawohloka. Ukolweni wasentwasahlobo uhlupheka kakhulu. Uhla lonke lwezinyathelo selwenziwe ukuze kuliwe nezinambuzane. Kubandakanya ukucubungulwa kwamakhemikhali wezinkambu nemisebenzi yezolimo.
Bheka incazelo
Ama-Wheat thrips (Haplothripstritici) angawomndeni wePhalaeothripidae, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane ezinkulu. Ubude be-imago buyi-1.5-2.3 mm. Umzimba mude, mncane, upende onsundu noma umnyama. Ikhanda lilingana ngobude ku-pronotum. Izinto zokusebenza ngomlomo zohlobo lwe-piercing-sucking. Amehlo makhulu, amnyama. Unqenqemeni lwebunzi luyadotshwa futhi lusebenza njengesisekelo sesigaxa somlomo. I-Antennae inezingxenye eziyi-8. Ingxenye yesibili ingombala ophuzi, okwesithathu kuphuzi. Kunama-setae amaningana ku-prothorax, unciphisa ibonwa engxenyeni ephakathi.
Isisu siqukethe izingxenye eziyi-10. Izintambo ziphakeme, zinendawo encane. Emaphethelweni ahlanganiswe yi-cilia ende. Kulesi sici sokuhleleka, ama-thrips abizwa ngokuthi ama-fringed-winged. Ingaphambili langemuva lamaphiko lingobude obufanayo. Ezinyaweni zemilenze egijimayo kukhona ama-vesicrate suckers. I-tibia yangaphambili ne-tarsi ophuzi. I-dimorphism yezocansi iyabonakala ngosayizi wabantu ngamunye: owesifazana ngu-1.8-2.3 mm, owesilisa ungu-1,2-1,5 mm.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane
Ama-throws amasha avela ngoMeyi-Juni; isikhathi sihambelana nokuqala kukakolweni ebusika. Ukuhlaselwa kwamasimu kwenziwa emoyeni. Izinambuzane zindiza eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.5-2. Zikhetha ukudla ngemuva kweqabunga leqabunga lendlebe. Kulesi siza, bangancela amajusi engxenyeni ethenda yesigcawu sesitshalo. Ngesikhathi sokufika kukakolweni entwasahlobo, izinambuzane zithuthelekela kuyo. Ngokuqala kokuqhekeka kwe-spike wrapper, ama-pheromones besifazane abesifazane futhi ahehe abesilisa ngokuzahlukanisa.
Imininingwane. Izinsikazi kubantu abanambuzane ziziphindaphindwe izikhathi ezingama-2-3 kunabesilisa. Kwezinye izifunda, abesilisa batholakala ngesilinganiso esisodwa. Lokhu akuvimbi ukuzala; ama-females abeka amaqanda angenazimpawu.
I-Ovipositor yenzeka ngaphakathi kwezindlebe zommbila. E-clutch 4-8 amaqanda aphuzi noma owolintshi, okusaqanda. Ubude yi-0.4-0.6 mm. Isikhathi sokuzala sithatha cishe inyanga, ukuzala komuntu wesifazane yizicucu ezingama-25- 28. Umbungu ukhula izinsuku ezingama-7-8. Ekuzalweni, izibungu ziluhlaza okukhanyayo, kodwa ngokushesha zithole umbala obomvu okhanyayo. Izibungu zibangela umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni. Amunca ijusi kusuka esikalini se-spikelet, bese asuka okusanhlamvu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuthatha izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha. Njengoba sezitshaliwe, zidla ujusi wokusanhlamvu okuncane. Lesi sikhathi siyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho sekuvuthiwe okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Ngalesi sikhathi, izibungu ziba nesikhathi sokuchitha. Bayeka ukondla nokucwila engxenyeni eyisisekelo yendondolo. Kulesi sigaba bahlala kuze kube sebusika. Ezinye izinambuzane zigobhoza emhlabathini ziye ekujuleni kuka-10-20 cm, ezinye zifihle ngaphansi kokudonswa kwezitshalo. Ngokufika kokushisa, lapho umhlaba ufudumala ufike ku- + 8 °, izibungu ziba isimemezelo, bese kuba ngama-nymphs. Kulesi simo, hlala amasonto ayi-1-2. Isigaba esilandelayo i-imago. Isivuno sezinambuzane zabantu abadala sinwetshwa inyanga yonke. Isikhathi sokuphila kwabantu abadala siyizinsuku ezingama-30- 40.
Imininingwane. Isizukulwane esisodwa sokusanhlamvu kukolweni sithathelwa indawo ngonyaka.
Ukulimaza
Izilimo eziyisisekelo zokudla okusanhlamvu zikakolweni ubusika kanye nentwasahlobo kakolweni, i-rye. Kulimaza ibhali, i-buckwheat, i-oats, ummbila, ukudla okuziinkozo zasendle kanye nezitshalo ezi-herbaceous. Abadala balinyazwa amaqabunga; ngemuva kokuvezwa kwabo, kuvela amabala akhanyayo. Izindlebe okwafakwa kuzo ijusi ziwonakalisiwe, kukhona ubuhlakani, ubumsulwa. Ezindaweni lapho kuhlatshwa khona izibungu, okusanhlamvu kuyamiswa.
Ngokunqotshwa okukhulu kwezilimo, isisindo sokusanhlamvu siyancipha, ikhwalithi kafulawa nezinsimbi zembewu ziyancipha. Ezitshalweni ezithelelekile, abantu abangafika kwabangu-100 bangaphila ngasikhathi sinye, kufaka phakathi abantu abadala nezibungu. Lapho isibalo sezibungu siyizingcezu ezingama-30, ukuncipha kwesisindo kungu-12-15%. Indawo yezindawo ezingama-40-50 izibungu endlebeni ithathwa njengomngcele wobungozi.
Isimo sezulu esifudumele, esomile sinomthelela ekuthuthukiseni inambuzane izinambuzane. Isomiso isikhathi eside nemvula kuthinta kabi inani lezinambuzane. Ngesikhathi se-metamorphosis, ama-nymphs afa ngenxa yokuntuleka komswakama. Izimvula ezinde zibangela ukulimala kwama-larva anezifo zokukhunta. Phakathi kwezitha zemvelo eziqothula ukwanda kukakolweni: amabhungane e-ktyr, amabhungane omhlaba, ama-ladybugs, ama-carnivorous thrips, izibungu ze-laceworm, izimbungulu.
Izinyathelo ze-Agrotechnical
Izindlela ze-Agrotechnical zifaka:
- Ukulima kwe-Autumn kwenhlabathi kuvumela ukubhubhisa kuze kufike ku-80-90% wezibungu.
- Ukuhambisana nokujikeleza kwezilimo.
- Ukubhoboza izinhlanga ngesikhathi.
- Ukuhlwanyela izitshalo zasentwasahlobo ezigabeni zokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zokuqala zikakolweni. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinhlobo sekwephuzile zingenwe yizikhathi ezi-2 kuya ku-2.
Indlela yamakhemikhali
Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kwamasimu kunconywa ekuqaleni kokuhola ukolweni. Le nqubo iholela ekufeni kwabesifazane abaningi ababeka amaqanda. Ama-insecticides aholela ekubhujisweni kwezinye izinambuzane: ama-scoops, ama-aphid, amafudu. Ukufafaza amasimu, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali ase-systemic kanye nokuxhumana -i-Ditox, Fufanon, Fastak, Clonrin.
Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, abalimi banesikhathi sokucubungula izilimo ngaphambi kokuba inkathazo ingene okusanhlamvu. Ukulwa nokujiya kukakolweni kuyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi ezindlebeni kukhona izinambuzane zeminyaka ehlukene, ezifihliwe ngemuva kwamaqabunga nezikali zokusanhlamvu. Izinyathelo eziphelele kuphela ezingasusa ngokuphelele inkathazo.
Ukuvela kokukhiqizwa kukakolweni
Izinsimbi zikakolweni zabesifazane ubude zingamamilimitha ayi-1,3,5,5. Umbala ungaba mnyama noma ube nsundu. Imilenze iphuzi futhi amaphiko abonakala.
Ama-Wheat thrips (iHaplothrips tritici).
Izibalo zokusanhlamvu zikakolweni zifinyelela kumamilimitha ayi-1.4-1.8. Umbala we-larva onsundu. Abantu abadala abadala bane-cilia ende emaphikweni.
Amadoda ama-thrips kakolweni ajwayelekile kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ngobukhulu, abesilisa bangaphansi kwabesifazane.
Izibalo
Ama-thrips "angabangani" besazi sezolimo
Ngithanda ukudonsela ukunakekela kwabalimi kule nkinga yokusabalala nokwanda kokulimala kokulimazeka kwezilimo zikakolweni zasentwasahlobo eziye zavela eminyakeni yamuva. Ngokuqala nje, inkathazo engenangozi. ... Yebo, lapho sasilima, ngokuphathwa komhlaba njalo ngonyaka, lokhu bekunqanda ukusakazeka kwama-thrips kanye nomonakalo owubangelwe awubonakali. Lapho sishintsha ubuchwepheshe besimanje bezolimo (ubuncane no-zero), ukulimala kwalesi sinambuzane esincane kwabonakala kakhulu. Khumbula ihlobo lokugcina (2011) kanye nezinqwaba zamabele kakhulukazi ngomonakalo ka-60-70% weziqu. Isici esibonakalayo sokuhanjiswa ngobuningi kanye nokulimazeka kokuncipha kukakolweni kwakuwukwehla kokuphakama kwezitshalo kanye nokwenza mhlophe kwengxenye ephezulu yendlebe.
Izindlebe ezilimele zehle
Ngikhumbula kafushane i-biology yentuthuko yalesi sinambuzane. Ama-larva ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza nokwakheka okusanhlamvu kudla kakhulu ijusi lezindlebe zezindlebe, futhi kamuva okuqukethwe okungamanzi okusanhlamvu kakolweni. Ukusondela ekuvuthweni, izibungu ezibomvu zehlela ezansi kwesiqu bese zifihla emhlabathini ziye ekujuleni kuka-1 cm noma ngaphezulu, lapho zihlala khona lapho kuqubuka khona.
I-Wheat thrips larva - Haplothrips tritici.
Futhi njengoba izimo zezulu ezinzima zenkathi yasebusika yalonyaka zibonisa, amahlumela angamelana nobusika obubandayo beqhwa kanye namaqhwa amade, ngisho namaqhwa amade angamashumi amane.
Izibalo eziningi zigoqeka enhlabathini ngemuva kokuqothuka
Entwasahlobo, lapho isilinganiso sokushisa sansuku zonke sifinyelelwa, kumane kube ngu-8 ° C ekujuleni kwezibungu, futhi lokhu kuvame ukubangomhla wesithathu ku-Ephreli - ishumi loku-1 likaMeyi, kuya kusihlwa kuya kuqhuqwane kanye nokuchithwa okusalayo, lapho kudlulela kuzo zonke izigaba zokuguqulwa kube yisinambuzane esidala - iprephph, nymph futhi ekugcineni imago. Kuqala, ama-thrips adla izithombo zokuqala zikakolweni u-carrion, abese endiza otshanini obungamile futhi asale lapho kuze kube yilapho amaqabunga alezi zitshalo ehlanganiswa. Ngemuva kwalokho izinambuzane zibuyela emasimini, lapho ngalesi sikhathi kuvela izithombo ezintsha zezilimo zikakolweni zasentwasahlobo. Isikhathi eside esifundeni sethu, ukolweni wasentwasahlobo uhlwanyelwa ezigidini zamahektha, ngezinsuku ezithile zokutshala (ingxenye yesibili kaMeyi). Ama-Wheat thrips, anensimu enkulu kangaka yomsebenzi, aguqulwa kahle futhi avumelaniswa ekuthuthukisweni kwawo kanye nokuhamba kwezigaba zezitshalo zalesi sitshalo. Ngendlela, kukholelwa ukuthi ubuningi be-thrips bugxilwe engxenyeni yangaphandle yensimu, ngakho-ke, izindlela zokwelapha ezinqenqemeni ezinama-insecticides zinconywa ngokuyinhloko. Kepha ngokusho kwethu, amaphiko anezinhlaka zokuxhuma uthwala kalula amakhilomitha ayi-1-1,5. Ngesikhathi kuvela isipiki (isikhathi sokuphuma singena kwi-tube - ihola), izinsikazi zigxila ebusweni bethhubhu nengxenye engezansi yeqabunga lefulegi. Zisebenza ngokufihla ama-pheromones, aheha abesilisa, abalingane futhi ngokuvamile abeka amaqanda ngaphakathi kwesikali se-spikelet.
Ihlikihla endlebeni kakolweni ngesikhathi sokuhola
Kube sekuvela izibungu eziluhlaza okotshani, kamuva zithole umbala ocacile we-carmine. Zikhula ngokushesha (kufika ku-2-3 mm) futhi zidla kakhulu. Yizibungu ezidala ingozi enkulu ezindlebeni zikakolweni futhi sinciphise umkhiqizo wezitshalo. Ngakho-ke kunomjikelezo ogcwele wokuthuthuka kwalezinambuzane. Ngaphandle kwezibungu, abantu abadala abangafika kwabayi-100 noma ngaphezulu bangaba sendlebeni. Ngokusho kwesazi esidumile sase-entomologist, uprofesa u-Grigory Yakovlevich Bei-Bienko (1955), ukwehla kwesivuno kusuka ekukhuleni okukhulu kwe-thrips kungaba kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-19%. Kepha ubuchwepheshe be-zero bebungakakhiwa futhi buyethulwa kabanzi, okunomthelela omuhle ekuqongeleleni ukutheleleka kwezifo zokukhunta kanye nokwanda kwesibalo salokhu nezinye izilokazane. Ngokusho kwethu esikubonile, ngonyaka ka-2010-2011 eNyakatho Kazakhstan kweminye imikhakha yomonakalo, njengoba sengishilo, ifinyelele kuma-60% noma ngaphezulu. Uchwepheshe we-VIZR, uV.I. Tansky uncoma ukubala ukulimala kokuncipha kwenani labantu ezindlebeni zikakolweni. Uma sithatha njengesisekelo sokuthi isisindo selinye lama-larva ngesilinganiso esingu-0,1 mg kanye nokulahleka okungu-12 okubangelwa yiyo, khona-ke akukho nzima ukubala ukulahleka kwesivuno ngenani lezimila ezingama-30 noma ezingama-40 ngesikhuphashe ngasinye, ngokwesibonelo, ngesigaxa sezindlebe ezingama-400 nge-1 m2 . Futhi maqondana nehektha asebalulekile - ngaphakathi kuka-1.5-2 c. Futhi lokhu ngokusobala kuyisibalo esingaphansi. Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, ezimweni zokukhiqiza, ungalahlekelwa uhhafu wesilimo.
Ngokubona kwami okuqinile, akukho kuphela ukuncipha kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nokuwohloka okubukhali kwikhwalithi kakolweni. Yize ama-entomologists engafinyeleli esiphethweni esinjalo, imiphumela yokulimala kwe-thrips ithinta ngokusobala ikhono likakolweni lokwenza amabele asezingeni eliphakeme. Isibonelo, lapho kunqunywa ikhwalithi kakolweni we-thripsy esifundeni i-KH "Sergalieva" (isifunda saseMendykarinsky, esifundeni saseKostanai) emkhakheni ofanayo, ukolweni oqondile wezinhlobonhlobo zeLyubava ukhiqize ama-36% we-gluten eluhlaza, nokolweni olimele - 28,5%. Kuyabonakala ukuthi izinhlobo zikakolweni ezijwayelekile zithinteka ikakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zeLutescens. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zifaka, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinhlobo zokukhethwa kwe-Omsk, kanye neLyubava, iKazakhstan ukuvuthwa kokuqala, iLutescens 32 nezinye izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene eNyakatho Kazakhstan. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ze-Erythrospermum ezixubile, njengomthetho, zaba nomonakalo omncane, futhi kwabonwa okumbalwa ngabo. Kunzima ukusho ngokuthembekile ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yobungako bezinhlobonhlobo noma iqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo ezintsha zikakolweni ezithambile ezivunyiwe ukuthi zisetshenziswe esifundeni saseKostanay, okuwukuphela kwezinhlobonhlobo zesipinashi (esibe sikubhekisisa kakhulu selokhu kwasungulwa) yiLyubava 5. Simelana kakhulu nokuchitheka futhi isikali esivalekile kakhulu se-spikelet, okusobala ukuthi singena ngaphakathi kokujikijela endlebeni. Siphawula okufanayo kwezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobo eziningi, sivakashela iziza zokukhetha zenkampani yakwaFiton. I-dissertations ka-O.V. Mukhina (2007) no-S.G. Likhatskaya (2009) baqinisekisa ubukhona bokungafani kwalesi sinambuzane, futhi kunomehluko osobala wabantu bezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezinamahlamvu kakolweni. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, abacwaningi baveze indlela ehlukile yokusabela emonakalweni yile nkathazo. Udaba lokungalingani kwezinambuzane ezilwaneni luyinkinga enkulu, kepha ngeshwa, akufundiswanga okuncane. Inqubo yokukhetha ihlala ihamba, kudalwa izinhlobo ezintsha ezimelana, izakhi zofuzo zesimanje zibandakanyeka ocwaningweni. Umsebenzi wokulungisa okulungiswe kahle ngokumelana nokugqwala okumbala noshukela kolweni. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha zokumelana, okungenani kuya ezinambuzaneni ngazinye, kuyindaba yabafuyi bezikhathi ezizayo.
Yiziphi izindlela ezinikezwa ukulwa nama-thrips futhi yini esele iqongelelwe eminyakeni eminingi yesipiliyoni? Okokuqala, ngisho nokulimala okuncane kakhulu (hhayi zero, sicela uqaphele) ukulima ngesikhathi sekwindla kubhubhisa kuze kufike ku-90% wezibungu zeziphuzo. Okungabalulekanga kangako yizinyathelo zokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali. Kusukela ukuguqulwa kwama-larips we-thrips ku-imago kuqala ekushiseni kwenhlabathi ngenhla kwe-8-10 ° C, futhi lokhu kulesifunda sethu kuyahambelana nokuphela kuka-Ephreli kanye nokuqala kukaMeyi, kanye nokungeniswa kwesinambuzane esidala kukakolweni washubhu kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kanye ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, lezi zi-2 - 2. , Izinyanga eziyi-5 zisivumela ukuthi sisebenzise cishe noma yisiphi isinambuzane ngesikhathi esivumelana naso. Sisebenzisa umuthi onamandla futhi onamandla kakhulu, hhayi omubi kakhulu, ngombono wethu, isidakamizwa Fastak, okhiqiza inkampani i-BASF. Lesi isinambuzane - ukuthintana kanye nesenzo samathumbu. Kohambo, umthamo onconyelwe yi-0,0-0.15 l / ha kuphela. Intengo ngehektha elilodwa lesinambuzane isukela ku-1,2 kuye ku-1.9 amadola aseMelika. Uma lo msebenzi wenziwa kanye nokwelashwa kwe-herbicidal engxenyeni yethangi, lapho-ke sesizosusa ngokuphelele ukuqothuka kule ndawo, ngoba ngesikhathi sokususwa kwamakhemikhali konke ukusikisela kusuka otshanini bemvelo bokusanhlamvu okudala nokwedlule sekuvele kuthelekele kakolweni okusha, okuthambile futhi okutholakala kalula. Ngaphansi kwalesi “siga” kuzowela amaqanda amaningi uHessian fly, kanye nengquza eminyene yesinkwa, izimpukane zaseSweden nezinye izinambuzane. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides e-systemic on okusanhlamvu kungasizakali kwezomnotho, ngoba izindleko zawo ngehektha ngalinye zifinyelela kumadola angama-4-8 aseMelika. Kungaqonda ngokwengeziwe ukusebenzisa lezi zinambuzane ezitshalweni zezithelo nemifino noma kumazambane, lapho izigaba eziyingozi zezinambuzane ziqala ukulimaza umnotho kusukela ekuqaleni kokuhluma ku-apula kanye ne-currant, amahlumela ezitshalo zemifino kuze kube yilapho zivunwa ngokugcwele futhi zivunwa ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwesibulala-zinambuzane i-Fastak ngethamo lika-60-100 g ngehektha linye kanye nama-herbicides epulazini "Birch" lesifunda saseFedorovsk iminyaka emi-3 elandelanayo. Lokhu kuholele ekuvikelweni okuphelele kukakolweni ezinambuzaneni nasekungatholakali komonakalo obonakalayo ezitshalweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, omakhelwane, banokulimala okuningi okunjalo emasikweni afanayo. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngeZarya JSC esifundeni saseMendykarinsky, lapho iFurak isetshenziswe ezindaweni ezinkulu zikakolweni ezithambile zasentwasahlobo futhi akukho monakalo owenzekile. Isinambuzane esifanayo sisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ku-peas nakwezinye izilimo. Usindise ngokuphelele izilimo zesikhathi sokukhula kuzo zonke izilokazane.
Ukusebenza ngokulwa nokujijiswa kufanele kwenziwe ngesikhathi esengozini kakhulu kubo, lapho babengenaso isikhathi sokufihla ngemuva kwegobolondo eshidi esethanjini noma ngaphansi kwesikali se-spikelet. Yize ochwepheshe bezokuvikela izitshalo bethi ama-thrips control alula, isipiliyoni sethu ngama-insecticides sibonisa okuphambene. Imikhawulo yeminyaka ehlukene ingagcinwa ngamanani anele ambozwe isikali sendlebe, esithebeni nangemuva kwesiqeshana seqabunga.
Ngaphezu kososayensi bokufunda komhlaba, izitha zabo zemvelo zilwa nalezi zinambuzane zikakolweni. Kuma-entomophages asemqoka wokukhiqizwa kukakolweni, ngokuvamile ama-entomologists ahlukanisa inyamazane imichilo emisho,
Ama-striped strips - i-Aeofothrips intermedius
kanye nesiphazamiso - Ingane izibungu zalo.Lezi nezinye izinto ezifinqiwe zinciphisa kakhulu inani labantu abathela ukolweni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akwanele ukuvimba ukukhula kwalesi sinambuzane, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni evumayo ukuthuthukiswa nokwanda.
Malashka - Paratinus femoralis
Imvamisa, ngemuva kwehlobo elomile, abaphengululi basikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukwanda kwenani le-thrips futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngemuva kokubanda nokumanzi - ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu babo. Kepha, njengoba imibono yethu ikhombisa, eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokwanda okungapheli kwamanani nokwanda kokulimala kwabo. Futhi njengoba ekwindla edlule bekuthandeka ngokwanele ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kukakolweni, kanti ebusika bekukhona ubusika obujwayelekile, kulo nyaka kufanele silindele ukuqubuka kwalesi sinambuzane emasimini eKostanai esifundeni. Ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe ekuqoqweni kwe-FSBI Rosselkhoztsentr - "Ukubuyekezwa kwesimo sokuphilisana kwezitshalo zezolimo eRussia Federation ngonyaka we-2011 kanye nesibikezelo sokuqalwa kwezinto eziyingozi ngonyaka ka-2012", izihlava ezingama-106 amamitha ayisikwele ngalinye selokhu ebusika selokhu sekwindla. Futhi lokhu kuyisilinganiso eRussia, futhi ezindaweni ezikhula okusanhlamvu kuneziningi zazo. Esikhathini sentwasahlobo-sasehlobo salo nyaka, ochwepheshe babikezela: "... amanani amaningi kanye nokulimala kokuncipha kungenzeka ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu." Ngakho-ke qaphela! "Abangani" besazi sezolimo aselele. Ungaphuthelwa isikhathi nendawo yomzabalazo ngalezi zinambuzane ezincane, kodwa ezikhohlisayo kakhulu.
Ukuchazwa kwengqola
Ama-femu ama-thrips afinyelela ubude obungu-1,3-1,5 mm. Umbala wazo ungaba mnyama-nsundu noma ube mnyama. Ama-forelegs nemilenze engezansi aphuzi ngombala. Izimpiko zisobala. Kukhona i-cilia ende emaphikweni. Ama-thrips amaduna avamile kakhulu kunabesifazane futhi aphansi ngosayizi kuwo. Iqanda le-thrips linombala onsomi onsomi.
Inqubo yokuzala
Iqembu le-thrips lingele-ovipositor. Ukolweni kufaka amaqanda ezinqwabeni. Isixha singaba nezingcezu ezi-4 ziye kwezi-8. Amaqanda abekwa esikalini neziqu zendlebe yesitshalo. Inani labo eliphelele livame cishe izingcezu ezingama-28. Inani eliphezulu lamaqanda abekwe ngowesifazane angafinyelela kuma-50. Amabhule aphuma emaqanda ngosuku lwe-6-7. Izibungu zidla ujusi wezithelo nezindlebe zommbila. Lapho okusanhlamvu kufinyelela esigabeni sokuvuthwa kwe-waxy, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuyaphela, bese kuthunyelwa ebusika. Isizukulwane esisodwa sokuhlinza siqala ngonyaka. Izimo zezulu ezinhle kakhulu zokusakazeka kwama-thrips yisimo sezulu esifudumele nesomile.
Izindlela zamakhemikhali zokulawula
Kusukela ukuvuka kwezibungu kwenzeka lapho inhlabathi ifudumala ibanga elingama-degree ayisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu (ngo-Ephreli-Meyi), futhi ukungena kwamakhubalo abantu abadala kukolweni kubonwa maphakathi nehlobo, izazi zezolimo namajukujuku ezinyanga zinezinyanga ezimbili zisebenzisa isibalo esikhulu sezinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane. Cishe ngendlela efanayo bavikela amazambane kusuka kubhungane lamazambane leColorado.
Enye yezidakamizwa ezisebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye ezingabizi yi-Fastak.. Leli thuluzi linokuxhumana nomphumela wamathumbu. Ukulwa nama-thrips, kunconywa ukusebenzisa umthamo we-0,0-0.15 l / ha.
Kubalulekile ukuthi kulawulwe ngamakhemikhali ama-thrips ukukhetha umzuzu lapho izinambuzane zingakafihleli ngemuva kwesihlahla seqabunga esikhumini noma ngaphansi kwesikali se-spikelet: ngalesi sikhathi, izinambuzane zisengozini kakhulu. Noma kusetshenziswe kahle izindlela zamakhemikhali zokulawula, ukuqeda i-thrips kuyinkinga impela. Abantu beminyaka ehlukene bangahlala ngobuningi obukhulu ngaphansi kwesikali sendlebe, ngemuva kwesihlahla seqabunga, kuqabunga leqabunga.
Ngale ndlela yokwelashwa, hhayi kuphela ama-thrips, kodwa futhi nokufaka amaqanda izimpukane zamaHessian, izimpukane zaseSweden kanye nezinye izinambuzane eziningi zilethwa.
Ukucutshungulwa kwamakhemikhali yiFarkak kuhlangene nokwelashwa kwe-herbicidal engxenyeni yethangi kwenza ukuthi cishe kucishe kuqothule ngokuphelele ukolweni okungukolweni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi sokutshala ukhula ngamakhemikhali, lesi sinambuzane sesivele sindizela ukolweni omusha futhi ongabizi kusuka ezinhlolweni zemvelo zonyaka.
I-Haplothrips tritici
Ama-Thrips (Fringe-winged) - I-Thysanoptera (Physapoda)
Ukujikijela kwamasondo - inkathazo kakolweni entwasahlobo kanye nobusika. Izitshalo zokudla ufaka: i-rye yasebusika, ibhali, i-oats, ummbila, okusanhlamvu zasendle, i-buckwheat, ukotini, ugwayi, kanye nezitshalo eziningi zasendle ezi-herbaceous. Ukuzala kabusha izilimi ezimbili. Intuthuko ayiphelele. Lvava overwinter. Isizukulwane esisodwa siyakhula ngonyaka.
Chofoza esithombeni ukwandisa
endlebeni
I-Morphology
I-Imago. Ubude bomzimba 1.2-2.3 mm. Izinambuzane ezincane, eziphakeme. Izinto zokusebenza zomlomo zohlobo lwe-piercing-sucking ziqondiswa emuva emzimbeni, njengakubo bonke abameleli beqembu leTrips. Unqenqema olungaphansi lwebunzi lubukeka luqinile futhi lwakha isisekelo sesigaxa somlomo.
Inhloko ilingana ne-pronotum, incane kaningi isikhathi eside. Isigaxa somlomo sifushane, sizungezwe ekugcineni.
I-Antennae 8 ihlukaniswe izingxenye Ama-trichomes we-antennae scaly. Ibanga phakathi kwezindawo zokunamathiselwa i-antennae lincane. Ingxenye yesithathu ye-antennae ngesiqu esincane.
I-Prothorax icekelwa phambili. Ubude betetha le-posterolateral le prothorax lingama-50-70 microns.
Izisu eziyishumi. I-apical tube yesisu isifushane kunekhanda.
Imilenze iyasebenza. Ekupheleni kwemilenze kukhona ama-vesicular suckers. Ukubikezela kusesehlukaniswe-ndawonye.
Izimpiko ziyaphakanyiswa, zinendawo encishisiwe nendawo eshisiwe yecilia ende emaphethelweni, ifinyeziwe maphakathi. Izimpiko zangaphambili nezangemuva zilingana ngobude nobubanzi. Emugqeni ongasemva kwephiko elingaphambili, i-cilia eyengeziwe engu-5-8, ingxenye yeshumi enwetshelwe kwi-tube.
Umbala womzimba onsundu-onsundu kuya komnyama. I-tibia yangaphambili, ngaphandle kwesisekelo, ne-mbele tarsi ophuzi. Ingxenye yesithathu ye-antennae ephuzi, emnyama phambi kwe-apex. Izimpiko zisobala. I-Setae palee ephuzi kuya nsundu.
Owesifazane. Ubude 1.8-2.3 mm. I-ovipositor ayikho, kukhona induku emnyama egqokile phambi komphetho wangemuva wengxenye ye-IX.
Owesilisa. Ubude 1,2-1,3 mm. Kukhona i-notch ecacile esisekelweni sechubhu le-apical lesisu. Izimpondo zincanyana kunaleya ntokazi.
Iqanda umbala o-orange noma omhlophe, omfushane. Ubude yi-0.4-0.6 mm.
ULerva Ngiyaguga, Iminyaka engu-II. Izimpondo ziyafana ngokubonakala kwe-imago. Ingaphezulu lesisu likhishwa ngamandla. Ingxenye engu-X yesisu iyakhuphuka, isigaba seXI sinezinwele ezimbili ezinde. Izibungu zonyaka wokuqala zinombala ophuzi ngombala, ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa zithola i-hue ebomvu. I-Larva yeminyaka yesibili ibomvu ngokugqamile.
I-Pronimfa nge-primordia yamaphiko, izimpondo ziqondiswe phambili, amalunga ahlanganisiwe.
Nymph. Izimpondo ziqondiswa emuva. Ukuqala kwamaphiko kubuyela emuva ngaphezu kwesifunda se-thoracic.
I-Phenology of development (ngezinsuku)
Izinhlobo zezomvelo eziseduze
Ngokusho kwe-morphology (ukubukeka), i-imago isondelene nezinhlobo ezichaziwe IHaplothrips yuccae. Kuhluka ngokuthi amabhulashi wokugcina wesisu angamamitha ayi-0,5 ubude kune-tube ye-apical. Isitshalo sokudla esiyinhloko yi-yucca.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezichaziwe, ama-pustaceous thrips atholakala njalo (IHaplothrips aculeatus), futhi okufanayo kwi-morphology kubantu abadala abanama-Wheat thrips (I-Haplothrips tritici).
I-Malware
Ama-Wheat thrips ikakhulukazi alimaza ubusika kanye nekolweni yasentwasahlobo, obunye utshani obungapheli. Kutholakala ku-rye ebusika, ibhali, i-oats, ummbila, okusanhlamvu wasendle, i-buckwheat, ukotini, ugwayi kanye nezitshalo eziningi zasendle ezi-herbaceous. Izinambuzane zabantu abadala nezibungu ziyingozi. Izinsimbi zabantu abadala zilimaza izindlebe zommbila, amafilimu wezimbali, iminyakazo. Sucking the ujusi, izinambuzane kubangela mhlophe ngokwengxenye kanye schlozernost. Ukulimala kweqabunga lefulegi esisekelweni kubangela ukuba ligobeke, kwenze kube nzima ukuphuma endlebeni.
Izibungu ukulimala ngesikhathi sokulayishwa okusanhlamvu. Isisindo sokusanhlamvu sincipha ngenani elikhulayo lama-larvae okondla. Ngenani lezingcezu ezingama-20-30 ngesikwele ngasinye, ukuncipha kwesisindo okusanhlamvu kufinyelela ku-13%. Izici zokubhaka zokusanhlamvu azincishisiwe. Izinkomba zembewu ziwohloka kakhulu.
Umkhawulo wobunzima bezomnotho kunqunywa ekugcineni kokulayisha - ukuqala kobisi ubisi lokusanhlamvu futhi kumiswa phambi kwezibungu ezingama-40-50 endlebeni eyodwa.
Ukulimala okubangelwa ukugxila kukakolweni
Inani elikhulu kakhulu le-thrips libonakala ngesikhathi uhola kakolweni ebusika. Kuqala, izinambuzane zidla kuphela izikhwebu zommbila, kepha-ke zingena ngaphakathi kwe-spikelet kanye nokugqwala kulo. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lamaqanda abekwa libonwa ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingama-8 kuya ku-12.
Ama-Wheat thrips asakazeke ikakhulukazi kwi-CIS: izindawo ezisehlathini nezindawo ezihlala kuzo ezingxenyeni yaseYurophu, eCaucasus, Kazakhstan nase-Asia Ephakathi
Isibungu esiphuma emaqanda sidla ujusi wezindlebe zommbila. Ngenxa yomsebenzi walezi zibungu, okusanhlamvu okusesimweni esithambile kuyalimala.
Ama-Wheel thrips abangela ukulimala okukhulu ebusika nasentangeni kakolweni, ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu alimaza i-rye. Abantu abadala bancela ujusi, amaqabunga alimazayo nezindlebe ezincane. Izindawo ezingenamabala zivele kwisisekelo samaqabunga. Ukuma kwezindlebe kuyashintsha. Ingxenye ephezulu yezindlebe iyaphazamiseka futhi ikhululeke.
Ama-Wheat thrips aholela kubuthakathaka be-intergernum kanye nobuthakathaka bezithelo.
Amasondo okusanhlamvu kwehlisa ikhwalithi yokusanhlamvu futhi kunciphise isisindo sayo. Ukulahleka kwesivuno okuphelele okuvela emsebenzini wokuncipha kukakolweni kungaba yi-20%.
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