Isiko leSoviet elalibaleke kancane elibuye lavuselelwa: namuhla kunesidingo sephepha elisasetshenziswa kabusha. Kuze kube manje, iqiniso lokuthi izinkampani zabeluleki nabaprosesa balithengile ngamathani livimbele abaningi ukuqoqa amaphepha ngokwahlukana. Kepha, njengoba kwavela, le nkinga inesisombululo, uma ungabambisana nabanye. U- +1 usitshela ukuthi yimaphi amathuba okuvulelwa yisinyathelo esilula somnotho wokujikeleza. Nazi izizathu ezinhlanu zokuthi kungani ungafuni ukuthumela amadokhumenti angenasidingo kudoti.
Photo: fool.com.au
1. Isixazululo senkinga yokulahlwa udoti
Njalo nehhovisi lihlangabezana nesidingo sokuvulwa kwamakhabethe amaphepha namakhabethe edeski. Amakhalenda wonyaka odlule, ama-printer angadingeki, amaphephandaba amadala kanye namapheshana, idayari ebhalwe phansi nezincwadi zokubhala zithatha isikhala zinika indawo yokusebenza umsebenzi ongabukeki kahle. Ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza ejwayelekile kuzoqinisekisa ukulahlwa okufika ngesikhathi kwemfucuza yamaphepha, okuvame ukuqongelela iminyaka ehhovisi.
Photo: imagenesmy.com
Izinzuzo ezivela kudoti
Iphepha yinto esetshenziselwa kabusha futhi engalahlekelwa yimpahla yayo emva kwayo. Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza yamaphepha kwenziwa ngamabhizinisi akhethekile ongasayina nawo isivumelwano esisodwa noma sokubambisana okuvamile.
Iphepha lokungcola lingahanjiswa cishe kunoma yiliphi idolobha laseRussia Federation. Lesi senzo esilula sinikeza izinhlaka zomthetho ithuba lokusebenzisa inzuzo eningi:
- khipha imali eyengeziwe. Iphepha lokungcola lithathwa imali futhi likuvumela ukuthi wenze imali ngodoti olungasadingeki,
- khipha isikhala ehhovisi. Ukususwa kwamaphepha amdaka kuzokhulula isikhala egumbini futhi kuvume ukuthi kusetshenziswe ngokwengeziwe, futhi lokhu kuzokwenziwa ngokushesha,
- thuthukisa idumela nenkampani yenkampani. Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha imfucuza yamaphepha ilingana nokunakekela imvelo nemvelo. Ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni ezinjengalezi kukhuluma ngenhlangano njengezanamuhla, ecabanga ngakusasa. Isithunzi semisebenzi eco-friendly ukuthuthukisa isimo sebhizinisi.
Liyini iphepha lokungcola futhi livelaphi?
Kunzima ukucabanga impilo yethu ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yamaphepha. Zonke izinsuku sithenga ujusi nobisi emabhokisini namaqanda emabhokisini. Sisebenzisa ama-napkins, izikhwama zamaphepha, futhi siphuza ikhofi ezinkomishini zephepha. Ukuthenga i-TV, ithebhulethi, i-multicooker - ngokuqinisekile sizoyithola ibhokisi lekhadibhodi.
Lezi zindawo zokuphila zithinta ukusetshenziswa kwamaphepha kuphela. Akunakusho ukuthi, ezindaweni lapho iphepha lokungcola lansuku zonke lilinganiswa emashumini, noma ngisho namakhulu amakhilogremu:
- Amahhovisi kanye namahhovisi
- izinkampani zokuphrinta,
- izakhiwo zokugcina impahla
- izitolo nezitolo ezinkulu,
- izikole, izikhungo, izikhungo zokuqeqesha.
Ngokuphonsa imfucuza ephepheni, sisekela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi futhi siyaqhubeka nokungcolisa imvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zomkhiqizo ezivela ephepheni lodoti ziphansi kakhulu kunalezo ngokhuni ngenxa yokusebenzisa amandla okuphansi kwenqubo.
Kubukeka sengathi isixazululo silula - khiqiza konke kusuka ephepheni lodoti futhi ngaleyo ndlela ubulale izinyoni ezimbili ngetshe elilodwa: ukugcina imvelo nokunciphisa izindleko zemikhiqizo eseqediwe. Kepha ngokuzijwayeza, yonke into ayilula kangako futhi ayinangqondo.
Sinjani isimo ngokuvuselelwa kabusha eRussia
Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwamaphepha kadoti akulungile neze eRussia. Ngiqonde ukuthi, hhayi okubi njengakuqala, kodwa hhayi okuhle njengaseYurophu.
Ukuze uqhathanise, eYurophu ngaphezulu 60% iphepha lokungcola liyasebenza futhi liyasetshenziswa. I-AT NgeRussia lesi sibalo asifinyeleli neze 18%.
Njengoba ubona, iphesenti elikhulu lephepha lokungcola iyaqhubeka nokubola ekulahlekelweni komhlabanaphezu kwendlela "yemvelo", ekhula ngamandla eminyakeni yamuva. Noma kunjalo unyaka Amahektha angaphezu kwe-1,200,000 wehlathi agawulwa.
Okuvele kwenziwe:
- Ungene ku-2015 umthetho owenqabela ukuthunyelwa kwamaphepha odoti ovela eRussian Federation. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi kumiswe ukukhwabanisa kwezigebengu ngodoti lwamaphepha, okwenziwa osomabhizinisi abangathembekile. Isinqumo esifanayo sikahulumeni savunyelwa hlanganisa ukungasebenzi kwemibhalo yephepha eRussia, ngenxa yalokho amabhizinisi okufaka amaphepha aqala ukusebenza ngempumelelo.
- Kwakhanselwa I-VAT ekuthengisweni kwephepha lokungcola. Lokhu kudale abanikazi bamabhizinisi ukuthi bazimisele ngokwengeziwe. nginikeze iphepha labo ukucubungula imfucuza, futhi inikeze umfutho entuthukweni ibhizinisi lephepha lokungcola.
- Ukusatshalaliswa ngesiqalo kweziqukathi zokuqoqa imfucuza ehlukile, kufaka phakathi okhethekile iziqukathi zamaphepha angcolile, ugqugquzele ingxenye enkulu yabantu ukuba ilethe amaphepha abo lapho. Kuyasiza nokulungisa ukushoda kwezinto ezingavuthiwe.
Okusafanele kwenziwe:
- Ukwamukela umthethosivivinywa wokuqedwa kwentela yemali engenayo lapho kuhanjiswa iphepha lokungcola. Akusizo zonke izakhamuzi ezivuma ukunikeza iphepha labo kanye namakhadibhodi mahhala, ngombono wokonga izihlahla. Kwabaningi, uhlangothi lwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi lubalulekile. To thola imali yephepha lokudoti, umuntu kufanele afakazele ukuthi ubumnikazi iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu (okucishe kungenzeki njalo), emva kwalokho khokha intela yakho kusuka, ukubeka kalula, ukuthobeka kuyaqhubeka. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, abantu abanayo intshisekelo encane yokuthatha iphepha lokungcola ukuze baqoqe amaphuzu, futhi bayaqhubeka nokuthatha bona bube nokugcwaliswa komhlaba okulandelayo.
- Qalisa iqoqo eliphelele lokungcola okuqinile. Ukuba khona kweziqukathi emagcekeni emigwaqo ephakathi yedolobha elikhulu akuvumeli ukuqoqa ingxenye encane yemfucuza yamaphepha ekhiqizwe yisibalo sabantu. Izakhamizi zezindawo ezikude, kanye namadolobhana nemizana, ziyaqhubeka nokuphonsa iphepha emgqonyeni kadoti ojwayelekile. Kufanele silwele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhethekile imfucumfucu yamaphepha waba imfanelo engabalulekanga yanoma iliphi igceke kuwo wonke amadolobha aseRussia.
- Ukukhuthaza ukuthambekela kwemvelo: ukonga izihlahla, ukonga izinsiza, ulondoloze imvelo, njll, ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni zemfundo. Ukubuyisa isimo sengqondo sokuqonda sabahlali ezweni labo.
Iphepha elijikijelwe ekugcwalisweni komhlaba liba ayifanele ukucubungula okwengeziwe. Thatha bese nginikeze ukwamukela amaphuzu kwenqatshiwe ngezizathu zokuhlanzeka. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi inani eliphezulu lephepha lemfucumfucu, elidlula ekuchithekeni komhlaba, liya kokusebenza kwezitshalo.
Izinhlobo nezinhlobo, izinhlobo ngokusho kwe-GOST
Ngokuya kwe-GOST, iphepha lokungcola linayo izigaba ezintathu eziphambili - A, B no-C.
Abaningi ikhwalithi futhi ibalulekile iphepha lokungcola. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa:
- iphepha elimhlophe noma imfucuza ekhiqizweni kwalo,
- iphepha elimhlophe elinombusi,
- iphepha le-pulphur sodium elingafundeki,
- izikhwama zamaphepha (ngaphandle kokufakwa emgqeni, okufakwa phakathi nokuqiniswa).
Isigaba esifanayo sifaka imfucuza evela ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kusuka kwekhwalithi ephezulu esetshenziselwa iphepha, futhi lokhu kungamaphepha: ukufakwa,
nezinye izinhlobo ezifanayo.
it iphepha elibiza kakhulu lodoti. Ungathola ikhilogremu yephepha elinjalo endaweni yokuqoqa Ama-ruble ayi-10 nangaphezulu. Uma uthatha inani elikhulu, ke ngaphezulu.
Iphepha lokungcola ikhwalithi ephakathi. It:
- amakhadibhodi okonakele,
- izinto ezenziwe ngamakhadibhodi abolile (umtshingo, i-liner), imfucuza yokukhiqiza yale mikhiqizo,
- amakhadibhodi aprintiwe noma ngaphandle kokuphrinta (ngaphandle kwezicathula, ukufakwa kukagesi nophahla),
- izincwadi, omagazini, izincwadi zokubhalela neminye imikhiqizo esetshenziswa ephepheni eshicilelwe ephepheni elimhlophe (ngaphandle kwezimpande kanye nama-binders),
- amaphepha nemibhalo egciniwe, ashicilelwe ephepheni elimhlophe.
Lolu hlobo lwephepha lokungcola yilona iningi ejwayelekile. Isibalo sithathwa 2 kuya ku-8 ruble ngekhilogremu ngalinye ngokuya ngesimo nenani lezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe.
Ukuhlela iqembu B, uqobo ephansi ngekhwalithi, faka yonke imikhiqizo yamaphepha engekho kwenye indawo ehlukanisiwe.
It:
- amakhadibhodi angafakiwe, ukumelana nomswakama, okulimayo, okwenziwe ngophahla, ophahleni,
- imikhiqizo yamaphephandaba ngokuphrinta okumnyama nokumhlophe nombala,
- imfucuza yokukhiqiza amaphephandaba,
- imikhono yamaphepha,
- imikhiqizo yamaphepha,
- ikhava yekhadibhodi,
- amakhadibhodi anemibala nephepha.
Iphepha elinjalo elingaphansi kwebanga eliphansi ungasiza ngaphansi kwe-ruble ngekhilogremu. Ezimweni ezingavamile, intengo izofinyelela Ama-ruble ama-2.
Iqembu ngalinye lamaphepha emfucumfucu lihlukaniswe ama-subgroups, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezithile zemikhiqizo. Kulabo abadinga ukuhlukaniswa okunemininingwane eminingi, isixhumanisi esiya ku-GOST siyasiza.
Ungahlela kanjani ukungcola iphepha
Iphepha elijwayelekile lokudepha lingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili:
Iqembu B - imfucuza esezingeni eliphakathi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: amakhadibhodi ahlanganisiwe kanye nezinto zalo, amakhadibhodi anezinto zokuphrinta, ngaphandle kokufakwa kukagesi, ukufulela ophahleni nezinyawo, kanye nezincwadi, omagazini, izincwajana, izincwajana, izinhlu zezincwajana, izincwadi zokubhalela, izincwadi zokubhalela, izincwadi zokubhalela ngaphandle kwezembozo neminye imikhiqizo ephepheni elimhlophe.
Iqembu B - imfucuza esezingeni eliphansi. Lawa ngamaphephandaba, imikhono yamaphepha, amadokodo, izihlahla ezingabhaliwe, imikhiqizo yamapulangwe ebunjiwe, umswakama-proof kanye nekhadibhodi lamede nekhasi, amakhadibhodi amnyama, ansundu kanye anemibala agcwele ukugcwaliswa okukhulu.
Amaphoyinti ahlukahlukene okwamukela angaba nemithetho yawo kanye nama-nuances, kepha kuzohlala kukhona okujwayelekile.
Izimo zokuphinda zisuse amaphepha kabusha:
- Iphepha nekhadibhodi kumele lome,
- Imfucumfucu kufanele ihlungwe (amaphephandaba, omagazini, amakhadibhodi, amakhadibhodi ahlanganisiwe, njll.),
- Izincwadi zamukelwa ngaphandle kwesembozo,
- Imibhalo kanye nemikhiqizo eyenziwe yamukelwa yamukelwa ngaphandle kweziqeshana zamaphepha, izinqola, amafayili, okubekwa kuwo okuyisisekelo.
Okufanele ukwenze uma amaphuzu wokuqoqa nezitshalo ezisebenzayo zamukela imfucuza esikalini sezimboni (amavolumu amakhulu kuphela)
Indlela yesisombululo kumele ikhethwe ngokususelwa ezimweni nasenhlosweni yomuntu siqu, ngamunye azenzele yona. Isibonelo, inhloso yakho enhle - hhayi igramu kudoti, konke kuyacutshungulwa. Indlu yakho incane, omakhelwane bakho abaxhumana, awukwazi ukuthola abalandeli ngokuhamba ibanga. Bese uqongelela ivolumu enkulu bese uyidlulisela kumanani akhonjwe ngumthengi.
Uma umsebenzi wakho ulula kancane, ufuna nje ukuthi indlu ihlanzeke, uqoqe amakhadibhodi kanye namaphephandaba ngokuhlukile, uwahudule nge-twine uwafake ngaphansi kotshani emgqonyeni kadoti, ukuze imvula noma iqhwa lingangeni esixukwini.
Umqoqi noma abaqoqi abasezingeni eliphezulu bazokuthatha, mhlawumbe bakubonge ngokwengqondo, futhi bakuse endaweni yokwamukela. Kepha le ndlela inezingqinamba zokuthi umuntu othile azothatha "isipho" sakho njengodoti ongalahlwanga bese usithumela kudoti, leli iqiniso lokuthi udinga ukuthatha nje lapho ukhetha lesi sinqumo.
Inketho enhle kungaba ngumhlangano wezakhamizi zendlu yakho, lapho wonke umuntu enganquma ukuthi enze ipulatifomu lokuqoqwa kukadoti okuhlukile, okubandakanya amakhadibhodi, okuzothengiswa enkabeni yenhlangano yenkampani yabaphathi (i-HOA, ZhSK), bese kuthi ukuqhutshwa kwemali kuqhubeke ukulungiswa kwendlu.
Ungashukumisa kanjani omakhelwane ukuthi bathathe iphepha lokungcola
Udinga ukuqala nezingane. Kepha ungazifaki icebo lokulethwa kwephepha lokungcola. Amaphromoshini ngesisekelo sokuthi "noma ngubani ongakwazi" angabanjwa kanye ngenyanga, futhi izingane zibe nentshisekelo, isigaba esiwinayo engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka singathola umvuzo ngokuya enkundleni yemidlalo, i-zoo, imnyuziyamu, umbukiso wesimanje noma kwenye indawo.
Akwanele nje ukuvula iphepha lokungcola. Kuyadingeka ukuchaza ukuthi kwenziwa liphi iphepha, ukuthi zingaki izihlahla ezagawulwa, yimuphi umonakalo owabangelwa yimvelo ngokugawulwa kwamapulangwe, uginindela kanye nokugaya amaphepha, izitshalo zamakhemikhali nokuthi ukuncishiswa kwezihlahla kuthinta kanjani ikhwalithi nokuphila kwabantu isikhathi eside.
Ngokuqondene nabantu abadala, lesi simo siyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ingxenye yenkinga ixazululwa ngokuhlela iqoqo elihlukile, kepha ezimweni lapho abahlali bendlu behluleka ukuvumelana ngalolu daba, kudingeka izengezo zomuntu ngamunye ezingeni likahulumeni.
2. Ukuguqula udoti ube yimpahla
Uma kunamaphepha amaningi emfucumfucu ehhovisi, ukusuka ngethani noma ngaphezulu, kungathengiselwa inkampani ebhekisisa ngokuthenga kabusha izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Ngakho-ke, udoti, obekuzodingeka ukhokhelwe ngenye indlela, ubukwazi ukukhokha okungenani izinto zokuhamba.
Kuyiqiniso, akuyona yonke inhlangano ekwazi ukubutha amathani amaphepha amaphepha. Kepha kukhona isisombululo kulokhu. Inkampani ingenza uhlelo oluhambisana nayo, ihlangana nabanye ukuhlela ukuqoqwa, ukususwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwamaphepha kadoti. Noma ujoyine uhlelo olukhona, olunjengoPhepha, olusebenza eMoscow. Inkampani "OptiCom" ibandakanyeka ekufakweni kweziqukathi kanye nokususwa kwamaphepha ukushintshanisa noku-oda izinto zayo - ukufakwa, izinto zokubhala noma izimpahla zasendlini zamabhizinisi, enziwe ngezinto zokwakha ezibuye zibe nemvelo futhi ezivuselelekayo.
3. Ukwakhiwa Kweqembu
Ukubandakanya abasebenzi ekuqoqweni kwamaphepha kadoti kungayixazulula inkinga ejwayelekile lapho umuntu efuna ukwenza okuthile ukuvikela imvelo, kepha akanalo ulwazi, isikhathi nezinsizakusebenza zomsebenzi ozimele kanye nowokuzimela. Ukubamba iqhaza embuthanweni ohlukile kugcizelela umthwalo wemfanelo wezemvelo nokunemba eqenjini, kuvusa ukwaneliseka okuvela ebhizinisini eliwusizo elihlanganisa futhi lihlanganise abantu.
Ukugqugquzela abasebenzi ukuthi balethe iphepha labo lokungcola, inkampani ayibetheli kuphela ngokulondolozwa kwendalo, kodwa futhi ingafinyelela kahle ivolumu yephepha lokungcola kukona oluyigugu.
Ngiqoqa kanjani, ngigcina futhi nginikele ngephepha lokungcola ukuze ngithole imali
Ngijwayele ukuvula iphepha lokungcola futhi ngenze imali ngalo.
Imfucumfucu iphepha elingamaphepha nephepha elingabhalwa kabusha ngemuva kokulungiswa. Kusetshenziswa iphepha lokungcola ukwenza indlu yangasese neyokugoqa, izingxenyana zamaqanda, kanye nokufaka amakhadibhodi. Ibuye isetshenziswe ekwenziweni kwezinto zokuphahla. Izinhlangano ezilawula imfucuza zithenga iphepha lokudoti ukuze ziziphindaphinda ngokwazo noma zilithengise njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze ziphinde zisebenze.
Ngonyaka nengxenye ngahambisa amaphepha adoti angama-455 ngathola u-1625 R kulokhu. Akukhulunywa ngemali: kubalulekile kimi ukuthi ngikwazi ukupha izinto impilo yesibili, hhayi ukuhambisa nje kudoti.
Ku-athikili ngizokutshela ukuthi ungonga kanjani, thatha iphepha lokungcola nokuthi ungathola malini kulokhu.
P "wide =" 1000 "ukuphakama =" 667 "class =" "style =" max-wide: 1000px, urefu: auto "> Ngithatha amaphepha angama-50 ephepha lokudoti ngiyisa endaweni yokuqoqa. Ngezansi kufakwa amakhadibhodi asindayo kusuka kufenisha yehhovisi nakumakhompyutha, ngaphezulu - amabhokisi anezincwadi nezikhwama zamaphepha .. Kukho konke ngithole i-150 R
Imfucuza iphepha ezinhlanganweni
Ngokwezibalo, ingxenye yesithathu yazo yonke imfucuza yamaphepha yenziwa izinhlangano zezomthetho (umbuso, izinhlangano zikamasipala nezinhlangano ezizimele). Inani elikhulu lephepha lodoti liwela ku:
- izinkampani ezinkulu zokuphatha amadokhumenti
- Izikhungo zezemfundo lapho kugcinwa khona imibhalo esethathe umhlalaphansi, izincwadi zokubhalela, amamagazini, amapulani kanye nemibhalo efana nale
- izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, amafektri nezitolo ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla ngezinto zokupakisha ezenziwe ngephepha noma amakhadibhodi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, imfucuza yamaphepha eyenziwe kumabhizinisi ngokwawo ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi. Leli phepha elimhlophe eliphakeme kakhulu, izikhwama zamaphepha nezinhlaka (uhlobo A), amakhadibhodi, izincwadi ezahlukahlukene, izincwadi zokubhala nezincwadi zokubhala (uhlobo B), amaphephandaba, iphepha elifakiwe, amakhadibhodi kanye namaphepha ansundu nemikhiqizo emnyama (uhlobo B).
Izindleko zamaphepha odoti zincike ohlotsheni lwephepha, okungukuthi, ikhwalithi yalo. Iphepha elimhlophe elincanyana lilinganiswa kakhulu kunamaphephandaba amadala noma izinkombandlela zokufunda ezinamakhasi angcolile.
Ungawuthathaphi iphepha lokulahlwa kukadoti
Amaphoyinti okwamukela. Emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu kunamabhizinisi amukela ukuphindwaphindwa. Ngokuvamile kumenyelwa ezindaweni zokwamukela abafundi - lapho abasebenzi bekala iphepha lokungcola bese bekhokha ikhilogremu ngayinye.
Wonke amaphuzu okwamukelwa amakwe kumephu ye-Greenpeace. Lapho, ungakhetha idolobha kanye nohlobo lodoti. Endaweni eyodwa kungathatha izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinto ezisetshenzisiwe kabusha: iphepha, ifilimu, ipulasitiki, insimbi. Akuzona zonke izinkampani ezithatha imfucumfucu emabhegini amancane. Kwenye indawo bakulungele ukukhokha ngekhilogremu ethile, futhi endaweni ethile imali ephansi isuka ku-100 kg noma amathani.
Edolobheni lami ngathola amabhizinisi amahlanu anjalo. Vele uhambe "ngokunikela ngephepha elingamaphepha kuVeliky Novgorod."Wathumela wonke umuntu i-imeyili efanayo, lapho achaza khona i-batch ephansi, intengo ngekhilogremu nesikhathi sokusebenza. Bangiphendule kuphela kusuka ku-LLC "Vtororesursy". Manje ngishayela iphepha lokungcola kubo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Amavolontiya Iphepha lodoti liqoqwa futhi ngamavolontiya. Bahlela amaphuzu wokuqoqa kabusha bese bethatha yonke into eqoqwe kumabhizinisi ukuze icubungulwe. Ngenkathi ngisaqala ukuqoqa amaphepha kadoti, ngangiqala ngokubeka iphepha ekhaya, bese ngilidlulisa ngesikhathi sezinto ezinjalo. Kepha lokhu kwaqubuka kungaphazamisi: bekunzima ukuzivumelanisa nohlelo lwesitoko. Edolobheni lami benziwa kuphela njalo ngoMgqibelo wokuqala njalo ngenyanga kusuka ngo-11 kuye ku-12 ekuseni.
Amavolontiya ezenzweni ezinjalo awatholi lutho: imali engenayo iya emisebenzini yenhlangano nezindleko zokuhamba. Ngesikhathi sesenzo, kungemukelwa iphepha lokungcola kuphela, kepha namabhodlela epulasitiki asobala (1PET ukumaka), amabhodlela we-opaque wezimonyo (ukumaka kwe-2HDPE, i-5)
Izinto ezenziwe kabusha zingalethwa nganoma yisiphi isamba. Isimo esiyinhloko: kumele ihlanzeke futhi ilungele ukuthuthwa. Iphepha lokungcola - emaphayipini aboshwe ngentambo, amabhodlela namathini - emabhokisini, abekwe ngamaphephandaba ukuze angaqhekeki. Amaphakheji kufanele afakwe bese anyathelwa.
Amaphoyinti wokwamukela kabusha izinto ezenziwa kabusha ngesikhathi sesenzo ahlelwe emigwaqweni yamadolobha. KuVeliky Novgorod, amaphuzu anjalo ngokuvamile a-13.
Izici zenhlangano zokudluliswa kwamaphepha odoti yizinkampani
Noma imiphi imfucuza yamaphepha (amakhadibhodi, iphepha lodoti, ama-handcript, imibhalo, omagazini, izincwajana, amaphrinta) kungaphansi kwemfucuza yephepha. Ngokufanele, kufanele babe nalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:
- zihlelwe ngohlobo (ngohlobo lomkhiqizo, ukuba khona kwezithombe zemibala nezithombe). Ungathatha iphepha ngaphandle kokulicwangcisa ngaphambili, kepha iphepha elinjalo lokudoti lithathwa njengekhwalithi ephansi futhi libiza kancane,
- ukomela nokuhlanzeka (ngaphandle kwamafutha, amabala angcolile, njll.),
- ihlanza kusuka ekufakweni kwezingxenye zakwamanye amazwe nezinto zokwenziwa (izimpande, iziqeshana zamaphepha, okuyisisekelo, izikhala zencwadi yokubhalela, njll.),
- ube nokufakwa okuhlanganisiwe (ukufakwa emqolo, amabhokisi, ukuboshwa noma ukugoqwa, ukucindezelwa). Yize udinga ukubheka nenkampani esetshenziselwa ukwenza kabusha mayelana naleli phuzu lokugcina, abasebenzi bayo bavame ukukhiqiza.
Ngaphezu kwekhwalithi yemfucuza, inkampani efuna ukusebenzisa insiza yokuvuselela amaphepha amaphepha kufanele igxile kulokho okunjengamavolumu. Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisa ukuthi ngosayizi ojwayelekile wenhlangano ngeviki, kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-30 kg wephepha elisetshenzisiwe, okungukuthi, ithoni ezinyangeni eziyisithupha noma ngonyaka.
Ukunaka ijubane lenkampani “elahlekile”, ungakwazi ukubala kalula isikhathi lapho kuzoqoqwa inani elibucayi lephepha elingadingekile. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlelo olungelula kakhulu lokuhlela ukuqoqwa kwamaphepha wedoti:
- hlela ukuthunyelwa ngemuva kokuqongelelwa kwesisindo esibucayi enhlanganweni yakho futhi ungakwenzi kaningi,
- musa ukuqoqa imfucumfucu enkulu ngokulahla iphepha njalo, lapho izinga elincane lephepha lokungcola lifinyelelwa, elivame ukusethwa yizinkampani zokungcola zezinhlangano zezomthetho (imvamisa 300-500 kg).
Izinyathelo zenqubo yokulahla
Ukuqoqwa kwamaphepha kadoti yizinhlangano kufaka izinyathelo eziningana:
- Ukukhetha inkampani ephinda isebenze kabusha enezimo ezinhle kakhulu zokubambisana (lokhu ungasebenzisa imephu ye-Greenpeace exhumana, futhi ekhombisa izindawo zokulethwa kwezinye izinto ezingavuthiwe zokucubungula, noma umkhombandlela wamabhizinisi),
- ukugcwalisa isicelo esizeni senkampani ekhethiwe. Ungaxhumana nomphathi wakhe ngenye indlela (ngocingo, nge-e-mail), uvumelane ngemininingwane yokubambisana nesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemfucuza yamaphepha (imvamisa amafemu angenza ukuthi kususwe ngqo ngosuku lokwelashwa),
- ukuhlunga iphepha nokufaka,
- Ukususwa kokungcola kwamaphepha endaweni yokuqoqa noma ukubiza abalayisha benkampani esebenza kabusha, bona uqobo bazolayisha futhi bathathe iphepha lokungcola ehhovisi lakho. Ephuzwini lokutholwa usebenzisa izikali zikagesi noma zamaloli, iphepha lizokalwa, lihlungwe futhi lihlolwe kuye ngekhwalithi yalo. Kungemva kwalokhu kuphela, omele umsebenzeli azobika izindleko eziphelele zephepha lokungcola,
- ukutholwa kwezimali ngokudluliselwa kwebhange noma ukheshi nokufakwa kwazo ezitatimendeni zezimali zenhlangano.
Ungaphetha nesivumelwano sokubambisana okuqhubekayo nenkampani esebenza. Ngemuva kwalokho, lapho siphinda sidlulisa iphepha lokungcola, inani lezigaba lizokwehliswa.
Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza kwamaphepha neminye imisebenzi eyengeziwe yabasebenzisi
Izinkampani zokusetshenziswa zinikeza izinhlangano zomthetho uhla olubanzi lwezinsizakalo ezingeziwe zokulahlwa kwephepha lokungcola. Lokhu ikakhulukazi:
- ukukhishwa kwemfucuza yamaphepha ekhelini lekhasimende. Ungahambisa iphepha lodoti endaweni yokuqoqa usebenzisa ezakho izinto zokuhamba noma usebenzise izinsiza zalabo abalayisha kakhulu. Izinkampani eziningi zithatha amaphepha mahhala lapho zifinyelela umkhawulo othile ngesisindo (imvamisa ukusuka ku-500 kg) futhi zinikeze nezinsizakalo zamahhala zokuhamba (ngemiyalo edlula 1 ton),
- ukufakwa nokuhlelwa kwephepha ngohlobo ukuze kuphinde kuchithwe noma kusetshenziswe kabusha,
- ukucekelwa phansi kwemibhalo egciniwe, okubhalwe kuyo inqubo ekhethekile ngokomthetho (iqiniso lokubhujiswa libhaliwe, imininingwane eyimfihlo akufanele itholwe ngabantu abangagunyaziwe).
Izinkampani zokubhujiswa kokugcina kungasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuningana kulokhu: imibhalo evuthayo noma ukuyihlukanisa kabusha ngokusebenzisa i-shredder yezimboni. Inketho yesibili ibonwa njengonamuhla futhi inemvelo enobungane. Ukulahlwa kokugcina kuyenziwa zombili emkhakheni wenkampani yokusebenzisa, lapho umeleli weklayenti ahlala evunyelwe khona, futhi kwenye nenye indawo evumelana nekhasimende lapho umfakeli angafakwa khona (uthuli, udoti awuhlali, ukusebenza kuthule).
Lapho amadokhumenti egciniwe ebhujiswa, kusungulwa isenzo sokulahla. Isayinwa ngabamele abasebenzisi kanye neklayenti, kuthi ngemuva kokunamathisela uphawu, ithola umfutho wezomthetho.
Izindleko zamaphepha odoti, izintela ezivela kulo
Inani elingatholakala ngokuqoqa imfucuza yamaphepha ukuze iphinde isebenze kabusha noma ichithwe kuya ngekhwalithi nohlobo lwephepha. Izinkampani ezahlukahlukene, ngaphezu kwalokho, zisebenza ngemali yazo, ekuvumela ukuthi uzijwayeze ngohlu lwamanani amaningana bese ukhetha inketho efanelekayo ngokwakho. Ngokuvamile, ukuthola i-newsprint, ungathola kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-3 000 kuya kwangama-6,000 ngethoni ngalinye, futhi ngekhadibhodi - kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-3,000 kuye kwangama-8 500.
Ukusetshenziswa komshini okhethekile kuvumela ukwandisa izindleko zamaphepha odoti. Imvamisa, iphepha elicindezelwe kanye nekhadibhodi kuthathwa yizinkampani ezisebenzisa kabusha ezibiza kakhulu - cishe ama-ruble ayi-0.5-1. ngekhilogremu ngayinye, enenani elikhulu lokungcola kwamaphepha kunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu.
Uma inani elikhulu lephepha lokungcola lakhiwa njalo enhlanganweni yakho, ukuthenga umshini wosuku kuzoba utshalomali oluhle. Akuvumeli nje ukuzuza okuningi ezintweni ezibonakalayo ezingavuthiwe, kodwa futhi nokugcina isikhala ezindlini zokugcina noma emahhovisi lapho kugcinwa khona imfucumfucu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okulula kwephepha lokungcola endaweni yokuqoqa.
Inani lentengo elongezwe ngenani elingokomthetho lokuqoqa imfucuza yamaphepha okwamanje alikhokhiswa ezinhlanganweni ezingokomthetho, okungukuthi, imali etholwayo ayikhonjelwa kwi-VAT.
Izici ze-accounting
Le nkampani ithole izinsizakusebenza zezezimali ezitholakele ngenxa yokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha iphepha lokungcola ngokwezitatimende zezezimali. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukufaka imali ngokungcola usebenzisa izindlela ezimbili:
- ngokuzenzakalela ngohlelo lwe-1C ZUP (isigaba "Ukuthola kabusha kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo", okuthunyelwe ngokulandelana okujwayelekile),
- ngesandla ohlelweni lwe-1C (izigaba "Ukusebenza" - "Ukusebenza kungenwe ngesandla").
Uma kunesidingo, inkampani esebenza kabusha ingacela isenzo esenzweni lapho kutholwa iphepha lokungcola bese ilisebenzisa lapho kulungiswa izitatimende zezezimali.
kusuka ngo-7: 00 - 20:00,
monday saturday.
(Ngokuvumelana, ukuthatha amaholide nangeSonto kungenzeka.)
Yini engathathwa futhi engenakuthathwa
Njengoba eseqoqe imfucuza yamaphepha, isakhamuzi singamangala ngokungabazi ukuthi okunye kuso kunaye ngeke ivume. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akuzona zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe yamaphepha ezingaphindwa ziphindwe zisebenze futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izindawo zokwamukela ngeke zikwemukele.
ini ungathatha:
- iphepha lokubhala
- izincwadi zokubhalela
- amaphephandaba
- izincwadi
- amadokhumenti nezingobo zomlando,
- amakhadibhodi kanye nekhadibhodi ehlanganisiwe.
Ngaphambi kokuthi uthathe okwakho izincwadi ezindala endaweni yokuqoqa amaphepha odoti, thola ukuthi ngabe kunjalo rarity nokuthi amasiko namasiko amadala. Kwakunezikhathi lapho abantu babedlulisa ipeni ngento ebiza imali enkulu.
ini awukwazi ukuthatha:
- I-tableware elahlekayo
- Izinhlobo zokuhlanzeka kwephepha (imichilo, iphepha lokuya ngasese),
- iphepha lokungcola lesibhedlela (amakhadi, izingobo zomlando),
- ama-tray amaqanda
- amasheke we-cashier's
- iphepha lokungcola eliqoqiwe ezindaweni zokulahlwa komhlaba.
Izinkinga eziphikisanayo kungavela mayelana:
- ikhadi lamakhadi elimele
- amamagazini acwebezelayo
- imikhiqizo yamaphepha ngokufaka impregnation, ukufakwa, ukuqiniswa.
Into ekhona ukuthi eRussia awekho amabhizinisi amaningi anesakhono sokucubungula iphepha elinjalo lodoti. Isibonelo, ukupakisha Tetra Pak ilele ku inqwaba okuphakelayo ku:
Ubulukhuni bobuchwepheshe, izindleko eziphakeme kanye nokwanda okuphansi kwemishini kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ekwenzeni iphepha lokulahla udoti inani labantu njalo yenqaba.
Inqubo ekhethekile yokulahlwa kwephepha lokungcola isebenza ezinhlanganweni zomthetho. Elahla imibhalo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yamabhizinisi kwenqatshiwe usongelwa ukuthola inhlawulo enkulu. Inkampani ingasusa amadokhumenti nezingobo zomlando:
- esephethile inkontileka nenkampani yokulahla impahla iphepha lemfucumfucu, abasebenzi bayo abazovakashela njalo futhi bathathe izinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlanganisiwe,
- ukuthatha ithuba izinsiza zenkampani yokubhubhisa imibhalo (ikakhulukazi uma kuyimfihlo).
Isebenza kanjani kabusha
Noma yimuphi umkhiqizo wephepha, kungaba amakhadibhodi, iphepha elimhlophe noma iphephandaba, liqukethe icindezelwe uginindela ngokufakwa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene - glue, udayi nezinye izinto.
Umongo wokucubungula uwukuthi ukukhishwa kwezindaba zakwamanye amazwe futhi Ukuthola i-pulp emsulwa, okuya lapho kwenziwa khona imikhiqizo emisha yamaphepha.
Funda kabanzi mayelana iyaphindeka:
- Okokuqala ihlelwe futhi ihlanzwe kusuka ezintweni ezibonakalayo zangaphandle - insimbi, ipulasitiki, i-polyethylene, irabha nabanye.
- Lapho-ke izinto zokusetshenziswa zibekwa ku-pulper (imishini ebukeka njenge-blender enkulu futhi isebenza ngomgomo ofanayo), lapho kufakwe khona amanzi ochotshoziwe sibe yisisindo esiminyene. Imicu iyavuvukala ihlukane nokungcola okukhulu. Ngale ndlela, i-pulp ye-liquid ilungele ukukhiqizwa ama-tray amaqanda futhi amakhadibhodi amamaki aphansi.
- Isigaba esilandelayo singaphezulu ukuhlanza okujulile kokungcola. Kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa isihlungo esinyakazayo. Ekuphumeni sithola izinto ezingavuthiwe zilungele ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo engcono (ukupakisha amakhadibhodi, izinto ezihlanganisiwe zebhodi).
- Ukukhiqiza i-pulp yekhwalithi enhle ukuhlanza okuhlekulandelwa ukwengeza izingxenye ezengeziwe (uginindela wezinkuni, udayi, njll.). Ngenxa yalokho, sithola izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme ezisetshenziswayo zokukhiqiza Iphepha lekhwalithi yebanga.
Funda kabanzi ngale nqubo nazo zonke izigaba zayo kokuqukethwe okunikelwe kubuchwepheshe bokuphinda usebenzise iphepha lokungcola.
Amaphoyinti Okwamukelwa
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamaphoyinti wokuqoqa amaphepha ancishisiwe imfucuza yamaphepha kusuka kubantu nakwizikhungo zomthetho ngokuthengisa noma ukulahlwa okulandelayo.
Ngaphezu kokuthola amaphepha odoti avela kwizakhamizi, abasebenzi balesi sikhungo bayaphetha izivumelwano namabhizinisiemva kwalokho bakhipha imfucuza eningi yamaphepha.
Zonke izinto zingahlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili:
- labo abathatha amaphepha kadoti izinhlangano ezinkulu nezincane (kusuka ku-1-10 kg),
- labo abalamukelayo amaqembu amakhulu kuphela iphepha lokungcola (kusuka ku-100, 500, 1000 kg).
Uhlobo lokuqala lukuphela kwethemba lokuthi izakhamuzi zinikeze iphepha lokungcola ngamanani amancane ngemali. Banikela ngentengo ephansi, imvamisa engaphansi kwe-ruble ngephepha elilodwa lephepha lokungcola eliphansi. Iphepha eliphakeme lokulahlwa kukadoti - 3-5 rub.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwamaphoyinti wokuqoqa lunikeza umvuzo omkhulu wezinto zokusetshenziswa, ngaphezu kwalokho, abasebenzi bakulungele ukuyikhipha kusabalalisa ngokwabo. Kodwa-ke, bethula okuningi izidingo eziphakeme:
- Ukutholakala iphathi enkulu iphepha (into ngayinye isetha inani layo),
- abanye bathatha kuhlungwe kuphela noma icindezelwe kuphela Ama-Raw material.
Ungathola okuningi - 2-6 rub. iphepha lokungcola eliphansi neliphakathi, 8-12 rub. zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni lokuqala.
Amaphoyinti Okwamukelwa kuze kube manje eziningi. Wonke umuntu ohlala emadolobheni amakhulu angasebenzisa usesho kwi-Intanethi futhi thola iphoyinti eliseduzane nasekhaya lakho emephini. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi inani lamadolobha amancane namadolobhana linikeze iphepha lokungcola ngemali - izindawo zokuqoqa ezivulwe lapho.
Ukungcola iphepha lebhizinisi
Ibhizinisi kudoti manje sekumanje, futhi ikakhulukazi ephepheni lodoti. Nakhu izimbangela:
- iphepha lokungcola - eshibhile Izinto zokuhlobisa ezingabonakali
- kungokwesigaba sezingozi eziphansi kakhulu - lesihlanu ke ayikho ilayisense ekhethekile edingekayo ukucubungula imfucuza,
- ukusetshenziswa kwamaphepha odoti hhayi ngaphansi kwe-VAT.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhizinisi ezingasetshenziswa kule niche. Cabanga ngokunye.
Vula iphoyinti lokudweba
Eminyakeni yakamuva amaphuzu wokuqoqa imfucuza ezweni lethu ukukhula ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni 'uthukulule' osomabhizinisi kancane. Namuhla, iphoyinti lokuqoqa iphepha lokudoti luhlobo olusebenzayo nolusizo lwebhizinisi ongaluqala cishe zoqala phansi.
Yini lokhu kunesidingo:
- Igumbi lokugcina. Uma ungenazo izindlela zokuthenga noma zokuqasha, igalaji lakho liyindawo yokuqala.
- Izindlela zokuhamba. Okungukuthi - iloli noma imoto enama-trailer. Imoto ingaqashwa, kepha ilimaza ngokwezomnotho; kungcono ukuthenga iGazethi esetshenzisiwe noma esetshenziswa eshibhile. i-trailer yemoto yakho yabagibeli.
- Abahlinzeki bephepha Lokungcola. Izitolo, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, amahhovisi - ngokujwayelekile, noma yiziphi izinhlangano ezingakaxhunyaniswa nezimbangi zakho zingaba ngabaphakeli bezinto ezingavuthiwe.
- Iziteshi zokuthengisa. Iphepha lokuqoqa udoti kumele lithengiswe. Abathengisi abasebenza nge-pulp ne-mill mill bakulungele ukuyithenga, noma uginindela nephepha lephepha ngokwabo (vele, uma uqoqa iqoqo lama-20-30 amathani).
Lezi zinto ezibalulekile zebhizinisi. Ungafunda okuningi ku-athikili yethu ebhizinisini lamaphepha emfucumfucu.
Ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo
Leli bhizinisi liyadingeka ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulukepha kuletha kakhulu imali ephakeme.
Yini ongayenza khiqiza:
- iphepha lasendlini yangasese (kanye nesikhwama sekhadibhodi yaso),
- ama-napkins (ishidi nemisiko),
- ukupakisha amaqanda
- amakhadibhodi futhi amakhadibhodi okhubazekile (kanye namabhokisi amakhadibhodi anemishini yokuzikhethela),
- iphepha elilahlayo izitsha,
- iphepha lokukopela (iphepha lokugoba onsundu ngemigqa)
- hhitha futhi izinto zokwakha.
Uhlu lusekude ngokuphelele, ngaphezu kwalokho, njalo ngonyaka, okusha kuvela emhlabeni. E-Russia, umkhiqizo owaziwa kakhulu futhi odumile iphepha lamathoyilethi kanye nama-napkins, kanye nokufakwa kwamakhadibhodi nephepha lokugoqa.
Ngaphandle kokuthandwa kwalo mkhiqizo, Kunzima ukuthola iziteshi zokuhambisa. Funda imakethe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokutshala imali kumishini.
Iyasebenza imishini
Isigaba sokuqala sokulungiswa kwamaphepha kadoti sawo ukucindezela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusetshenziswa imishini yokunyathelisa, eyehluka ngohlobo nosayizi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphepha lokungcola liya kokucutshungulwa, lapho inani lemishini ekhethekile libamba iqhaza.
Izinsimbi zingahlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili:
- hlukanani imishini nemishini
- imigqa eyinkimbinkimbi ukucubungula iphepha lokungcola kanye nokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo elivela kulo.
Imishini yenza imisebenzi yayo. Cabanga esibonelweni sephepha lasendlini yangasese:
- Umshini wephepha. Ucubungula iphepha lokungcola, enze iphepha futhi aligoqe ngemisipha emikhulu emi-2 nangamamitha amaningi ububanzi.
- Ukungashintshi umshini.
- Umshini we ukusikwa kwemigqa.
- Kulungile itafula.
Umshini wephepha nawo ungathathelwa indawo amayunithi ahlukene (crusher, pulper, screen vibrate, abahlukanisi, amadivaysi okusabalalisa okushisa, njll.). Sebenza nesethi enjalo ukungakhululeki ngokweqileKepha okokuqala, lapho kungekho mali eyanele, abaningi bakhetha le ndlela.
Enye indlela umjikelezo ogcwele ozenzakalelayo. Kusuka ephepheni lokungcola kwenziwa ngokushesha ukuqeda. Vele, intengo yemishini enjalo ifanelekile.
Kukhona imigqa futhi umjikelezo ongaphelele. Kulokhu, imikhiqizo yenziwa aqeda uginindela izinto zokusetshenziswa. Izikhathi eziningana ibiza kakhulu iphepha lokungcola elingafinyelelwanga, ngakho-ke lo mkhiqizo kuyabiza kancane.
Kungani kufanelekile ukwenza imikhiqizo yamaphepha evuselelwe?
Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu:
- Yehlisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Iphepha lokudoti eliningi lusetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kabusha, amahektha amancane ehlathi kuyodingeka ukuthi agawulwe.
- Yehlisa inani lokuqothuka kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwekota yevolumu yabo kungukungcola kwamaphepha. Sisebenzisa iphepha lokungcola ngenhloso yaso ebekiwe, kungenzeka ukuthi kuvimbele ukwanda kwenani lokuqothuka kwasemadolobheni, ngokwenza kanjalo wenze imvelo ihlanzeke nedolobha.
- Gcina izinsiza. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezisayinwe kabusha kwamaphepha kuthatha ugesi omncane namanzi kunokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokhuni efanayo. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukukhiqiza izimpahla kusuka ephepheni lodoti akusizi nje kuphela emvelweni, kodwa futhi kuyazuzisa ngomnotho kumabhizinisi.
- Imikhiqizo Yehlaya. Izinkuni ziyabiza, futhi kudinga izinsiza eziningi ukuyicubungula. Ukukhiqizwa kwephepha lokungcola kubenza bashibhile futhi lenze kube nenzuzo enkulu kumsebenzisi wokugcina.
Ekugcineni, ukulahlwa kukadoti - Lesi yisenzo esihle, hhayi kuphela ewusizo, kodwa futhi ngokunenzuzo. Ukuqeda imfucumfucu manje, sikhathalela izizukulwane ezizayo, sibavumele ukuba baphile emhlabeni ozohlanzeka kancane. Ngakho-ke, okubhaliwe esikubona kuyo yonke indawo - "Banikeze iphepha lokulahla udoti - longa umuthi" - akuzona nje iziqubulo, kodwa izikhalazo ezibonisa inkinga ephuthumayo yomhlaba wonke jikelele kanye neRussia ikakhulukazi.
4. Igalelo kulondolozo lwamahlathi
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kungenye yezinkinga zomhlaba wonke zesikhathi sethu. IGlobal Forest Watch ikhiphe idatha yayo yokubuka unyaka ka-2017: Ukulahleka kwamahlathi emhlabeni jikelele kufinyelela kuma-29.4 million ha. Le ndawo icishe ilingane nenkundla ye-Italy. Ngaleso sikhathi, phakathi nonyaka, isihlahla esisodwa sikhipha inani lomoya-mpilo odingekayo ekuphefumuleni umndeni wabantu aba-4. Kepha kuthatha iminyaka eminingi ukuvuselela ihlathi eligawuliwe.
Ukuqoqwa kwephepha okuhlukile akuyona nje umugqa embikweni we-CSR, osiza ukukhulisa idumela lenkampani. Lo mkhuba ungumnikelo kulondolozo lwendalo ehlathini. Ithani elilodwa lephepha elisetshenzisiwe lisindisa ama-24 ekugawuleni izinkuni.
5. Ukulondolozwa kwemithombo yemvelo
Ukusuka ephepheni lokuphinda usebenzise kabusha, ungathola iphepha elisha elihlanzekile, ukulifaka kanye nezinto zokwakha. Ithani elilodwa lephepha elisetshenziswe kabusha livimbela ukuphuma kwamathani we-CO2 emkhathini, lidinga ugesi ongam-4,7 MW * h kanye namanzi angama-33 m 33 uma kuqhathaniswa nephepha lokuqala. Okwamanje, akukho mehluko kwikhwalithi yabathengi phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zephepha.