Akukholakali ukuthi kunomuntu emhlabeni obengeke awajwayele amagundane. Naphezu kokubukeka kwabo okuhle, okuhlekisayo, bakubangela kude nokuhawukela iningi labantu emhlabeni. Futhi nokho, kunabantu abangathanda ukwazi okuthe xaxa mayelana namagundane.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Isilwane segundane isilwane esinezilwane ezincelisayo, i-rodent order kanye ne-subine yomchamo. Amagundane, ngendlela, afana kakhulu namagundane futhi angamalungu wesifunda esifanayo. Iqembu lamagundane lingenye kakhulu. Akunandawo emhlabeni ukuthi lezi zilwane ezincane ngabe azikwazanga ukuzazi. Noma imuphi umkhawulo wemvelo unzima kakhulu kubo, noma izindawo ezomile noma izindawo ezimbozwe yiqhwa ziyesabisa.
Bazivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo ezintsha zokuphila kangangokuba bangesatshiswa yiluphi usizi. Imvamisa, izinduku zihlala emigodini, kepha zizitholela ukudla ebusweni bomhlaba. Isibonelo, amagundane, ahlala ngisho nendlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni, yize enezimbungulu.
Amagundane atholakala otshanini
Usayizi womzimba wegundane elijwayelekile mncane - ubude bawo abudluli ku-10 cm, futhi isisindo sawo singama-30 g kuphela, i-muzzle incane, kepha izindlebe ezinkulu namehlo. Lokhu kuyaqondakala - amagundane adinga njalo ukulalela nokubheka ukuthi ngabe kukhona ingozi. Umsila awuyona ingxenye enhle yomzimba walesi silwane.
Ijazi elikuwo liyivelakancane, futhi ubude bufika kubude bomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ubhekisisa, ungabona isikali sendandatho. Kepha igundwane ngokwalo alikhathazeki kakhulu ngobuhle baso, ngoba wonke umzimba walo uguqulwe ukuze uphile kunoma yiziphi izimo, futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu.
I-skeleton iqinile, ithembekile futhi i-elastic, umbala ungwevu ngemibala ehlukahlukene, okungukuthi, leyo efihla isilwane ekubukeni okusheshayo, ukunyakaza kushesha, kuyingqophamlando, kuyashesha, ingxenye ngayinye yomzimba ihlonishwe ngokusobala isikhathi ngemisebenzi yayo ethile futhi ibhekane nayo ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwalokho isilwane besingeke sisinde kuze kube ezinsukwini zethu kusukela iPaleocene.
Isici esijabulisayo kakhulu somzimba wale mpunga ukwakheka kohlelo lwamazinyo. Amagundane anama-molars namabili amabhulukwe ama-incisors angenazimpande, futhi ngenxa yalokhu ahlala ekhula ngo-1 mm ngosuku. Ukuze amazinyo anjalo angakhuli abe ngamasayizi amabi futhi, ngokumane, afaneleke emlonyeni, amagundane ayaphoqelelwa ukuba awagaye njalo.
Umbono uthakazelisa kakhulu kumagundane. Kuthuthukiswe kahle, ngoba badinga ukubona ingozi kude. Kepha amagundane amhlopheokungukuthi, labo abaphila nesilwane esifuywayo njengezilwane ezifuywayo banamehlo abuthakathaka kakhulu ngesizathu esilula sokuthi akudingeki ukuba bacashe engozini.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi amagundane amaningi anombala wombala, kepha awaboni umbala ophelele wombala. Isibonelo, lezi izinduku zibona kahle imibala ephuzi nebomvu, kepha eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza akuhlukanisi.
Esithombeni igundane elimhlophe
Izici zokubukeka nokwakheka kwamagundane
Ama-rod amaningi mancane futhi anesisindo esingadluli kumagremu ayi-100. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinto eziphilayo ezinkulu, phakathi kwazo lapho i-capybara ivelele khona: isisindo sayo singafinyelela ku-66 kg (ngaphezulu nge-capybara lapha).
Isiqhwaga phakathi kwamagundane yi-capybara. Inesisindo izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi kunegundane.
Futhi i-rodent encane kunazo zonke i-jerboa encanyana, isisindo sayo singama-gramu ayi-3 kuphela.
Iningi lamagundane liyizilwane ezinesitoko, esinemilenze emincane nemilenze emifushane nomsila. ENingizimu Melika, ezinye izinhlobo ziye zathola izitho ezinde, ezilungele impilo emathafeni otshani (i-agouti ne-paki).
I-Agouti (Dasyprocta leporine)
Igama lesayensi lamagundwane livela kwelesiLatin elithi rodere, elisho ukuthi "ukuluma".
Izici ezihlukanisayo zamagundane ngababili abangaphezulu nabaphansi abathuthukisiwe kakhulu, abukhali kakhulu, abakhula ngokungenasici abangenacala. Ngosizo lwazo, lesi silwane singakwazi ukugoqa ikhasi noma igobolondo ukufika ekudleni okufihlwe ngaphakathi. Azinama-fangs, kepha kukhona isethi eqinile yama-molars, ekuhlafunisisa ngokucophelela noma yikuphi ukudla. Phakathi kwezinto ezivuthayo nezinama-molars kunesikhala esikhulu - idastema: kungadonswa izindebe ukuze kuvikeleke umlomo ungangeni izingcezwana ezingenakulinganiswa ezihlukaniswe ngabasekeli.
Kwabaningi, isibalo samazinyo asidluli kuma-22. Okuwukuphela kwembeswa kuphela umuntu ohlala e-Middle East naseMpumalanga Afrika, onamazinyo angama-28.
Njengoba ama-rodents adla ama-roughage, izisusa zawo zinezimpande ezivulekile futhi zikhula empilweni yonke. Zicishwa njalo ngezifiso zomhlathi ophansi.
Ukwakheka kwemisipha yemihlathi yamagundane kuyathakazelisa. Okusemqoka kwale misipha ukuhlafuna, hhayi ukuhola umhlathi ophansi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuwuqhubekisela phambili ukuze unikeze amandla okuhlafuna. Kwimicibisholo ye-Paleocene engapheli, izicubu zemisipha zazincane futhi zingena buthaka ngaphambili kwekhanda. Ezinhlotsheni ze-proteinaceous, ingxenye engaphandle yomsipha we-masticatory ifinyelela ngaphambili kwesigebhethi esiphambi kw orbit, kuyilapho ingxenye yangaphakathi imfushane futhi ibandakanyeka kuphela ekuletheni umhlathi ophansi. Emagundwini, zombili izingxenye zomsipha we-masticatory (zangaphandle nezangaphakathi) ziqhubekela phambili, zinikeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kokunyakaza kokugedla.
Cishe wonke amagundane ayayeka-ukuhamba futhi ahamba, aphumule phezu kobuso bezinyawo nezandla. Iminwe yabo igcina imilebe, engalulwa kwezinye izinhlobo ze-burrowing (Cape digger). Ezinye izinhlobo zaseNingizimu Melika (i-agouti) zishintshwa ukuze zigijime futhi zihambe ngomunwe - ngesikhathi sokunyakaza zithembela kuphela kuzeluleko zeminwe yazo. Izimpandla zazo zifana nezinselo. Kwezinye, ezivumelaniswe nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini (ama-beavers), ama-paws afakwa kuwebhu. Yize iningi lamalungu eqembu lingagijimisi kakhulu, ama-baggy jumpers nama-jerboa ahlala ogwadule angagibela esihlabathini ngesivinini esingaba yi-50 km / h!
Umsila weRentent uyisakhiwo se-anatomical esiguqula kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-beaver, ibanzi futhi iyisicaba futhi yenzelwe ukubhukuda okusheshayo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ku-muskrat, icindezelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi isetshenziswa njengomhlanga. Amagundane e-Kangaroo, ama-sacculent jumpers namajezi anomsila omude, kwesinye isikhathi ngebhulashi lezinwele ekugcineni, bese elisebenzisa njenge-balancer. Ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa (igundane-lengane), umsila ubamba futhi usetshenziswa njengengxenye yesihlanu. Ezinhlotsheni zokuhlela ezinamahuni (squirrel eseningizimu), umsila u-fluffy futhi unikeza kokubili ukulingana nokusekelwa okwengeziwe. Kwamanye ama-hamsters, umsila umfushane kakhulu, ungabonakali kalula, futhi izinhlobo eziningi ezifana nengulube azinakho nhlobo.
Ama-Rodents ane-cecum enkulu (i-appendix) enkulu equkethe izitshalo ezinothile ezigcina ngamagciwane, eziqinisekisa ukuqhekeka kwe-cellulose.
Abamele imindeni okungenani emithathu (ama-hamsters, ama-gophers nama-saccreat) anezikhwama zesihlathi. Amafolda esikhumba asemaceleni wesikhumba aya ngaphakathi kusuka emakhoneni omlomo, kwesinye isikhathi afinyelela ezingeni lehlombe. Izilwane zingazikhiphela ngaphandle ukuze zihlanze. Izikhwama zisetshenziselwa ukuthwala ukudla futhi zivumele izilwane ukuthi zenze izindawo ezihle kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-hamster ejwayelekile kwesinye isikhathi ingagcina izinto ezingafika ku-90 kg ezingxenyeni zayo eziphakeme!
AmaRents ahlakaniphile futhi angaxazulula imisebenzi elula ukuthola ukudla. Baqeqeshelwa kalula ukugwema ukubheja okusheshayo kobuthi.
Umuzwa wabo wephunga nokuzwa uthuthuke kahle. Izinhlobo zezinsuku zasebusuku zinamehlo amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wonke amagundane afakwe amadevu amade (i-vibrissa).
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Njengoba amagundane ahlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esihlukile, adinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene zokuphila, futhi amagundane awanayo, kodwa izindlela ezimbalwa zokuzivumelanisa:
- Umsebenzi unyaka wonke. Lezi zilwane ziba “usuku lwemvula” unyaka nonyaka.
- Kepha bangakwenza ngaphandle kwamasheya, uma indawo abahlala kuyo izitolo, izindlu noma izitolo zokudla,
- Ukufuduka kwesizini - kusondele ebusika, amagundane asuka endaweni yawo yemvelo aya ezindaweni ezisezindaweni zokuhlala abantu, entwasahlobo abuyela emuva,
- Ukuze ulondoloze izinga lokushisa lomzimba elilungile ezinkathini ezishisayo noma ezibandayo, igundane kufanele lihambe kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokhu idonsa ukudla okuningi.
Umjikelezo wempilo wonke welelicent uncike ekushiseni komzimba. Uma igundane lingahambi ebusika, liba yiqhwa, futhi uma lingahambi ehlobo, ngesikhathi esishisayo, umzimba uzokhipha ukushisa ngokweqile okungabhubhisa isilwane.
Ngakho-ke, impilo yonke yegundane iqukethe iqiniso lokuthi iyahamba - ithola ukudla, idla, ibambe iqhaza emidlalweni yokuphephisa futhi ikhule inzalo. Ukuhamba okuyinhloko kumagundane kuqala ngokuqala kobumnyama. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho beqala khona ukufuna ukudla, ukuhlela ikhaya labo, okungukuthi, bambe imigodi, futhi bavikele indawo yabo kubantu bezinye izizwe.
Ungacabangi lokho okuncane igundane - isidalwa esingugwala. Ngenqubo yokuqapha indlu yakhe, angahlasela isilwane esikhudlwana kunegundane uqobo. Uma igundane lihlala endaweni lapho kukhona ukuhlwitha okungapheli, iyakusebenza kakhulu, futhi kufanele liphumule kancane nezikhathi.
Kepha uma abantu behlala endaweni yezimpuku, khona-ke amagundane “awanamahloni” - uma igumbi lithule, bangaphuma bayofuna ukudla ngesikhathi sasemini. Kodwa-ke, uma igundwane ligcinwa njengesilwane esifuywayo, khona-ke kufanele lizivumelanise nemodi yomnikazi. Lezi zilwane zihlala ngamaqembu, ngoba umuntu onesizungu ngeke akwazi ukwenza izinto ezinkulu ezanele, athole ukudla futhi athole ingozi ngesikhathi.
Kuliqiniso, impilo emndenini wegundane akuhlali kungenamafu - kuqubuke izingxabano ezinkulu, okuthi, njengomthetho, kuqubuke ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla. Abesifazane bazolile kakhulu kunabesilisa; bavame ukuzalanisa ndawonye futhi basebenze ngokubakhulisa.
Igundwane liyisilwane sasendle futhi ulalela imithetho yomndeni wakhe. Ukusuka kusiphi indawo isilwane esithile esihlala kuso kulo mndeni, umsebenzi waso futhi uya. Ngumholi onquma izikhathi zokuvuka futhi aphumule nabangaphansi kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane abuthakathaka azama ukumba izimbobo nokuthola ukudla kwawo ngesikhathi lapho inhloko yomndeni iphumule khona, ukuze angaphinde abambe iso lakhe.
Ukuvela kwemvelo
Ngokombono wokuvela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinduku ziyiqembu elincane eligcina izinkomba eziningi ezingafani nhlobo zokuhluka kofuzo.
Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu zamagundane zivela ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yePaleocene (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-57 eyedlule), futhi ngalesi sikhathi zonke izinto eziyinhloko zokukhishwa sezivele zakhekile.
Izinhlobo zakudala okuthiwa zazingezomndeni owanyamalalayo we-proteinaceous (Paramyidae).
Ngesikhathi se-Eocene epoch (eminyakeni engama-55- 34 million edlule), ukwahlukahluka kwama-rodent kwakhula ngokushesha, futhi ngokuphela kwayo, kwagxuma, ukumba, nezindlela zokugijima.
Emngceleni we-Eocene kanye ne-Oligocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-34 ezedlule), imindeni eminingi ebonakalayo isivele yahlala eNyakatho Melika, iYurophu ne-Asiya, kanye naseMiocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20 eyedlule) iningi lemindeni ehlala namhlanje.
Mhlawumbe umcimbi obaluleke kakhulu ekudalekeni kwamagundane kwakuwukuvela kokuphela kweMiocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-8 edlule) eYurophu umndeni wakwaMuridae. EPliocene, kungenzeka ukuthi badabula esiqhingini saseTimor baya e-Australia, lapho batshintsha khona ngokushesha. Ngasikhathi sinye, igundane lalinabantu abaningi baseNingizimu Melika, lingena lapho lisuka enyakatho ligudla isthmus lixhumeka neNyakatho Melika, okuholele ekudalekeni kokuqhuma kwama hamsters ase Melika Melika.
Umsoco
Imvamisa lezi zilwane ezihlala endaweni yemvelo zidla okusanhlamvu, umhlanga, okusanhlamvu. Bathanda noma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo - izithelo zezihlahla, imbewu yamakhambi nakho konke okungatholakala kwisitshalo. Uma le mpuku ihlala eduze kokuhlala kwabantu, imenyu yayo yehlukile kakhulu.
Lapha, kudliwa isinkwa, imifino kanye ne-sausage nje kuphela - igundane alibalulekile lapho ukhetha. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi amagundane adla abalingani babo ababuthakathaka, kepha lokhu kuyenzeka uma amagundane avale ndawonye ekhejini futhi kungekho ndawo yokudla ngaphezulu. Amagundane enza okufanayo.
Uma ukwazile ukuthenga igundane njengesilwane, ungasondla ngamabele, isinkwa, ushizi, imifino kanye nanoma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo, kepha kungcono ukunamathela ekudleni okusondele ekudleni okungokwemvelo kwalezi zilwane. Yondla isilwane sakho kanye ngosuku, ukunikela ngokweqile ngalezi zidalwa kugcwala izifo.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimpuku kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqagela okude nokude. Njengomthetho, owesilisa ushaya insikazi ngephunga, amthole nabangane bakhe. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, insikazi iletha amagundane amathathu kuya kwayi-10. Imisipha izalwa ingaboni futhi ihamba-ze, kepha ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Lapho kuphela izinsuku ezingama-30, insikazi encane iyavuthwa ngokocansi, kuthi owesilisa afinyelele ekuvuthweni ngezinsuku ezingama-45.
Lokhu kuchazwa kalula ukuthi impilo yale mpunga ayide, kwaphela iminyaka eyi-2-3. Kodwa, njengoba insikazi ikhiqiza izingane izikhathi ezingama-3-4 ngonyaka, inani labantu libuyiselwa ngokweqile.
Suborder Mice-like (Myomorpha)
Okuqukethe imindeni eyisishiyagalombili:
- igundane
- igundane,
- ijezi,
- imvukuzane,
- ngobuqili,
- hamsters
- unogwaja onogwaja,
- igundane-hamster.
Cishe i-2/3 yazo zonke izinhlobo zama-rodents angawokuphela komndeni uMurine (Muridae). Lo mndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-1303 ezaziwayo, futhi le nombolo ihlala ikhuphuka ngenxa yokuthola okusha. Amagundane asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi i-Australia neNew Guinea, lapho kungukuphela kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni (ezingabalwa onogwaja abasanda kwethulwa). Zibonisa umndeni wamagundane namagundane.
Igundane lensimu (Apodemus agranius)
Abamele amagundane omndeni (Spalacidae) bajwayela kakhulu impilo ngaphansi komhlaba. Amehlo abo afihlekile ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwesikhumba, kanti ama-auricles nomsila awekho.
Ukulinganisa imodamo ejwayelekile (Spalax microphthalmus)
Ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane, wonke amalungu omndeni wejerboa (iDipodidae) avumelana nezimo ukuze agxume noma abuyele kabusha.
I-Long-Eared Jerboa (i-Euchoreutes eyis)
I-Suborder Proteinaceous (Sciuromorpha)
Okuqukethe imindeni emithathu:
Umndeni we-squirrel (uSururidae) ungumndeni wesibili ohluke kakhulu ngemuva komndeni wegundane (kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-273). Abamele abamele ama-squirrels bavamile kulo lonke elaseYurophu, e-Afrika, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. I-squirrel ejwayelekile ingummeleli wayo odume kakhulu. Ama-gophers, ama-chipmunks nama-marmots nawo afakiwe.
I-squirrel ejwayelekile (iSururus vulgaris)
USonia (Gliridae) ngokubukeka uyisiphambano phakathi kwamagundane nama-squirrels. Yile kuphela izinduku ezingenayo i-cecum, ekhombisa inani elincane le-cellulose ekudleni kwabo.
Ukuphela kwezinhlobo zomndeni wama-Aplodontiidae ihlombe (i-Mountain beaver).
I-Suborder Beaver (Castorimorpha)
Imelwe yimindeni emithathu:
Ama-Beavers (uCastoridae) - izinduku ezinkulu ezinezimbobo zesihlakala nemilenze enamandla. Okudume kakhulu, yebo, i-beaver. Udume kakhulu ngeqiniso lokuthi angashintsha isimo sezindawo ahlala kuzo. Ngosizo lwezinsimbi ezinamandla, ugawula izihlahla, akhe amadamu nezindawo zokuhlala ezivela kulokhu kwaziswa (okuningi mayelana nama-beaver akule ndatshana).
Abamele umndeni we-gopher (uGeomyidae) bachitha iningi lempilo yabo bengaphansi kohlelo lwabo lomshini. Ngaphandle, zibukeka njengezindunu.
Plain gopher (Geomys bursarius)
Ama-Hapatopods rodents (Heteromyidae) yimibila yasebusuku ehlala ezindaweni ezinhlobonhlobo zaseMelika.
I-Suborder Porcupine (Hystricomorpha)
Lesi sikhombo sihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-300 emindenini eyi-18 (i-agoutium, i-porcupine, ingulube ye-Guinea, i-digger, i-chinchilla, i-rock rat, njll.).
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lawa ngamagundane amakhulu ahlala ngaphakathi kweNingizimu Melika kanye naseMelika Ephakathi. Phakathi kwazo, ama-porcupines, izingulube ze-Guinea, ama-digger, ama-nutria, ama-chinchillas, njll adumile kakhulu.
I-North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
I-Suborder Thorn-like (Anomaluromorpha)
Kubandakanya imindeni engu-2:
Umndeni wokuqala (uPedetidae) umelwa uhlobo olulodwa - umhambuma ophila emathafeni ase-Afrika. Lesi silwane sibukeka njenge-kangaroo encane.
UDolphin (Pedetes capensis)
Imisila yameva (i-Anomaluridae) evela emahlathini emvula ase-Afrika iyafana nje nasema-squirrel, kodwa iba nobudlelwano obude nabo.
squirrel thorntail (Zenkerella insignis)
Indlela yokuphila yodonga
Ama-rod amaningi amaningi ahlala emindenini noma emakoloni, imvamisa kakhulu. Isibonelo, inani lamakholoni wezinja zemvelo angafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezi-5. Indlela yokuphila eyodwa ibonakala ngaphezulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezingavikela izinsiza kusebenza zazo zokudla kubancintisana. Phakathi kwazo, izakhamizi zase-steppes ezomile nezingwadule - ama-hamsters kanye namagundane athile ogwadule.
Inakekela izitho zomqondo obukhali, izinduku ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa ukuzwa, ukubona nokuhogela. Indima ebalulekile kwezokuxhumana idlalwa yizwi. Isibonelo, ama-chipmunks nama-gophers aseNyakatho Melika asebenzisa isethi enkulu yezikhalazo ukwazisa omakhelwane ngobukhona babo nokuvikela insimu. Kunama-alamu akhethekile ku-repertoire yawo asetshenziswa lapho kuvela umphangi. Kwamanye amagundane amaningi, imvamisa yemisindo ekhutshwayo ingaphezu kokucabanga komuntu (mayelana ne-45 kHz). Ngaphezu kwalokho, baxhumana ngezinto ezinephunga ezikhiqizwa yizinduna ezahlukahlukene. Abesilisa bavame ukuba nephunga elinamandla kunabesifazane.
Izilo ezisengozini
Amandla wamagundane ukuzala kabusha futhi ahlanganise zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala zenza lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zibaluleke kakhulu emvelweni eminingi yemvelo. Babamba iqhaza elibalulekile empilweni yomuntu.
Kepha akuzona zonke izinhlobo zamagundane ezichuma. Okungenani izinhlobo ezingama-50 sezisenyamalele emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, futhi ezingaphezu kuka-350 zingase zihlanganyele isiphelo sazo.
Iningi elisengozini ziyizinhlobo ezingama-78 ezimelwe yimiphakathi emincane, eyodwa eqhubeka incipha. Kwabanye babo, njenge-Margarita kangaroo jumper ne-hamster yesihlahla saseBrazil, ukuvikela izindawo abahlala kuzo kubenza babe nethemba lokusinda. Kwabanye, njengegundwe eliyi-reef mosaic, alisekho ithemba - ngonyaka we-2016, ikhomishini eyakhiwe ngamalungu oMnyango Wezokuvikelwa Kwemvelo kanye namaGugu eQueensland yaphetha ngokuthi lesi silwane sife ngenxa yezikhukhula ezihlala esihlahleni esinesihlabathi lapho sasihlala khona.
Cishe izinhlobo eziyi-100 zamagundane ezisengozini yokubhujiswa zisengozini encane ephansi. Amanani abo abantu abafinyelela kwabangu-2500 ahlala ahlukaniswe izingxenye eziningi ezisengozini. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-agouti zaseCentral America kanye nezinhlobo ezi-6 zama-hamsters amahlathi aseMexico ziwela kulesi sigaba.
Amareferensi: Izilwane ezincelisayo: I-Illustrated Encyclopedia / Translator Ephelele EsiNgisini / Ncwadi. II. Ama-hoof-hof, abangahloniphi, ama-rod, ama-hare-like, ama-hop hoppers, ama -tivtivores, amalulwane, angaqondakali, ama-marsupials, ukudlula okukodwa. / Umq. D. MacDonald. - M: "Omega", - 2007.
Ukuvela kwegundane lehlathi
Ngokutadisha okuningiliziwe, kuba sobala ukuthi ubukhulu begundane lehlathi likhulu kancane kunamanye amagundane - ubude bomzimba bomuntu omdala bufika ku-12 cm.
Igundane lehlathi (Apodemus uralensis).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inomsila omude kunalokho, olingana nobude bomzimba noma udlula ngisho kuye. Amehlo makhulu, abekwe banzi - ngandlela-thile afana nobuhlalu obukhazimulayo. Izindlebe zikhulu, zime ziqonde - la magundane abe nokuzwa okuhle, okuwavumela ukuba athathe umhlalaphansi engcupheni eseza ngaphambili.
Umbala wejazi ezimpundwini zehlathi uvame ukubomvu, unendawo ebekwe ngokusobala ebonakalayo ngemuva. Isisu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, simhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi sinombala ophuzi. Phakathi kwamabunxa angaphambili, indawo ephuzi yoboya ivame ukutholakala, okwenzeka zombili ngesimo se-oval nangendlela yomucu omncane.
Indawo yokuhlala yegundane yamahlathi
Indawo yokuhlala enkulu, njengoba igama lisho, yindawo yamahlathi aqinile futhi axutshwe atholakala eMpumalanga Yurophu, eCaucasus naseTurkey.
Amagundane amahlathi ahlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini abanzi futhi axubile aseMpumalanga Yurophu.
Futhi, la magundane ahlala e-Altai, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan naseChina. Futhi, abantu abangamagundane amahlathi atholakala ekujuleni kwethafa eliseningizimu, lapho kungekho hlathi. Lawa ma-rayisi athanda umhlaba wezolimo, ikakhulukazi - izilimo zokusanhlamvu.
Kunobufakazi babantu abaningi eziqhingini zaseMedithera, nasezintabeni zaseNyakatho Afrika.
Njengezindawo zokuhlala, igundana lasehlathini likhetha amahlathi amadala, elinamahlahla aminyene nezihlahla eziminyene. Bazihlomisa ngezimbobo ezimpandeni zezihlahla, nangotshani obomile namaqabunga awile. Zithanda ukuhlala emashalofini emvelo, uma zitholakala.
Indlela yokuphila yegundane yamahlathi
Impilo yakhe yonke, igundane lasehlathini lihlala emgodini elimba umgodi wenhlabathi eduze kwezikhala zezihlahla nezihlahla. I-Nora uhlelo lokuhamba namagumbi, ngalinye linenhloso ekhethekile. Kukhona igumbi lokudlela lokuphoqelela, nama-pantries ambalwa lapho i-rodent igcina amasheya ayo ebusika.
Leli pipi elincane liholela endleleni yokuphila yobusuku, ngezikhathi ezithile lishiya umgodi ntambama.
Lapho, ungathola okuningi kokuphakelayo okunempilo - igundane elilodwa livuna kusuka kumakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwayi-5 ezinqolobaneni ezahlukahlukene zesizini ebandayo.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane nokushukumiseka okuphezulu, lezi zilwane zihamba kancane, ngakho-ke ukuzibukela kuyimpumelelo enkulu. Imvamisa, ngesikhathi sokugqwala okuncane okusolisayo, igundane lasehlathini lifihla endaweni yokukhosela eseduze, futhi libande, lizama ukungabheki ubukhona bayo.
Bheka incazelo
Amagundane asehlathini akhule kancane kunezihlobo zawo ezifuywayo. Ubude bomzimba wabo obuphakathi ngu-7 cm cm, kepha abantu abakhulu kakhulu bayatholakala (12-15 cm). Umsila ezimpondweni unobude obulingana nobude bomzimba. Isisindo se-rodent asikho ngaphezu kwe-25-30 g.
Ukuchazwa okujwayelekile kwabantu:
- Ikhanda likhulu ngesigaxa esidonsa esibunjiwe,
- Amehlo abukeka njengobuhlalu obukhulu obumnyama
- I-rodent inezindlebe ezinde kakhulu, ezingafinyelela usayizi ongu-2 cm. Izindlebe ezinjalo zingabasizi ababalulekile emathangeni amahlathi ayingozi,
- Imvamisa kunezilwane ezinombala onsundu, zivame ukubomvu futhi ziphuzi,
- Isisu simhlophe, abanye abantu banomucu ophuzi kuso,
- Amagundane ahlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba anendawo ekhanyayo ezingubeni zawo. Kukhona futhi indawo ebomvu noma ephuzi phakathi kwasemuva kwamagundane ehlathi,
- Umbala wezilwane ezincane ukhanya kancane kunasegundaneni abadala.
Igundane lehlathi:
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuzala?
Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngenkuthalo ngenkathi efudumele: kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kuya kuSepthemba. Ngabe amagundane ehlathi enza kanjani:
- Owesifazane angaletha inzalo eyi-3-4 yesizini eyodwa, kepha ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele lesi sibalo siyanda,
- Ukuzala kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-20-25,
- Insikazi ihola kusuka kumagundane amathathu kuya kwayi-6, azalwa eyimpumputhe, isithulu futhi engenazinwele.
Ukuzala igundane lasehlathini
Ukuphinda kukhiqizwe lesi silwane esincane kwenzeka kuphela ngenkathi efudumele - kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kuya kuSepthemba, igundane lingakhiqiza inzalo eyi-3-4, ngayinye yayo ezoba namagundane angama-3-6. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu - cishe enyangeni eyodwa yobudala sezithola ukudla kwazo okugcwele, okuhlukile kubantu abadala ngosayizi kuphela.
Lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni emithathu yezinyanga ezintathu, amagundane asehlathini alungele ukuletha inzalo yawo. Ngenxa yokuzalanisa okusheshayo okunjalo, igundane lehlathi lingangena ngokushesha kunoma iyiphi indawo uma kungekho zitha zemvelo ezanele lapho. Izikhova namakhonkco, kanye nezimpungushe, kuyingozi kakhulu kulezi zinti - ziyabona kalula imisele yezimpungushe ngaphansi komhlaba, kuthi, lapho zizimbile zikhiphe, zibambe ababambeleyo.
Amagundane asehlathini angabathwali be-encephalitis enamaqhinga, i-brucellosis, i-tularemia, i-anthrax nezinye izifo.
Ukubaluleka kwesigundane sehlathi kubantu
Njenganoma iyiphi enye i-rodent encane, igundane lasehlathini liyisidleke sazo zombili izilimo zokusanhlamvu nezihlahla ezincane nezihlahlana. Ukudla amahlumela amasha, igundane lishiya lesi sitshalo ekufeni. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ezolimo zidonsa kanzima ngazo zonke izindlela ngokuhlaselwa amagundane, futhi amahlathi azama ukulawula inani labantu abazidlayo ukuze anciphise imigqa yamagundane angapheli.
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Igundane - incazelo nezimpawu zangaphandle
Ngaphesheya kwezwe, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezisenyakatho nezinezintaba ngokwedlulele, le namagundane amancane ajwayelekile. Izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu zamagundane ngamajerboas, amagundane, ama-hamsters nendlu yegumbi lokulala. Ebudlelwaneni obude kakhulu ngamagundane, ama-chinchillas, ama-porcupines, ama-beavers, izingulube ze-Guinea. Sekukonke, i-Mouse subfamily ihlanganisa uhlobo lwe-121 nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-300.
Igundwane yisilwane esincane esinezimbobo zomlomo ezinde futhi ezikhombe, izindlebe ezinkulu eziyindilinga kanye nobuhlalu bamehlo obuhloshayo. Umsila omude, oyimpandla noma omncane we-pubescent uwuphawu lwesilwane. Izingalo, hhayi ezifanayo ngobude, zenzelwe ukumba, zihamba ngokuqondile nangaphezulu. Ubude bomzimba be-rodent bunokwehluka kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-20 cm, isisindo - kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-50 g.
Izilwane eziphuma emndenini wakwaMouse zihlukaniswa ngumbono omuhle futhi ziyakwazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezithunzi ezibomvu neziphuzi. Ukushisa komzimba okujwayelekile kulezi izinduku kusuka ku-37.5 kuya ku-39 ° C. Isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu segundane yiminyaka emi-4.
Indlela amagundane aziphatha ngayo endaweni yemvelo
Ukuze izinduku zilondoloze izinga lokushisa lomzimba elihlala likhona, kudingeka zisebenze ebusika nasehlobo, imini nobusuku. Ubudlabha nokuhlanya kwezimpisi yizimpawu zokuphila ezisiza ukusinda nokushiya inzalo.
Ekwindla, izilwane ziqala ukuqoqa okuhlinzekwayo ku-mink noma ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi, lapho "igumbi lokugcina impahla" limbozwa ngumhlabathi. Futhi uma kuma-rod-off rodices aphaphama ebusuku, futhi alale phakathi nosuku, khona-ke ebusika isikhathi somsebenzi sihlala sizungeza iwashi. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, lapho kunokuntuleka kokushintshashintsha kokudla nokushisa, amagundane ayanda.
Amagundane ahlala emindenini emikhulu, ngoba kulula kuwo ukuthi azivikele, athole ukudla, akhe izindlu, akhulise izingane. Kwiphakethe legundane kunomholi ogcina ukuhleleka eqenjini. Amagundane abesifazane anokuthula. Kepha izinsizwa ezincane azihlali zivumelana ngezikhundla zazo ezingaphansi. Ukushayisana kwemilenze yangemuva nokushaywa komsila onolaka kukhombisa inhloso yesilwane ukunqoba "isihlalo sobukhosi" Ukushayisana kwemindeni kungaholela ekuweni komhlambi.
Ahlala kuphi amagundane endle?
Emiseleni, amagundane asebenzisa iningi lesikhathi sawo ukukhulisa inzalo, abaleke engozini, aqongelele ukudla, noma aphumule emva kokukudla. Ukujula okuphezulu komgodi kungama-70 cm, futhi ubude bemivimbo bungafinyelela kumamitha angama-20. Ezinye izinhlobo zamagundane zakha izidleke emathangeni otshani obude (igundane lengane) noma zihlala ezimpandeni zezihlahla neziqu ezindala (igundane lehlathi).
Izimbungulu zihlala okwesikhashana futhi zihlala njalo, kanti kamuva kungaba yihlobo nobusika. Izindawo zokuhlala zesilwane okwesikhashana zihlelelwe nje. Igobongo le-unomphela linamagumbi wokudlela obanzi nokufakwayo okuningi. Emiseleni ehlobo, lapho izinduku zizala khona izingane, udoti udalwa kusuka phansi, amabala otshani, imichilo nezimpaphe. Futhi ebusika - i-pantry yamasheya okudla ahlelwe.
Ngabe igundane lidlani ezimweni zemvelo?
Ehlobo nasekwindla, lapho isivuno sesivuthiwe, amagundane aqala ukulungiselela ngentshiseko ukubhuka kokugcinelwa ebusika. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane okusanhlamvu, kanye nembewu yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Amagundane asendle afana nokolweni, ibhali, i-oats, i-buckwheat.
Izindunduma ezihlala emahlathini zidla amantongomane omsedari, i-hazel, imephu, i-beech, ama-acorn nezinambuzane ezincane. Futhi izilwane ezihlala eduze kwemizimba yamanzi zithande ukudla amaqabunga, izimpande neziqu zezitshalo, amajikijolo, izintethe, amacimbi, izibungu, izicabucabu nezinye izidalwa ezingakhunjulwa. Amagundane asendlini, ahlala eduze kwabantu, avumelane ngokuzithandela nokudla komuntu futhi adle isinkwa, inyama, imikhiqizo yobisi, amaswidi.
Izilwane ezihlala endle ziphuza kancane. Umzimba wegundane ukhiqiza ngokuzimela amanzi, wephula ukudla. Imithombo eyengeziwe yokuswakama ingamaqabunga anamanzi wezitshalo, izithelo, imifino.
Izitha zamagundane
Igundane liyisixhumanisi esiyisihluthulelo ekuqoqweni kokudla kwemvelo eminingi. Izilwane eziningi zasendle zincike ebukhoneni bale pentori encane. Ezimpondweni ezihlala ehlathini, izitha eziphambili ziyizimpungushe, izimpungushe, izimpungushe ezingama-arctic, iziwula, izindunduma, izinsimbi zomzimba, izindunduma, nezimpisi. Izimbungulu zidonsa kalula izimbobo futhi zingadla izilwane ezincane ezingama-30 ngosuku.
Amagundane angukudla okuyinhloko kwezinyoka nezikhonkwane ezinkulu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjenge-boa constrimor, i-python, i-adder, inyoka ekhazimulayo igwinya sonke isisulu. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, inyoka iyaqhuma, bese ihlasela isisulu ngokushesha, siyilume ngamazinyo anobuthi, bese silinda isilwane ukuba singashukumi.
Phezu kwamagundane, ingozi ibuye iwele. Phakathi kwezinyoni kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye, ezibonakala ngamandla oqhwaku, i-visual acuity kanye nokuzwa. Lezi yizikhova, izimbungulu, izilo, izinkozi, izikhova, amakhayithi. Bazingela ngesikhathi sasemini noma ebusuku, okwenza bahlaselwe ngokushesha emoyeni.
Mangakhi amagundane ahlala?
Isikhathi sokuphila kwamagundane sincike ngqo ezimweni zemvelo. Inani elijwayelekile liyiminyaka engama-2-3. Izici ezinjengesimo sezulu, umsoco, izifo ezithathelwanayo, kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezilwane zasendle kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yesilwane.
Kwamagundane, kokubili isithwathwa neqabaka, isimo sezulu esishisayo singabulala. Ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga okushisa abukhali kakhulu kubulala amakoloni amaningi e-rodent. Ngokuvamile kuhlotshaniswa nesimo sezulu kanye namandla okudla kahle. Ukudla okungenele kunganciphisa kakhulu impilo yegundane.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamagundane ezihlala kude nabantu ziphila isikhathi esingaphansi noma esingaphansi konyaka. Futhi isilwane, esithathwa ngumuntu, sithola umsoco nokunakekelwa okunempilo, singaphila iminyaka eyi-6.
Ukuzala kabusha amagundane
Igundwane isilwane isithembu. Emvelweni, owesilisa oyedwa ufaka izinsikazi ezi-2 kuya kweziyi-12. Ezinyangeni ezingaphezu kwe-12, ama-broods amathathu kuya kwayi-8 avela kumagundane. Owesifazane ufinyelela ebusheni emavikini ayishumi emva kokuzalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala uku-estrus, okuthatha izinsuku ezingama-5 futhi kuvezwe ngokuziphatha okukhethekile.
Uma insikazi ingaphumelelanga ukukhulelwa ngemuva kokubola, i-estrus entsha ingena kungapheli isonto. Endabeni yokufaka umanyolo ngempumelelo, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-17- 24, isilwane sowesifazane kulindeleke ukuthi sizale. Kwilitha elilodwa kukhona ama-3 kuya ku-9 ama-cubs. Izinsikazi zamagundane zizala ebusuku. Izingane, njengoba zizelwe, azikwazi ukuhamba, ukuzwa nokuzwa. Azinawo umugqa wezinwele, futhi usayizi usukela 2 kuya ku-3 cm. Amagundane akhula ngokushesha:
- Izinsuku ezi-3 - kuvela umkhuhlane emzimbeni, izinsuku ezi-5 - amawundlu aqala ukuzwa, izinsuku eziyi-7 - isisindo somzimba siphindwe kabili, izinsuku eziyi-14 - ukusikwa komzimba, izinsuku eziyi-19 - amagundane aqala ukudla ngokwawo, izinsuku ezingama-25 - ubude bomzimba bufika ku-500 mm (umsila umfushane) I-15-20mm) negundane selivele livuthile ngokocansi.
I-Mouse Shrew noma i-Shrew (Myosorex)
Izilwane eziphuma emndenini ama-Shrew zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezingama-14 kuphela. Leli gundane elinekhala elide linosayizi omncane (6-10 cm). Amawundlu kuphela azelwe angaphansi kwesisindo esingu-g. Isilwane esigoqeke ekugcineni kwempumulo sibizwa ngokuthi i-proboscis. Izinwele zesilwane zicwebezela, ziwugqinsi, zibushelelezi, zingaba grey, ocher, shades obomvu.
Igundane elinekhala elide, elihle liqondiswa esikhaleni ngenxa yephunga laso. Uyisilwane esijabulisayo, kepha ukhetha ukudla izinambuzane, kanye nezilwane ezithile (amaxoxo, amashubhu anamahlaya, izilo ezincane). Ngaphandle kokudla, lesi silwane asinakuphila amahora angaphezu kwe-10.
Ukugxila okukhulu kwama-shrews kuhlala eSouth America, e-Afrika, e-Australia. Leli gundane elincane elinekhala elide lizizwa likhulu eduze kwamachibi, emahlathini anomswakama nasezintanjeni ezingaphansi.
Igundane laseJapan (Sylvaemus siriacinus)
Igundane elinezindlebe ezinkulu eziyindilinga kanye nekhala elide. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-Asia Minor. Ihlala eziqhingini zaseJapan, eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeGeorgia, kanye neziqhingi zaseKuril zaseRussia. Ithanda izintaba eziphakemeyo, amahlathi axubile, anamahlumela aminyene.
Amagundane aseJapan awembi izimbotshana, axazulula izikhala ezihlahleni nasezakhiweni, iziqu zamatshe nezihlahla eziwugqinsi. Ubude besiqu nomsila cishe kulingana (kufika ku-13 cm). Izinyanga ezingama-6 ezifudumele zonyaka kuphela ezizalwayo, ngalesi sikhathi zinikeza amalitha ama-2-3 ama-3-6 cubs.
Igundane lehlathi (i-Sylvaemus sylvaticus)
Isici esihlukile sesilwane yindawo ephuzi eyindilinga ebeleni. Ubude benduku bungamasentimitha ayi-12, umsila ungama-cm ayi-10- 7. Lawa amagundane angabamba imisele, izigaxa ezibolile, ama-voids ngaphansi kwamatshe nakwezinye izindawo zokuphephela zemvelo. Igundane lasehlathini lisakazeke ikakhulukazi eSiberia, eNtshonalanga Asia, e-Altai, emahlathini aqhakaza e-Ukraine, Belarus naseMoldova. Idla ukudla okusanhlamvu, imbewu, amantongomane, izinambuzane.
Igundane likaGerbil (Gerbillidae)
Emkhayeni wama-germils we-Mouse, ahlukaniswa abe yi-subfamily ehlukile yezinhlobo zezilwane ezingaphezu kwekhulu. Uhla lwemvelo lwalezi zilwane luyindawo eyomile yaseMpumalanga Yurophu, ogwadule base-Afrika kanye nabase-Asia kanye nogwadule. Ziyasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini, ebusika azizifihli, kodwa indlela yokuphila iba ngovila ngokwengeziwe.
Ngaphandle, igundane le-gerbil lifana kakhulu nerandi. Ubude besilwane bungafinyelela ku-20 cm, nesisindo esingama-250 g. Umbala wesilwane unesihlabathi esinsundu emhlane, futhi sikhanye esifubeni. Umsila omude obizwa ngokuthi yi-pubescent uyanyamalala ezimweni eziyingozi; okusha akukhuli. Igundane le-gerbil lingahamba ngezinyawo zalo ezingemuva futhi ligxume amabanga amade (ukuya ku-4 m). Udla ukudla okusanhlamvu, ibhali, ummbila, amabele kanye nezithelo namantongomane.
Igundane lengane (iMicromys minutus)
Igama lohlobo luhlotshaniswa nosayizi omncane wesilwane. Ubude bomzimba wesilwane bungama-7 cm, kanti nomsila ungamasentimitha ayi-5. Isilwane sithanda ukuhlala e-steppe nasehlathini-steppe, emasimini okusanhlamvu, ezigangeni ezikhukhula. Phakathi kotshani, ungathola izindlu eziyindilinga zaleli pende, ezenziwe ngeziqu ezomile namaqabunga.
Igundane lengane libonakaliswa umbala obomvu wesikhumba ovela ngemuva kwe-molt yokuqala. Idla kuma-invertebrates, amaqabunga aluhlaza, nezinhlamvu. Igundane elincane linokuthula, lijwayelane ngokushesha nemvelo entsha, ngakho-ke ingathanjiswa ngabantu.
Igundane elimhlophe (Mus musculus)
Ibizwa nangokuthi igundane lasekhaya noma lendlu, ngoba isilwane sizijwayeze ukuhlala eduze komuntu. Emagundwini, obhodisi, ama-pantries, lamagundane agodla imigodi eyinkimbinkimbi, eneziteshi eziningi, lapho ahlala khona emakoloni amakhulu. Kude nezikhonkwane bahlela ukugcinwa kokudla: imbewu, amantongomane, izicucu, izingcezu zemifino.
Igundane elimhlophe akusona isilwane esikhulu, ubude baso lifinyelela ku-8 - 11 cm. Umsila omude umbozwe izinwele ezinwebekile, izindandatho ze-scaly zibonakala kahle kuso. Umbala wesikhumba sesilwane uncike ezinhlotsheni, kepha inqwaba ngasemuva imnyama kuneyasesiswini. Igundane lendlu lihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, kuzo zonke izindawo ezinesimo sezulu futhi lingumngane othembekile womuntu.
Igundane elinotshani (i-Arvicanthis)
Ubude bomzimba womuntu ngamunye kanye nomsila bungadlula kumasentimitha angama-30. Izinwele ezimpunga noma ezinsundu zinezinwele ezithambile nezibunjiwe, kanye nezinwele eziqinile zes spike ohlotsheni ngalunye. Isigqi sokuphila kwabo siyefana nesomuntu - baphaphama emini balale ebusuku.
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo amagundane otshani yiSoutheast Africa. Lawa makhulu athanda umswakama, futhi ahlala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezinamanzi akhukhula emifuleni, ezindaweni ezinomswakama omanzi. Bobabili bangemba imigodi bese behlala ezindlini zabanye abantu.
Igundane lensimu (i-Apodemus agrarius)
Igundane lensimu alifani namanye amagundane omndeni wakwaMouse. Isilwane sinomucu wombala ocacile, ohlukile esikhumbeni esihamba kuwo wonke umgogodla, ukusuka esixekweni kuya emphethweni womsila. Usayizi wesilwane uhluka kusuka ku-8 kuye ku-12 cm ngaphandle komsila. Umbala ngokuya ngezinhlobo ungahluka kusuka kokukhanya okumpunga kuya kokuswakeme nokumnyama nokumnyama. Igundane lensimu lizakhela izindlu ngokwalo, noma lisebenzisa izakhiwo ezifanele.
Igundane lensimu lihlala ezifundeni zaseNtshonalanga naseNyakatho Yurophu, kanye nengxenye ye-Asia: China, Sakhalin, Taiwan. Isilwane siyazithanda izimbali namasimu, ngamathanga aqinile, kodwa kuyenzeka futhi edolobheni. Igundane lensimu lidla izinambuzane ezingenamsoco, okusanhlamvu, iziqu zezitshalo nezithelo.
Igundane Lasekhaya: Ukukhetha kwePeter
Amagundane okuhlobisa anobungane, awanalo ulaka, acocekile, asetshenziswa ngokushesha kubanikazi, futhi ukuzinakekela kulula kakhulu. Lapho ukhetha isilwane, kufanele unake imikhuba kanye nokubukeka kwe-rodent. Isilwane esinempilo enhle sibukeka kanjena:
- izinwele azinamatheli, azikho izindlawu eziyimpandla, amazinyo amhlophe, ngisho, isilwane sinamehlo omile futhi acwebezelayo, lesi silwane asinakho ukuqunjelwa okuvela emakhaleni nasezandleni, igundane lihamba futhi lidle.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi zingaki iminyaka amagundane ephila. Isikhathi sokuphila esiphezulu salezi zilwane yiminyaka engama-3-4, ngakho-ke kungcono ukukhetha isilwane esingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyi-12. Kuyadingeka ukunaka ubulili bama-rodent, ngoba abesilisa abaningana abahlangani endlini eyodwa.
Igundane lasekhaya liyisilwane esihlangene, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuthola abantu abaningana. Uma ukuqhubeka kokuzalelwa kwezilwane kuhlelwa, khona-ke ngaphambi kokuzalela, owesilisa nowesifazane kufanele bagcinwe bodwa.
Amagundane Okulungisa Ekhaya
Ngenxa yokukhethwa kwesimanje, amagundane okuhlobisa anezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, okukhona kuzo ukucula, kanye ne- "waltzing", nezilwane ezihluke ngemibala yengubo engajwayelekile (amagundane ama-albino, amagundane amnyama, umlotha nezilwane zasekhilimu).
Ezinye izinhlobo zamagundane zithandwa kakhulu:
- Igundane elimfushane laseJapan lincane kakhulu, lifinyelela ku-5 cm. Isikhumba esimhlophe sihlotshiswe izindawo ezimnyama nezinsundu. Ngobungane, ihlanzekile futhi inamandla. Iphila indlela yobusuku. Ekulwelweni kwezintwala 5-7. Igundane lenaliti noma i-akomis igundane elikhulu lokuhlobisa elinenaliti eziningi ezitholakala kuyo yonke emuva. Umbala ubomvu ngombala obomvu noma onsundu. Intamo inezinhlaka ezinamafutha amaningi. Ekhaleni kuphakama, amehlo adlulile, izindlebe zikhulu, zisezingeni eliphakathi. Igundane lisebenza kakhulu, lishesha ukujwayela abantu. Igundane elihlotshiswe ngemigqa yase-Afrika linombala ohehayo: imivimbo ekhanyayo nebumnyama ihlangana nomzimba. Isilwane asikhiphi iphunga elibi. Ukhuphuka kahle ezindaweni eziqondile. Igundane elinemigqa - isilwane sinamahloni kakhulu. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, ingazenza ifile noma igoqe kuze kube ngaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-2,5. Ubude bomzimba kuyaqabukela budlula i-10 cm.
Ukunakekelwa nokugcinwa kwezimpuku ekhaya
Indlu lapho kuhlala khona amagundane okuhlobisa ingaba ikheji, i-aquarium, ibhokisi elisepulasitiki elisobala. Ngokwesibalo esincane sezilwane, kwanele ukuhlala okungama-25 * 45 * 22 cm. Ngaphansi kwe-terarium kumbozwe ngokhuni oluvela ezihlahleni zezithelo noma ngesihlungi sezinhlanzeko ezivela kummbila, iphepha, utshani. Shintsha udoti wamagundane wokuhlobisa okungenani isikhathi esingu-1 ngeviki, kodwa ungcono njalo ezinsukwini ezi-3. Ukusuka ngenhla kweTerrarium kumbozwe ngesembozo esineziphetho ezivulekela umoya-mpilo.
Ngaphakathi kwendlu, kufakwa izindawo zokukhosela eziningana, mhlawumbe ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene. Zonke izinhlobo zamagundwane zisebenza kakhulu futhi zigijimela endaweni yemvelo zize zifike kumakhilomitha angama-40 ngosuku, ngakho-ke kufanele kube nesondo eligijimayo ku-terrarium. Izimbotshana zingafakwa ngamanzi ngesitsha sokuphuza esifakwe noma kuthululelwe esosheni elincane.
Kudlani amagundane okuhlobisa?
Zonke izilwane ezivela emndenini weMouse zivame ukukhuluphala, ngakho-ke kufanele wazi ukuthi kudliwa yini igundane lokuhlobisa. Isisekelo sokudla kwaleso silwane okusanhlamvu: ibhali, ukolweni, ummbila, umbungu. Okusanhlamvu akufanele kube ngumhlabathi. Imvamisa amagundane asemakhaya mancane kakhulu futhi adla aze afike ku-1 tsp ngosuku. stern.
Ukudla okuthandayo kwezilwane ubhekilanga, ithanga, imbewu ye-caraway, ama-walnuts, amantongomane kanye nama-hazelnuts. Imifino nezithelo kuyadingeka ekudleni kwesilwane. Kungcono uma imifino iluhlaza: ukholifulawa, ulethisi, ikhukhamba, i-zucchini, i-broccoli, iparsley. Futhi izithelo azimnandi kakhulu futhi zinoshukela: i-apula, ibhanana, i-quince, i-peam, iplamu. Ngezikhathi ezithile, isinkwa kanye neqanda elimhlophe kunganikezwa.
Okungadliwa ngamagundane: izithelo zezithelo zomndeni wamawolintshi, inyama ebhemayo, inyama, ukudla kwamakati nezinja.
Amagundane: izinzuzo nokulimaza
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagundwane asendle bekungathiwa ziyizitha zabantu. I-Mouse vole ilimaza ukutshala izilimo. Igundane lendlu lingcolisa imikhiqizo indle nomchamo, lenza izincwadi, izingubo, nokuhlobisa kwasekhaya kungasebenziseki. Izinhlobo eziningi zamagundane zithwala izifo ezithathelwanayo: i-salmonellosis, i-hepatitis, i-encephalitis, i-toxoplasmosis, isifo sofuba samanga nabanye.
Kepha amagundane aletha nezinzuzo ezinkulu kubantu. I-Beauticians nodokotela bebelokhu besebenzisa amagundane isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu ukwenza zonke izinhlobo zokuhlola. Lokhu kungenxa yobunzima obumangalisayo bamagundane nokufana kohlobo lomuntu negundane.
Ama-zoologists akhula amagundane akhethekile wokudla kwama-pythons, ama-agama, ama-boas, ama-geckos, izinyoka, izikebhe, izikhova namakati. Kwesinye isikhathi ngezinjongo ezinjalo kusetshenziswa izinduku zokuhlobisa, ezidluliselwa ezitolo zezilwane.
Amagundane Emlandweni Namasiko
EGrisi yasendulo, igundane elimhlophe lalibhekwa njengesilwane esingcwele. Izinkulungwane zezilwane zazihlala emathempelini. Babengamaqhawe ezinsumansumane nezinsumansumane. Babecabanga ukuthi igundane elimhlophe lisiza izazi ukubona ikusasa, futhi ukuzalwa kwezilwane okusebenzayo kwakuthembisa ukuchuma kanye nokuvunwa okuhle. Igundane elimnyama lalithathwa njengomkhiqizo wodoti futhi lingaphansi kokuqothulwa.
EJapan, babekholelwa ukuthi igundane elimhlophe liletha injabulo. Ukubona indawo lapho kuhlala khona ikholoni luphawu oluhle, negundane elifile lalisho usizi. AmaShayina abheka lesi silwane njengophawu lokuhlakanipha nokuthembeka. Futhi phakathi kwamaPheresiya namaGibhithe asendulo, ngokuhlukile, zombili amagundane amhlophe namnyama anikezwe amandla okubhubhisa, amabi. Baxhume okokuhlasela kwamagundane ngamacebo kankulunkulu owesabekayo u-Ahriman.
Amakati avele endlini yabantu ngenxa yokubuswa ngamagundane ayingozi. Ngisho eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha eyedlule, abantu baqala ukondla amakati asendle, kanti nabo, baqala ukuvikela ukudla kwabo. Kepha kuze kube manje, amagundane ekati lasekhaya ahlala kumnandi. Le feud yesikhathi eside iyisisekelo sezinganekwane eziningi, izingoma, kathathu, nezaga. Ngesikhathi se-Intanethi, kuye kwavela amavidiyo akhethekile amakati. Igundane esibukweni sekati lasekhaya liba yisikhathi sokukhumbula ukuthambekela kwalo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngamagundane
- Amagundane awalithandi ushizi nakancane. Esikhundleni salokho, izilwane zizokhetha okusanhlamvu okuphelele noma imbewu. I-lard ebhemayo iyindlela eyintandokazi yalawa makhulu. Ihlala isetshenziswa njengezithiyidi ku-gigtrap. Unyaka owodwa nje kuphela ukuthi owesilisa owesilisa owesilisa nowesilisa uhlala kanjani. Ukuzalanisa lezi zilwane, imvelo yathatha amasonto ama-2 kuphela. Ngemuva kokuphola, okuthatha amahora angama-10 kuya kwangu-13, owesilisa uyafa ukunikeza izingane zawo impilo. Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamagundane ukuhogela. Ngosizo lwamamaki "anephunga" (kusuka emgundwini, umchamo, umakhenikha kusuka endle) izindwani zichitha insimu, zizenzele esikhaleni, zidlulisela imininingwane komunye nomunye. Umndeni ngamunye wegundane unephunga lawo elihlukile, okubonisa ukuhlobana kwezakhi zofuzo kwalesi silwane. Igundane elijabulayo le-bug, ingane engenakuzizwa iyi-heroine engashintshi yezwe lesimanjemanje lemultimedia. Imidlalo ehlekisayo yethebhulethi nemidlalo yocingo inikezela ukubamba igundane esibukweni, ikati lasekhaya leli lingaba isidakamizwa sangempela, futhi nomnikazi waso - isikhathi sokuhleka ngenhliziyo.
Amagundane ayimichilo emincane kakhulu emhlabeni, olethela abantu inzuzo nobubi. Zonakalisa amasheya wesitshalo futhi zingabathwali bezifo eziyingozi. Kepha ukusetshenziswa kwamagundane ocwaningweni lwesayensi kusiza izimpilo.
Ngokuhlukahluka ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila, amagundane ahlala ezilwaneni ezilula ezidla izinyamazane, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane ziyaqabukela ziphila impilo ende. Usayizi omncane, ukuzola okuzolile nokuziphatha okuhlekisayo kukuvumela ukuthi ugcine lamagundane njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Izilwane, ebezinenhlanhla yokuba yizintandokazi zabantu, ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kunokuhlobana nezihlobo zasendle.
Uboya nombala
Imvamisa kuba khona amagundane amahlathi abomvu, ngemuva kwawo kudlula indawo enensundu engenawo amabala asobala. Umbala omhlophe ubonakala esiswini, kepha umithunzi ungaphuzi. Isici esahlukile encazelweni yegundane lasehlathini ubukhona besifuba sendawo ekhanyayo ephuzi, enesimo somucu, noma i-oval encane.
Kubalulekile! Ebusika, i-rodent imbozwe ijazi elikhudlwana, bese umbala ushintsha ube mnyama.
Isiqu kanye nemilenze
Isisindo se-rodent yisilinganiso esingu-200 g. Abanye abantu bakhula babe ngama-300 amagremu. Uma iqhathaniswa nomzimba, ikhanda likhulu. Isibaya sikhombe. Inamehlo amakhulu amakhulu abukeka njengopelepele.
Kubalulekile! Isici esiyinhloko usayizi wezindlebe - zifinyelela ku-2.2 cm ubude.
Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila
Amagundane ehlathini aphile impilo esebenzayo. Izindwangu ziphapheme unyaka wonke, azidingi hibernation. Abantu basebenza ngokukhethekile ebusuku nasekuseni. Ntambama, amagundane azama ukungaphumi endaweni yokukhosela ukuze angaweli emingceleni yalabo abangenawo nawukuyidla. Kunezitha eziningi ezilwaneni sehlathi:
Amagundane amahlathi atholakala kulo lonke elaseRussia, ngaphandle kweFar North. Njengoba izinduku zifa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwamanzi, ukuba khona kwamachibi eduze nemisele kuyaphoqelelwa. Bahlala eduze nemifudlana, amawa, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, amahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi anamahloni. Isilwane sizenzela indlu ezimpandeni zezihlahla, kuzwakala nasezihlahleni eziwile. I-mink inezinyathelo eziningi ezidingekayo ekugcineni amasheya ahlukahlukene.
Kubalulekile! Esikhathini esiningi, i-rodent yenza okokubambisa imali okuncane kakhulu, kepha ngokubanda kobusika obunokhahlo, amagundane ama-pantry ayagcwala.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Isikhathi esifanele sokutshelwa kwemvelo sithathwa njengesizini efudumele. Ngakho-ke, ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, inani lamagundane liphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, insikazi ikhulelwa kuze kube kane ngonyaka, kuthi ngakunye ikhulelwe ifike kumathole ayisithupha (lokho kuyinombolo yezingono emgodleni futhi inzalo ethe xaxa ayizalwanga). Ilungiselela ukubeletha, insikazi ihlela ikhaya, yenze ukudla, ukuze ingashiyi isikhathi eside izingane, ishiye ukudla emgodini.
Ukukhulelwa kwegundane lasehlathini kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-20-25. Izindonga zizalwa ziyisithulu, ziyimpumputhe futhi ziyimpandla. Izithombo zikhula ngokushesha futhi ziyakhula. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, amagundane aqala ukubona nokuzwa, futhi lapho eseneminyaka eyodwa yenyanga angakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla. Intsha iyahlukahluka kumagundane abantu abadala ngosayizi wabo omncane nombala wejazi abuthambile.
Kubalulekile! Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30 kuzelwe, inzalo iyaxoshwa esidlekeni (imbobo), kodwa iyaqhubeka nokungena koloni linye. Ama-rodents angena empilweni yokuzimela.
Izakhamuzi zasehlathini zilungele ukushada kakade ezinyangeni ezi-3. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, insikazi ivuthiwe ngokocansi futhi ingazala izingane. Ngakho-ke, inani lamagundane phambi kwezimo ezikahle lingakhuphuka ngezikhathi ezithile, okuyingozi kwezolimo.
Okutholakele
Amagundane yizilwane eziyizilokazane. Bayakwazi ukucekela phansi izilimo, balimaze izihlahla zensimu nezinye izitshalo. Izindimbane ezinkulu zamagundane zingadla imbewu yesihlahla, okuholela ezinkingeni zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinduku zingabathwali bezifo eziyingozi.
Umuntu olunywe yigundane lasehlathini angaba sengozini yokuthola lezi zifo ezilandelayo:
Izindawo ezihlala kuzo noma lapho igundane lihlala khona
Amagundane amahlathi ahlukaniswa indawo yokuhlala ebanzi. Enye yezindawo ezithandwayo izilwane ezizikhethela imindeni yazo izindawo ezivulekile zamahlathi ahlanganisiwe neziyinqaba ezigodini zemifula. Ngenxa yezici zomhlaba zamagundane zehlathi zingatholakala ezifundeni eziningana:
Ungazideleli izifunda zamagundane ne-steppe. Izilwane ziyazi kahle izinyathelo ze-Altai, China nezasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan. Ukulima okulinywe okusanhlamvu kuhlinzeka ngamagundane ngokudla nendawo yokuhlala. Indawo abahlala kuyo ifinyelela eziqhingini zaseMedithera nasezintabeni zaseNyakatho Afrika.
Yini edla futhi ibeka endaweni yokudla?
Ukudla kwethala lamahlathi kubandakanya izinhlobo zokudla zezitshalo, izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, izilwane ezincane. "Ukudla" kwezilwane ngqo kuya ngesizini:
- Isitsha sami engisithandayo samagundane ama-acorns namantongomane. Futhi, abantu bangathokozela izithelo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, imbewu, amahlamvu kanye namaqanda amancane,
- Amakhowe awonakalisiwe yizilokazane, ubumnandi bangempela ekudleni kwezilwane,
- Ukubekwa kweqanda kwesobunxele kungagadli futhi kube yinto eyamukelekayo yamasela amancane,
- Ebusika, uma amagundane engasebenzi, adla ezitokisini ezenziwe ehlobo noma athuthe ebusika esondele kubantu,
- Uma kungekho okuphakelayo okwanele, amagundane adla amaqabunga, imbewu nezithelo zezihlahla ezahlukahlukene ehlathini, okudala ukulimala okukhulu.
Ukuba khona kwezitha zemvelo emahlathini amahlathi kuvimbela ukukhula ngokushesha kwesibalo sazo endle. Lezi zilwane zingukudla kwezikhova, izimpungushe, izikebhe, imichilo, kanye nezinyoni ezidla imbuya ngothi.
Amanani abantu
Amagundane asehlathini, ahlasela umhlaba wezolimo, angadala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu, ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokukhula, ukolweni, i-oats, ibhali nokunye okusanhlamvu kuyizisulu zomndeni wama-rodent owandisiwe.
Yini ukulimala kwabantu engadini?
- Amagundane agqekeza ngokugobhoza izimbobo nokudlula, onakalisa uhlelo lwezimpande zezihlahla zezithelo nezihlahla,
- Lezi zinambuzane ezincane ziluma amagxolo ezihlahla, izimpande kanye namahlumela, okungaholela ekufeni kwesitshalo,
- Ukudla amajikijolo avuthiwe nezithelo, amagundane angashiya abalimi ngaphandle kwesilimo.
Amagundane aphatha namabalevu koboya bawo futhi angenise nezilwane ezifuywayo kuwo.
Amathuluzi asebenzayo nezindlela zokulwa namagundane
Ungalwa ngegundane lasehlathini ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Emapulazini angasese amancane namancane, ukufakwa kwezinto ezidayisa ngogesi noma ngemishini kuzosiza.
Odinga ukukwazi ngomlo:
- Iphunga likagalikhi nezimpande ezimnyama lizesabisa izinambuzane ezinama-rodent. Lezi zitshalo zingasakazwa azungeze uzungu wesakhiwo,
- Kuthulula izimbobo zegundane ngesixazululo esikhethekile sokuphindisela,
- Ungasebenzisa imicibisholo yegundane ngezethi, okusanhlamvu okunoshevu, izicupho ngeglue, impova ngamakhemikhali.
- Kungcono ukusebenzisa indlela ehlanganisiwe ekulweni namagundane.
Njengakho konke okusizungezile, amagundane amahlathi ayinto ebalulekile yokusebenzisana kwezilwane zasendle. Kodwa lapho kungekho khona izimo ezijwayelekile zokuphila endaweni yemvelo kanye nokuntuleka kokulawula ngokwanda kwesibalo, amagundane angaba yinhlekelele yangempela empilweni yomuntu.
Izihloko zemiyalezo ezaziwayo
Ngokusho kwedatha engokomlando, ubuKristu buqhamuka kudala kudala ezungeza ikhulu lokuqala leminyaka BC. Cishe kusekelwe eRoma. Lokhu kukholwa kwaba nesicelo kubo bonke abaswele ababecasukile, ababefuna ukuthola ubulungiswa.
Idolobha elihle lase-Ulan-Ude, eliseduzane neChibi iBaikal, bambalwa abayaziyo. Abantu abahlala kwezinye izindawo, lapho bezwa igama laleli dolobha, bacabanga ukuthi likhona eMongolia noma kwenye indawo, kodwa hhayi eRussia.
Imvelo yanikeza umhlaba izilwane eziningi ezimangalisayo, futhi i-hedgehog evamile yayingahlukile. Bambalwa abantu abangazi ukuthi lesi silwane sibukeka kanjani. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isilwane sihle kakhulu futhi siyathakazelisa, kunzima kakhulu ukusithatha,