Uyiqhawe lamafilimu amaningi waseHollywood. Ukuze aqashelwe, akudingeki nokuthi avele ohlakeni lonke, kwanele ukuthi unjiniyela womsindo afake umsindo wesimo osikhumbuza ama-maracas, njengoba isibukeli sinokuziqhenya okuvela ekuqapheleni ukuthi siyi-rattlesnake.
Isihlobo se-Viper
Enye yezidalwa ezinobuthi obukhulu isihlobo esiqondile sezinyoka. I-Rattlesnake isohlwini lomndeni wama-viper, ibhekisa ngqo kwi-subfamily enobuthi, i-pit viper. Ososayensi banikeze lesi sibongo esiqeshini ngenxa yokuba khona kwesitho esikhethekile esitholakala egumbini lokuphumula phakathi kwamehlo nasemakhaleni.
Ivumela inyamazane enegazi elibandayo ukuba 'ibone' inyamazana ngokushisa okuvela kuyo. Ngamanye amagama, i-rattlesnake ingabamba isisulu ebumnyameni ngokuphelele futhi ihlasele lapho ingasoli lutho.
Incazelo
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bathole izinhlobo ezingama-224 zezinyoka ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-rattlesnakes, noma ama-rattlesnakes. Ngobude, zingafinyelela kusuka kumasentimitha amahlanu ukuya kwamamitha amathathu nesigamu. Umdwebo esikalini ungaba nazo zonke izinhlobo zemithunzi namaphethini. Imvamisa apendwe ngokuhlukile futhi angazami ukuzifihla.
Ikhanda lobuningi bezinhlobo linxantathu ngesimo. Kunamazinyo amabili ayizidlakudla anobuthi emlonyeni. Imidlwane yamehlo ime mpo.
Ama-recesses (imigodi) atholakala eduze kwamakhala, lapho kukhona khona izindikimba zokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa elenzelwe indawo, ngoba lokhu kudluliselwa emgodini ongaphansi komgodi ongaphansi komhlaba. Igama lezinhlobo zazo, ziphoqelekile kwesinye isici sokwakheka komzimba wazo. Imbungulu ithweswa umsila walezi zinyoka.
Imfihlo yokulinganisa
I-rattlesnake, njengoba sekushiwo, inamakhonkco ekugcineni komsila. Okwesikhathi esithile bekungacaci ukuthi kungani inyoka, eyayizingela ebumnyameni futhi ngasikhathi sinye ingenzi msindo owodwa, yavele yanikezwa umenzeli ongaqubeki ovela emvelweni. Kepha yonke into iwela endaweni uma wazi ukuthi izingelwa ngubani.
Ukudla kwayo kuqukethe izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni. Uxwayisa izilwane ezinkulu (kufaka phakathi abantu), ziphakamisa umsindo ngentelezi yakhe. Ngakho-ke, kungabhekwa njengento ehlanjeke kunazo zonke yezinyoka ezinobuthi.
Lokhu kukhula ekugcineni komsila kuqukethe isikali esifile. Inani labo landa ngokushintshwa ngakunye esikhumbeni sezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubala izikali ku-rattle, ungathola ukuthi ingakanani inyoka eyayihlala. Ngaphakathi kwezilinganiso, akunalutho ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke umsindo uzwakala kakhulu.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo
Ngokusho kwe-herpetologists, zinhlobo eziyi-106 zama-rattlesnake (izithombe zabanye abamelezi ezivezwe kulendatshana) ezihlala eMelika, kuthi ezingama-69 eSouth Asia. Ama-pitheads ajwayelekile kakhulu yi-muzzles. Bahlala bobabili ezindaweni eziwugwadule nasezintabeni.
Indlela yokuphila ingahlukahluka kohlobo oluthile. Abanye bazingela futhi bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi ezihlahleni. Kulula futhi kube lula ngokwengeziwe ukuthi abanye bakwazi ukukhasa ethafeni, kuthi okwesithathu, banike imigodi enamadwala neziqongo.
Lapho kuphakama amazinga okushisa, ama-rattlesnake acasha ngaphansi kwamatshe, izingodo, abalekele emisebeni ye-ultraviolet eyeqile. Yiba ngosebenza kusihlwa. Kuliqiniso, kule modi, baphila kuphela ngenkathi eshisayo. Ngosuku oluhle nolushisayo, ama-rattlesnake ahamba elangeni.
Ngemuva kokuzikhethela umgodi uqobo, i-rattlesnake ingahlala kuyo iminyaka eminingi, bese izizukulwane zayo. Ku-lair ye-rattlesnake, abantu abaningana bangaphila. Esikhathini sesikhathi se-hibernation, bangafaka ibhola ndawonye, bafudumale. Kepha abanye basancamela ukuba yedwa.
AmaRattlesnakes azingela kuphela lapho aqamekela khona, alindele inyamazane (izinduku, izinyoni ezincane, inhlanzi, amasele, izibungu, izibungu namacadada). Lapho nje ukudla okungaba khona kusondela ebangeni elijikijelayo, inyoka ihlasela, ibambe ngamazinyo ayo, ifake ubuthi bese idla yonke into. Emini, i-rattlesnock incike embonweni (into kumele ihambise), futhi ebusuku ngokunembile inquma ubungako nebanga kulowo ohlukunyezwa ngosizo lwama-receptors ngaphansi kwamehlo. Basiza ukuhlukanisa ukushisa okuncane okuncane kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni ezintathu zesilinganiso.
Ingozi ebantwini
Ukulunywa kwe-rattlesnake kuyingozi kakhulu kubantu, kepha kuyaqabukela kuza kulokho. Inyoka kuqala ixwayisa ngobukhona bayo ne-rattle emsileni wayo, futhi uma umuntu eziphatha ngokungalungile, okungukuthi, kuyicasule, bese kulandela inkatho. Banamahloni kakhulu, futhi ukwesaba inyoka yomgodi kuqubuka ulaka. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokuzwa umsindo wegundane, kufanele uzibambe futhi uhambise kancane kude nesidalwa esiqonde kwelinye.
Uma inyoka ilume, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi ibize i-ambulensi, iphakamise umlenze olume phezulu. Akunakusho ukuthi kufanele uthinte indawo yokuluma nge-tourniquet noma uzame ukumunca ubuthi. Ijusi lakhe libhubhisa amangqamuzana omzimba. Noma ngubani oyimunca ugijimisa ubungozi bokugwinya izinto ezinobuthi futhi abulawe ukushaqeka kwe-anaphylactic ngokushesha kunozisulu.
Ngokukhula kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokwehla okuqondile okulinganayo kwesikhala sezilwane ezifuywayo, ukuhlasela kwezikhathi ezithileko zonyaka kubhekwa minyaka yonke e-United States. Kepha ngokwezibalo zaseMelika, izisulu ezi-3 kwezingu-8000 ngonyaka ziyafa.
Uma ukulunywa yinyoka kungamangazi, udinga ukuzola, ukuhlukanisa ukuluma kanye nokukhipha ubuthi enxebeni. Ukuluma kwe-rattlesnake kungadala ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo, kuye ngejubane okusanda kusakazwa ngalo ubuthi. Izinyoka zisakazeke emhlabeni wonke, ngakho-ke ungakhubeka kuzo ngamaholidi, ehlathini noma epaki. Kodwa-ke, izinyoka ezinobuthi zitholakala kude nabantu, njengomthetho, abantu uqobo bawa e-lair yabo ngenxa yentshisekelo yabo. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukunaka kakhulu ukuphepha ngenkathi uhamba. Ngoba ezindaweni ezikude akekho noyedwa ozokwazi ukusiza, futhi ngisho nesibhedlela esiseduzane asikwazi ukungabi sesikhathini.
Isenzo sobuthi ezinyokeni sinomphumela ohlukile, abanye bangabulala umuntu omdala ngemizuzu embalwa, abanye benze okuhlukile, benze isisulu sabo siphele amandla noma sibangele ukukhubazeka ngokuphelele.
Ukulunywa yinyoka kungenza into ehlukile kumuntu, kepha ngeke kulethe lutho oluhle. Futhi isikhathi eside ubuthi buzoba semzimbeni womuntu, mancane amathuba okuthi awusindise. Ubuthi busakazeka egazini ngokujikeleza kwegazi, ngakho-ke uma uluma ukuluma, ungawenza umehluko wawo umphumela isikhashana. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukodwa ngeke kwanele. Sidinga izindlela eziphelele, isibonelo, ukuhlaziya. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokususwa kobuthi emzimbeni, odokotela kumele banqume izinga lokutheleleka kanye nomphumela wobuthi. Njengomthetho, isayithi lokuluma liqala ukuvuvukala kakhulu, ngenkathi umuntu ezwa izinhlungu ezinzima. Ukuluma kwe-rattlesnake kungabulala esikhathini esingaphansi kwehora: kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi izinyoka ezinjalo kufanele zigwenywe.
Ngenxa yomsindo wazo wobuntu abawakhipha ngomsila wabo, akunzima ukuwuthola, ngakho-ke uzulazula emahlathini, udinga ukulalelisisa ukuthi kwenzekani ezungezile. Ukuze ulwe nobuthi benyoka le, izidakamizwa ezilwa namagciwane nazo ziyadingeka, izindlela ezizimele ngeke zilethe umphumela omuhle. Umuntu uqobo angazama kuphela ukuvimba ukusabalala kobuthi emzimbeni wakhe wonke, lapho-ke kufanele afune usizo esibhedlela.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-rattlesnake anemisila emnyama.
I-rattlesnake enomsila omnyama itholakala e-United States enkabeni nasentshonalanga yeTexas, entshonalanga engxenyeni eseningizimu yeNew Mexico, nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Arizona. Ihlala esifundeni saseMexico iMesa Del Sur ne-Oaxaca eMexico, eziqhingini zaseTiburon naseSan Esteban eGulf of California.
I-Black-Tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus)
I-Habitat ye-rattlesnake enomsila omnyama.
Izimbaza ezinomsila omnyama ziyizinyoka zomhlaba futhi zinama-savannas, ugwadule nezindawo ezinamadwala. Ziphinde zitholakale ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-300- 3750 emahlathini we-pine-oak kanye nasehlathini le-boreal. Lo mbono ukhetha izindawo ezifudumele ezinamadwala, njengodonga lwe-canyon noma izihlahlana ezincane emihumeni. Ezindaweni eziphansi eziphansi, ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama ahlala phakathi kwamakhonkco ama-mesquite emadlelweni nasezintshabeni. Abantu abaphila ngokugeleza okumnyama kwama-lava bavame ukuba nombala omnyama kunezinyoka ezihlala emhlabathini.
Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-rattlesnake enomsila omnyama.
I-rattlesnake enomsila omnyama, njengawo wonke ama-rattlesnake, inegundane ekugcineni komsila. Umbala wesikhumba sale zinhlobo uhluka ngombala kusuka ku-olive-grey, green-yellow and light ophuzi kuya kubomvu onsundu nokumnyama. Umsila we-rattlesnake emnyama enomsila umnyama ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbono uhlukaniswa umucu omnyama phakathi kwamehlo kanye nomucu omdonsile omnyama osuka esweni uye ekhoneni lomlomo. Phansi kulo lonke ubude bomzimba kudlula uchungechunge lwezindandatho ezima mpo.
Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa abanomsila obukhulu. Isikali sibekwe ngokuqinile. Kunezinhlobo ezine ezaziwa ngemuva kwe-rattlesnake emnyama enomsila: C. molossus nigrescens (ama-rattlesnake aseMexico amnyama-onomsila), uC. Molossus estebanensis (odabuka esiqhingini seSan Esteban rattlesnake), okuyi-subspecies ehlala e-USA - C. molossus molossus, C. waxacchus - o rattlesnake.
Ukushicilelwa kwelensi yenethiwekhi emnyama.
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, abesilisa bama-rattlesnakes amnyama-abomvu bathola izintokazi ngama-pheromones. Ukuhluma kwenzeka ematsheni noma ezimvini eziphansi, owesilisa uhlala nowesifazana ukuvikela abanye abalingani abangahle babe nabo.
Ulwazi oluncane kakhulu ngokuziphatha kokuzala kwalesi zinhlobo. Ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama ayizilwane ezi-ovoviviparous. Imvamisa zizalela kanye ngonyaka entwasahlobo. Izinyoka ezincane zivela ngoJulayi nango-Agasti. Bahlala eduze konina amahora ambalwa, kuze kube ngosuku kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, ama-rattlesnakes amancane amnyama anomsila athulula isikhumba sawo amahlandla ama-2-4, isikhathi ngasinye lapho ikhava endala ishintsha, kuvela ingxenye entsha emsileni we-rattle. Lapho izinyoka zikhula, nazo ziyancibilika ngezikhathi ezithile, kepha ulwelwe luyaphela ukukhula futhi izingxenye ezindala ziqala ukuwa. Ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama awakhombisi ukukhathalela inzalo. Akukaziwa ukuthi abesilisa baqala ukuzala iminyaka emingaki. Isilinganiso sokuphila esilinganiselwe sama-rattlesnakes amnyama-anemisila yiminyaka eyi-17,5, ekudingisweni iminyaka engama-20,7.
Ukuziphatha kukalantshi wethayela elimnyama.
Ezinyangeni ezibandayo zobusika, ama-rattlesnakes amnyama anomsila obusika ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi kwezinga lokuqandeka kwenhlabathi emiseleni noma emadwaleni edwala. Ziba namandla lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla bahola indlela yokuphila yesikhathi sasemini, kepha baphendukela ekuziphatheni kobusuku ezinyangeni zasehlobo ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu esikhathi sasemini. Ama-rattlesnake-anemisila emnyama ahamba ngokunyakaza okunyakazayo ngesimo samaza agundile noma ngokunyakaza okumaqhugwane, kuya ngesimo sendawo edinga ukudluliswa. Bangakwazi ukukhuphuka izihlahla eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-2,5-2,7 futhi babhukude ngokushesha emanzini.
Ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama akhetha ukulala ngaphezu komhlaba emagatsheni esihlahla noma ezihlahleni. Ngemuva kwezimvula ezipholile, zivame ukugcwala ematsheni.
Ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama asebenzisa ulimi lwawo, oluyisitho sokuhogela nokunambitha. Imigodi emibili etholakala endaweni ephakeme ye-labial engenhla ekhanda ithola ukushisa okukhishwa inyamazane ebukhoma. Amandla okubona ukushisa awubeki umkhawulo emisebenzini yansuku zonke yalezinhlobo zenyoka. Bayakwazi ukuzulazula kahle ebusuku noma emihumeni emnyama nasemihubheni. Lapho ubhekene nezitha, izindlela ezintathu zisetshenziselwa ukuziphindezela. Okokuqala, amagundane anomsila omnyama abopha umsila wawo ukuze ethuse izitha. Uma lokhu kungasebenzi, bakhala kakhulu futhi basheshe bathuthumele ngolimi lwabo ngaphezu kokuphindana. Futhi, lapho beya kumhlaseli, bazikhukhumeza kakhulu ukubheka okuningi. Izimbaza ezinomsila omnyama zizwa ukuguquguquka okuncane ebusweni bomhlaba futhi zinqume indlela yomphangi noma inyamazane.
Ukudla i-rattlesnake enomsila omnyama.
Izidlakudla zensiza enomsila omnyama. Zidlela izinyamazane ezincane, izinyoni, amagundane, nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Lapho uzingela inyamazane, ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama asebenzisa izitho ezibucayi bokushisa ekhanda ukuthola ukushisa okukhanyayo, futhi akhiphe nolimi lwawo ukuthola iphunga. Inyamazane ibanjwe ngemifantu emibili eyize, ifihlwe ngaphambili komhlathi ongenhla. Ngemuva kokungena kwezitho zomzimba wesisulu, kudedelwa ubuthi obubulalayo obutholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zekhanda.
Inani kumuntu.
Ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama ayaboniswa kuma-zoos namaqoqo angasese. Ubuthi bama-rattlesnakes asetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwesayensi, lithola umuthi ovela kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka.
Amafutha wezinyoka asetshenziswa emithini yesintu njengendlela yokunciphisa ukuvuvukala, ukudambisa izinhlungu ebuhlungwini nasezinhlungwini.
Isikhumba se-rattlesnake's scaly sisetshenziselwa ukwenza izimpahla zesikhumba ezinjengamabhande, izindwani, izicathulo kanye namajakethi. Ama-rattlesnake anomsila omnyama adla ngamagundane futhi alawula inani labantu abahlaselayo abangaqothula izilimo nezimila.
Lolu hlobo lwenyoka, njengamanye ama-rattlesnake, luvame ukuluma izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nabantu. Yize ubuthi bomsindo we-rattlesnake omnyama onomsila ungumuthi onobuthi ngamazinga wobuthi bobuthi bamanye ama-rattlesnake, kungaholela ekufiseni ubuthi futhi mhlawumbe nokufa kwezingane ezincane noma abantu asebekhulile. Ubuthi bubangela ukuvuvukala kwezimo ezimeni eziningi, kanye nokuvela kwezimpawu ezithile zokuluma: edema, thrombocytopenia. Ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwesisulu esilimayo yisidakamizwa.
Isimo sokulondolozwa kwe-rattlesnake enomsila omnyama.
I-rattlesnake enomsila omnyama inesimo esingaxakekanga kangako. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokubhujiswa okungenangqondo kwezinyoka ezinezimfanelo ezinobuthi, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ikusasa eliqinisekile lale nhlobo.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Izici zezinyoka
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 zezinhlobo zama-rattlesnake emhlabeni. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemvelo ezingakhonjwa yi-cod enesici se-rattlesnake. Ngokuphikisana nezinkolelo ezithandwayo zokulwa nolaka lwenyoka, abasebenza nge-herpetologists bathi konke ukuhlaselwa kuyindlela yokuzivikela. Zidla ezihuquzelayo ngamasele, amagundane, squirrels nezinye izilwane ezincane.
Uma umhlangano nenyoka wenzeka, khona-ke ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe, ukuvimba - i-reptile izama ukubaleka noma ukucasha. Kwesinye isikhathi ungezwa ukukhala, imisindo ephindaphindekayo kusuka ekushayweni komsila, ubone inyoka inezikhala - lokhu kuyisixwayiso reptile ngaphambi kokulunywa. Ubuthi be-Rattlesnake buyingozi enkulu. Kufanele ubuye ngokushesha emuva, awukwazi ukubuyisa umhlane wakho, ukuze usheshise ukuhlasela. Okubi kunakho konke, lapho umhlangano wenzeka ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, ukubeletha - khona-ke ukulunywa akunakugwenywa.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukubukeka kwesidalwa esijabulisayo ukusiza odokotela ekukhetheni i-serum ye-antitoxic.
Izici zezimpawu
- ikhanda likanxantathu
- isibumbu esikhulu
- fossa (radar) ekhanda phakathi kwamakhala nasemehlweni,
- amashiya agqamile, abafundi bame ngokuma kwesimo se-oval.
Umbala, imvamisa kakhulu, onsundu ngemibala ehlukene enendawo yokushintshana emnyama nokukhanya. Kepha kunezinhlobo eziluhlaza ngemivimbo emsileni. Ubude buhluka kuye ngesigamu semitha kuya kokuabili nangxenye, kuya ngeminyaka nohlobo lwenyoka.
Izimpi ziyasebenza ebusuku, kepha esimweni sezulu esipholile bazingela emini. Usongo lokulimala komuntu luvela ngokuphendula ulaka lwayo noma ngokuxhumana ngokuzumayo ne-rattlesnake ebangeni eliseduze.Ukuqhekeka okuyingozi kwenzeka kude kubude benyoka, kuhlukaniswe ngesigamu.
Ulwazi oluvamile
Ama-Rattlesnake anama-fangs amakhulu anobuthi, unxantathu obanzi, ovame ukuthotshiswa ikhanda. Amasayizi omzimba ahlukile - ukusuka kuhafu kuya kumamitha ayisikhombisa ubude, kuya ngohlobo.
Umzimba ukhexekile, uvame ukuba nephethini eqondile. Umbala usukela ekukhanyeni (okumhlophe, esihlabathini, okupinki, okumpunga, njll) kuya kumnyama (onsundu, onsundu).
Esihlelweni esiphakathi kwamehlo nasemakhaleni kukhona indawo yokuphumula (yingakho igama elijwayelekile), lapho kukhona i-receptor ekuvumela ukuthi ubone imisebe eshisayo. Lokhu kuvumela inyoka ukuthi ithole isisulu ebumnyameni ngokuphelele futhi ingaboni, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokuncibilika, lapho isikali samehlo siba namafu.
Izitshudeni ezisontekile (ikati), isimilo sazo zonke izinyoka, zinika izinyoka ukubukeka okunolaka nokwesabisayo. I-rattle itholakala kuphela kubantu abahlala eMelika.
Kwakhiwa ngemigqa eminingana lapho isikhumba esidala sikhishwe ngokungaphelele, okwakha lesi sakhiwo. Izinyoka ezincane azikakabi nayo, noma kunjalo, ezihuquzelayo sezivele zinobuthi kusukela zizalwa. Ngokubukeka, izakhamizi zase-Eurasia nase-Asiya zifana kakhulu nama-rattlesnake, kepha azinalo ulwembu.
Iningi labamele ama-pitheads bahlala ezindaweni ezomile, phakathi kwezihlahla ezinamatshe amancane, amatshe nama-gorges. Abanye bangakhuphuka izihlahla noma bakhuphuke izintaba zifinyelela kumamitha angama-2500 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ziyasebenza ebusuku, kepha entwasahlobo nasekwindla zizingela emini, ngakho-ke ngezinsuku ezipholile zingabonakala ngaphandle kwendawo yokukhosela. Ekushiseni, zifihla emisebeni ehangayo emiseleni, ngaphansi kwezingodo namatshe.
Ukusondelana nabantu kuyagwenywa, kepha kungahlala eduze kwamapulazi, lapho kunokudla okuningi ngohlobo lwamagundane amancane. Ngokwe-overwinter abantu abaningana esimweni se-hibernation. Umuntu uhlaselwa ngenxa yolaka lwakamuva noma ngokuxhumana ngengozi.
Lapho ingozi iba sengozini, inyoka iyagoqa ibe yindawo eyindilinga, iphakamisa i-rattle ngokuthe nkqo bese yenza isexwayiso esinengqondo sokuthi i-rattlesnake isilungele ukuhlasela.
Kulokhu, udinga ukuhlehla kancane kancane. Kwezinye izidalwa eziphindaphindwayo, izikelemu zingalahleka, ngokwesibonelo, ukunamathela ematsheni noma ezimpandeni, kepha ngemuva kokuxhumeka okumbalwa, kuyaphinda kwakha. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu nezimpawu zazo zinikezwe ethebula elingezansi.
Kubalulekile. Awusoze wajika nenyoka yakho, ngoba ngale ndlela ungaphuthelwa isikhathi sokuhlaselwa.
Ithebula. Izinhlobo ezejwayelekile zama-rattlesnake:
Igama le-rattlesnake | Incazelo | Ukubhebhetheka | Ubuntu |
Enye yezinyoka ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwama-pitheads. Inomzimba omncane kodwa obukhulu (ubude 1.7-2.5 m, isisindo esingu-0.6-7.1 kg) nekhanda elibanzi. Kunezingxenye eziyi-14 noma ngaphezulu ku-rattle. Umbala usuka ku-grey uye onsundu, iphethini isesimweni sezindawo ezimnyama zesigqi esinemibala ekhanyayo, emsileni kukhona imivimbo emnyama eshintshashintshayo. | Izifunda eziseningizimu ye-USA (kanye nasempumalanga yezwe) NeCanada, enyakatho yeMexico. Ukusebenza ubusuku nemini (emazingeni okushisa abandayo ebumnyameni). Uthanda amathafa, ama-gorges, amadwala, ama-savannah, ama-steppes kanye namahlathi ngephayini ne-oki. Ngaphandle kokuzingela uhlala ezindlini zokukhosela. | Ubuthi yi-myoto-, hemoto-, cytotoxic. Kumuntu, ukuluma kuyingozi kakhulu, ukugqwala okukhulu nokuqothuka kwezicubu kuyabonakala, kuvame ukudala ukufa. | |
Hhayi inyoka enkulu kakhulu, ubukhulu bomuntu bujwayelekile ukusuka kumamitha nohhafu, ngesigaxa esikhulu nesicaba. Umzimba ukhulu ngomsila omncane, udwetshwe kusuka kokuluhlaza kuya kokumpunga, okuyisakhiwo esibonisa isimo sezindawo eziyindilinga emuva. | ECanada, ezifundeni zase-Alberta naseSaskatchewan kuphela, e-United States kanye nasezifundeni zaseMexico ezihlangana nabo. Zibekelwe imigwaqo eyomile noma indawo enogwadule, nemifino yemikhumbi nangamatshe, futhi inyuka ize ibe ngu-2,5 km ezintabeni. Izinyamazane ezingabusuku, phakathi nosuku zihlala emiseleni noma ngaphansi kwamatshe. | Ubuthi bubangela ubuthi obukhulu kakhulu, ukufa kwesibili kungokwesilinganiso se-rat ratnake yaseTexas kuphela. Inyoka isendaweni yesibili phakathi kwalesi zinhlobo ngokuvama kokulunywa ngabantu. | |
Inyoka ejwayelekile isuka kumuntu owodwa nohhafu kuya kumamitha amabili ubude, inomzimba omnyama nekhanda elibanzi. Umuntu ngamunye unombala ophuzi (ngokuvuvukala onsundu) namabala amnyama afana nomzimba emzimbeni. | Empumalanga nasenyakatho ye-USA, enyakatho neMexico naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeCanada. Ikhetha ukuhlala endaweni enamadwala ngezimila ezinwebekile, yenzeka ngasikhathi sinye eduze kwemifula, amaxhaphozi kanye nama-agrocenoses. Ukuzingela ebusuku. | Ubuthi bunobuthi, kepha akuhlali buholela ekufeni komuntu omdala onempilo, ukulunywa yingozi kakhulu ezinganeni nasebekhulile. | |
Abantu abahlukene ngobukhulu obuphakathi, kufika kumamitha angama-0.9-1.2 ubude. Umbala uncike emvelweni - ukusuka kokumhlophe noma okupinki kuya kokumpunga noku nsundu. Iphethini yemigqi, amabala noma cha. | Ibanga eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeMexico. Uthanda ukuhlala emadwaleni, imvamisa etholakala phakathi kwezihlahlana necacti, futhi ayikhuphuki ngaphezu kuka-1.5 km. | Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwezinye izinkampani ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ubuthi kuyinto ehlukahlukene. Ubuthi bubonisa i-proteinolytic, izakhiwo ze-hemorrhagic. Abantu abalumi kaningi, ngenkathi isisulu sizwa izinhlungu, ukudumba okukhulu nokulahlekelwa umuzwa. Ukufa kuyivelakancane. | |
Umzimba omncane kusuka ku-0,4 kuya ku-0.8 m, isici esibonisa ukubakhona kwezimpondo eziphakeme ngaphezu kwamehlo, njengoba kubonakala esithombeni. Umbala unesihlabathi, emzimbeni kunephethini evela ochungechungeni lwamabala amhlophe, ezinhlangothini zincanyana futhi zimnyama. | Ugwadule nezindawo ezomile ze-USA. Incamela isimo sezulu esomile, esivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. | Ubuthi uma buqhathaniswa nabanye abamele inhlobo yezinhlobo zezilwane abunobuthi kangako, kepha ngemuva kokulunywa kunconywa ukusebenzisa umuthi wokugoma. Imiphumela ye-Lethal ayivelakancane. | |
IMassasauga - inyamazane encane (0.5-0.8 m). Umbala ungwevu omnyama ngemivimbo emhlophe enza amabala amnyama amabala. Ikhanda liyisicaba futhi libanzi. | i-America esenyakatho | Ubuthi abubulalanga, kepha buholela emonakalweni wesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi, ama-hematomas nama-hemorrhages. | |
Ubukhulu abudluli ku-0,8 cm, nesiqalo esincane esibanzi, umsila unobuhle obukhulu. Umzimba onephethini enhle, yingakho igama. Umbala uhlukile - kusuka ngwempunga kuya okhanyayo onsomi onamabala amnyama. | ISouth Arizona (USA), Isifunda Son Son (Mexico). Uhlobo luvunyelwe ezindaweni ezinamathafa asogwadule, emithambekeni enamadwala nasemigudwini, evame ukutholakala phakathi kwezimila ze-cacti kanye prickly. | Inyoka iyingozi kakhulu, kunama-neurotoxin amaningi kunobuthi, ngakho-ke umuntu udinga usizo oluphuthumayo olufanele, uma kungenjalo angafa. |
Isincomo. Ukuya ezintabeni naseziwugwadule zaseNyakatho Melika, kungakuhle ukuthi ube namalitha angama-2-3 amanzi (kuzosiza ukunciphisa ukudakwa ngesikhathi sokuluma) nekhithi yosizo lokuqala eline-kit lokuqala losizo lokulunywa yinyoka. Uma ukuthintana okungafunekiyo sekwenzekile, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusheshe ufike esibhedlela.
Izimpawu Zokulimala
Njengomphumela wokuluma, eyodwa, imvamisa ukubhoboza okubili okuvela emafungini amakhulu e-rattlesnake avele. Ekuqaleni, izinhlungu, ezishisa endaweni ye-lesion zizwakala. Ukuvuvukala kuqala ukukhula, umbala wesikhumba ushintsha - indawo iphenduka ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma iphenduke ibpende.
Kuvela izimpawu ezijwayelekile zobuthi:
- ubuthakathaka, umkhuhlane,
- isicanucanu, ukuhlanza,
- ukujuluka okusebenzayo
- ukugeleza kwamathe
- ukushuba kwemilenze
- ukuphefumula kanzima
- kwehlise i-visual acuity.
Ukugwazwa kwe-rattlesnake kubi ngoba ubuthi buqeda imithambo yegazi, amaseli egazi, bese benza ukopha okuqinile kwangaphakathi.
Ukuluma ingozi
Imiphumela yokubulala inyoka ithonywa yizici eziningi: indawo okukhona kuyo isibindi, inani lezikhathi zokukhishwa, isimo sengqondo sokuhlukunyezwa, usayizi wenyoka. Lapho ukuluma kusondela ebuchosheni, kuyanda kakhulu isilonda.
Ukuhlinzeka ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi ubuthi buzobonakala kanjani esimweni ngasinye. Imiphumela emibi ikakhulukazi iba ngemuva kokulimala kaningana, ngoba umthamo wobuthi obunobuthi uzoba mkhulu.
Ngezilonda ezinzima kwenzeka:
- ukwethuka kwe-anaphylactic,
- ukuphefumula kwangaphakathi,
- ukwehluleka kwezinso
- ukwehla,
- izicubu necrosis.
Ukusinda abantu bahlala bekhubazekile, balulame isikhathi eside.
Izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi ukusindisa ohlukunyeziwe zikhulisa kakhulu amathuba okuthola kabusha.
Ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo
Ngemuva kokulunywa yinyoka okokuqala, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusuka kuyo ibangana ephephile, ngoba kungaba nokuhlaselwa okulandelayo. Akudingekile ukuthi uchithe imizamo yokubamba, ukuphindisela, ubungozi bokuvelelwa engcupheni enkulu kakhulu uzokhula kuphela.
Usizo lwangempela luyisicelo esiphuthumayo kubasebenzi bezokwelapha sokungeniswa kwe-serum kusuka kwenyoka enobuthi - antivenin. Uma umkhiqizo utholakala kothile oseduzane, kuzodingeka ukuthi uwufake ngokwakho.
Izincomo ezilusizo:
- Isisulu kufanele senze ukunyakaza okumbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka, gcina indawo elunayo ingaphansi kwenhliziyo, ukuze isheshise ukuhamba kobuthi emithanjeni yegazi, hhayi ukwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu.
- musa ukugeza isilonda ngamanzi - odokotela banquma ngokushesha i-anti-venin efanele ngesikhathi sokwelashwa,
- amaphutha yimizamo yokuhlanzisisa amanxeba ngotshwala - umphumela we-vasodilation kuphela ukusheshisa ukumuncwa kobuthi. Noma ukunqunywa kwengalo akuholeli kumiphumela oyifunayo,
- izingubo ezishubile, amabhande, amabhande kufanele asuswe, njengoba ukuqubuka okunamandla kuzolandela,
- vumela inxeba liphume - ingxenye yobuthi izosuswa,
- musa ukusika isilonda - ukutheleleka kuzokhulisa isimo.
Umsebenzi osemqoka ukunciphisa ingozi yokudakwa uma kwenzeka ukulunywa kwe-rattlesnake. Imiphumela ihlukile: kusuka ekwelapheni ngokuphelele kuya kukhubazekile, ukufa.
I-prognosis enhle kakhulu kungenzeka lapho unikeza ukunakekelwa okusebenzayo kungakapheli imizuzu engama-30 ukuluma. Ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 ezilandelayo, uma kungekho zinyathelo ezithathwayo ukuvikela umzimba ebuhlungu benyoka, ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwemisebenzi yomzimba kuzokwenzeka.
I-prophylaxis enhle kakhulu yokualuma ukulunywa ukuqaphela, ulwazi ngezimpawu zezinyoka endaweni abahlala kuyo, ikhono lokusiza bona kanye nabanye.
Ukuluma izici
Ubuthi bungena emzimbeni wesisulu ngemizimba esemazinyweni amabili angaphambili, nawo okudingeka ukubamba isisulu, ngakho mikhulu impela. Ngaphezu kwazo kukhona amazinyo amancane, hhayi aqapheleke kangako.
Lapho kuncibilikiswa, kushunqulwa imichilo enobuthi, kepha ubuthi buqhubeka bukhona, okuvame ukuholela emcabangweni ongaqondile oyingozi: umuntu ulunywe yinyoka, kepha akukho mkhondo esikhunjeni ngesimo samanxeba amabili amakhulu abonisa izinyoka ezinobuthi. Esikhundleni salokho, kungahle kube nezikhonkwane ezincane ezimbalwa, kepha ubuthi, obugeleza phansi umhlathi, bungena kulawa amanxeba, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana okunjalo kuyingozi.
Kuzoba namandla kangakanani imiphumela yokulimala kwe-rattlesnake kunzima ukubikezela. Okuningi kuya ngohlobo nobukhulu bomuntu ngamunye, ngokwesibonelo, i-rattlesnake yaseTexas ingambulala umuntu kalula. Indima ebalulekile idlalwa yiminyaka nempilo ejwayelekile yalowo ohlukunyeziwe.
Qaphela. Lapho ukuluma kusondele ekhanda, kuyingozi kakhulu impilo.
Inyoka ingakhipha ukushaywa okuningi noma yenze imishini ephindaphindwayo yomhlathi, lapho icala inani lobuthi likhulu, futhi amathuba okuba umphumela obulalayo ayanda. Umthamo wezinto ezinobuthi kuncike emandleni okuluma uqobo.
Noma ngabe kunjani, akunakwenzeka ukuqonda kahle ukuthi kungakanani ubuthi obungene emzimbeni, ngakho-ke udinga ukuxhumana nodokotela ukuthola usizo ngokushesha okukhulu. Ezimweni eziningi, kuzofanele ufake i-serum ekhethekile, ezonciphisa imiphumela emibi.
Kudingeka ukwazi
Ama-warnakes awanazo izindlebe, ngakho-ke ngisho nomsindo oqinile awukwazi ukuzesabisa, kepha angakuzwa ukunyakaza kahle (ngokwesibonelo, kusuka ekunyakazeni). Izinzwa ezishisayo zitholakala phakathi kwamehlo, okwenza ukuthi zikwazi ukubona ngokucacile izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele ngisho nasebumnyameni ngokuphelele, futhi ama-receptors esiqeshini solimi anamandla aphindwe yinkulungwane kunephunga lomuntu, ngakho-ke lapho ususondele e-rattlesnake ebusuku, umuntu akakwazi ukumbona kuqala. Ngalesi sizathu, awudingi ukuhamba ebumnyameni ngaphandle kokukhanya ngokusebenzisa izindawo ezihuquzelayo eziyingozi.
Uma bekungenakwenzeka ukubona lowo muntu ukuthi uyaluma noma umuntu akazi ukuthi unobuthi benyoka kangakanani, kuzodingeka unake izimpawu ezivelayo. Ubuthi be-Rattlesnake bubangela ubuhlungu obuvuthayo kakhulu, ubomvu nokuvuvukala.
Kube sekuba nesiyezi, isicanucanu, kanye nomkhuhlane. Inhliziyo iqala ukushaya ngokushesha, ishaya ngamandla. Lapho kunezimpawu ezinjalo, kufanele uphuthunyiswe esibhedlela ngokushesha ukuyonikeza ukwelashwa okufanele. Kulokhu, isikhathi sidlala indima ebusayo futhi lapho umuntu efika ngokushesha kudokotela, amathuba amaningi okuba aphile.
Kubalulekile. Awukwazi ngisho nokuthinta izinyoka ezifile noma ikhanda elikhishwe. Ngemuva kokufa, ukukhalipha kuyaqhubeka isikhashana futhi kunamathuba amaningi okuthi lapho ethintana, izinsiza zomhlathi zithole inkontileka bese umuntu elunywa.
Imiyalo yosizo lokuqala
Ngemuva kokuluma, kubalulekile ukuba uhlale uzolile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuhlaziya kahle lesi simo, uvikele amaphutha futhi uzivikele ekuhlukumezeni okuphindaphindayo isilwane.
Izinyoka ngokwazo zizama ukugwema ukuthintana nabantu futhi zihlasele kuphela uma kungazivikela. Ukuhlaselwa okuphilayo kuhlala kusolwa umuntu ocasule i-ratstersnake noma akhubeke kuyo ngengozi.
Kubalulekile. Kungcono ukuzama ukukhumbula inyoka, iphethini yayo kanye nezimpawu zayo, futhi kungcono uthathe isithombe. Okokugcina okwamanje kulula kakhulu, ngoba cishe wonke umuntu unegajethi. Ukwazi uhlobo lwesilwane, kuzoba lula ukuthi odokotela bakhethe umuthi wokugoma nezindlela zokwelapha.
Yini okufanele siyenze
- Suka kude ne-rattlesnake uqonde kude. Udinga ukuhlala uphapheme, ngoba kungahle kube nezinye izinyoka ezizungezile.
- Isisulu kufanele sithathe indawo yokuhlala (inhliziyo iphakeme kunezinga lesisu) futhi ihlale isendaweni ekhululekile. Isandla sengane singashutheka ngethayi, ngoba kamuva kungcono ukusebenzisa amabhodi abanzi noma izinti.
- Uma ukulunywa bekugqoke izingubo, kufanele kususwe noma kudatshulwe, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona ubuthi kule ndwangu.
- Isisulu akufanele sibe nezindandatho, ubucwebe noma izingubo eziqinile. Konke lokhu okungenhla kufanele kususwe, ngoba izicubu zizovuvukala nakanjani futhi kubalulekile ukugwema ukufafazwa. Ukucindezelwa kwentamo kuyingozi ikakhulukazi.
- Zama ukumunca ubuthi ngomlomo wakho (ngoba lokhu ungasebenzisa isethi ekhethekile, ethengiswa ezindaweni lapho kusatshalaliswa izihuthi). Ukuze wenze lokhu, ubambe isikhumba sizungeze isilonda nesicubu, lokhu kuzosiza ukwandisa izimbobo. Bese uqala ukuncela. Lokhu kungenziwa uma nje kungekho zilonda ezivulekile zokuphuma kwegazi emlonyeni. Ashaye i-sucrose. Ukusika isilonda akudingekile, kuzothuthukisa kuphela ukufakwa kobuthi. Le ndlela kufanele isetshenziswe ngokushesha. Isikhathi saso yimizuzu engu-15 ngokwesilinganiso, ngoba ngemuva kwesikhathi esiningi ubuthi bungena ngokujulile futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba bukhiphe.
- Ngemuva kokugeza inxeba ngamanzi. Ungasebenzisa insipho noma iyiphi i-antiseptic engenamibala. Umgomo ukuvuselelwa kwesikhumba esonakele nokuvinjwa kwe-microflora ye-pathogenic engena kuyo. I-iodine noma aluhlaza okotshani yenza kube nzima ukubona ngeso lengqondo lapho udokotela ehlola isilonda.
- Indawo yokuluma ingambozwa ngokuqinile ngendwangu, kepha hhayi ngokuqinile (hhayi ukuthi iphanjaniswe nokusetshenziswa kwenkundla yokuvakasha) ukuze umunwe wesikhombisi udlule phakathi kwebhandeshi ne-bandage. Isilinganiso esinjalo sizokwehlisa ijubane ukujikeleza kwegazi, yingakho imiphumela emibi ingeke isheshe kangaka.
- Kungcono ukuhambisa umuntu olimele emtholampilo engalweni, enqoleni noma emotweni, ngoba akufanele ahambe - ukuzivocavoca umzimba kuzothuthukisa ubuthi.
- Hambisa isiguli esibhedlela esiseduze ngokushesha okukhulu. Njengomthetho, emitholampilo yase-USA, eCanada naseMexico, lapho kuhlala khona ama-rattlesnakes, kune-antidote. Isimo siba sibi kakhulu lapho izidalwa eziqukethwe ezimalini zikuluma, ngokwesibonelo, eRussia noma e-Ukraine azikho izidakamizwa eziphikisana nama-rattlesnake.
Kubalulekile. Ukuluma kufanele kube ngaphansi kwezinga lezinhliziyo, noma kunjalo, ilunga akufanele lilengise phansi, ngoba ubuthi buzogxila kuwo, futhi ngokwezigaba akuvunyelwe ukuvimbela izicubu ze-izicubu zegazi.
Izenzo Ezingalimaza
Uma i-rattlesnake ilume, izinyathelo ezilandelayo ngeke zithathwe:
- Faka isicelo sedilibhodi ngaphezulu kwesilonda.Lokhu kuzonciphisa ukusabalala kobuthi, kepha kuzogxilwa emilenzeni, kugcwele nezinkinga ezinkulu. Okokuqala, i-toxin izoqala ukubhubhisa izicubu, ibangele i-necrosis futhi, ngenxa yalokho, umlenze uzodinga ukunqunywa, futhi okwesibili, ngemuva kokususa i-tourniquet, hhayi kuphela amaprotheni ayingozi angeniswe yinyoka, kodwa futhi nemikhiqizo yokubola ethuthukisa kakhulu ubuthi bomzimba, izongena kwi-heme ne-lymph flow.
- Ukuphuza utshwala noma i-caffeine nganoma iyiphi indlela akunakuqeda ubuthi.
- Zenzele isilonda.
- Ukwesaba ngeke kube ngokwezigaba. Lokhu kuvusa izindlala ze-adrenal ukuthi zikhiqize ama-hormone e-steroid, azokwandisa ukuhamba kwegazi, andise umfutho wegazi kanye nesilinganiso senhliziyo. Lapho umuntu othintekile ekhathazeka kakhulu, ngokushesha izinto ezinobuthi zizosakazeka emzimbeni wonke.
- Hambisa. Lapho umuntu elunywe kakhulu enza imisebenzi yokuzivocavoca ngokwengeziwe, ubuthi buthwalwa ngokuthe xaxa ngokuya egazini.
- Bamba inyoka. Kunezincomo zokubulala isilwane noma ukubamba (indlela enobuhlakani ngokwengeziwe) ngokuqinisekiswa kwayo nokuzimisela kommiselo. Imizamo enjalo ayifiseleki, ngoba ingaholela ekulimeni okusha kanye nokuxinana kakhulu kobuthi emzimbeni.
Izindlela zokuqapha
Ama-warnakes anokuthula futhi ngaphandle kwesizathu akuwona awokuqala ukuhlasela umuntu. Kepha ngokuba sendalweni, kufanele uqonde ukuthi, eqinisweni, abantu bahambela izilwane, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukubheka ulaka njengeqiniso lapho isidalwa esihuga sangena etendeni. Isinyathelo esiyinhloko sokuvimbela ukungasondeli ku-rattlesnake futhi ungayithinti, noma ngenduku ende.
Ungavimba ukuluma uma:
- Gwema izimbobo, imigodi, imicibisholo nezindawo ngaphansi kwamatshe lapho okutholaka khona izidumbu,
- ngokwemvelo ukubheka izicathulo, izikhwama zokulala, amatende nezinye izinto lapho izivakashi ezingamenywanga zingagibela,
- lapho usetha amakamu esiqeshini sendawo noma ogwadule, yonke iminyango engena endaweni yokuhlala kufanele igcinwe ivaliwe.
Ekuseni, qaphela ngamabhokisi, iziqukathi, nezinye izinto izilwane ezingakhuphuka ngaphansi kwazo ebusuku, ngokwesibonelo, zingacasha elangeni emthunzini wemoto noma trailer.