Caiman uhlala eCentral naseNingizimu Melika. Lezi zilwane zingezokuhleleka kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi zingukukhipha izibankwa ezihlomile nezinezikhali. Ngokusho amathoni isikhumba, caimans kungaba omnyama, onsundu noma oluhlaza.
Kepha ama-caimans aguqula uhlobo lwawo lombala ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka. Ubukhulu be-cayman bujwayelekile ukusuka kumitha eyodwa nengxenye kuya kumamitha amathathu ubude, nesisindo kusuka kumakhilogremu amahlanu kuya kumashumi amahlanu.
Amehlo Cayman sika zivikelwe ulwelwesi, okuvumela ukuba njalo emanzini; ngokwesilinganiso, namazinyo 68 kuya ku-80 abe Caiman. Isisindo sabo singashiyana kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-50 kg. Kuhunyushwa kusuka eSpain, "caiman" kusho "i-alligator, ingwenya."
Kepha ingwenya Cayman futhi lwengwenya konke kuhlukile. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-caiman nengwenya kanye ne-alligator? esihluke Cayman kusukela ingwenya kanye lwengwenya ebukhoneni ithambo amapuleti ngokuthi osteoderms futhi zitholakala ngqo esiswini. Futhi, ama-caimans ane-muzzle emincane futhi emilenzeni yawo yangasemuva kukhona ingxenye kuphela yezitho zokubhukuda.
Ingwenya inegundane eduze kwesihlwitha onqenqemeni lomhlathi oludingekayo ukuze izinyo lisuka ngezansi, i-alligator inezilonda izinyo emhlathini ongenhla, futhi lesi sici sihlukanisa ingwenya kusuka kwi-alligator ne-caiman. Naphezu umehluko, ingwenya cayman esithombeni akuhlukile kakhulu.
Yemvelo kanye yokuphila Caiman
Kuhlala uCayman kumachibi amancane, osebeni lomfula, imifudlana. Nakuba caimans kukhona izilwane, aziyi bayabesaba abantu, basuke kunalokho nokurhubhulula, ezolile futhi ebuthaka, okuyinto ihluke kanjani izingwenya yangempela.
AmaCaimans ayadla izinambuzane, izinhlanzi ezincane, lapho zifinyelela usayizi owanele, zidla ama-invertebrates amakhulu asemanzini, izinyoni, izinyamazane nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-Cayman ungadla ufudu shell futhi iminenke. AmaCaimans ahamba kancane futhi kancane, kepha ahamba kahle kakhulu emanzini.
Ngokwemvelo yazo, ama-caimans anolaka, kepha avame ukufuywa emapulazini, futhi ezindaweni zokugcina imvelo kukhona inani elikhulu, ngakho-ke ajwayela abantu ngokushesha futhi aziphathe ngokuzolile, yize esakwazi ukuluma.
Ukubukwa Cayman
- I-Crocodile noma i-chiwiman yokubuka,
- UBrown cayman,
- Wide Cayman,
- Paraguayan Cayman,
- Indoda emnyama emnyama,
- into encane Cayman.
I-Crocodile cayman ibizwa nangokuthi i-eyeglass. Lolu hlobo lubukeka njengengwenya enomucu omude omfishane, obizwa ngokuthi isibuko samehlo ngenxa yokukhula kokwakheka kwamathambo emehlweni afana nemininingwane yezibuko.
Esikhathini isithombe kukhona Cayman omnyama
Abesilisa abakhulu kunabo bonke banamamitha amathathu ubude. Ngokuncamisayo bazingela ngenkathi yamajuba, ngesikhathi sesomiso kunokudla okuncane, ngakho-ke i-cannibalism ihlala kuma-caimans ngalesi sikhathi. Abakwazi ukuphila ngisho amanzi usawoti. Futhi, uma izimo zezemvelo ziba zimbi kakhulu, hlikihla ku-sludge kanye ne-hibernate.
Umbala wesikhumba unempahla ye-chameleon futhi udlala kusuka kokukhanya okukhanyayo kuya komnqumo omnyama. Kukhona imivimbo umbala brown amnyama. Bangenza imisindo ukusuka ekushayeni umsindo uye emsindweni ongasho lutho.
Njengama-caimans amaningi ahlala ezixhaphozini nasemachibini, ezindaweni ezinezimila ezintantayo. Njengoba lezi caimans kukhona libekezelela amanzi brackish, lokhu akuvumelekile ukuba onqenqema phezu iziqhingi eziseduze Melika. UBrown cayman. Le nhlobo ifana kakhulu nezihlobo zayo, ifinyelela kubude obufika kumamitha amabili futhi ibhalwe kwiBhuku elibomvu.
Indoda ebomvu enamakhanda. Igama lalesi Caiman liyazikhulumela, lokhu Caiman has a nomlomo kangaka okudingeka okungukuthi ebanzi ngisho kuka ezinye izinhlobo izingwenya, afinyelele ku-amamitha kakhulu amabili. Umbala womzimba ikakhulukazi womnqumo, oluhlaza onamabala amnyama.
Le caiman ikakhulukazi ihola indlela yokuphila emanzini, futhi ikhetha amanzi amasha, ikakhulukazi ayinyakazi futhi amehlo kuphela ebusweni bamanzi. Ukuthandwa indlela yokuphila ebusuku bangaphila eduze abantu.
Ukudla ukudla okufanayo njengawo wonke amanye ama-caimans nakho kungakuluma ngegobolondo lamafudu ngakho-ke akhona ekudleni kwawo. Ukudla kugwenywa ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwamafudu wemvelo. Njengoba isikhumba sakhe kufanelekile ukucutshungulwa, lolu hlobo kuyinto inyamazane ezikhangayo nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni kanti lolu nezilwane okusakazwa emapulazini.
Induna yaseParaguay. Ibuye ifane kakhulu ne-crocodile caiman. Usayizi ungakwazi futhi sifinyelele amamitha amathathu umbala kuyafana ingwenya caimans, zihlukaniswa yokuthi ephansi emhlathini elilunguzile elingenhla, futhi ukuba khona tu- amazinyo abukhali, futhi ngenxa yalesi lokhu Caiman wabizwa ngokuthi "Piranha Caiman". Lolu hlobo lwe-caiman nalo lubhalwe ku-Red Book.
Dwarf Cayman. Lezi zilwane ezincane kunazo zonke caimans, abantu ngobukhulu ukufinyelela ubude ngamasentimitha namashumi ayisihlanu eyodwa kuphela futhi. Bakhetha imizimba yamanzi entsha nendlela yokuphila yobusuku, basebenza kakhulu, ntambama bahlala emiseleni eduze kwamanzi. Badla ukudla okufanayo nezinye izinhlobo ze-caiman.
Zizalela Caiman nokuphila kade
Esikhathini esiningi isikhathi sokuzala sihlala esikhathini semvula. Izinsikazi zakha izidleke futhi zibeke amaqanda, inani lazo liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwenhlobo futhi lokhu kuyisilinganiso samaqanda ayi-18-50.
Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi e ezibanzi-Caiman caimans, iduna nensikazi iqhaza inqubo yokudala indawo laying amaqanda. Amaqanda alala emigqeni emibili enamazinga okushisa ahlukene, ngoba lapho kufudumele ngokushisa, amaduna abopha intokazi ebandayo.
Isikhathi sokufakwa ngaphakathi yisilinganiso sezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa. Sonke lesi sikhathi, insikazi ivikela izidleke yakhe, nabesifazane ongahlanganisa ukuvikela enzalweni yabo esikhathini esizayo, kodwa noma kunjalo, ngokwesilinganiso, cishe amaphesenti angu wokwakha ayisishiyagalombili yonakaliswa izibankwa.
Owesifazane ekugcineni kwenkathi usiza ama-caimans ukuba aphile, kepha, naphezu kwakho konke ukuqaphela, bambalwa abasindayo. Imibono iyahluka ngokuphila isikhathi eside, ngoba ekuqaleni ama-caimans abukeka njengawadala. Kodwa kunenkolelo yokuthi ku caimans isilinganiso aphila iminyaka engaba ngu amathathu.
Ingwenya uCayman futhi i-alligator yizilwane zasendulo ezidla inyama ezinamandla amakhulu omzimba, zidingeka kakhulu kule planethi, ngoba ziwukulandelana kwezindawo lapho zihlala khona.
Kodwa okwamanje, abazingela ngokungemthetho abazingela isikhumba salezi zilwane, futhi ngenxa ukubhujiswa izindawo eziningi zalezi izilwane umuntu ngokwakhe, labantu lezi zilwane sehle kakhulu, ezinye zazo kakade ezisohlwini Incwadi Red. Amapulazi amaningi adalwe lapho lezi zidalwa zasatshalaliswa khona ngobuciko.
ICayman Crocodile. yokuphila Cayman futhi olwenzeka endaweni
Lezi zilwane zingenye yabambalwa abasinda ezinsukwini zethu ngemuva kokuthola umlando obudala obungamakhulu eminyaka. Izinkulungwane zeminyaka BC, abantu baseGibhithe bakhonza ingwenya, beyithatha njengesihlobo esiseduze kakhulu sikankulunkulu uSebek.
Esikhathini Pacific Islands, izakhamuzi sikhathi umhlatshelo intombi njalo ngonyaka ukuze bazivikele lezi zilwane. Kwakunenqwaba yezinhlangano zezinkolo ezahlukahlukene ezazikhonza izingwenya.
Namuhla, lezi zidla ezilula, ngandlela-thile imiyalo yemvelo, zidla izilwane ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka, kanye nezidumbu zazo. Caimans kukhona ezihuquzelayo kuphela njengoba efanayo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze komlando, okhokho babo yokuqothulwa.
Ingwenya uCayman
I-Crocodile caiman (Caiman crocodilus) - enye yezinhlobo zama-caimans, ummeleli womndeni wakwa-Alligatoridae. A ingwenya encane nge kunalokho eside, ayisesemikhulu phambi nomlomo. Abesilisa bafika ku-2-2,5 m, insikazi - ingadluli kumamitha ayi-1.4. Ama-caimans amancane aphuzi ngombala anamabala amnyama nemivimbo emzimbeni wonke, abantu abadala baluhlaza okomnqumo. Uyakwazi ukuguqula umbala wabo kancane. Ekhanda, phakathi emakhoneni phambi uzungeza, roller transverse. Entanyeni kunemigqa emithathu yamakhilogremu amakhulu e-occipital. Izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo: Imizimba ehlukahlukene yamanzi ahlanzekile, ezinye izingxoxo zibhekele ulwandle.
A ingwenya abasha kufanelekile yesikhashana 200 litre aquarium nge ogwini. Baba ngabantu abadala ngeminyaka emine kuya kweyisikhombisa - ngalesi sikhathi kungenzeka ukwakha i-aquaterrarium edingekayo. Kumuntu osemuva we-crocodile caiman, umthamo ophelele we-aquaterrarium kufanele ube ngamalitha ayi-1000, okufanele afake ichibi elinokuphakama okungama-40 cm (ezilwaneni ezincane okungenani 10 cm) nogu, okufanele lufudunyezwe futhi lwenele isilwane ngokukhululekile. Izwe ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukukhiqizwa ezihuquzelayo. Uma kungenzeki ukuhlela isiqhingi, yenza ichibi elingashoni, noma ubeke umgoqo ukuze isilwane sikwazi ukuhlala, sinamathele ebusweni baso emanzini. Njengoba izingwenya zingakwazi ukugwinya inyamazane ngaphansi kwamanzi ngenxa yokushoda kwezindebe. Esimweni esejwayelekile, ukugeleza kwamanzi ku ngalo ingaphakathi umzimba uvinjelwa Isivalo esikhethekile. Ngenkathi uginya ukudla, kufanele ukukuvule, kanti uma ingwenya igwinywa ngaphansi kwamanzi, imane iminyanise. Ukuhlwitha inyamazane ebanjayo akulungele i-caiman.
Umbuso lokushisa kufanele kube 25-35 ° C ezingeni lokushisa lamanzi lika 22-25 ° C. Kungaba izibani incandescent (ogibele phezulu bese ikhomba phansi) noma esibukweni izibani anganikeza wendawo "indawo" bafudumale. Kungcono ukufaka ukufudumeza ngendlela yokuqinisekisa umehluko wokushisa. Ukukhanyisa okuqukethe i-ultraviolet ethambile ene-wavelength engama-290-320 nm (imisebe ye-ultraviolet ye-zone B) nakho kufiseleka. Emvelweni, izingwenya ukuthola impela eningi emisebeni ultraviolet labawadzinga for ukumuncwa evamile amaminerali kanye kubalulekile ikakhulukazi izilwane ezisencane. Kufakwe nsuku zonke isonto lonke - ingwenya kufanele "ibambe ilanga" kusuka kumzuzu owodwa kuya kwemhlanu, ngenkathi amaseshini enziwa kangcono esikhumbeni esomile. Ehlobo, emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe- +25 degrees, ungahamba nge-cayman yakho ekhaya - uyikhiphe ihora noma isigamu sehora uye endaweni enelanga evikelwe umoya.
Ukuze womshini aquaterrarium ingilazi kumele kusetshenziswe awugqinsi, kungenjalo izilwane bangakwazi ukuphuma ngayo umsila. Izisetshenziswa (izihlungi nezokushisa) kufanele ziqine futhi ziqine, kanti izinto zensimbi zivikelekile ekufinyeleleni kwezilwane, ngaphandle kwalokho ucingo olwephukile lungadala inkathazo enkulu. Umoya omncane kufanele unikezwe.
Unakekela Isihlobo Caiman endaweni terrarium siphelile ulula, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona amanzi ohlelweni abakhwabanisi in pool yayo ukuze akusho mbeni ingwenya waphinda. Ngokuvamile kwanele ukushintsha amanzi kanye ngeviki, kepha kuya kuncike kokuphakelweni kanye nokuba khona kwesihluzi echibini. Amanzi ahlanzekile ayinto ebalulekile yesondlo, ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka ngohlelo lokuhlunga kwamanzi olusebenzayo nokubuyiselwa kwalo njalo.
Kakhulu "manual" ingwenya bengase bakulume kungalindelekile ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwesixwayiso - besesimweni ngokuphelele ezibonakala umile. Kungcono uthole amagilavu aminyene. Naphezu kokungahambi kahle okubonakalayo, izingwenya zigugile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emanzini. Kodwa emhlabathini, caimans kungaba mobile kakhulu, izilwane ukugijima futhi baze bakwazi gxuma, uma zisekelwa ukwesekwa, bakwazi futhi ukukhuphuka yamadwala nasemigodini snags. Ngaphezu kwamazinyo abukhali, izingwenya zinenye isikhali esinamandla - umsila. Ukushaywa komsila kunamandla kakhulu. Kakhulu isimo esiyingozi yilapho wena ohlangothini ingwenya. Okokuqala, yile ndawo eshaya umsila, futhi okwesibili, isilwane asiphiki phambili, kodwa ngasohlangothini lwaso. Ngakho-ke, usengozini ephindwe kabili. Uma isilwane enquma okuzivikela, ke uyokushaya ngomsila, kanti uma ufuna ukuba kwasemini, sizosebenzisa kwamazinyo aso.
UCaiman uyondla
Inqubo eyingozi kakhulu ukondla. Isilwane Akumelwe kuthi ubona isandla sakho ubambe ukudla. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-reptile ikhulisa isithombe esikhanyayo ngokudla - izophendula esandleni njengokuphakelayo. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukondla ngama-tweezers amade, izinti noma vele ulahle ukudla eduze kwesilwane. Ingwenya ingaqala nezinamathiselo ezihlukahlukene ukunambitheka: + enye ikhona, nginqabe olunye uhlobo ukudla. Ungaqhubeki ngesilwane, weqa okuphakelayo ezimbalwa, kuzoqala ukudla ukudla okunikezwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingwenya zingabulawa yindlala isikhathi eside.
Imvamisa ukusuthisa ingwenya caimans incike lokushisa (i-ukufudumala, kulapho ibadla kanye noHezekeli) kanye nobudala. Izilwane ezincane zidla kaningi, cishe nsuku zonke. Njengoba ukhula, inani elilodwa lokudla liyanda, futhi imvamisa yokondla iyancipha ibe yinye kuya kabili ngesonto. Ngokunciphisa yokudla, ungakwazi ukulawula ukukhula kwezilwane bese usayizi ingwenya esincishisiwe. Le ndlela kumele isetshenziswe ngokucophelela, ukugwema ukukhathala nokushoda kwe-Vitamin.
Ukudla kukakhokho osemdala kungokulandelayo: izingcezu zenyama entsha, inhlanzi (ngaphandle kwezicucu zamathambo, ngaphandle kwalokho kungaqeda ngokudabukisayo nge-caiman), amagundane, ama-mollusks, inhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo zidliwa ziphila,
Kungcono okuphakelayo izinsana kuphela amaxoxo, izinambuzane, ngisho nempuku egxumayo, izinkukhu, kanye izinambuzane ezinkulu (isikhonyane, zilwane ezinkulu amaphela) kanye mollusk (Achatina, Ampularia). Into esemqoka ukuthi izinto ezondlayo zinempilo.
Amalungiselelo e-Vitamin-mineral, ahambisana ne-ultraviolet irradiation adingekayo ekukhuleni okuvamile nasekuvinjelweni kwezifo, empeleni anezelwa okuphakelayo. Kanye ngenyanga ukudla, kuhle ukunikeza multivitamins nezinye izakhamzimba mineral (Reptiminiral, Reptical, Reptovit nabanye).
ICrocodile Caiman Reproduction
Ngeminyaka emine kuya kweyisikhombisa, izingwegwe zasengwenya ziyavuthwa ngokocansi. Ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa futhi ebeka amaqanda kwenzeka phakathi nawo wonke unyaka. Ngaphambi kokubekwa, insikazi yakhela isidleke esinobubanzi obungaba yi-1.5 m nokuphakama okungama-20-25 cm .. Esikhathini se-clutch kunamaqanda ayi-15-30 ama-63 38 mm ngosayizi. Isikhathi sokufakwa ekufudumaleni okushisa angama-30- 32 ° C siyizinsuku ezingama-80-86. Phakathi nale nkathi, kungcono hhayi abaphazamisa nabesifazane. Baqapha isidleke sabo ngenkuthalo futhi bangaba nolaka ngokweqile. Abancane bazalwa benobude obucishe bube ngama-20 cm futhi badle ngokuzithandela izinambuzane, amasele namagundane asanda kuzalwa.
Lapho belungiselela zizalela, qiniseka ukuqhuba Yiqiniso ngemisebe ngoba amalungiselelo nowesifazane, Sinike Vitamin equkethe vitamin E nge ukudla. Ogwini kufanele kubekwe izinto ezahlukahlukene zokwakha isidleke - amaqabunga, amagatsha amancane, ama-moss. Ngemuva kokubopha izingane, kufanele ziyekwe kubantu abadala.
izivakashi Sawubona isayithi esitolo isilwane "Flora Fauna", manje ungacela bese uphendula yethu. Lokhu kulula kakhulu kunakwimibono)) Ungangena ngemvume (ngena ngemvume kusayithi) ngamanethiwekhi omphakathi.
Ukubukeka
Lesi sisicubu esincane esinezimbali ezinde, ezincishisiwe zangaphambili namazinyo amakhulu. Mature abesilisa kwalesi silwane, njengoba umthetho, bavela 1.8 2 m ubude, kuyilapho izinsikazi mancane, ngokuvamile mayelana 1.2-1.4 m. Isisindo umzimba abadala kunazo kuhluka 7 kuya 40 kg. Ubukhulu obukhulu obuqoshwe kule nhlobo buyi-2.2 m, noma kunemibiko yezilwane ezinde kunamamitha ayi-2,5 nesisindo esingama-58 kg. Owesifazane omkhulu kakhulu owaziwayo kubikwa ukuthi wayengu-1.61 m ubude futhi enesisindo esingu-20 kg. Caymans ayevela eVenezuela kukhona kunangendlela amasampula avela eMexico. Elinye lamagama alezi zinhlobo ("eyeglass caiman") livela lapho kukhona khona ithambo phakathi kwamehlo, kufana nokuphuma kwengilazi.
Ama-caimans amancane aphuzi ngombala anamabala amnyama nemivimbo emzimbeni wonke, abantu abadala baluhlaza okomnqumo. Bayakwazi kancane ukushintsha umbala walo, okuyinto bunikezwa melanophore amaseli kwesikhumba. Ngakho-ke, lapho kubanda kuba mnyama kakhulu. Ukubhaliswa kweCayman kuyahluka ngombala, ngosayizi nokwakheka kukakhanda.
Spectacled Cayman
Ungumbhali noma i-caiman ejwayelekile enama-subspecies amathathu aziwa kahle, ahlukaniswe ngosayizi nokwakheka kwesigebhezi, kanye nombala. Abantu abasha banombala ogqamile, ovame ophuzi, onemivimbo / amabala amnyama aqaphelekayo emzimbeni wonke. Yellowness ubalekela njengoba ikhula. Ngendlela efanayo, iqala ukusabalala bese iphethini emzimbeni iyanyamalala. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zabantu abadala zithola umbala oluhlaza womnqumo.
Lezi caimans nesici ezihlobene izibankwakazi ezimbiwa phansi - a ichopho esingunxantathu phezu bony endaweni Isivalo engenhla. Ubude obujwayelekile besifazane buyi-1.5-2 m, owesilisa ungamamamitha ayi-2-2,5. Ama-Giants akhula aze afike kumamitha ama-3 awandile kakhulu phakathi kwama-caimans amangalisayo.
Cayman obanzi
Ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi ezibanzi elinekhala.Ubukhulu obujwayelekile abudluli kumamitha ayi-2, kanti imidondoshiya eyi-3.5 m kungenzeka ngokungafani emthethweni. Wathola igama lakhe libonga ngesihle esikhulu esikhulu (lapho isihlangu samathambo sigijimela khona) ngamabala abonakalayo. Ngemuva kwe-caiman kumbozwe ngegobolondo eliqinile lesikali esenziwe foss.
Izilwane ezindala zidwetshwa ngombala we-olive ongathetheki kangako: enyakatho ama-caimans asempumalanga ahlala phakathi, umnyama umqhele womnqumo kanye okuphambene nalokho.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Emvelaphi yama-caimans, ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi okhokho babo basendulo bayizilwane ezihuqayo ezingapheli - i-pseudosuchia. Baphila cishe ngezigidi ezingama-230 edlule futhi bakhipha ama-dinosaurs nezingwenya. Ama-caimans asendulo ayehluke kubamele besimanje bohlobo ngama-paws amade kanye nesigaxa esifushane. Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-65 edlule, ama-dinosaurs aqothuka, futhi izingwenya, kufaka phakathi ama-caimans, zakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi zaphila ezimweni ezintsha.
Yakarsky cayman
UnguParaguayan, noma uJacara. Ayinakho okubhaliselwe futhi ifana kakhulu ne-eyeglass caiman, okuthiwa yamuva nje. IZhakare kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-piranha caiman ngenxa yomlomo othize, onamazinyo amade amade atholakala ngale kwemingcele yomhlathi ongaphezulu bese akha izimbobo lapho.
Imvamisa ikhula ifike kumamitha ayi-2, okuvamisile ukuthi ivame ukufika kwabathathu. Njengezihlobo zayo, inezinto zokuvikela esiswini sayo - igobolondo lokuvikelwa ezilungeni zezinhlanzi ezidlayo.
Ividiyo: UCayman
Uhlobo lwe-caiman luyingxenye yomndeni we-alligator, isigaba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kepha siveza njengeyunithi ezimele ngenxa yezici zesakhiwo sangaphandle. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwaqalwa ngohlaka lwamakheji ngohlobo lwamapuleti axhunyaniswe namajoyinti ashukumisekayo esiswini sama-caimans. "Izikhali" ezinjalo ezivikelayo zivikela kahle ama-caimans ekuhlaselweni kwezinhlanzi ezidlayo. Enye into ehlukile yalezi ezihuquzelayo ukungabi bikho kwe-septum ye-bony emgodini wamakhala, ngakho-ke igebhezi labo linokukhala okungafani.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: "AmaCaimans, ngokungafani nama-alligator kanye nezingwenya zangempela, azinazo izindlala ezi-lacrimal ekwakhiweni kwamehlo, ngakho-ke azikwazi ukuhlala emanzini anosawoti kakhulu."
Isakhiwo somzimba se-caimans sivumelaniswa nempilo ezimweni zamanzi. Ukugeleza kalula emanzini futhi ushaye ungazelele umuntu ongafanele, umzimba we-caiman uthwetshiwe ngobude, ikhanda lakhe liyisicaba ngomzalo ophakeme, imilenze emifushane nomsila omude oqinile. Emehlweni kunama-membranes akhethekile avala lapho ucwiliswa emanzini. Emhlabeni, laba bantu abahlangene bangakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha, futhi nentsha ikwazi ngisho nokuqhakaza.
Iqiniso elihlaba umxhwele: “AmaCaym uyakwazi ukwenza imisindo. Kubantu abadala, lo msindo ukhumbuza ukukhonkotha kwenja, nasezinganeni ze-caiman - ukuqhekeka kwamaxoxo. "
Uhlobo lwe-caiman luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-5, ezimbili zazo (i-Cayman latirostris ne-veneti-lensis) esezivele zaphela.
Njengamanje, emvelweni, ungathola izinhlobo ezi-3 zama-caymanas:
- Ingwenya yeCayman noma ejwayelekile, iyamangaza (inezincazelo ezine),
- I-Cayman ibanzi noma inebanzi (ayikho imininingwane),
- I-Cayman Paraguayan noma iPiranha, i-Yakar (ayikho imibiko).
Indlela yokuphila, umlingiswa
Cishe wonke ama-caimans akhetha ukuhlala odakeni, ahlangana nemvelo. Imvamisa kungamabhange anodaka emifudlana nemifula egeleza ehlathini: izidalwa ezihuquzelayo zifudumeza izinhlangothi zazo iningi losuku.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma i-cayman ishile, iba yishlabathi esikhanyayo (ukukhombisa imisebe yelanga).
Esomeni, lapho amanzi enyamalala, ama-caimans angena amachibi asele, ahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu. AmaCaimans, yize eyizidakamizwa, awakabi sengozini yokuhlasela abantu nezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo. Lokhu kuchazwa ngobukhulu bawo obuncane, kanye nokuhluka kwe-psyche: ama-caimans anokuthula futhi anamahloni kunamanye ama-alligator.
AmaCaymans (ikakhulukazi aseNingizimu Melika) aguqula umbala wawo, okubonisa ngokungazenzisi ukuthi afudumele noma abande kangakanani. Ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi ekuqaleni kokusa isikhumba sesilwane esiboshwe sibukeka simnyama, simnyama futhi simnyama. Lapho nje ukuncipha kobusuku kunyamalale, isikhumba sikhanya kancane kancane, siphenduka sibe luhlaza okungcolile.
AmaCaimans ayakwazi ukucasuka, futhi ubunjalo bemisindo eyenziwe buhambisana nobudala. Ama-young caimans akhonkotha kafushane nangokhonkolo, abize into efana ne "kraaaa". Abantu abadala bakhalela phezulu isikhathi eside, futhi, futhi, sebeqedile ukulalela, bashiya umlomo uvulekile. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, umlomo uvala kancane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-caimans amadala njalo, ngokuzwakalayo nangokumangalisayo kakhulu amagxolo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Noma kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela, kukholelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ama-caimans aphile iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40. Empilweni yabo yonke, bona, njengazo zonke izingwenya, “bakhala” (ukudla isisulu noma nje ukuzilungiselela).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ayikho imizwa yangempela efihlekile ngemuva kwalesi simo somzimba. Izinyembezi ze-Crocodile zingukuphuma kwemvelo emehlweni, kanye nosawoti omningi ophuma emzimbeni. Ngamanye amagama, ama-caimans afunga amehlo abo.
Ihlala kuphi i-caiman?
Photo: Animal Cayman
Indawo yokuhlala kwalezi ezihubhayo ibanzi kakhulu futhi kuncike ekuthandeni okushisayo kwezinhlobo ze-caiman. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-caiman yengwenya iyindawo yokugcina amathange nezindawo ezingaseningizimu nezisenkabeni neMelika. Kutholakala kusuka eGuatemala naseMexico kuya ePeru naseBrazil. Enye yezinsizakusebenza zayo (fuscus) yenziwe kabusha endaweni yezizwe ezithile zaseMelika ezingasemngceleni wolwandle iCaribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico).
I-Crocodile caiman ithanda amachibi anamanzi acwebezelayo, eduze nemifula emincane namachibi, kanye namathafa aphansi omanzi. Isikhathi esifushane angaphila emanzini anosawoti, kungadluli izinsuku ezimbili.
I-cayman enamanzi amaningi imelana kakhulu namazinga okushisa aphansi, ngakho-ke iyatholakala ogwini lwe-Atlantic emanzini aseBrazil, eParaguay, eBolivia nasenyakatho ye-Argentina. Amaxhaphozi kanye nomfula omncane ugeleza ngamanzi amasha, kwesinye isikhathi amanzi anosawoti kancane asebenza njengendawo ayithandayo. Ingahlala futhi emachibini aseduze namakhaya abantu.
IParaguayan Cayman ithande ukuhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zezulu. Ihlala eningizimu yeBrazil neBolivia, enyakatho ye-Argentina, eParaguay ezindaweni eziphansi ezinamamaki. Imvamisa iyabonakala phakathi kweziqhingi ezintantayo zezitshalo.
Udlani u-Caiman?
Isithombe: UCayman Alligator
AmaCaimans, ngokungafani nezihlobo zawo ezinkulu ezidla izinyamazane, awazivumelanisa nezimo ukuze adle izilwane ezinkulu. Leli qiniso libangelwa ukwakheka komhlathi, usayizi omncane womzimba, kanye namahloni okuqala alezi ezihubhayo.
Njengoba zihlala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi, ama-caimans angathola inzuzo kulezi zilwane:
- ama-invertebrates asemanzini kanye nama-vertebrates,
- ama-amphibians
- izirhubuluzi ezincanyana,
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
Ukudla kwezilwane ezincane kubuswa yizinambuzane ezihlala phezu kwamanzi. Njengoba bekhula, bashintshela ekudleni izithiyo ezinkulu - ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks, izinhlanzi zasemfuleni, amasele, izinduku ezincane. Abantu abadala bayakwazi ukuzondla nge-capybara encane, i-anaconda eyingozi, ufudu.
AmaCaimans aginya inyamazane yawo yonke ngaphandle kokuyiluma. Okuhlukile kukhona izimfudu nge-carapace yazo enkulu. Kuma-snorkels kanye ne-caimans yaseParaguay, iminenke yamanzi iyindlela enhle yokudla. Ngenxa yalokhu kuthanda kokudla, lezi ezihuquzelayo zithathwa njengezokuhleleka kwamachibi, ngoba zilawula amanani alezi zimbumbulu.
Elinye igama le-Paraimanan caiman yi-piranha, ngoba idla lezi zinhlanzi ezidliwayo, ngaleyo ndlela zilawule usayizi wabantu bazo. AmaCaimans nawo anezimo ze-cannibalism.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Indawo ebanzi kunazo zonke iyaqhosha i-cayman ejwayelekileabahlala e-USA nakwizifunda eziningi zaseNingizimu Melika / Central America: iBrazil, iCosta Rica, iColombia, iCuba, i-El Salvador, i-Ecuador, iGuyana, iGuatemala, iFrench Guiana, iHonduras, iNicaragua, iMexico, iPanama, iPuerto Rico, iPeru, iSuriname, iTrinidad, Tobago naseVenezuela.
I-eyeglass cayman ayixhunyiwe ikakhulukazi kwizidumbu zamanzi, futhi ukuzikhetha, ukukhetha kunamanzi namanje. Imvamisa ihlala eduze nemifudlana namachibi, kanye nasezindaweni eziphansi ezinomswakama. Izizwa imnandi ngenkathi yezimvula, futhi ibekezelela nesomiso kahle. Ungahlala izinsuku ezimbalwa emanzini anosawoti. Esikhathini esomile, ifihla izimbobo noma imisele odakeni oluwuketshezi.
Ibanga elicindezelwe ngaphezulu ku caiman ububanzi. Uhlala ogwini lwe-Atlantic olusenyakatho ye-Argentina, eParaguay, eziqhingini ezincane eziseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil, eBolivia nase-Uruguay. Le nhlobo (enendlela yokuphila yasemanzini kuphela) ihlala amaxhaphozi amaxhaphozi kanye namathafa amade amade anamanzi amasha. Ngaphezu kwezinye izindawo, i-cayman ebanzi enezikhala ezibanzi ithanda imifula egeleza kancane kancane emahlathini aminyene.
Ngokungafani nezinye izidalwa, kubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi kahle-ke, ihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-600 ngaphezu kolwandle. Uzizwa ezolile ngokuhlala kwabantu, ngokwesibonelo, emachibini lapho kuhlelwa khona ukuthambisa imfuyo.
Ukuthanda kakhulu ukushisa kwama-caimans anamuhla - I-Yakarsky, indawo yakhe yokuhlala ihlanganisa iParaguay, eningizimu yeBrazil kanye nenyakatho yeArgentina. IZhakare ihlala ezigungwini nasezindaweni ezinomswakama, zivame ukucasha ngeziqhingi eziluhlaza ezintantayo. Ukuncintisana kwamachibi ngenduna ebanzi ebanzi, kugcwala indawo yokugcina enhle kunazo zonke.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isilwane seCayman
Lezi ezihubhayo zivame ukuhlala zihlala zodwa futhi kwesinye isikhathi zingahlala ngababili noma ngamaqembu, imvamisa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Lapho kufika isikhathi esomile, babuthana ngamaqembu bayofuna amachibi angakomile.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: "Ngesikhathi sesomiso, abanye abamele ama-caimans bajula ngokujulile kusilika nakwi-hibernate."
Ngenhloso yokufihla isikhathi sasemini, ama-caimans akhetha ukuhlala odakeni noma phakathi kwamathanga, lapho angakwazi khona, ukucasha, ebusika ngokuzolile elangeni isikhathi esiningi. Ama-cayman alamule azobuyela emanzini ngokushesha. Izinsikazi ziya emhlabathini ziyokwakha isidleke lapho bese zibeka amaqanda.
Ebusuku, ngokushesha lapho kuhlwa, lezi ezihuquzelayo zihamba zizingela emhlabeni wazo ongaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho zizingela, ziminza ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi, zinamathele kuphela emakhaleni namehlo ebusweni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: “Ngokwakheka kwamehlo kokhoba, kunezinduku eziningi kunesigaxa. Ngakho-ke, babona kahle ebusuku. "
Lezi ezihubhayo zihlala zizolile, zinokuthula futhi ziyesabeka ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke azihlaseli abantu nezilwane ezinkulu ngenhloso yokuphanga. Lokhu kuziphatha ngokwengxenye kungenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane. AmaCaveim aphila kusuka eminyakeni engama-30 kuye kwengama-40, ekuthunjweni, isikhathi sokuphila sifushane.
Ukudla, izimayini ze-caiman
Kubhekwe uCayman ekudleni kukhetheni futhi kudle wonke umuntu ongamesabisi ngosayizi wabo. Izinyamazane ezisencane zidla ama-invertebrates asemanzini, kufaka phakathi ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane kanye nama-mollusks. Kuvuthiwe - shintshela kuma-vertebrates (izinhlanzi, ezihuquzelayo, ama-amphibians nezinyoni zasemanzini).
I-caiman efile ivumela ukuzingela umdlalo omkhulu, isibonelo, izingulube zasendle. Lolu hlobo lubanjwa ku-cannibalism: izingcingo ze-crocodile caimans zivame ukudla ama-comrade awo ngezikhathi zesomiso (ukungabikho kokudla okujwayelekile).
Isitsha esithandwayo wide cayman - iminenke yamanzi. Izilwane ezincelisayo eziphila emhlabeni kulezi zinhlanzi azinasisekelo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukubhubhisa iminenkezo, ama-caimans anikeza usizo olukhulu kubalimi, njengoba ama-mollusks ethelela imisebe ngemibungu yesinambuzane (abathwali bezifo ezimbi).
AmaCaimans aba ngabezimo eziphuthumayo zezindawo zokugcina amanzi, azisuse ngeminenke eyingozi ezinkomeni. Ama-invertebrates asele, kanye nama-amphibians nezinhlanzi, afika etafuleni kaningi. Abantu abadala badla inyama yofudu lwamanzi, amagobolondo alo e-caiman acofa njengamantongomane.
Paraguayan Cayman, njengobubanzi obubanzi, uthanda ukuzicwilisa ngemigodi yamanzi. Ngesinye isikhathi izingela izinhlanzi, futhi futhi kaningi kakhulu - izinyoka namasele. Izinyamazane ezisencane zidla ama-mollusk kuphela, kuphela ngeminyaka emithathu zihamba ngezinyawo eziseduze kwezilwane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Caiman Cub
Ngokwesibalo se-caiman, njengeyunithi yesakhiwo, kukhona isikhundla phakathi kwabesilisa ngokwesilinganiso somzimba nokuthomba. Okusho ukuthi, endaweni ethile ethile, owesilisa kuphela omkhulu kunabo bonke futhi ovusa ucansi obhekwa njengoyisikhulu futhi ongazalela. Abesilisa abasele abahlala naye endaweni eyodwa banamathuba amancane okuvunyelwa ukuzalanisa.
AmaCaimans abhekwa njengabantu abavuthiwe, njengoba esefinyelele kubude bomzimba bomuntu oneminyaka eyi-4 kuye kwengu-7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi zincanyana ngosayizi kunabesilisa. Isikhathi esifanele sokuzala sithatha ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti. Ngenkathi yemvula, izinsikazi zakha izidleke zokuzalela amaqanda, hhayi kude nedamu ezihlahleni noma ngaphansi kwezihlahla. Izinzwa zakhiwa ezitshalweni nakubumba, kwesinye isikhathi zimane zigaye umgodi esihlabathini.
Ukuvikela inzalo, insikazi ingakha izidleke eziningana noma ihlangane nezinye ukudala isidleke esivamile, bese iyimbheka ndawonye. Kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nowesilisa ungabheka isidleke ngenkathi insikazi izingela. Owesifazane oyedwa ubeka amaqanda angama-15- 40 ubukhulu beqanda noma wenkukhu yenkukhu. Ukuze abantu bobabili ubulili babambe nge-clutch eyodwa, insikazi ibekela amaqanda kwizendlalelo ezimbili ukudala umehluko wokushisa.
Ukuvuthwa kokumbungu kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-70-90. NgoMashi, ama-caimans amancane alungele ukuzalwa. Bakhipha imisindo “ecwebezelayo” bese umama eqala ukuyikhipha. Ngemuva kwalokho emlonyeni uyidlulisela endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Ngenkathi yokukhula, izilwane ezincane zihlala eduze konina, ozivikele ezitheni zangaphandle. Owesifazane oyedwa akavikele hhayi kuphela amazinyane akhe, kodwa futhi angabazi. Abantu abasha bakhula ngenkuthalo iminyaka emibili yokuqala, khona-ke ukukhula kwabo kuncipha. Iqembu elikhulayo le-caimans ngokushesha lihlukanisa abantu abakhulu nabasebenzayo ngokwengeziwe, ngemuva kwalokho liyohlala phezulu ezikhundleni zabo ezindala.
Ukuzalela iCaiman
Onke ama-caimans alalela ubukhosi obuqinile lapho isimo somhlaseli sincike ekukhuleni nasekuvundeni. Emadodeni ezikhundla eziphansi, ukukhula kuyancipha (ngenxa yengcindezi). Imvamisa, abesilisa abanjalo abavunyelwe nokuba bazale.
Ukuvuthwa kocansi kowesifazane kwenzeka cishe ngeminyaka engama-4-7, lapho ekhula aze abe ngamamitha ayi-1,2. Izinduna zikulungele ukukhula ngokweminyaka efanayo. Kuliqiniso, bathola abalingani ekukhuleni, bafika kubude bamitha 1.5-1.6 ngalesi sikhathi.
Isikhathi sokuzalela sihlala ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti, kodwa ukubeka amaqanda kuvame ukwenzeka ngaphambi kwenkathi yemvula, ngoJulayi - Agasti. Owesifazane uhlanganyela ekuhleleni isidleke, amvalele indawo yakhe enkulu (kusuka kubumba nezitshalo) ngaphansi kwezihlahla nezihlahla. Ogwini oluvulekile, izidleke ze-caiman ziyaqabukela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kwi-clutch egadiwe kakhulu ngowesifazane, imvamisa amaqanda ayi-15 - 20, kwesinye isikhathi isibalo sifinyelela kuma-40. Izingxoxo eziqokiwe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-70-90. Usongo olukhulu kakhulu luvela kwiligi, izingwebe ezihlaselayo eziqhwaga zifinyelela ku-80% izindunduma zecayman.
Imvamisa, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ezingxenyeni ezi-2 ukudala umehluko wokushisa onquma ubulili bemibungu: yingakho inani “labafana” kanye “namantombazane” esibelethweni licishe lilingane.
Ukubamba kwezinsana kudonsa kakhulu, umama uphula isidleke bese esidonsela emanzini aseduze. Abesifazane bavame ukungabheki izingane zabo kuphela, kodwa futhi nakuma-caimans angomakhelwane, abalwa nonina.
Kwesinye isikhathi iduna libuke nengane, yenze imisebenzi yezokuphepha, ngenkathi lona ophathayo eluma ukuyoluma. Intsha ihamba nonina isikhathi eside, ihlangana emahhadeni futhi ihamba nemijondolo engashoni ndawonye.
Izitha Zemvelo ZamaCaymans
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-caimans ayizilwane ezidla izinyawo, wona uqobo ayingxenye yokudla kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu futhi ezinolaka. Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-caimans zingaba yisisulu se-jaguars, ama-anacondas amakhulu, ama-otter amakhulu, imihlambi yezinja ezinkulu eziphambukayo. Njengoba zihlala endaweni efanayo nezingwenya zangempela nama-caimans amnyama (lokhu kuyingwenya yaseNingizimu Melika), lezi ezihuquzelayo ezincane zivame ukuba izisulu zazo.
Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, insikazi akufanele yenze imizamo emincane nesineke ukuvikela isidleke namaqanda ayo kwizinyosi ezinkulu, ezonakalisa izidleke zekota.Namuhla, abantu phakathi izitha zemvelo caymans.
Umuntu unomphumela omubi onjalo kubantu be-caiman:
- Kulimaza indawo - lokhu kufaka hlangana ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi ngodoti ovela eziteshini zamandla kagesi, ukulima iziza ezintsha zezolimo,
- Ukwehla kwenani labantu njengomphumela wokuzingela. Isikhumba salezi ezihuquzelayo kunzima ukusicubungula lapho kwenziwa imikhiqizo yesikhumba, okuwukuphela kwaso ukubukeka okubanzi. Ama-coccodile caimans, ngosayizi wawo omncane nokuthula okunokuthula, avame ukubanjwa athengiswe kuma-terrariums angasese.
Iqiniso elihlaba umxhwele: "Ngo-2013, abasebenza emihambili ehlala eTortuguero National Park eCosta Rica baba yizisulu zobuthi obunobuthi bezinambuzane obungena eMfuleni iRio Suerta bevela emasimini kabhanana."
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Little Cayman
Isibalo sabantu abaseqenjini le-caiman sancishiswa kakhulu maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yokubanjwa okungalawulwa nokuhweba. Leli qiniso libangelwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi izingwenya ezinezinhlobo zesikhumba ezibalulekile zazisondele ekuqothulweni. Ngakho-ke, abantu, ukuze ubuyise emakethe lesikhumba izimpahla nge izinto zokusetshenziswa, waqala ukuhlasela caimans, yize isikhumba sabo wayesifanele ekucubunguleni kuphela kusukela izinhlangothi zomzimba.
Isikhumba seCayman asibalulekanga kangako (cishe izikhathi eziyishumi), kepha ngasikhathi sinye, sigcwalise ingxenye ebalulekile yemakethe yomhlaba namuhla. Naphezu kobukhulu besabelo yemiphumela eyingozi yomuntu, labantu Caiman walondolozwa sibonga zinyathelo ukuvikela lokhu uhlobo lwe of izilwane kanye nezimo zabo eziphakemeyo nokushintsha izimo zokuphila. Kumakhokhozi ayingwenya, inani elilinganiselwayo labantu basesigidini esisodwa, kuma-caimans abanzi - 250-500 ayinkulungwane, kanti eParaguayan leli nani liphansi kakhulu - izinkulungwane eziyi-100-200.
Njengoba ama-caimans angabaphangi, ngokwemvelo adlala indima yokulawula. Ukudla encane namagundane, izinyoka, ama-mollusk mabhungane, izimpethu, basuke kubhekwe ecosystem zokuhlanza. Futhi sibonga ukusetshenziswa piranha, basekela labantu non-ezidla inyama nenhlanzi labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-caimans aqhakambisa imisinga emincane ene-nitrogen equkethwe emfuyweni yezilwane.
Cayman Guard
Photo: Cayman Red Incwadi
Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-caimans zingaphansi kohlelo lokuvikela izilwane i-CITES. Njengoba inani lamakholifishi angama-crocodile liphezulu, abhalwe kuSithasiselo II salesi Sivumelwano. Ngokusho kwesithasiselo, lezi zinhlobo zama-caimans zingaba sengozini yokuqothulwa ngesikhathi sokuhweba okungalawulwa kwabamele baso. E-Ecuador, eVenezuela, eBrazil izinhlobo zazo zivikelwe, kanti ePanama naseColombia ukuzingela kwabo kulinganiselwe. ECuba nasePuerto Rico, watshalwa ngokukhethekile ezindaweni zokugcina zasendaweni zokuzalela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-caiman ejwayelekile yase-Apaporisian, ehlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeColombia, ifakwa kwiSithasiselo I seCITES Convention, okuwukuthi, le nhlobo isongelwa ngokuqothuka futhi ingathengiswa kuphela ngaphandle. Abekho ngaphezu kwenkulungwane yabameli balesi sikhala. Ukubukeka okunamabhande amaningi ama-caimans kufakiwe naku-CITES Convention Annex I, kungenzeka kakhulu ngoba isikhumba saso sihamba kahle kakhulu ekwenzeni imikhiqizo yesikhumba kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bavame ukuzama ukuyikhipha njengekhwalithi ephezulu yesikhumba se-alligator.
Paraguay zinhlobo Caiman kufakwa ohlwini ku-International Red Book. Ukuze kwandiswe inani labantu bakhona, kuye kwasungulwa izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa eBolivia, e-Argentina naseBrazil. Ngo-Argentina neBrazil, abazama ukuzalela nemfuyo lezi zilwane linesizotha, ukudala izimo ngoba nabo "ingwenya" amapulazi. Futhi eBolivia, bazivumelanisa nokuzalanisa kwabo ku-vivo.
UCaiman izilwane engavamile abaphila emhlabeni. Azive zithakazelisa ngendaba yabo, a yinqaba futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, iyashaqisa ukubukeka, kanye indlela eyinkimbinkimbi zokuphila. Njengoba beyizakhamizi zakudala zoMhlaba, banelungelo lokuhlonipha nokusekelwa okuvela ebuntwini.
Incazelo izingwenya
Izingwenya - omkhulu, elingamamitha ambalwa ngobukhulu, ne kwanginika amandla amakhulu nezilwane ezihuquzelayo womele igazi kakhulu uvele on ezweni lethu ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba Dinosaurs. Bayinzalo eqondile yezazi zasendulo ezaziphila esikhathini se-Mesozoic. Ukubukeka kwengwenya, indlela yayo yokuphila, indlela yokuthola ukudla nemikhuba kusakhumbuza lobu buhlobo.
Umzimba, umsila kanye nemilenze kumbozwe ngesikhumba esinezintaba ezilukhuni esiphenduke amapuleti, okuyisikhumbuzo esithile samatshe abheke ngasolwandle, lapho kwaqhamuka khona igama lawo. ICrocodilos, elihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini, ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "isibungu esinamatshe." Yize isibungu lesi singejwayelekile neze, simane sikhulu ngendlela emangalisayo. Osayizi bezingwenya, kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kusuka ku-2x kuye kumamitha ayi-6, futhi isisindo sazo sifinyelela cishe eteni. Kutholakala nabantu abakhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke izingwenya ezifakiwe zingafinyelela isisindo esingama-2000 kg. Abesifazane bavame ukucishe babe yingxenye yobukhulu besilisa.
Ngokusho kwesigaba esikhona, izingwenya zingokoqobo, ama-alligators kanye nama-gavials. Isakhiwo jikelele zonke zilwane iyafana futhi iningi ingashintshwa ukuze abahlala imvelo yasemanzini: a isicaba umzimba, flat, nge empumulweni eside, ikhanda, umsila omude singatsheki onomfutho kusukela izinhlangothi nasemilenzeni iDemo. Emabunzini angaphambili, iminwe emi-5, emilenzeni engemuva 4, exhumeke ulwelwesi. Amehlo abafundi mpo, amakhala kukhona phezu okhakhayini, elivumela ingwenya, egxilile ngokuphelele emanzini, ukuphefumula ngokukhululekile nokubona konke endaweni. Baye bathuthukisa kakhulu umbono wobusuku, izimbobo zezindlebe kanye namakhala kungavalwa ngemigoqo yesikhumba.
Lezi ezihuquzelayo zinohlelo lokuphefumula lwangempela. Sinenkosi emaphashini esikhulu ubambe omningi ezibavumelayo ukuba babambe umoya isikhathi eside. imisipha Special emhlabeni emaphashini Ungahambisa emoyeni emaphashini isihlobo ukuba maphakathi gravity, kanjalo elawula buoyancy. I-diaphragm evela ezicutshini ezitholakalayo ingaphonsa izitho zangaphakathi endaweni eya kude, eguqula isikhungo sokudonsa komzimba, inikeze isikhundla esifunekayo somzimba futhi ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nasopharynx ahlukaniswa ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo by lesibili ithambo ulwanga, ngenxa lapho ingwenya ungagcina umlomo wawo evulekile ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngalesikhatsi kuchutjekwa nekwenta ukuphefumula amakhala ayo esisogwini kwamanzi, isihenqo LasePalatine kanye valve akhethekile ungavumeli amanzi ukungena emphinjeni zokuphefumula.
Ingwenya inohlelo eyinqaba kwegazi. Inhliziyo yigumbi elinamakamelo amane elinama-atria amabili nama-ventricle amabili, ahlukaniswe yi-septum. Kepha ukwakheka okukhethekile, uma kunesidingo, kunika i-aorta, okuholela ohlelweni lokugaya, ukuguqulwa kwegazi elingafani ne-venous, eligcwele i-carbon dioxide, okuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwejusi lesisu futhi kusheshise inqubo yokugaya ukudla. Ngakho-ke, ingwenya ingaginya ukudla kube izingcezu ezinkulu noma iphelele, isazogaywa. Igazi lakhe liqukethe imishanguzo eqinile evikela ukutheleleka ngisho nasemanzini angcolile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hemoglobin esegazini yengwenya ithwala oksijini kaningi kunasezilwaneni zasemhlabeni nakubantu, ngakho-ke izingwenya ziyakwazi ukubamba umoya wazo futhi, ngaphandle kokuntanta phezulu, zingaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube amahora angama-2.
Uhlelo lokugaya izingwenya nalo lunezimpawu zalo. Ngakho-ke amazinyo abo avuselelwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, ngakho-ke abesabi ukulahleka kwamazinyo, kusazokhula okusha. Izinyo lizwakala ngaphakathi futhi kulo mzimba kufakwa okunye esikhundleni salo, njengoba izinyo lisusiwe noma liphukile, selivele selilungele ukulibuyisela. Isisu sikhulu futhi sibiyelwe ngodonga, ngaphakathi kukhona amatshe okuhlola lapho ingwenya igaya ukudla. Ithumbu elincane iDemo odlula phakathi ikholoni nge ukufinyelela cloaca. Akukho bladder nhlobo, mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuphila emanzini.
Izingwenya kanye izingwenya zihlukile komunye nomunye. Ngaphandle, lokhu kubonakala ekwakhekeni kwemihlathi. Ingwenya yangempela inezikhala ezibukhali, futhi umlomo ovaliwe, izinyo lesine lomhlathi ophansi liphumela ngaphandle. ubuso I lwengwenya sika sifiphele, futhi emihlathini avaliwe, namazinyo awabonakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingwenya real ine ekhethekile lingual usawoti izindlala ngolimi yayo, namehlo abe nezindlala lacrimal ukuthi ukususa usawoti okweqile kusukela isidumbu ingwenya. Lokhu kuboniswa yizinyembezi ezibizwa ngokuthi izinyembezi, ngoba, ingwenya yangempela iyakwazi ukuhlala emanzini olwandle anosawoti, kanye ne-alligator kuphela kokusha.
Cishe zonke izingwenya, ngaphandle izinhlanzi yokudla gavial Ghanaian, sidla ukudla isilwane, noma kunalokho konke bukhoma ngamanzi ogwini lolwandle. Njengoba bekhula, ukudla kwabo kushintsha kancane, kodwa lokhu kungenxa maningi amathuba okuthi ukukhula kwabo, ukwanda ngobukhulu futhi ngokwemvelo isidingo sokudla ngaphezulu. Ngakho-ke abantu abasha badla kakhulu izinhlanzi nama-invertebrates amancane nama-amphibians. Abantu abadala babamba izinhlanzi ezinkulu, izinyoka zamanzi, izimfudu, imfantu. Imvamisa izinyamazane zazo ziba yizinkawu, ama hareso, ama-kangaroo, ama-porcupines, ama-raccoon, ama-martens, ama-mongoose, ngamafuphi zonke izilwane eziya endaweni yokunisela, kufaka phakathi ezifuywayo. Ezinye zazo ziba ngama-cannibals, okungukuthi, ziyadingana. Izinhlobo ezinkulu, ezinjengeNayile, ikamu, ixhaphozi, nezinye ezinye, ziyakwazi ukubhekana nesisulu esikhulu kunaye, Ngakho-ke izingwenya zaseNayile zivame ukuhlasela izitha, izinyathi, imvubu, ngisho nezindlovu. Badla kakhulu, ngasikhathi sinye ingwenya endala ikwazi ukudonsa ukudla okulingana nekota yesisindo sayo. Kwesinye isikhathi ingxenye yezinyamazane ifihliwe, yize ingahlali ihlala ingeneme, imvamisa ezinye izinyangi ziyayithatha.
Izingwenya zinamaqhinga ayinqayizivele wokuzingela. Ingwenya, icwiliswe ngokuphelele emanzini, ishiya kuphela amehlo namakhala ebusweni, ithule ibhukuda ithule iqonde emanzini aphuza isilwane, bese ibamba isisulu ngomjiko osheshayo bese iwudonsela kokufaka, lapho ikudonsela khona. Uma isisulu kakhulu umelana, khona-ke, ukwenza insonto emhlabeni-eksisi yakhe, uyayidiliza yizicucu. Amakhowe akakwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla, avele aklebhule izicucu futhi akugwinye, amunca ngokuphelele izilwane ezincane.
Esinye isici izingwenya wukuthi uqwanga e amathambo skeleton yakhe sikhulela njalo futhi ngenxa yalokho, ingwenya uqobo khula bonke ukuphila kwayo konke, okwandisa ngobukhulu eminyakeni. Usayizi wengwenya unganquma iminyaka yayo. Futhi njengoba unikezwe ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezingwenya ziphila iminyaka engama-70-80 noma ngaphezulu, akumangazi ukuthi kunabantu abakhulu kakhulu ngalezi ezihuqayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingwenya ungalilahli fade konke ukuphila kwabo, isikhumba sabo zibe maholoholo ikhula nabo eminyakeni ke amathambo bese kuba sikhulu kakhulu. Lukhuni amapuleti unxande esikhumbeni, wahlela imigqa njalo, ekugcineni iphenduke igobolondo yangempela njengomuzi ongangeneki. Kungenxa yalesikhumba esinamandla ukuthi izingwenya seziyindaba yokuzingela abantu abebesebenzisa isikhathi eside ngezidingo zabo. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, abantu baye benza ingwenya lesikhumba izicathulo, izikhwama, amabhande, amapotimende nezinye izimpahla okuhlala. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziningi izingwenya ukuthi baphila emhlabeni ambalwa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ngisho wanyamalala. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-23 zalezi ezihuquzelayo emhlabeni jikelele manje.
Umbala wesikhumba we-Crocodile uncike endaweni. Imvamisa umbala onsundu onsundu, onsundu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ucishe ube nombala omnyama. Kuyaqabukela, ama-albino angena amhlophe ngokuphelele. Endle, abantu abanjalo imvamisa abasindi.
Njengazo zonke izingwenya ezinegazi elibandayo, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lincike ekushiseni kwemvelo ngakho-ke bahlala ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo kuphela. Ama-Crocodiles ajwayelekile e-Afrika, e-Australia nase-Oceania, emazweni ase-Indochina, e-America. Izidumbu zamanzi ahlanzekile zithanda inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezingwenya, kodwa njengezingwenya ezihlotshisiwe nezikhomba nazo zijwayelaniswa namanzi anosawoti olwandle. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezingwenya, izinga lokushisa elithandeka kakhulu likububanzi obungu-32-35 ° C. Okushisa angaphansi 20 nangaphezulu 38 ° C ungakhululekile kakhulu kubo. Uvame ukubona ukuthi ingwenya ibanzi ivula umlomo wayo isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze ehwamukile amanzi avela emlonyeni, ukupholisa umzimba. Ngalezo zikhathi ezinjalo, izinyoni ezincane zihlala emlonyeni wakhe zidonsa izingcezu zokudla, bese zixubha amazinyo. Ama-Crocodiles awazithinti izinyoni ezinjalo futhi ngenxa yalokho zombili ziyazuza.
Ukuze thermoregulation, lezi zilwane ngaphansi amapuleti Horny igobolondo ube osteoderms ekhethekile zinganqwabelana ukushisa kwelanga, ngenxa okuyinto ukuguquguquka izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo emini ngokuvamile ingeqi 1-2 degrees. Nokho, lapho kuqala kubanda noma isomiso, abaningi babanjwa elele. Bemba imbobo kusilika phansi kwamachibi owomisa, afanayo nokuqhekeka, futhi alala kuwo, imvamisa abantu abaningana ndawonye, kuze kufike isikhathi sokushisa okunethezekile. Nakuba-ke esanda lwembula ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo izingwenya, ukunwebeka kwemisipha izicubu zomzimba, ungakwazi ngokwabo zikhulisa igazi, kanjalo nokuvusa lokushisa lomzimba 5-7 degrees ngenhla ezingeni lokushisa elifanele.
Izinhlobo
Ingwenya ehlanganisiwe, E-Latin Crocodylus porosus iyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezikhona. Kwelinye igama: izilwane zasolwandle, usawoti, i-Indo-Pacific, amanzi amdaka ngisho nengwenya. Ngobude, le monster ingaba ngamamitha ayi-7 noma ngaphezulu, futhi inesisindo esingamathani amabili. Unemithambo emi-2 eyakheke njengamathambo ekhweni elisuka onqenqemeni lamehlo akhe, yingakho athole igama lakhe. Imvamisa ingwenya edonswayo iba nsundu ngombala onamabala amnyama nemivimbo emzimbeni nasemsileni. Ihlala ezindlebeni zasolwandle nasezihlotsheni ezigeleza olwandle ogwini lweNdiya, Indochina, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, nePhilippines. Imvamisa kutholakala olwandle oluvulekile kude nolwandle. Idla kunoma yisiphi isisulu esikwaziyo ukubamba. Emanzini, yilezi zinhlanzi, izimfudu, amahlengethwa, oshaka, ama-stingray nezinye izakhamizi zasemanzini. Emhlabeni lezi yizilwane eziya endaweni yokunisela: izinyamazane, izinyathi, amathole asendle, ama-kangaroo, amabhere, izinkawu nezimvu ezifuywayo, izimbuzi, izingulube, izinja, izinkomo, amahhashi kanye nama-waterfowl. Ungaphuthelwa isikhashana ukuhlasela umuntu kuzoni yakhe abanakuyithola.
Ingwenya yeNayile noma uCrocodylus niloticus ngesiLatini - ongowesibili ngobukhulu ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa. Ngokwesilinganiso, laba izingwenya Afrika ubude esuka ngamamitha 4.5 5.5, futhi isisindo sazo imayelana 1 ton. Umbala wazo onsundu kakhulu noma onsundu okhanyayo, onemivimbo emnyama emuva nomsila. Lesi yisona esinothile kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, esingahlangani nezinye izilwane, sikhulu ngokwedlula usayizi. Lesi silo wedwa akesabi ukuhlasela inyathi, imvubu, ubhejane, indlulamitsi, ukuhlaselwa ibhubesi noma enye ngisho indlovu, kusukela emzabalazweni kanye ngalo cishe njalo uyaphuma elinqobile.
Swamp ingwenya - I-Crocodylus palustris, eyaziwa nangokuthi yiNdiya noma iMager. Swamp ingwenya futhi lilikhulu kakhulu, ungaba amamitha 5 eside nesisindo mayelana kg 500 ngokwesilinganiso. Umbala oluhlaza amnyama, umbala ixhaphozi. Ngama-muzzle wayo obanzi, ubukeka njengesidengezi. I-Mager in Hindi isho "i-monster yamanzi", yize abadobi baseNdiya beyibiza ngokuthi yisigebengu, ngoba lezi zingwenya ziyantshontsha inhlanzi, futhi uma kunesidingo, zihlasela abadobi uqobo. Ihlala eNdiya kanye namazwe angomakhelwane bayo ngasogwini lwemifula kanye namachibi, nasezihlathini ezinomlotha. Ngezikhathi zesomiso, izangoma zigobhoza odakeni olushisayo nezibiliboco ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yemvula. Esiqhingini saseCeylon, inhlobonhlobo yalesi ngwenya, esibizwa nge- "kimbula", siyaphila. Ingwenya yeCeylon ingaphila emanzini anosawoti futhi ithande izigaxa ezisogwini lolwandle. Unolaka kakhulu futhi uvame ukuhlasela abantu.
I-American American Crocodile (I-Crocodylus acutus) - evame kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Leli gama wanikezwa ngenxa ukuma emincane ukuma ezicijile we nomlomo. Ikhula ibe ngamamitha ayi-5 ubude, futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-1000 kg. Umbala wayo ngokuvamile brown liluhlazana noma grey. Ihlala emifuleni, emachibini nasezigungwini zaseCentral America, eningizimu ye-USA nasenyakatho neNingizimu Melika. Idla ikakhulu inhlanzi, amanzana amanzi kanye nezimfudu. Lapho okuphakelayo entulekayo kulo, zihlasela imfuyo. Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu ezingajwayelekile kakhulu.
Ingwenya emincane yase-Afrika - ICrocodylus cataphractus inkulu kakhulu ngosayizi, ihlala emasimini nasemifuleni eshisayo yaseNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa.Ubude obujwayelekile bungamamitha ayi-2,5, kepha kukhona futhi afinyelela kumamitha amane. Leli gama libangelwa yi-muzzle yalo emincane. Ngokungafani nezinye izingwenya, amapuleti alukhuni entanyeni yakhe ahlelwe emigqeni engu-3-4, kuthi ngemuva ahlangane nesikali, abizwa ngaso ngokuthi yingwenya enjengegobolondo. Idla izinhlanzi nezakhamuzi ezincane zasemanzini. Wakha izidleke ezivela ezitshalweni ogwini eduze namanzi uqobo. Sibeka amaqanda ambalwa, hhayi ngaphezulu kweshumi nambili, isikhathi sokufakelwa isikhathi eside kunakwezinye izinhlobo, kaningi cishe izinyanga ezine. Isibalo sezingwenya zase-Afrika ezimfishane ziyawa ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa kwazo. Kukholakala ukuthi akusekho ngaphezu kwama-50 000 asele.
Ingwenya ye-Orinoc - ngesiLatin Crocodylus intermedius - enye yezinhlobo ezingandile kakhulu. Iyafana ne-American worty nangaphandle nangosayizi, ubude bufika kumamitha angama-5.2. Umbala uluhlaza okhanyayo no grey onamabala amnyama. Isizalo mude njengaleso sase-Afrika esincane esinezinzwane. Idla ikakhulu inhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezincane. Esomeni, lapho amanzi emifuleni ancipha, acasha ngezimbobo ezingasogwini yemifula nasezikhukheni. Isikhathi eside bekungomunye wezingwenya ezidla lubi eSouth America, ngenxa yalokho abacishe baqothulwa. Manje akukho abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyinkulungwane nengxenye. Ihlala ikakhulukazi eVenezuela naseColombia naseziqhingini eziseduze.
Ingwenya emincane yase-Australia - UCrocodylus johnstoni, elinye igama likaJohnston Crocodile. Akuyona into enkulu kakhulu, kepha amamitha amathathu ubude nesisindo esifinyelela ku-100 kg nayo iyamangalisa, ikakhulukazi njengoba ifinyelela ngobukhulu obunjalo endaweni ethile ngeminyaka engama-25. Le ngwenya inemilenze eqinile enezikhafu ezinkulu nomsipha omncane, obonisiwe, lapho yaqanjwa ngawo igama. Umbala ikakhulukazi onsundu okhanyayo, imivimbo emnyama ivele emzimbeni nasemsileni. Idla ikakhulu inhlanzi, kepha futhi ayizenqabi ama-amphibians kanye nezilwane zomhlaba ezincane. Ihlala entshonalanga nasenyakatho ne-Australia emifuleni, emachibini, emigodini enamanzi amasha, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi ingwenya yemifula.
Ingwenya yasePhilippines noma iMindorek - I-Crocodylus mindorensis yathola igama layo njengendawo yokuhlala, lezi iziqhingi zasePhilippine futhi ikakhulukazi iziqhingi zaseMindoro, Negros, Samar, Buzuang, Jolo, Luzon. I-Crocodile incane ngosayizi, ayidluli kumamitha amathathu ubude. Isibalo sesibanzi impela, into efana ne-New Guinean. Umbala ungwevu ngemivimbo emnyama eshintshashintshayo emzimbeni nomsila. Ihlala emanzini amasha: amachibi, amachibi, amachibi, ukubhukuda. Kwesinye isikhathi iyashintsha indawo ahlala kuyo bese iya ogwini lolwandle. Ihlala isebenza ebusuku, ntambama ilandelwa ezindaweni eziseceleni. Idla izinhlanzi, ama-invertebrates amancane, ama-waterfowl kanye nezilwane ezincane eza endaweni yokunisela. Kubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezingandile, ngokwemvelo kunamakhulu ambalwa nje futhi kusukela ngonyaka we-1992 kubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.
I-Central American Crocodile, ingwenya Morele, isi-Latin Crocodylus moreletii. Igama uqobo lwalo likhuluma ngezindawo zalo, ezisatshalaliswa emazweni aseCentral America: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize. Ukubukeka okuphakathi nendawo ephakathi, ubude obude bamamitha amathathu. Umbala ungwevu, kwesinye isikhathi grey-brown, imivimbo emnyama esiqwini nasemsileni, isisu sikhaphukhaphu. Umehluko ovela kwezinye izinhlobo ukuthi isikhumba saso sinamapuleti amancane we-keratinized, atholakala ikakhulu entanyeni ngenhla, isisu asinakho ukuvikeleka okunjalo, ngakho-ke sibizwa ngokuthi yingwenya ethambile enesikhumba. Inani labantu lilinganiselwe, emvelweni kunezinkulungwane eziningana.
I-New Guinean Crocodile noma i-Crocodylus novaeguineae, uhlobo oluyivelakancane, okwamanje uhlala eziqhingini zasePapua New Guinea nase-Indonesia. Le yingwenya ephakathi nendawo, enobude obude obuyi-3.5, futhi izinsikazi zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,7. Okufana ncamashi nomfowethu weSiamese. Isibalo sisincane, sibangana. Faka umbala grey ngemivimbo emnyama emzimbeni nasemsileni. Ukuphila emanzini amasha kuphela, kukhetha izindawo ezinomswakama. Lesi sidlakudla esijwayelekile sasemini, esisebenza kusihlwa. Ukudla ikakhulu inhlanzi, izinyoni, izilwane ezincane kanye nama crustaceans nakho konke okungaphezu kwamandla. Ntambama ulala ezindaweni ezicashile. Isikhumba salolu hlobo aludingeki ekhethekile, ngakho-ke inani labantu lizinzile ngaphakathi kwe-100,000 yabantu, yize lifakwe ku-Red Book.
Ingwenya yaseCuba - ICrocodylus rhombifer, ephakathi nencane ngosayizi. Ubude obujwayelekile bufika kumamitha ayi-2,5 ubude futhi isisindo singama-40 kg. Kunamamitha afinyelela ku-3,5 ubude nesisindo esingama-200 kg. Ngo-1880, isifakwamanzi esingamamitha ayi-5.3 sathathwa. Ezimweni zemvelo, ihlala eCuba ezigungwini zezindawo zokongiwa kwemvelo Zapata Peninsula kanye nesiqhingi sase-Isla de la Huventud. Yize kuyingwenya encane, kubhekwe njengolaka kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Inamandla amakhulu futhi okuluma okukhulu okufinyelela kumakhilogremu ayinkulungwane. Idla konke okungabamba futhi kunqamule. Uhlasela abantu kakhulu, kepha uhlala azingela izilwane ezifuywayo, ngoba yize eyisilwane esasemanzini, uchitha isikhathi esiningi esemhlabeni. Okunye okufakiwe kule ngwenya ukukwazi ukweqa phezulu emanzini. Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi izingwenya zaseCuba zigxuma ziphume emanzini zibambe izilwane ezincane noma izinyoni emagatsheni ezihlahla.
Ingwenya yeSiamese - I-Crocodylus siamensis, izinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo. Amamitha ayi-3 asetshenzisiwe, ubukhulu be-4 amamitha. Isisindo sabesilisa sifinyelela kuma-350 kg, kanti izinsikazi azidluli ku-150 kg. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlangana nezingwenya ezigobhoziwe bese kuthi ubukhulu bawo bale nzalo bukhulu kakhulu. Izingwenya zaseSiamese zifana ne-combed ones, ikakhulukazi intsha. Umbala wazo uluhlaza-olive, futhi okuluhlaza okotshani kuyatholakala. Zidla izinhlanzi, igobolondo, izidalwa ezifuywayo, izilwane ezincane nezinyoni. Indawo yokuhlala yezwe lase-Indochina: iVietnam, iThailand, iCambodia, etholakala eMalaysia. Izingwenya zaseSiamese ezisengozini yokuphela kwezinhlobo, ezibhalwe ku-Red Book. Manje azikho ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisi-5, ngenxa yokuthi eCambodiya zizalwe enkulisa.
I-African Dwarf Crocodile - I-Osteolaemus tetraspis, elinye igama lengwenya emfushane, encane kunazo zonke eziphila emhlabeni. Kungamamitha ayi-1.5 kuphela ubude. Ihlala eCentral naseNtshonalanga Afrika, ezindaweni ezishisayo nasemifuleni. Idla ezinhlanzini, amasele, ezihuquzelayo ezincane, iminenke ngisho nezinambuzane noma i-carrion. Le ngwenya, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, ivame ukuhlaselwa ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, kepha yona, uma uyiqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo, ivikela kahle amapuleti ossified ezinhlangothini, entanyeni nasemsileni. Ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwezifunda lapho le zinhlobo zezingwenya, kufundwa kancane. Kepha, ngokwaziwa, uhlala ezingelwa, ngoba isikhumba sakhe nenyama yakhe kufunwa kakhulu. Yize, ngokusho kwemibiko yakamuva, umfudlana wase-Afrika awesatshiswa ngokuqothulwa.
I-Mississippi alligator - lat. I-Alligator mississippiensis noma enye i-alligator yaseMelika, uhlobo olukhulu lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivela emndenini ohlukile we-alligators. Ifinyelela kusayizi ofinyelela kumamitha ayi-4,5 ubude nesisindo somzimba esifinyelela ku-400 kg. Ihluka ngengwenya ngoba ingaphila kuphela emanzini amasha futhi ikwazi ukubekezelela ukubanda kalula. Ihlala imifula, amachibi kanye namachibi aseNyakatho Melika ikakhulukazi eningizimu ye-USA. Idla inhlanzi, izimfudu, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincane ezihlala eduze namanzi noma iza endaweni yokunisela: i-nutria, ama-raccoons, ama-muskrats, njll. Izilwane ezinkulu nabantu akuvamile ukuthi bahlaselwe. Iminyaka eminingi, ama-alligators aseMississippi abelwa emapulazini akhethekile esikhumba nasenyameni. Ama-albino amhlophe avame ukutholakala phakathi kwale nhlobo.
I-alligator yesiShayina - I-Alligator sinensis incane kakhulu kunezakwabo zaseMelika. Ubude obukhulu balezi ezihubhayo 2 ngamamitha amancane, insikazi ifinyelela kumitha eyodwa nesigamu. Idla inhlanzi, igobolondo, izinyoka, izilwane ezincane, izinyoni. Ukuphela kwendawo lapho lolu hlobo luhlala khona yiYangtze River Basin eChina. Le yinhlobo engandile, ecishe yabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngumuntu. Ku-vivo, kukhona abantu abangamakhulu amaningana. Muva nje, ama-alligators aseChinese aqala ukuzalanisa emapulazini akhethekile ngenhloso yokuhweba ukuthola izikhumba nenyama. Lezi ezihubhayo yizona ezolile kunazo zonke izinhlobo zezingwenya, zingahlasela umuntu zivikeleke kuphela.
Indoda emnyama emnyama noma uMelosuchus niger - enye yengwenya enkulu kunazo zonke. Ubukhulu bomzimba wesilisa bungafinyelela ku-5.5 m, nesisindo esingu-500 kg. futhi nokuningi. Njengawo wonke ama-caimans, kukhona ama-protonyion we-bony ekhanda ngemuva kwamehlo ahlukanisa phakathi kwezingwenya zangempela. Ihlala emachibini nasemifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika. Idla ikakhulu izilwane ezinkulu eza endaweni yokunisela: inyamazane, izinkawu, armadillos, ama-otter, imfuyo nokunye. Akenqabeli izinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi i-piranha edumile, ayesabi ngayo, ngenxa yegobolondo eliqinile elenziwe ngesikali. Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila yobusuku, inzuzo yombono wakhe owakheke kahle ebusuku, futhi umbala omnyama uyinto ecashile. Kuqoshwe amacala angajwayelekile okuhlasela kwabantu.
Ingwenya uCayman, ngesiLatini iCaiman crocodilus noma ngombukiso we-caiman uncane ngosayizi. Ubude bomzimba obujwayelekile bufika ku-2 m futhi isisindo singama-60 kg. Unesizungwana esincane futhi ukukhula okuqondile kwethambo phakathi kwamehlo kufana nengilazi. Ihlala kunoma yiziphi izidumbu zamanzi eCentral America, eMexico, eBrazil, eColombia, eHonduras, ePanama, eNicaragua, eCosta Rica, eGuyana, eDominican Republic, eGuatemala naseBahamas. Idla ikakhulu inhlanzi, amakhreyithi kanye ne-shellfish. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlasela izingulube zasendle, amanye ama-caimans ngisho ne-anaconda. Yize ngokuvamile kaningi ngokwazo ziba izisulu zabazingeli abakhulu: ama-caimans amnyama, ama-jaguars nama-anacondas amakhulu. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwabantu abaningi.
Kubanzi uCayman ngesiLatini, iCaiman latirostris imaphakathi ngosayizi, imvamisa ingaphezu kwamamitha amabili, iluhlaza oluluhlaza ngombala futhi inomhlathi obanzi, eyabizwa ngawo. Ihlala emifuleni nasezigungwini zemihlume osogwini lwe-Atlantic yamazwe amaningi aseNingizimu Melika, e-Argentina, eBrazil, e-Uruguay, eParaguay naseBolivia. Imvamisa kutholakala emachibini aseduze kwabantu. Idla ikakhulu inhlanzi, iminenke, imollusks. Ama-caimans amadala abamba izimfudu kanye ne-capybara capybara.
Isikhumba se-caiman ebheke ebanzi siyadingeka kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuzingela ngekhulu leminyaka edlule, inani elikhulu lazo laqothulwa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwezindawo okuhlala kuzo, inani labantu lisindile, kukholelwa ukuthi kusuka ku-250,000 kuya ku-500,000 abantu balesi zinhlobo manje sebekhona emvelweni.
Paraguayan Cayman - Caiman yacare, Yakar noma piranha cayman. Wathola amagama amaningi ngesizathu, lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-caiman nezingwenya ngokubanzi. Ihlala yonke indawo ezindaweni ezinamachashaza, imifula namachibi aseBrazil, Argentina, Paraguay naseBolivia. Kancane, kumamitha ayi-2 kuphela ubude, i-Yakar caiman inobuhle obukhulu, idla izinhlanzi eziningi, iminenke, ama-invertebrates asemanzini, kuthi lapho iwela, bese kuba yinyoka. Ngeke enqabe kusuka ezinyoni noma ezilwaneni ezincane. Wayebizwa ngokuthi iPiranev ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile samazinyo akhe, amazinyo akhe amade aphansi avele ngaphezulu komhlathi ongenhla, kwesinye isikhathi akha izimbobo kuwo. Kunolaka impela, kepha umuntu uhlaselwa kakhulu futhi kuphela uma bemcunula.
I-cayman Cayvier ebhekene nobuso obudonsayo - I-Paleosuchus palpebrosus, enye yengwenya encane kunazo zonke. Ubude besilisa abudluli kabili, kanti insikazi iyimitha eyodwa nesigamu. Isisindo max. 20 kg. Ukwakheka okuyinqayizivele kwekhanda ngezinhlaka ezibushelelezi zomgogodla kuyalihlukanisa nenani labafowethu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kumnika ithuba lokumba izimbobo ahlala kuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kukakhonkolo kukwenza kube lula kuye ukuhambisa imifula nemifudlana nokugeleza okusheshayo emanzini, kuyilapho kuxosha inyamazane: inhlanzi, imfoloko, izimfanzi kanye nezinye izakhamizi zasemanzini emifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika. Uma kunokwenzeka, ukuzingela izilwane ezincane zomhlaba, kugwema abantu.
ISmooth Cayman kaSchneider noma i-caiman enenhloko kanxantathu - uPaleosuchus trigonatus. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu ku-caiman Cuvier omude. Ihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo ne-caymaner ebushelelezi ebheke ebusweni. I-Cuvier yangaphandle ihlukile kwe-caiman ekwakhekeni kwekhanda, inesimo sikanxantathu, kanti isigaxa sesinde. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile besilisa buqhamuka kumamitha ayi-1.5 kuye kwayi-1,7, futhi isisindo singama-15 kg, izinsikazi zincane kakhulu. Ukudla okunempilo, ukuzala kanye nendlela yokuphila kuyefana kubo.
Gavial noma i-Gavialis gangeticus - ukuphela kommeleli womndeni we-gavial we-oda wengwenya. Isilwane esihuquzelayo esifanayo, njengengwenya yangempela, kodwa sinokuhlukahluka okuthile. IGavial ihola kakhulu impilo yasemanzini, iyivelakancane emhlabeni, imvamisa ngokubeka amaqanda nje. Lesi uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu, lukhula ngobude bufika kumamitha ayi-6. Imvamisa i-gavial i-brownish brown, isisu sivele sikhanye. Ihlukaniswa ngezingwenya ngumsipha omude omfishane, into efana nomlomo womhlaseli ongaphambili. Amazinyo ayo amade anomhlathi afanele ngokuphelele ukudoba, okuyisilinganiso esiyisisekelo se-gavial, yize engabenqabeli abanye abahlali basolwandle. Imikhumbi emikhulu kwesinye isikhathi ihlasela izilwane ezincane ezisogwini. Indawo yokuhlala yaseNdiya, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, neMyanmar. Ngokusho kwabo, eBhutan baqothulwa ngokuphelele. Manje i-gavial ibhekwa njengesilwane esiyivelakancane futhi ibhalwe ku-Red Book.
Ingwenya yegavial, ngesiLatin Tomistoma schlegelii, isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu futhi okuwukuphela kwaso se-gavial. Kumibuthano yesayensi, ibizwa nangokuthi i-pseudogavial, noma i-gavial yamanga. Ifana kakhulu ne-gavial. Inesizalo esifana nesaso esifushane esifushane, emihlathini ye-toothy, imfishane kakhulu kunaleso se-gavial yangempela. Zincane futhi ngosayizi omncane futhi umbala wazo umnyama mnyama. Imivimbo emnyama iyabonakala emzimbeni nasemsileni. Futhi ngendlela yokuphila bavame ukususelwa kumhlaba, isikhathi esiningi bachitha isikhathi emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, isabelo sabo sokondleka sibanzi. Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, ziyakujabulela ukubamba nokushwabadela izinkawu, izingulube, ukuqapha izibankwa, ama-otter nezinye ezinkulu, njengezintelezi nezinyamazane. Musa ukugwema izimfudu nezinyoka. Ngamafuphi, baziphatha njengezingwenya zangempela. Ihlala e-Indonesia, eMalaysia, eziqhingini zaseSumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Borneo. Phambilini bekutholakala eVietnam naseThailand, kepha kusukela ngo-1970 abakaze babonwe lapho. Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu ngamacala angavamile. Ngenxa yesizungulu esincane, i-gavial yamanga ithathwa njengezinhlobo eziyingozi kubantu, kepha kunamaqiniso aqinisekisiwe wokuhlaselwa kwabantu ngonyaka ka-2009 nango-2012. Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kube ngumphumela wokwephulwa kwezindawo abahlala kuzo kanye nokwehla kwezinyamazane zabo ezijwayelekile.
Akunandaba ukuthi ingwenya iligazi kangakanani, emcabangweni iningi labangane bethu abangahlangani nabo endaweni yemvelo, lesi isilwane esijwayelekile ngokuphelele. Hhawu, umphangi, lowo. Kunenqwaba yezilwane ezidla izitha emhlabeni, eyingcuka nebhere, futhi le nja yokuzingela efanayo ngeke yenqabele ukunambitha inyama entsha yomvundla obanjiwe noma i-partridge. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingwenya akuyona imvamisa umlingiswa osezincwadini nakumamuvi. Ngakho-ke iqhawe likaPaul Hogan kwifilimu eliqondiswe nguPeter Fyman "Dundee igama lesidlaliso" uCroccile "lithole indondo yeGlobal Globe Award jikelele ethokozise izilaleli, libonisa ukuthi kude kangakanani nabantu abavela kwizingwenya ngokuthanda kwabo nokuhaha.
Kepha sibonga ababhali nabaqondisi baseRussia kanye nezingane, ingwenya ikhonjwa ngezinhlamvu ezinobungani nezilungile ze-The Familiar Crocodile ezivela kuMoidodyr noma kwiCrocodile Gena. Yebo, makube njalo, kodwa ukuchaza izingane ukuthi empeleni kungcono ukungasondeli kule log eluhlaza eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukubhebhetheka
ICrocodile caiman ibanzi kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi i-alligator: itholakala kusuka eBelize, eGuatemala naseMexico kuya ePeru, eBolivia naseBrazil. Ukulandela okulandelayo C. c. umkhohlisi wethulwa eCuba, eTrinidad naseTobago, eDominican Republic nasePuerto Rico. Le cayman ibekezelela impela amanzi kasawoti, okuyivumele ukuthi idlulele eziqhingini ezithile eziseduzane nezwekazi, kubandakanya i-Aruba, iSt. Martin, iMartinique, iGuadeloupe, iBahamas, iTrinidad neTobago.
Umsoco
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalesi se-caiman ngama-mollusks, izinkalankala zamanzi ahlanzekile, ama-amphibians, izidalwa ezincelisayo ezincane, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinhlanzi. Abesilisa abakhulu kwesinye isikhathi bangahlasela ama-vertebrates amakhulu, kufaka phakathi izilwane ezincelisayo - ngokwesibonelo, izingulube zasendle noma ezihuquzelayo ezinjenge-anacondas. Amacala we-cannibalism ayaziwa. Sekukonke, i-crocodile cayman iyisisulu esinamathuba ngokudla okuguquguqukayo kakhulu.
AmaCaimans ayisixhumanisi esibalulekile ohlelweni lwezemvelo lwasezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika, esimweni sokwehla kwenani labo lokudalwa kwezinhlanzi nakho kuncishisiwe.Baphinde balawule nenani lama-piranhas emifuleni, yize bengebona ochwepheshe bokudla ama-piranhas njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, ama-Yakar caimans.
Isimo sabantu
Ngenxa yezivikelo zesisu se-osteoderm, isikhumba se-crocodile caiman asilungele ukucutshungulwa, yisikhumba kuphela ezinhlangothini esifanelekile ukugqoka. Baqala yokuzingela lezi caimans wakwenza ngokuzimisela, ikakhulu ngemva nokuqothulwa 1950s. ezinye izinhlobo zezingwenya. Isikhumba seCaiman kwesinye isikhathi sidluliswa njengesikhumba se-alligator, njengoba kunjalo nangezokugcina, ama-caimans afakwa emapulazini. Naphezu ukuzingela ukudoba salezi zilwane, ezindaweni eziningi abantu babo lihlala lisesilinganisweni ngempela ngenxa nezimo yaso ephezulu, nokuqothulwa ngabantu yezinye izinhlobo of izingwenya kanye nokwenyuka kwenani endaweni amadamu yokufakelwa.
I-Crocodile caiman ifakiwe ku-Isithasiselo II (ama-subspecies C. c. i-apaporiensis - kuSithasiselo I) CITES Convention. Kuwuhlobo oluvikelwe e-Ecuador, eMexico naseVenezuela, ukuzingela kunqunyelwe eColombia nasePanama.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
3 subspecies baziwa:
- Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis — Apaporis Crocodile Cayman , uhlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeColombia emfuleni ongenhla we-Apoporis. Afakwe Isithasiselo I we-CITES Convention. Inani ngqo labantu alaziwa, cishe. Izilwane eziyi-1000.
- Caiman crocodilus crocodilus - EColombia, Peru, i-Amazonia ngokwengxenye (iBrazil).
- I-Caiman crocodilus fuscus kulo lonke uhla, inani labantu lidlula abantu 100,000. Kwethulwa eCuba nasePuerto Rico.
Kwesinye isikhathi i-subtype yesine ihlukaniswa - C. c. chiapasius I-Boucurt, ngo-1876.