Ibhasikidi lokudoba laseRussia, elicishe libe ngama-40% ekubanjweni kwabantu ngohlobo lwe-halibut, usalimoni, i-pollock, i-cod kanye ne-Western Kamchatka crab, luLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Izinkinga zemvelo zalesi sifunda ziphikisana nalesi sitatimende. Ukumba imishini engasogwini nokuthuthuka komnotho wesifunda SaseMpumalanga Ekude kuyizinto ezibalulekile emnothweni wezwe lethu. Kodwa azizifanelekeli izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, esizoxoxa kafushane ngalo mbhalo.
Ukuma komhlaba
Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2014, amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-52 oLwandle i-Okhotsk abelwe eRussia yi-UN. Lolu lwandle olungaphakathi ezweni lethu luhlukaniswe nePacific iziqhingi zaseHokkaido naseSakhalin, iNhlonhlo yeKamchatka kanye neziqhingi zaseKuril. Indawo ephelele yobubanzi bolwandle ingamakhilomitha skwele ayinkulungwane namakhulu amathathu, ukujula okuphezulu kucishe kube ngamamitha ayi-4, kanti okuphakathi kumamitha ayi-1780. Kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuJuni, ingxenye esenyakatho yolwandle imbozwe yiqhwa. I-Cupid egeleza ngokugcwele futhi emincane i-Kukhtuy ne-Okhota igeleza olwandle. Kwakuyigama lokugcina lapho laqanjwa khona igama, yize lalibizwa ngokuthi uLamsky noKamchatsky.
Izinkomba ze-Abiotic
Umbuso wokushisa wamanzi ehlobo ngu-10. I-+18 ° C, ebusika - ifinyelela ku-2 ° C. Lokhu kusebenza kungqimba olungaphezulu, futhi ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-50, ungqimba lwamanzi ophakathi nendawo ligcina izinga lokushisa likhona njalo ngonyaka, okuyi-+1.7 ° C. Usawoti wamanzi ngaphezu komhlaba usuka kumaphesenti angama-32,8 kuya kumaphesenti angama-33.8. Engxenyeni esephakathi, usawoti uphakeme kancane (34,5%). Kuma-deltas emifula yamanzi ahlanzekile, kuyaqabukela kudlula ama-30%. Isithabathaba se-Okhotsk isicaba, esiyingxenye yezwekazi lase-Yuriya, sibangela impumuzo engezansi. Kodwa-ke, le ndawo yonke ibonakala ngokusebenza kokuzamazama komhlaba, cishe izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo ezingaba ngu-30 lapha.
Inani lezomnotho
Le yindawo yendabuko yokudoba nokudla kwasolwandle njengamkhaza kanye nolwandle. Ingxenye yoMzila woLwandle lwaseNyakatho udabula uLwandle i-Okhotsk. Amachweba amakhulu kunawo wonke esifundeni esiseMpumalanga Ekude asogwini lwayo: iMagadan, Severo-Kurilsk, Korsakov (Sakhalin) ne-Okhotsk. Esifundeni saseSakhalin esingaphesheya kwezilwandle, kukhiqizwa izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-hydrocarbon. Ngokokulinganisa kwanamuhla, kunamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-8 - 12 kaphethiloli. Lokhu kufinyelela ku-12% wazo zonke izinqolobane ezingatholwa kabusha zeshelu yezwe lonke kuze kufike ku-4% wamandla kazwelonke wama-hydrocarbons.
I-Biota yoLwandle i-Okhotsk
Izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zogu neziqhingi zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk zicebile futhi azifani. Kunezindawo ezingaphezu kuka-150 ezingasogwini kanye nezilwandle zasolwandle ezingama-12 kule ndawo. Isibalo sisondela kubantu abayizigidi eziyi-11, abamelelwa izinhlobo eziyi-15. Olwandle, kunenqwaba yezimpawu zoboya, izingwe, iziqoshwe, imikhomo yasenyakatho (imikhomo yensikazi, imikhomo yokubulala, nezindunduma). Kukhona oshaka basalmon, katranas, ama-stingray ambalwa. Amasheya amakhulu ezinhlanzi (afinyelela ku-200 izinhlobo), amelelwa yi-pollock, i-cod, izinhlobo eziningana ze-flounder, i-herring, i-salmon nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, anquma ukuthi kukhona i-biota ehlukahlukene yezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu. Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zama-invertebrates (ama-mollusks, ama-echinoderms, ama-crustaceans) kanye nezimbali zasemanzini ezicebile zasolwandle ziyasiza ekuhlukaneni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Crab Paradise ne phytoplankton eyingqayizivele
Lolu lwandle lufika okokuqala emhlabeni ezitokisini zezinhlobo zezentengiselwano ezingama crustaceans. Ama-80% womkhiqizo womhlaba weKamchatka crab akhiqizwa eLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Izinkinga zezemvelo zibeka lezi zinsolo engozini, ngoba ama-crustaceans ayizinkomba zokuhlanzeka kwamanzi. I-Kamchatka crab lapha ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5 esikweni somlenze futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu amathathu. I-Phytoplankton imelelwa ngama-diatoms. Ulwandle lunothile ngombala onsundu (kelp), obomvu nokuluhlaza okotshani.
Izici nezinsizakusebenza zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk
Indawo etholakalayo yoLwandle i-Okhotsk ngamamitha skwele ayi-1603. km., ukujula okuphezulu kungama-3916 m, okuphakathi kungamamitha angama-821. Izitoko zezentengiso zimelwe izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingama-40, phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-bass olwandle, i-navaga, i-herring, i-pollock, i-cod. I-Salmon - i-saxon ye-chum, i-pink salmon, i-salmon ye-chinook, i-salkeye salmon yande, kukhona amasheya acebile omqhele (indawo yokuqala emhlabeni). Ukusuka phansi kolwandle, olunokukhululeka okuhlukahlukene, kukhiqizwa izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-oyili ne-hydrocarbon. Imizila yolwandle exhuma iVladivostok neziqhingi zaseKuril. Zonke lezi zinto zinomthelela ekwakhekeni koLwandle i-Okhotsk ecosystem.
Ukungcoliswa kawoyela
Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk, ikakhulukazi, amanzi ageza iNhlonhlo yeKamchatka, kuze kube manje kubhekwa njengokuhlanzekile ngokuphelele. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kule ndima akukho kuqhutshwa kwezimayini nokusebenza kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezimbiwa, futhi akukho zinkampani zezimboni eziyingozi eziyimvelo.
Yonke imifula yeKamchatka nezindawo zokugcina amanzi zakhiwe ngamaminerali amancane, zibonakaliswa umbuso ophelele we-oxygen kanye nokungcola okuphansi, ngenxa yokungabikho kwemithombo enkulu yokungcola endaweni etholakalayo.
Imifula yasenyakatho nentshonalanga nangasentshonalanga idlula ithafa laseNtshonalanga Kamchatka, lapho kukhona khona izingulube eziningi. Ngokubambisana namanzi amathuna, imifula igcwele inani elikhulu lezinsalela zezimila, izinto eziphilayo nezinto ezihamba phambili. Kwezinye izimo, ukugcwala kwemikhiqizo kawoyela emanzini omfula kuyanda, okubangelwa ukucekelwa phansi kwesivunguvungu futhi kuncibilike amanzi asezindaweni zokugcina amafutha kanye namafutha.
Ngokuyisisekelo, kunokuqukethwe okunyukayo kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli ezindaweni lapho imikhumbi yasolwandle ihlanganiswe khona. Kepha sibonga isenzo samagagasi, ama-ebbs nokugeleza, okuqukethwe kwawo emanzini kwehla ngokushesha, amanzi awadluli inani elifanelekile lezinto ezilimazayo kude nebanga lamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka emthonjeni wokungcola.
Ubungozi obukhulu ekukhiqizweni kawoyela
Kuze kube muva nje, ugu loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, uma luqhathaniswa nezinye izindawo zasolwandle oluseFar East, luhlale luhlanzekile futhi lukhiqiza kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lesi simo singashintsha kakhulu ukucabanga okulindelekile nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, okusongela ukwandisa ukungcoliswa kwe-anthropogenic.
Izenzo ezinjalo zivame ukuholela ezinguqukweni zekhwalithi yamanzi, ukwakheka komphakathi nokwakheka kwawo, ukwehla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwehla komkhiqizo we-bio.
IHydrocarbon ithathwa njengento eyinhloko enobuthi kawoyelaekwazi ukuqongelela ezinto eziphilayo, ikhipha umphumela onobuthi. Ukutholwa kwe-Soluble derivatives at the okuhlushwa (amahora angama-5-50 / amahora ayisigidi samanzi) kuyingozi empilweni eminingi yasolwandle. Uwoyela ongahluziwe, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, ubeka phansi izikhova ezisezansi kanye ne-planktonic fauna.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane ocwaningweni lwesilinganiso sokuwohloka kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli emanzini oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk kubonisa inqubo yokubola ehamba kancane kakhulu. Njengomphumela wemijikelezo yomoya neyethafula, uwoyela ugeleza amabanga amade, ngaleyo ndlela nomthelela omubi esimweni semvelo yezindawo zamanzi ezisuswe kakhulu ekuchitheni.
Ukungcoliswa kawoyela
Izimbangela eziphambili zokungcoliswa kawoyela kuhlotshaniswa nokukhululwa kwemikhiqizo ehlanjululwe yimikhiqizo yokuhlanza i-oyili etholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini, imikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi, kanye nokukhiqizwa kawoyela ovela kuLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Ukungcola kuvela futhi ngemfucuza yemifula egeleza olwandle. Ngosizo lomoya nemisinga eqinile, indawo enkulu engaphezulu yolwandle imbozwe ngefilimu kawoyela.
Kuvela izinkinga zemvelo ngenxa ye-hydrocarbon enobuthi equkethe emafutheni, eqongelela ezintweni eziphilayo: uwoyela ongahluziwe, ngisho nasezindaweni ezixineneyo ezingekho emthethweni, izimbaza zasolwandle ezinobungozi.
Ngenxa yenqubo ehamba kancane yokuzihlanza yolwandle, ukubola kawoyela kuthatha isikhathi eside. Imiphumela:
- izinguquko ekwakhiweni nasekwakheni kwamanzi olwandle,
- ukwehla kwenhlanzi kanye nezinye izimpilo zasolwandle,
- ukuncipha kokukhiqizwa kwe-sea bio.
Imikhiqizo kawoyela emanzini
Umzila woMzila oLwandle lwaseNyakatho udabula olwandle, futhi izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk azibangelwa kangako yinani elikhulu lemikhumbi namathangi emanzini alo. Imikhumbi ithinta kabi isimo semvelo ngezindlela ezihlukile. Lokhu ngukushintshwa kwezindima ze-acoustic, kazibuthe, zemisebe, zikagesi nezindawo ezishisayo endaweni yamanzi. Izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk zidalwa yimfucuza yasendlini neyezimboni, amanzi amdaka kanye nemikhiqizo yokugibela kaphethiloli. Yize ukuhanjiswa akuyona inkinga enkulu, akufanele usicishe lesi sikhathi.
Yini enye eholela ezinkingeni zemvelo oLwandle i-Okhotsk?
Ukungcoliswa komoya
Izimoto zamanzi, kufaka phakathi amathangi, imikhumbi yempi, imithwalo yemithwalo nemikhumbi abagibeli, ukudoba kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlanzi, njl., Njengoba kusesimweni semvelo oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, kungathathwa njengokufakelwa kobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu obudonsa ingozi yokuphazamisa ukulingana kwemvelo.
Ochwepheshe bakhomba imithombo eyishumi eyinhloko yemiphumela engemihle yomkhumbi osemkhathini, i-biology ne-hydrosphere:
- insimu ye-acoustic
- amandla kazibuthe,
- insimu yemisebe
- insimu kagesi,
- insimu eshisayo
- imfucuza yasendlini,
- imfucuza yezimboni
- amanzi amdaka,
- Amanzi amaningi we-bilge,
- imikhiqizo yokuvutha komoya,
Yize iqiniso lokuthi imikhumbi yolwandle ayiholeli ekuthinteni imvelo emvelweni, lolu hlobo lomthelela wethekhinoloji akufanele lunganakwa, ngenxa yokuqoqwa okukhulu kwezimboni zokudoba nemikhumbi yemikhumbi ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo oLwandle i-Okhotsk.
Bukela ividiyoUlwandle lwase-Okhotsk
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwasolwandle
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Hydrocarbon endaweni yamashalofu oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk kuyinkinga yezemvelo yohlobo olungaba khona. Izinhlangano zenhlangano yezemvelo iSakhalin neKamchatka kudala zazama ukudonsela ukunakekela izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nomphakathi ezingozini ezisilindele kule ndlela. Izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle i-Okhotsk nezindlela zokuzixazulula zihlobene kakhulu nokuqinisekisa amazinga okuphepha omhlaba ezinkampanini zikawoyela. Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-hydrocarbon - into esemqoka enobuthi kawoyela - iqongelela ezintweni eziphilayo, futhi ngisho nasekuqoqweni kwezingxenye ezingama-5-50 ezingxenyeni zamanzi eziyinkulungwane, iyingozi empilweni yasolwandle. Futhi uwoyela ongahluziwe ngemithamo emincane ubulala into esemqoka yeqoqo lokudla - isitshalo esingaphansi kanye neplankton yezilwane.
Ukuphathwa kwemvelo okungafanele
Ukudoba ngokungemthetho nokuzingela kuholela ezinkingeni zemvelo zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Lokhu ukwephula imigomo yokudoba nokudlula ivolumu yokukhiqiza. Usuvele namhlanje, amasheya ama crustaceans (Kamchatka crab), salmon (East Sakhalin pink salmon) nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezentengiso asisatekelwa phansi. Amaphrojekthi wakamuva womthetho eSakhalin Oblast acabanga ukunciphisa nokunciphisa imikhawulo yokudoba yezimboni kanye nokudla kwasolwandle okwenziwa olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-2014, impi yokulwa nokuzingela izinhlanzi iye yaqina lapha.
Izidalwa ezimangalisayo zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk
Kulesi sifunda kuphela lapho kunezidalwa ezimbalwa ezimangalisayo abantu abambalwa abazi ngazo. Isibonelo, i-gopher yasolwandle ka-Ephreli. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezingavamile kakhulu ezihlala esifundeni esisogwini zidla izinhlanzi nezinyoni zasolwandle. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, kujwayelekile kubahlali bendawo kusukela kulimale izikebhe nokulimala kwabaphambukeli abangaphansi kwamanzi. Umhlambi walezi zilwane ezincane uhlasela inja enkulu futhi ungayidla. Noma indawo yasolwandle inkunzi yasolwandle - ikati lezinhlanzi (umndeni we-perch), owaziwa nangokwehlukana. Ungadli, kepha uluma kabuhlungu uphule i-wetsuit. Noma isidalwa esimangalisayo nesingavamile - ikhukhamba lolwandle. UTrepang (ama-echinoderms wohlobo lwe-holothurian), uma kungenzeka abe yingozi, aziphonsa esitheni ngokufakwa kwawo ubuthi. Izakhiwo zabo ezinobuthi zisetshenziswa ngumuntu ekwenziweni kwemithi kanye neminye imixhaso.
Izinsizakusebenza zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk nezinkinga zemvelo zePacific ziphansi kokubhekwa ngabaphethe benhlangano. Njengoba kunikezwe ukubaluleka kwalesi sifunda engxenyeni yezohwebo namandla kwezomnotho wezwe, ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zesifunda zokuvikela i-biota yemvelo, kwakhiwa uhlelo lwezezendawo oluhlangene nalo kulindeleke.
Ukungcoliswa kweNyukliya
Ingozi engaba khona yokungcola kwe-radioactive imelwe yizinto ezinotshiswe ilanga nezikhukhula maqondana nokulahleka kwezithiyo zazo ezivikelayo. Amacala aziwayo:
- Ngo-1987, isizinda samandla e-radioisotope sathuthwa ngendiza enophephela emhlane sayiswa egumbini elikude lokukhanya, okuthi, ngenxa yezinkinga ezihlangabezane nesikhathi sendiza, saphonswa olwandle lwase-Okhotsk eduze naseSakhalin. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, umnyango wezempi wathunyelwa ukuba athole lo mbhalo, kepha awuzange ufeze.
- Ngo-1997, abashayeli bezindiza bezempi baphonsa umthombo wokushisa womsakazo (RTG) endaweni yamanzi eduze kwaseCape Mariaezihlobene nesigaba sokuqala sengozi. Ijenerethi yasuswa olwandle ngonyaka we-2007.
- Ngokusho kwabasebenzi beKurchatov Institute Research Center, amanye ama-RTG angama-39 asetshenziswe yizikhukhula olwandle lwase-Okhotsk ukwephula izidingo zemvelo.
Imfucumfucu enomsakazo egcwala olwandle i-Okhotsk izosongela iRussia iminyaka engama-600-800. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukwenza isibikezelo esinokwethenjelwa mayelana nomthelela wezinto ezikhukhulayo ku-Okhotsk sea ecosystem kanye nakubantu ngenxa yokushoda kwedatha ngesimo sabo.
Incazelo yolwandle i-Okhotsk
Leli chibi ligezwa ogwini lweRussia neJapan. Ihlukaniswe kuLwandlekazi lwePacific yiKamchatka Peninsula, iziqhingi zaseKuril nesiqhingi saseHokkaido. Kepha alukabhekwa njengolwandle oluphakathi nezwe, yize lukhulumisana ngamanzi olwandle kuphela ezinsizini. Ulwandle i-Okhotsk lungenye ekujuleni kweRussia: ukujula kwalo kufinyelela cishe amakhilomitha amane. Indawo yedamu nayo inkulu - ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha skwele ayinkulungwane. Ingxenye yonke esenyakatho yolwandle imbozwe yiqhwa izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha, eqinisa imisebenzi yokudoba nezixhumanisi zezokuthutha. ENyakatho mpumalanga, ngasogwini lwaseJapan, uLwandle lwase-Okhotsk cishe alugwinyi futhi amanzi alo acebe kakhulu ezinhlanzini nasezimileni. Ubumfihlo balesi siqiwu buhlanganisa neqiniso lokuthi ugu lwakhona luhle kakhulu futhi lunama-bays amaningi. Ezinye izifunda azingathandeki ngamathumbu okuthuthumela komhlaba, okudala inani elikhulu lesiphepho ngisho ne-tsunamis. Imifula emithathu emikhulu - i-Amur, i-Okhota neKukhtuy - igeleza uLwandle i-Okhotsk. Izinkinga zalo zemvelo nazo zihambisana nezindawo ahamba ngazo.
Izinsizakalo zalesi sifunda
Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk alunothile kakhulu ezinhlanzini ngenxa yokubusa kwalo kokushisa. Kepha namanje ukudoba kukhona athuthukisiwe. Izinsizakusebenza zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk nezinkinga zemvelo zesifunda zihlobene kakhulu. Ngempela, kungenxa yemikhumbi yokudoba nokukhiqiza uwoyela ukuthi i-biosystem iyahlupheka. Izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezibalulekile ziyabanjwa esifundeni: navagu, pollock, herring, flounder. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-salmon - i-chum, i-pink salmon, i-coho salmon nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholakala imvelo yolwandle ethandwa kakhulu emazweni amaningi, kukhona ama-squid nama-urchins olwandle. Kukhona izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle oLwandle i-Okhotsk: uphawu lwezimpawu zasolwandle, izihlambi zasolwandle, izihlambi zoboya kanye nemikhomo. I-algae ebomvu ne-brown ijwayelekile, futhi ewumthombo wokudoba obalulekile.Kutholwe amadiphozithi kawoyela kanye negesi, kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezingatholakali endaweni yeshelu yedamu.
Umhlaba wezilwane nezitshalo
Izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk zihlobene kakhulu nokuthi izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi nezilwane zasolwandle ziyanyamalala. Okuthinteka kakhulu yimikhomo nezimpawu zoboya, ezazicishe ziqothulwe. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukulwa nokuzingela nokuthwebula okungazweli. Isitoko sezinhlobo ezibalulekile zezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo, ikakhulukazi i-salmon, naso sehlile kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu futhi ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle ngemikhiqizo kawoyela, inani labo lokuhweba seliphansi kakhulu. Izimo ezingezinhle zemvelo zithinta inani le-algae esivunwa ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zasekhaya.
Izisombululo kuLwandle lwase-Okhotsk
Baqala ukukhuluma ngokuphila kwesifunda kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho abezemvelo bekhala khona i-alamu ngenxa yokwanda kokungcoliswa kukawoyela emanzini. Ngaphezu kwezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo eminyakeni edlule, izinketho eziningi ziye zabekwa phambili ukwenza ngcono isimo esifundeni:
- bahlongoza ukuguqula iKamchatka namanzi asondelene nayo abe yindawo yokugcina amandla kagesi yomhlaba wonke efakwe ohlwini lwamaSayithi Amagugu Asemhlabeni avikelekile,
- Okunye ukuphakamisela ukwakha kabusha lonke izwe umnotho wezwe laseKamchatka futhi ulikhulule emikhakheni engenzi inzuzo,
- Kukholelwa ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukunikeza uLwandle lwe-Okhotsk isimo solwandle olwandle lwangaphakathi neRussia Federation. Lokhu kuzosiza ukugwema izinkinga eziningi: ukudoba ngokungemthetho, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngemikhumbi yakwamanye amazwe,
- Kubalulekile kakhulu ukulwa nokuqothuka ngokweqile kwezilwane zasemanzini - ukuzingela.
Uma usondela kakhulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga zezemvelo zalesi sifunda, ungagcina i-biosystem eyingqayizivele yolwandle i-Okhotsk.
Ukungcoliswa kawoyela
Amanzi okuqala oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk ayethathwa njengehlanzekile impela. Okwamanje, isimo sesishintshile ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kawoyela. Inkinga enkulu yemvelo yolwandle ukungcoliswa kwamanzi yimikhiqizo kawoyela. Njengomphumela wokungena kwamafutha endaweni yamanzi, ukwakheka nokwakheka kwezinguquko zamanzi, ukukhiqizwa kolwandle kuyancipha, kanti neningi lezinhlanzi kanye nezakhamizi ezahlukahlukene zasolwandle ziyancipha. Ukulimala okukhethekile kubangelwa yi-hydrocarbon, eyingxenye yamafutha, ngoba inomphumela onobuthi ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngokuqondene nenqubo yokuzihlanza, kuhamba kancane. Amafutha abola emanzini olwandle isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yomoya kanye nemisinga enamandla, kusakazeka uwoyela futhi kumboza izindawo ezinkulu zomzimba wamanzi.
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Ezinye izinhlobo zokungcola
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kugcotshwa uwoyela kusuka eshalofini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, kukhiqizwa izinto zokumbiwa phansi ezimbiwa lapha. Njengoba imifula eminingana igeleza olwandle, amanzi angcolile awela kuyo. Indawo yamanzi ingcolile ngamalambu nezinto zokuthambisa. Imfucumfucu yasemakhaya neyimboni idonswa emifuleni yomgodi wase-Okhotsk, obuye ukhathaza isimo sendawo yolwandle.
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Imikhumbi ehlukahlukene, amathangi nemikhumbi inethonya elibi esimweni solwandle, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene kaphethiloli. Izimoto zasolwandle zikhipha imisebe namandla kazibuthe, ugesi kanye nomqubuko. Akuyona indawo yokugcina kulolu hlu ukungcoliswa kwemfucuza yasendlini.
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Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk lungezindawo zomnotho zaseRussia. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwabantu, ikakhulukazi kwezimboni, ibhalansi yemvelo yalesi simiso se-hydraulic yaphazamiseka. Uma abantu bengaguquki imiqondo yabo ngesikhathi, futhi baqale ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga, kunethuba lokubhubhisa ngokuphelele ulwandle.
Ukungcoliswa komoya wasolwandle
Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kubhekwa njengomthombo wethonya lobuchwepheshe. Inani elikhulu lemikhumbi namathangi ahamba oLwandle i-Okhotsk. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kungenxa yokuthi i-North Sea Route itholakala. Ukuhamba ngemikhumbi ngemikhumbi kuthinta ukulingana kwemvelo.
Umphumela owonakalisayo ubangelwa yithonya lamasimu omhlaba, wezibalo, owokushiswa ngemisebe, amasimu kagesi nawokushisa emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yokucubungula amafutha ilahlwa. Insimu yoLwandle i-Okhotsk incane, kanti nokuqoqwa kwezithuthi zamanzi kuyanda minyaka yonke, ngoba ukuphela kwendlela yokuxhumana neziqhingi zaseKuril, iSakhalin Island neKamchatka.
I-40% yezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi isuselwa ekudleni kwasolwandle okuvela kuLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Ukudoba nemikhumbi yokuhlanza izinhlanzi kusebenza lapho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathangi, imikhumbi yempi nemikhumbi yezimpahla, imikhumbi yabagibeli ehamba ngomgwaqo oLwandle lwaseNyakatho inomphumela omubi.
Ukulimazeka kwe-biogeocenosis ngenxa yokudoba
Ukudangala kwezinsizakusebenza zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk nezinkinga zemvelo yimibono emibili ehlobene.
Ensimini, isikhathi sokudotshwa kwesinye isikhathi kwephulwa njalo, futhi umthamo wokukhishwa nawo weqiwe.
Inezinhlobo zenhlanzi ezibalulekile: i-navaga, i-pollock, i-herring, i-flounder. Futhi, abamele i-salmon bahlala kuyo: i-chum, i-pink salmon, i-coho salmon nabanye. Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk kwamanye amazwe lubizwa ngokuthi yi-crab Paradise. Cishe ama-80% omkhiqizo womhlaba weKamchatka crab akhiqizwa ngokuqondile emanzini olwandle.
Abahlali basolwandle bayaphawuleka ngobukhulu bawo. Ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,5 ebangeni lama-paws, bese isisindo sedlula 3 kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-squid nama-urchins olwandle ahlala lapho. Izilwane ezincelisayo zimelelwa yizimpawu zasolwandle, uphawu, izihlambi zoboya kanye nemikhomo. I-brown and red algae nayo ingahlukaniswa njengensiza ebalulekile yokuhweba.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ama-crustaceans ayinkomba yokuhlanzeka kwamanzi, imifino isongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazingeli abazungezile bathonya lokhu, bebukela phansi ukwahlukahlukana kwezinhlobo zezentengiso zezakhamizi zasolwandle.
Lolu lwandle lubaluleke kakhulu engxenyeni yezentengiselwano namandla e-Russia. Namuhla, hhayi izinhlelo zesifunda kuphela zokuvikelwa kwe-biota yemvelo ezibhekwayo, kepha ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezemvelo lokubumbana kubalulekile futhi.
Izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo
Ukwaziswa kobucayi benkinga yemvelo evelayo kubuye ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukucatshangelwa kwezinkinga zemvelo namuhla kwenziwa ezingeni likazwelonke futhi kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile. Izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle lwase-Okhotsk:
- Ukulawulwa kwevolumu nesikhathi sokuloba, kunciphisa amathuba okusebenzisa amadivayisi ukubuka phansi okungalingani kanye nokuhlangana kwezakhamizi zasolwandle,
- Ukudalwa kwendawo evumayo yokwenziwa kabusha kwama-mollusks, shrimp, algae, okuyizinto zokuhlanza amanzi zemvelo,
- ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusebenzayo ekuhlanzeni izindawo ezigudle ugu,
- ukuqaphela ukukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukwakhiwa kwabaqoqayo ngokuya ngemibhalo evunyelwe,
- ukudala ibhande lasehlathini ukunciphisa umkhawulo wokungena kukamanyolo wezolimo emanzini.
Ukuziba lezo zinkinga kuzothinta i-microflora yasolwandle yoLwandle i-Okhotsk kanye nokulingana kwamanzi emhlabeni.
Wonke umuntu unesibopho sokungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ukuqonda ubukhulu besimo kuyingxenye yempumelelo. Indlela kuphela ebucayi yokuthola izixazululo nokuyisebenzisa kuzosiza ekugwemeni izinkinga zezemvelo zomhlaba esifundeni futhi isindise uhlelo lwezinto eziphilayo olwandle i-Okhotsk.