Izingoma zezingoma
ILyrebird
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

Izingoma zezingoma (lat. Passeri) - isizinda sezinyoni ezidlula ngendlela. Zibonakaliswa ubude obufushane bokuqala bezimpaphe eziyishumi, ezihlala zimfishane kunezinye izimpaphe, kwesinye isikhathi zibumbeke noma zingabikho nhlobo, kanti ne-larynx esezingeni eliphansi ikhule ngokuphelele, ekwakhekeni kwayo lapho i-trachea ne-bronchi ibamba iqhaza kakhulu, futhi ihlonyiselwe ingxenye enkulu ngamabhuzu amahlanu wemisipha enamathiselwe imiphetho yamakhonkco esigamu se-bronchial. I-metatarsus imbozwe ngaphambili ngezihlangu ezinkulu ezihlanganisiwe.

Incazelo

Abaculi bahluke kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwemizimba yabo nokubukeka, ngosayizi, ekwakhekeni komlomo wabo, amaphiko nomsila, nasendleleni yabo yokuphila.

Iningi lazo lihlala emahlathini. Zidla okusanhlamvu, kanye nezinambuzane noma amanye ama-invertebrates amancane; ama-songbirds, ambalwa kakhulu adla okusanhlamvu nhlobo, njengokugwinya, noma, okuphambene nalokho, ayizinyoni eziklanyelwe ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, zihlala zihlala ngababili abahlukene, yize kwesinye isikhathi, njengamakhonkwane noma amaqhubu, imiphakathi yonke iqala ukwakha izidleke. Ngezinye izikhathi zonyaka, imihlambi emikhulu noma emincane ngokuvamile iba.

Amaqanda ahamba ngezinyawo ezikhathini eziningi. I-Clutch iqukethe okungenani amaqanda ama-4. Izinkukhu zizalwa zingasizakali futhi ezimweni eziningi zinqunu, isikhathi eside zihlala esidlekeni futhi zidla insikazi nowesilisa kanyekanye. Iningi labahlabeleli liyizinyoni ezifudukayo, ezinye zizulazula ebusika. Zindiza kahle, kepha indiza yazo imvamisa ihlala isikhashana.

Imvamisa bagxumela emhlabathini ngokuxhuma. Ngaphandle kwezimbalwa, abahlabeleli basiza abantu ngokuqothula inqwaba yezinambuzane ezincane. Akuvamile ukusetshenziselwa ukudla, kepha zivame ukugcinwa ezinkanjini zenjabulo ukuthi ukucula kwazo noma umbala wazo omuhle awunikeza umuntu. Bambalwa kakhulu kubo abagwema ukusondela kobuntu futhi bangahlali eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala. Cishe isigamu sazo zonke izinhlobo zabaculi aziwayo ngokuvamile zingezongqimba bezingoma.

Kusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izindawo zoogeographic. Izinsalela zama-chorista ziyaziwa kusukela ku-Eocene. Ngo-2019, ososayensi baseRussia abavela eNovosibirsk State University, eSt. Petersburg State University, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Science and the Siberian Ecological Center babika ukuthi okungenani imindeni eyisishiyagalolunye yamaqembu ahlukene wesifunda itholakala kumaseli wegciwane lezingoma IPasseri, kutholakala i-chromosome eyengeziwe engekho kumaseli we-somatic. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwavela ukuthi ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni ezake zaba khona eMhlabeni isikhathi esingaphezu kwama-35 Ma, ayikho i-chromosome eyengeziwe.

Ngokuyinhloko ngesakhiwo somlomo, isizinda sabahlabeleli sehlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-4:

1. Izindebe ezinamazinyo (i-Dentirostres) - uqhwaku lubukeka luvulekile kakhulu, uqhwaku luphela ngokubonakala kwamehlo noma okungabonakali kangako kwamazinyo. Zidla ikakhulu izinambuzane, kanti ezinye zihlasela ama-vertebrates amancane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imindeni elandelayo: corvidae (Corvidae), izinyoni zepharadesi (Paradisaeidae), inkanyezi (Sturnidae), tropial (Icteridae), titmouse (Paridae), Oriole (Oriolidae), magpie (Laniidae), flycatcher (Muscicapidae, turidae), ISlavkovye (Sylviidae), isikejana (iMotacillidae) nabanye.
2. IConebeak (Conirostres) - uqhwaku luqinile, lufishane, luyathandeka. Imvamisa - abahlabeleli bomphakathi. Bondla ikakhulu okusanhlamvu namajikijolo, kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi umndeni omkhulu, ojabulisayo we-Finch (Fringillidae), kanye ne-lark (Alaudidae) ne-weaver (Ploceidae).
3. Imikhawulo emincane (i-Tenuirostres) - uqhwaku lude, lubuncane, noma lugobekile kancane, iminwe, ikakhulukazi emuva, yinde. Zidla ezinambuzaneni, ezinye ngejusi yezimbali. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imindeni ye-alimentary (Certhiidae), i-honey-sucking (Meliphagidae), nectarniferous (Nectariniidae) nabanye.
4. IShokoklyuvye (Latirostres) - uqhwaku lufushane, luyisicaba, unxantathu onomlomo omkhulu wegebe. Izimpiko zinde, zibukhali. Impukane enhle. Abahlabeleli bomphakathi. Bondla izinambuzane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi umndeni ongumgwinya kuphela (uHirundinidae).

Kwenziwa kanjani umsindo?

Ngokungafani nezinyoni ezijwayelekile, abahlabeleli bane-syrinx - insiza eyinkimbinkimbi ye-larynx engezansi, enamabhuzu afinyelela ayisikhombisa. Lesi sitho sitholakala esifubeni, emaphethelweni aphansi e-trachea, eduze kwenhliziyo. ISyrinx iqukethe umthombo ohlukile womsindo ku-bronchus ngayinye. Vocalization kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kokuphefumula ngokusetha imigoqo yezindondo neyemuva ekugcineni kwe-cranial ye-bronchus. Izindonga zingamaphayiphu wezicubu ezixhunyiwe, okuthi uma sekufakwa umfudlana womoya, zidale imisindo ekhipha umsindo. Izimbotshana ngazinye zilawulwa ubuchopho, okuvumela izinyoni ukulawula okokusebenza kwezwi.

p, blockquote 3,0,0,0,0,0 ->

Inani elikhulu lezinsimbi zezingoma lincane noma lincane ngosayizi, umbala onesizotha namaplamu aminyene. Uqhwaku alunayo i-wax. Kwabamele abangavikeli, imvamisa imincanyana, igobile. Ukudla okusanhlamvu - okuphelele, okuqinile.

p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->

Bona ukuthi "Iculobirds" zithini kwezinye izichazamazwi:

Izingoma Zezingoma - (Oscines) isizinda sezinyoni ezidlula. Zibonakaliswa ubude obufushane bokuqala bezimpaphe eziyishumi, ezihlala zimfishane kunezinye izimpaphe, kwesinye isikhathi zibumbeke noma zingabikho nhlobo, kanti ne-larynx ephansi ikhule ngokuphelele, ku ... ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary UBrockhaus no-I-A.A. Efroni

Izingoma zezingoma - Bheka izingoma zezingoma ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary UBrockhaus no-I-A.A. Efroni

Izingoma zezingoma - ILyrebird ... iWikipedia

Amapharothi wengoma -? Izingoma ezihlabayo zokucula ezinemibala emibalabala Izinhlobo zesayensi ... Wikipedia

Izingoma zezingoma - (izingoma, izingoma, ama-Oscines), isizinda sezinyoni zohlobo lwe-Passeriformes (bheka i-SPARROW BIRDS), kufaka cishe isigamu sezinyoni zesimanje zezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezine. Ensimini yaseRussia kunezinhlobo ezingama-300 zalesi sigatshana esihlobene ... ... isichazamazwi se-Encyclopedic

Izingubo zokusoka -? Mimus Mockingbirds ... Wikipedia

Huts - Indlu yabesifazane abangama-satin ... iWikipedia

IZIMPI ZE-SINGLE - Izingoma zezingoma (ama-Oscines), isizinda sama-passerines. Izinhlobo ze-ancestral zekhulu le-P. eyaziwa kusuka ku-Upper Eocene, futhi yesimanjemanje. ukuzalwa kwengane kusuka ku-Upper Oligocene. Imindeni iyahlukahluka ngaphandle. morphological izimpawu, anatomical. ukwakheka kwawo wonke ama-P. century. kuhle kakhulu. Okwa ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

Izingoma Shrikes -? Ukucula ama-shrikes IGolide elinamakhanda n ... Wikipedia

Izinyoni zezithombe zithokozelwa kanye ne-nightingale

Izingoma zokuzibhubhisa zazivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezikude nabantu, kepha manje sezitholakala nasezindaweni ezihlala emadolobheni. Umbala wakhe uyamangala, kepha ukucula kumnandi.

Izindlebe zenziwa ngotshani, amahlumela, ngomumbu. Kuhlelwe emagatsheni. Ukuzindla kuthatha amasonto ama-5, amantshontsho akhula ngokushesha okukhulu: ngesonto lesibili asevele afundile ukundiza.

Izithombe zenyoni e-Nightingale. Ungowomndeni omnyama. Le ngubo yengoma inkulu kakhulu kunondlunkulu. Umbala ubomvu ngokubomvu-umnqumo-mpunga, uqhakaze esifubeni, isisu singukuthinta okuxutshwe naluthi. Amehlo amnyama njengebuhlalu.

Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 ze-Nightingale emvelweni: ejwayelekile empumalanga naseningizimu. Zivamile empumalanga yeYurophu nasentshonalanga yeSiberia. Futhi i-nightingale ingahlangatshezwa entshonalanga nasenyakatho ne-Afrika, e-Asia.

I-Nightingale yiyo ebomvu. Le yingoma efudukayo. Ubusika butholakala enyakatho ye-Afrika naseningizimu ye-Iran. Babuyela ezweni lakubo maphakathi no-Ephreli, lapho izinambuzane eziningi zindiza. Izidleke zisonteka emahlathini aminyene wamabibi, emahlathini amahlathi, ezingadini nasemapaki.

Photo bird Goldfinch no-Oriole

IGoldfinch - inyoni encane, kepha ikhanya kakhulu futhi yinhle. Amapayipi anemibala omculi kunzima ukudida nezinye izinyoni, ahlala edonsela ukunaka.

Ingoma ethi Goldfinch inomzimba omncane, inesisindo esingama-20-25 amagremu. Le mibala ilandelayo igqoke engutsheni yokugqoka: isizalo esikhanyayo esibomvu esinendandatho ezungeze uqhwaku, ingemuva elinsundu, imivimbo ebunjiwe ophuzi emaphikweni, amachashazi amhlophe emsileni nasemaphikweni.

UGoldfinch ungumculi omangalisayo, ukucula kwakhe okuhlukahlukene kunezinhlobo ezingama-20 zama-tror sonorous.

Photo Oriole birdenezwi elihlukile. Uyakwazi ukucula ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene: ukukhala okunesizungu okubukhali, imisindo yokushayela, imisindo ye-squeak nokuningi.

Isidleke sikhala njengebhasikidi elilengisiwe le-oval. Kuyo, kusetshenziswa iziqu zotshani, imichilo ye-bast kanye ne-birch bark. Ngaphakathi kubekwe ku-fluff, amahlamvu owomile, izinwele zezilwane nama-cobwebs.

Ukuze i-Oriole icule, ubukhona bamanzi aseduze kwendawo yayo yokuhlala kubalulekile, ngoba lithanda ukubhukuda. Kulokhu, ama-Orioles afana nokugwinya lapho awela emanzini ukuze agxume.

Izinyoni zicula kanjani futhi ngani?

Noma iyiphi inyoni yenza imisindo, kodwa kubahlabeleli kuphela abaxhunyaniswe ngokuvumelanayo ku-trill esikalini. Ekuvumelaneni kwamazwi, kukhona amasimba okucula nezwi, ahlukaniswa ngumongo, ubude kanye nokuguqulwa kwemisindo. Izingcingo zezwi zimfushane, futhi ingoma yinde, iyacacisa futhi imvamisa ihambelana nokuziphatha kokuzalela.

Kwenziwa umsindo kanjani

Izinyoni (ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo) azinazo izindonga zezwi. Isitho sezitho zezinyoni yi-syrinx, isakhiwo esikhethekile samathambo ku-trachea. Lapho umoya udlula kuwo, izindonga zawo ne-tragus ziyavevezela, bese kuba nomsindo. Le nyoni ilawula imvamisa / ivolumu ngokushintsha ukungezwani kolwelwesi nokwandisa umsindo ngezikhwama zomoya.

Iqiniso. Ngokundiza, iculo likhala kakhulu: lishaya amaphiko alo, inyoni idonsa umoya ngokusebenzisa i-trachea, bronchi kanye namaphaphu. Ingoma ye-Yula esibhakabhakeni isatshalaliswa ngaphezu kwe-3 km, futhi emhlabeni kuzwakala kuthule kakhulu.

Amathuluzi wokuphawula wabo bobabili ubulili akhiwe ngendlela efanayo, kepha izicubu zamalobolo aphansi zesifazane zibuthakathaka kunakwabesilisa. Kungakho abesilisa becula kangcono ezinyoni.

Kungani izinyoni zihlabelela?

Ngokumangazayo, izinyoni ziyahlabelela ngoba ... azikwazi ukusiza kodwa ziyacula. Kuyiqiniso, imidlwane emidala kakhulu futhi engazwisisi kahle izwakala ngesikhathi sokuzalela, okuchazwa ngokuhlinzwa kwehomoni okudinga ukuphuma komzimba okunodlame.

Kepha ... Kungani-ke izinyoni zamahhala (abadala nabancane) ziyaqhubeka nokucula ekwindla, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ebusika? Kungani i-Nightingale, i-zaryanka, i-wren nezinye izinyoni ziqala ukucula ngokuzumayo, zishaqeke ngokuvela ngokuzuma komphangi? Kungani izinyoni eziboshwe emakhejini zihlabelela ngezwi eligcwele futhi kungakhathalekile ukuthi kuyini inkathi (ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlabelela kanzima nangaphezulu kwezihlobo zazo ezikhululekile)?

By the way, ikholi yokuzalelana isekude ekuculeni kwangempela. Ihlala ilula ngokuya ngamakhompiyutha futhi ibe buthaka ngomsindo.

Ama-Ornithologists aqinisekile ukuthi iyacula enikeza ukukhipha kwamandla kwamandla okuqongelelwe enyameni, okuthi kunyuke ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kepha kungashabalali lapho kuqedwa.

Izingoma zezingoma

Zihlukile kwezinye izinyoni esakhiweni esiyinkimbinkimbi se-larynx ephansi. Cishe bonke abaculi bakhulise kahle ama-jozi ama-7-7 wemisipha yezwi, ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni zingahlabeli kahle nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ziyazi nokuzihlekisa. Kuliqiniso, i-onomatopoeia ayakhiwa kuyo yonke inhlobo.

Ngokulandelana kwama-Passeriformes, abahlabeleli bakha isizinda esinenombolo enkulu kunazo zonke (cishe izinkulungwane ezine). Ngaphezu kwabo, kuneminye imikhawulo emi-3 eqenjini:

• imilomo ebanzi (uphondo),
• ukumemeza (omashiqela)
• ukucula.

Abaculi abafani komunye nomunye ekwakhekeni komzimba nosayizi bawo, nasendleleni yokuphila kwabo. Iningi elixakile lihlala emahlathini futhi lithathwa njengelifudukayo, amanye ahlala phansi noma ayazulazula. Emhlabathini kuvama kakhulu.

Ngokucabanga ngedivayisi ye-beak, isizinda se-choroid sehlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-4:

• ikhokhisa
• ikhokhelwe izinyo
• kubaliwe
• -khokhisiwe.

Kubalulekile. Ukudideka okukhulu kakhulu etekisini kuyabonakala esigungwini sabaculi. Ngokuya ngokwendlela, ama-ornithologists ahlukanisa kusuka ku-761 kuya ku-1017 genera, ehlangene emindenini engama-44-56.

Ngokusho kokunye ukwahlukaniswa, le mindeni elandelayo ibonwa njengabahlabeleli: izingqungqulu, izibungu, amaqabunga, ama-wang, amachashazi, ama-curls, ama-thimelias, ama-turber, ama-bulbule (ama-to-short-toed), i-magpie, i-red-fronted, i-cyanifolia, ihlengethwa, king, tit, flycatcher, i-nuthatch, ukuncela izimbali, unamehlo amhlophe, oatmeal, i-alpine, i-nectarnaceous, ukuncela uju, i-tanagra, ukhuni, ukugwinya i-tanagra, imbali, imbali yaseHawaii i-tsy, i-weaver, i-reel, i-reel, i-tel, i-tropial, i-weel, i-orioles, i-gouii, ukugwinya, ama-shorts, ama-huts, izinkanyezi, i-drongovye, izibungu, amaketanga, izinyoni ezinamakhaza, amagwababa nezinyoni zepharadesi.

Abahlabeleli beTropiki bakhaliphile futhi bakhulu kunalezo ezalelwe ezindaweni ezinomusa, okubangelwa isidingo sokuvimba imisindo yezinambuzane ukuze kuzwakale ehlathini eliminyene. Abahlabeleli bengxenye yaseYurophu yeRussian Federation bancane: iqembu eliphakeme kakhulu labizwa ngokuthi i-blackbird, elincane kunazo zonke - i-ladle nenkosi.

Nightingale

I-Virtuoso yokucula yodwa, ikhazinyulisiwe ezinkondlweni nakwisiprofetho. Esifundeni esiphakathi neRussia, ubonakala ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ehlabelela ngentshiseko hhayi ebusuku kuphela, kodwa futhi nokukhanya kwelanga. I-Nightingale ejwayelekile, ilunga lomndeni we-flycatcher, ithanda umthunzi nomswakama, yingakho ihlala emahlathini amaningi asezikhukhula.

Umculi wehlathi "nika" indawo yokuhlala enezimpawu, ezihambisana nemikhuba ebonakalayo nama-trill. Kuqala iculo, ume ngemilenze yakhe eceleni, aphakamise umsila wakhe wehlise amaphiko akhe. Le nyoni yakhothama ngokunamandla, yagoqa umsila wayo futhi yakhipha ukunxenxa okuthula (okufana ne- "trrr") noma ikhwela ende.

Kwingoma yase-Nightingale, amakhwela, ama-roulade amnene nokuqhafaza kungenye, futhi isakhi sayo ngasinye, esibizwa ngedolo (abale okungenani isibalo eziyishumi nambili), siphindwa kaninginingi. I-Nightingale ifunda ukucula nabafowabo abadala impilo yakhe yonke: yingakho amaKursk Nightingales ehlabelela ngokwehlukile kunalawo ase-Arkhangelsk, kanti nama-Nightingales aseMoscow awawathandi amaTula.

I-Polyphonic mockingbird

Inyoni enesizotha emide engama-25 cm, inenqwaba yephunga elimpunga elinsundu kanye nomsila omude omnyama onezimpaphe ezimhlophe (zangaphandle). I-Mockingbird yaziwa ngethalente le-onomatopoeic elingathandeki kanye ne-repertoire ecebile yezingoma ezingama-50-200.

Izinhlobo zezinhlobo ziqala eningizimu yeCanada, zidlula e-USA ziye eMexico nasolwandle lweCaribbean, kepha iningi lezinyoni zihlala endaweni kusukela eFlorida kuye eTexas. IMockingbird isizivumelanise nezimo zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ezitshaliwe, kanye namahlathi, ugwadule olungamasimu, amasimu kanye nama-glade avulekile.

Umuntu wesilisa oklolodayo uvame ukucula ngesikhathi sasemini, akhiqize ngekhono amazwi ezinye izilwane (kufaka nezinyoni) nanoma imuphi umsindo ozwayo, ngokwesibonelo, imisindo yokukhiqiza nemisindo yezimoto. Ingoma ye-Mockingbird ihlala iyinkimbinkimbi, yinde futhi iphakeme kakhulu.

Idla ngembewu, izithelo nama-invertebrates, uwafuna phansi. I-Mockingbird akuyona inyoni enamahloni: uvuka ngesibindi nangobudlova ukuvikela isidleke sakhe, evame ukubiza omakhelwane ukuba basebenzise umhlaseli ndawonye.

I-Field Lark

Enye inyoni, ngamakhulu eminyaka yashisekela izimbongi ngentshiseko. Inyoni eyi-nondescript motley eyisayizi undlunkulu wendlu - ama-40 g kuphela esisindo ku-18 cm womzimba omnyama. Abesifazane banesizotha esikhulu kunabesilisa futhi cishe abakaze babambe iso: kuyilapho owesilisa ecula yedwa, intombi yakhe ifuna ukudla noma imlindisela ezansi.

I-Lark iqala ingoma emoyeni, ikhuphuka ibe yaphezulu emibuthanweni ize ichitheke esibhakabhakeni. Njengoba sesifinyelele endaweni ephezulu (100-150 m ngaphezu komhlaba), i-lark lark isheshe ibuyele emuva, isivele ingekho imibuthano, kepha idonsa amaphiko ayo ngokungakhathali.

Lapho i-lark yehla, iculo layo liba bushelelezi, nemisindo ekhalayo iqala ukubusa kuyo. Cishe amamitha amabili ukusuka emhlabathini, i-lark iyeka ukucula futhi ihlele ngokushesha ngamaphiko ayo.

Ingoma ye-lark, ikhala ngamasimu kusukela ekuntweleni kuze kuyoshona, yize kunesethi encane yamanothi, izwakala imnandi kakhulu. Imfihlo ilele ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhono kwemisindo ecwazimulayo ngensimbi (efana nezinsimbi).

Wren

Tiny (10 g at 10 cm tall) kepha titfishi letimnyama letinsundu lehlala e-Eurasia, eMelika kanye naseNyakatfo Afrika.Ngenxa yeplamu evulekile, i-wren ibukeka njengebhola le-fluffy elinomsila omfishane ophakanyisiwe.

I-warren engapheli ngokungapheli phakathi kwamagatsha ezihlahla, igxuma phakathi kokhuni olufile noma igijime ngotshani. Ibuyela ezingxenyeni ezidlekayo kusenesikhathi, lapho izingqimba ze-thawed zifumba ehlathini, futhi iqhwa liwela ezindaweni ezivulekile.

Emaphethelweni aseMoscow, ukuculwa kwe-wren sekuzwakala ngo-Ephreli. Ingoma akuyona i-melodic kuphela, kodwa futhi inomsindo omkhulu, owakhiwa ngama-sonorous, kepha ihlukile komunye nomunye, i-trill esheshayo. UWren uqinisa iculo lakhe, ekhuphuka isiphunzi, inqwaba yamabhulashi noma ehamba phakathi kwamagatsha. Lapho usuqedile ukwenza lo msebenzi, owesilisa ugxuma e-dais ngokushesha ungene ngaphansi kwendawo yokuzalwa.

Isihlabelelo

Inesihloko esingashiwongo 'sobusuku behlathi,' ngoba ikhetha ukuhlala emahlathini ahlukahlukene futhi ihlose imisindo yayo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ephakeme. Ingoma iyilungu lomndeni wama-blackbird futhi yaziwa kakhulu kubahlali base-Asia Minor, eYurophu naseSiberia.

Le inyoni ebunjiwe ngombala onsundu enesisindo esifinyelela ku-70 g nobude bomzimba ongu-21.5-25 cm. Izinyoni ziyavela ezindaweni ezinendawo yokwakha isidleke ngaphambi kwaphakathi kuka-Ephreli, zihlala emakhoneni afanele ukuzalaniswa.

Ukucula kuyacula kuze kuhlwe, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngokushona kusihlwa nasekuseni kokusa. I-melorous sonorous, engaxutshiwe futhi ehlukile ihlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele: iculo lifaka izinhlobo ezihlukene zokukhala okuphansi kanye ne-laconic trill. I-Thrush iphinda iculo ngalinye edolweni amahlandla ama-2 - 4.

Kuculwa izimbaza, zihlala esihlahleni. Zivame ukulingisa ezinye izinyoni, kepha noma kunjalo ingoma yazo uqobo ithathwa njengento enhle kunazo zonke.

Inkanyezi ejwayelekile

Le nyoni yokuqala efudukayo efika maphakathi neRussia ngezimbobo zokuqala ezisikiwe, imvamisa ngoMashi. Izinkanyezi zikhetha ukubuka amasiko, kodwa futhi zivamile emaqeleni, emahlathini-emaphethelweni, amahlathi angenasisekelo nasezintabeni zezinyawo.

Ingoma yenkanyezi iyakhala kakhulu futhi ifana nentwasahlobo. Umuntu wesilisa uzinikela ekuthonyweni kokudala ngokuphelele, kodwa ngesifiso esinjalo sokuthi ngisho nokuqamba neminye imisindo emnandi efakiwe kuyo akuyiphathi i-aria yakhe.

Kuyathakazelisa. Ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, yizinkanyezi ezihlabelela kakhulu futhi ngobuciko ukwedlula zonke izinyoni ezizungezile, ikakhulukazi ezizinzileyo nezingenantambo, ikakhulukazi njengoba izinhlobo ezisele ezifudukayo zingakabuyeli emahlathini.

Izinkanyezi nazo ziyi-mockingbirds, zihlanganisa kalula imisindo yokuphefumula ezingxenyeni zazo - ukuqothuka kwamaxoxo, inja nokukhonkotha, ukudalwa kwesondo lenqola, futhi, ukulingisa kwezinye izinyoni.

Ifaka inkanyezi ngokwemvelo ifaka engomeni yayo hhayi izihlobo kuphela, kodwa futhi izwakala lapho izizwa ngesikhathi sasebusika / izindiza, ngaphandle kokukhubeka futhi ingayeki umzuzu. Izinkanyezi, ezihlala isikhathi eside ekuthunjweni, zilingisa kahle izwi lomuntu, zisho amagama amabili nemisho emide.

Inkosi enamakhanda aphuzi

Ingoma encane yesangoma, engasekho ngaphezu kuka-10 cm, evamile endaweni yehlathi laseYurophu nase-Asia. I-kinglet ekhanda ophuzi ibukeka njengebhola elincane, elinombala omnqumo onamaphiko anemigqa, lapho itshalwe khona ibhola elincane - liyikhanda elinamehlo amnyama acwebezelayo nomugqa ophuzi omude ohlobisa umqhele.

Izinduna zenkosi ephethwe ngomphuzi zihlabelela ngo-Ephreli kanye ekuqaleni kukaMeyi - le yimisindo ethule yomculo ezwakala ovela emagatsheni agqamile.

I-Kinglet ihlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini ama-coniferous (imvamisa yama-spruce), kodwa futhi yenzeka emahlathini axubekile futhi aqobayo, ahamba lapho ebusika, ngenkathi ezulazula nangemuva kokudlekwa. Amakhosi azulazula nge-titmouse, omikhuba yayo isondele kakhulu kubo.

Izinyoni zihlangene ngokushesha zigibela izinaliti, zinamathela ngobuqili obumangazayo kumathiphu wamagatsha acashile futhi zithathe imiphumela emangalisayo ye-acrobatic. Ehlobo, bathola ukudla engxenyeni ephezulu yomqhele, behlela phansi emhlabathini ebusika / ekwindla noma baqoqe ukudla okufanele eqhweni.

Izinyoni zasehlathini (ezinobude bomzimba obungu-23 kuya ku-40 cm), ezihlala eNew Zealand kuphela. Umndeni we-guiyi unezinhlobo ezi-3, ngasinye sazo simele uhlobo lwe-monotypic. Zonke izinyoni zibonakala ngokuba khona kwama-catkins (ukukhula okugqamile) ngaphansi komlomo. Izimpiko zazo ziyindilinga, izinyawo nomsila zinde.

I-guia yokuluma inenqwaba yeplamu emnyama, lapho umsila uphela, udwetshwe ngombala omhlophe, umehluko. Unamacici aphuzi noqhwaku. Okokugcina, ngendlela, kwehluke kakhulu kwabesilisa nabesilisa: kwabesilisa kunesikhathi eside futhi kugobile, emadodeni kuba mfushane futhi kuqondile.

Uqhwaku olude nolucashile, oluncane olucijile luhlome futhi nolunye uhlobo oluvela emndenini we-guiyi, isihlalo se-Sad. Isendlalelo esimnyama sibuye sifake umbala wombala waso, kepha sivele sixutshwe nesifuba esikhulu emaphikweni asemboze nasemuva, lapho sakha khona “isihlalo somdwebo”.

UKokako (olunye uhlobo) upendiwe ngompunga, onamathani omnqumo emsileni / emaphikweni, futhi uqhwaku lomlomo omfishane olufushwe ngesibambo ngomlomo. I-Kokako, njenge-saddle-spin, ayindiza kahle, njengomthetho, ngokunqamula ukuphinda inyuke ngamamitha ambalwa, futhi zitholakala emahlathini aminyene aseningizimu beech (notophagus).

Kuyathakazelisa. Amadoda ezinhlobo ezimbili zokugcina anezwi elihle futhi elinamandla, okuthiwa "umtshingo". Emvelweni, kuvame ukukhombisa ukucula kwe-antiphon ne-duet.

I-Kokako ne-saddleback nazo zihlobene nesimo esifanayo ku-IUCN Red ohlwini - zombili zisengozini.

Umdanso ojwayelekile wompompi

Inyoni ecwebile enobukhulu obukhulu, engakhuli ngaphezu kuka-12-15 cm isisindo kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-15 g. Iso elibomvu liyabonakala kalula ngombala walo obonakalayo. Abesilisa phezulu baphethe ngombala onsundu futhi bapinki obomvu esiswini, umqhele kanye nomsila ongaphezulu nako kugqanyiswa okubomvu. Izinyoni zezinsikazi nezinsikazi zigqokwa umqhele kuphela ngesigqoko esibomvu, kepha imizimba yazo ipendiwe mhlophe.

Umdanso ojwayelekile wompompi uthanda ukuhlala eTaiga, tundra nasehlathini-tundra yaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. E-taiga, idla ngemicembe emincane eshisayo noma emathangeni enkungu emfushane, uma sikhuluma nge-shrub tundra.

Iqiniso. Umdanso wompompi ucula kancane, imvamisa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ingoma ayisiyo yomculo omnandi kakhulu, ngoba iqukethe izingcweti ezomile ezifana ne- “trerrrrr” kanye nesethi yezingcingo ezingapheli “che-che-che”.

Ezintabeni ezise-alpine ne-subalpine Mountain tapered kuvame kakhulu, futhi e-Eurasian tundra / taiga - umlotha obomvu. Yonke imidanso yokudonsa igcinwa inqwaba futhi iflatter iqhubeke impukane, yenze umsindo onjenge- "che-che", "cheny", "che-che-che", "chevy", "cheeei" noma "chuv".

I-Yellow Wagtail, noma iPlaska

Incane kancane kunenqola emhlophe, kepha yona emncanyana, nokho, ibukeka kahle ngokwengeziwe ngombala okhangayo - amaplamu aphuzi aluhlaza ahlanganiswe namaphiko ansundu-namnyama nomsila omnyama, izimpaphe zawo zomsila (ubhangqisa obukhulu) zipendwe mhlophe. I-dimorphism yezocansi izibonakalisa ngombala onsundu ngombala wekhanda futhi inamaqabaka ebeleni labesifazane. I-pliska yabantu abadala inesisindo esingama-g ayi-17.

Izidleke eziphuzi eziphuzi ezisentshonalanga ye-Alaska, e-Asia (ngaphandle kwezindawo eziseningizimu, eziseningizimu nasenyakatho kakhulu), kanye naseNyakatho ne-Afrika (iNayile Delta, iTunisia, inyakatho ye-Algeria) neYurophu. Esiqongweni esiphakathi sezwe lethu, izinqola eziphuzi ziyabuya ngesinye isikhathi maphakathi no-Ephreli, zisatshalaliswe ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinamanzi amancane futhi ezinobuthi obuvuvu (lapho izihlahlana ezingavamile zivame ukubonwa khona) noma emabhumeni we-hummocky peat.

Amaphawundi okuqala amafulegi ezwi acishe azwakale ngokushesha nje lapho efika evela ebusika: iduna ligibela esiquleni esiqinile futhi livule umlomo waso omkhulu, lenze umsele olula.

IPliska ibheka ukudla ngokubhula phakathi kotshani noma ukubamba izinambuzane emoyeni, kepha yenza kanjalo endiza, ngokungafani nenqola emhlophe, kaningi. Akumangalisi ukuthi isidlo sasemini esiphuzi semvamisa siqukethe ama-invertebrates amancane ahlala phansi.

I- "Extra" chromosome

Kungekudala, i-hypothesis yavela ukuthi ngenxa yalesi chromosome, izinhlobo zezingoma zikwazile ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke. Ukuba khona kwe-chromosome eyengeziwe kumaseli wegciwane lezingoma kwaqinisekiswa izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezivela ku-Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk kanye naseSt.

Ososayensi baqhathanisa iDNA yezinhlobo eziyi-16 zezinhlobo zezingoma (eziphuma emindenini eyi-9, kufaka phakathi izinkunzi, izinkukhu, izimbotshana) kanye nezinhlobo eziyi-8 ezivela kwamanye ama-oda, okubandakanya upholi, inkukhu, goose, amadada namakhakhasi.

Iqiniso. Kwavela ukuthi izinhlobo ezingaculi, zindala kakhulu (ezineminyaka engaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-35 zinokuhlangenwe nakho eMhlabeni), zinekhemikhali eyodwa engaphansi kuneyokucula eyavela emhlabeni kamuva.

Ngokokuqala ngqa, okokuqala ngqa i- "chromosome" yatholakala emuva ngo-1998 ku-zebra amadina, kodwa bathi lokhu ngezimpawu eziqondene nomuntu ngamunye. Kamuva (2014), kwatholakala i-chromosome eyengeziwe ku-Amadina yaseJapan, okwenza ababukeli bezinyoni bacabanga ngayo.

Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zaseRussia ziphakamise ukuthi i-chromosome eyengeziwe yabumba eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 eyedlule, futhi ukuziphendukela kwayo kwakuhlukile kubo bonke abaculi. Yize iqhaza lendaba le chromosome ekwakhiweni kwamagama ezingoma lingaqondakali ngokuphelele, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi likhulise amandla ehlobo lezinyoni, lazivumela ukuba zihlale cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi.

Izwi lezinyoni

Yize abaculi abahle kakhulu, abanjengo-Nightingale noma i-blackbird, bezingoma, abanye banamazwi abukhali, aphoxayo noma abanamsindo nhlobo. Iqiniso ngukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni zibonakaliswa ngamanani ahlukene kanye nobukhulu bezwi, okuyinto inhlanganisela ngayinye ihlanganiswa nengoma yayo. Ezinye izinyoni zilinganiselwe kumanothi ambalwa, kanti ezinye zingaphansi kwama-octave aphelele. Izinyoni ukucula kwazo kuqukethe imisindo engasho lutho, isibonelo, ondlunkulu abakhule ngisho nasekudingisweni, baqala ukucula njengoba bekulindelekile lapho befika eminyakeni ethile. Abahlabeleli abaneziphiwo eziningi, njengama-nightingales, ngokuqinisekile kufanele bafunde lobu buciko kubafowabo abadala.

p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->

Kusungulwe iqiniso elithokozisayo, elibonisa ukuthi ukubukeka kwezinyoni ezifanayo kuyehluka kakhulu, kuyilapho okuhle ngokubukeka kungalingana. Lo mkhakha uvikela izinyoni ngesikhathi sokuzalela imidlalo ekuzaneni nabamele bolunye uhlobo.

p, blockquote 9,0,1,0,0 ->