Kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, amalulwane abangela ukungathandeki kwabaningi. Ngabe lokhu kuhlobene nezinganekwane ze-vampire, noma sikhona esinye isizathu? Yekela. Omunye wabamele balezi zilwane ezingajwayelekile, ijakhethi lesikhumba elisenyakatho, iyathakazelisa impela indlela yayo eyingqayizivele yokuphila. Futhi noma ngabe ungahlobana kangakanani nalezi zilwane ezincane, kufanele ucabangele izinzuzo ezinkulu ezizilethayo.
Bheka incazelo
Labo abamele i-oda lamalulwane bayizilwane eziphakathi nendawo. Ijakethi lesikhumba elisenyakatho, okuyincazelo yalo enikezwe ngezansi, ligxile ekulinganiselweni kwamaphiko kuya ngosayizi womzimba. Uma ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-4,9-6.4 kuphela, khona-ke amaphiko angamasentimitha angama-24 ukuya kwangu-28. Iphiko likhonjisiwe, lilincane (uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane). Umsila mfishane, kuze kufike ku-5 cm ubude, kanti isipikili siphuma kolwelwesi lwesifazane ngu-4-5 mm.
Indlebe iyimbumba yesikhumba, eyindilizela phezulu, enesikhumba esincane, embozwe uboya obumnyama. Esicabheni somgodi wokuqothula kukhona ishubhu eliyindilinga le-cartilaginous elifushane ngaphezulu.
Uboya bezilwane bude futhi bukhulu. Akunandaba noma umthunzi wejazi, umhlane uhlala umnyama kancane kunesisu. Lesi sithelo, isithombe osibonayo, sihluke kwabanye abamele iqembu ngombala wegolide wengxenye engenhla yezinwele, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho ne-sheen yensimbi. Kwabanye abantu, amathiphu wegolide atholakala nje eceleni kogobolondo, hhayi ngawo wonke umhlane. I-luster enobuntu icishe ibonakale ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kwesilwane.
Uboya bungaba nsundu onsundu, bese isisu sinsundu onsundu. ETuva, kwatholakala ijazi lesikhumba lasenyakatho lama-grey brown aphuzi nesisu esimhlophe esimhlophe. Abantu abachaziwe kanye nombala we-chocolate onesisu ophuzi. I-muzzle nayo ipendiwe ngombala omnyama, ocishe ube mnyama.
Isikhumba siyisidleke, ngakho-ke umhlathi waso uhlome ngamazinyo angama-32-34. Indlela yamazinyo yabamele izinhlobo zezinto ezilandelayo:
- incisors - 2/3,
- fangs 1/1,
- pre-izimpande - 1-2 / 2,
- molars - 3/3.
Isisindo somzimba sisukela kuma-gramu ayi-8 kuye kwayi-14, umthambo ulula, ovumela isilwane ukundiza.
Indawo yokusabalalisa
Kuwo wonke amalulwane aziwayo, ijacket lesikhumba enyakatho yiyona engamelana kakhulu namazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngenxa yalesi sici, lesi silwane sakwazi ukusakazeka kabanzi kulo lonke i-Eurasia - ukusuka ehlathini-tundra kuya kwi-taiga yaseSiberia. Ungahlangana naye ezindaweni eziwugwadule zaseRiphabhuliki yaseTuva, nasezintabeni zaseCaucasus, endaweni yaseMongolia naseziqhingini zaseSakhalin. Kuze kube sekwindla sekwephuzile, amajackethi wesikhumba aqala ukuzingela.
Lolu hlobo lwamalulwane luyatholakala nasendaweni yeRepublic of Belarus. Yatholakala okokuqala ngonyaka we-1934 emazweni aseBerezinsky Reserve, futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana - eHyvezskaya Pushcha. Kukuleli republic lapho isikhumba sibhalwe ku-Red Book.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ububanzi besilwane bukhulu, kepha izinhlobo ngokwazo zingaphansi kokuqothulwa. Lokhu kungenxa yocwaningo lwe-speleological olusebenzayo, nokungcoliswa kwemvelo, kanye nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, lapho amalulwane ahlala khona. Uma isikhathi singathathwanga ukuze kulondolozwe lezi zilwane, kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane ziyanyamalala ngaphambi kokuthi kufundwe ngokugcwele.
Indlela yokuphila
Isifiso sempilo yalolu hlobo cishe siyiminyaka eyi-15. Zihlala emhlambini omncane, ezinabantu abangama-20-30 (abesifazane). Abesilisa bakhetha isizungu. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, bacasha kumakhaza ezindaweni ezingaphansi nangaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, emihumeni noma ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu, ezitungwini noma ezigodini. Kepha udinga kuphela ukukhombisa izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwe-zero, njengoba beshiya indawo ebusika futhi baphume bayozingela masinyane ngemuva kokushona kwelanga.
Bancamela ukufuna ukudla ehlathini noma emaphethelweni ehlathi, emigwaqweni yedolobha noma eduzane nasezindlini zabantu. Ukukhuphuka phezulu kuze kube ngu-30 m, ngokungafanele, amaphiko ngokushesha nangamaphapha, kuqondisa ijacket lesikhumba enyakatho. Ngabe udlani, uyabuza? Zonke izinambuzane ezindizayo ziwela emazinyweni abukhali aleso silwane - amabhu kanye nothuli, amabhu namabhu, amabhungane amaqabunga kanye nama-weevil, amabhungane e-barbel namawele. Ngokudla, i-bat isiza ukuqeda izinambuzane zamahlathi nezitshalo, kusindisa isivuno.
Lapho usuqonde emhumeni lapho kuhlala khona amakoloni, uzomangazwa yi-minimak kanye nemigqumo lapho kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu. Uhlobo ngalunye, kufaka nejakhethi yesikhumba yasenyakatho, inezimpawu zayo ezizwakalayo. Kwezinhlobo zethu, isinali liwububanzi kusukela ku-5 kuye ku-25 kHz. Kepha le-squeak ayisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kuphela. Ngosizo lwayo, isilwane "siyabona" futhi singakwazi ukuhamba ebumnyameni ngokuphelele.
Lapho kuqala ubusika, abanye abantu bathuthela eningizimu, kanti abanye bahlala endaweni bese becasha ezindaweni zobusika.
Ukuhlangana, ukukhulelwa, ukuzala ingane
Imidlalo yokumatanisa yalawa amalulwane ayifundwa kancane, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi yenziwa kanye ngonyaka - ekwindla. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa nabesifazane bangahlala eduze, kwesinye isikhathi, abesilisa bakhetha isizungu. Owesifazane usinda ebusika esekhulelwe. Futhi ekuqaleni noma maphakathi nehlobo, kuzalwa izingane. I-bat iyazala (izithombe zesilwane zinikezwa esihlokweni), imvamisa ezimbili, ngaphansi kwamawundlu amancane.
Njengoba iphakethe, izinsikazi zodwa zikhulisa izingane zazo zize zikhule, okuyinto eyenzeka ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanye. Abesilisa ababambiqhaza ekukhulisweni kwesizukulwane esisha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ubusha bamajakethi wesikhumba kaningi abethelwa ukubopha amakoloni ezinhlobo ezihlukile, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-bat-bird kanye nezibani zasebusuku. Futhi abazixoshi.
Mhlawumbe lapho sizokwazi kangcono lezi zilwane eziwusizo, sizoyeka ukuhudula lapho sibona amalulwane endiza esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Ngemuva kwakho konke, laba bomakhelwane bethu abadlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wendalo futhi banelungelo lempilo.
Incazelo
Isigaxa siphakathi nendawo. Isisindo 8-14 g. Ubude bomzimba 49-64 mm, umsila ubude 38-55 mm. Iphiko lingamamitha angama-24- 28 cm, ubude bengalo ingama-38-43 mm. Iphiko lincane, likhombe. Indlebe inesikhumba esinsundu, ihlanganiswe ngobumnene kufaceba. Uboya bukhulu futhi bude. Ngaphansi kukhanya kunalokho okuphezulu, phezulu kunombala onsomi ngegolide okwenziwe ngamaphethelo amahle ezinwele. Amabhulukwe wesikhumba eTuva anombala ophuzi ophuzi. Ukuphela komsila kungu-4-5 mm okuphuma esibelethweni sowesifazane.
Ihluke kwezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane ngombala wegolide we- metallic eziqongweni zezinwele ngazinye noma imicu emincane ecwebezelayo ephakanyisiwe emuva ngemuva ngokubhekene nesendlalelo esimnyama sombala onsundu noma onsundu ngombala womzimba ongaphezulu (ezilwaneni ezincibilikayo, “umgubuzelo” wegolide kungenzeka uvezwe buthaka).
- Ukusuka kubusuku obukhanyayo, amajakethi wesikhumba asenyakatho ahlukaniswa nge-tragus yangaphambili, ebanzi phakathi nendawo kuneziansi.
- Ukusuka ebangeni elincane, i-Natusius bat, empumalanga naseMedithera ihlukaniswa ukungabikho kwezinyo elingenhla elibunjiwe.
- Kusuka ejokeni lesikhumba likaBobrinsky - ngosayizi omkhulu (ubude bengalo hhayi ngaphansi kwama-38 mm).
- Kusuka ezikhunjeni ezisempumalanga nezisekupheleni - ngosayizi omncane (ubukhulu be-forearm hhayi ngaphezu kwama-43 mm).
- Kusuka kwesikhumba esinezimbobo ezimbili nesikhumba se-Ognev - isikhulisi esikhulu sangaphandle esingaphezulu, esifinyelela ukuphakama kwengxenye yangaphakathi (lesi sici sivumelekile futhi ukuhlukanisa kusuka kwizimpaphe zempumalanga kanye sekwephuzile).
- Ensimini, akufani nebheji elenzelwe isikhumba.
Izimpawu ze-Echo zisuka ku-50 ziye ku-25 kHz, ngesilinganiso sokuphakama okungaba ngu-30 kHz.
Indiza iyashesha, nokushayeka kaningi, ukujikijela okubukhali nokujika okubukhali. Amajakethi esikhumba asenyakatho achitha usuku emigodini enomnyango omncane, ezindlini zokulala, emihumeni yamatshe. Abesifazane benza amakoloni abantu abangafika kwabangu-30, abesilisa bahlala ngokwehlukana. Zivame ukuzingela kusihlwa ngisho ntambama, ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene (kwesinye isikhathi zikhuphuka ziye ku-20-30 m), imvamisa ehlathini eline-sparse, emaphethelweni nasemigwaqweni yasemizaneni, ngaphezulu kwamanzi. Izinsalela zezinyamazane zivame ukuqongelela ezindaweni okondliwa kuzo njalo. NgoJuni-Julayi, izinsikazi zivame ukuzala amawundlu amabili. Izimpaphe zaseNyakatho ziphila iminyaka eyi-15.
Ijakethi lesikhumba laseNyakatho liyabhabha (ngokubodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane) emihumeni, ezilinganisweni nasezingaphansi ngamazinga okushisa angaba ngu-0 ° C, indiza iqonde eningizimu - eCaucasus nasePrimorye. Ngo-1857, Mina. UBlasius waqokomisa izindiza zejakhethi yesikhumba yasenyakatho, yena, ngombono wakhe, wavela enyakatho neRussia kwaphela amasonto ambalwa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo waphinde wandizela eningizimu.
Ukubhebhetheka
Sisatshalaliswe kuyo yonke ingxenye esenyakatho ye-Eurasia kusuka emngceleni osempumalanga yeFrance kuya oLwandle iPacific, eMongolia naseWestern China. Kwenzeka ngomgwaqo ophakathi nendawo enyakatho nengxenye yeYurophu yaseRussia (kuze kufinyelele nethafa le-tundra), eThaiga laseSiberia, ogwadule baseTuva, eCaucasus, eSakhalin naseKamchatka.
Ensimini yeBuryatia kuhlala ezintabeni zesifunda iBaikal (amabanga weBaikal, Barguzinsky, Ulan-Burgas, Khamar-Daban amabanga), ezigodini zase-Upper Angara, Barguzin, Selenga, Temnik, Uda, Chikoy, kanye naseRhhidinsky ridge kanye naseKalahar-Dan Encane.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo
Inani lezinhlobo liphansi futhi liphawuleka ngokwehla. Ayikho idatha eyanele ngesimo sayo ngokwemvelo. E-Middle Urals kubhekwa njengezinhlobo ezingandile. Izici ezivimbelayo ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo: ukucekelwa phansi kanye nokuphulwa kwezindawo zokukhosela nesikhathi sasemini nobusika Ijantshi lesikhumba laseNyakatho lifakwe kuzincwadi ezibomvu zeBashkortostan, Buryatia, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk ne-Ulyanovsk Regions.
Umbono uvikelekile endaweni yeDeer Stipes Natural Park, eVisim Biosphere Reserve naseDenezhkin Stone Reserve.
Ukubukeka.
Osayizi abaphakathi. Ubude bomzimba bungama-50-60 mm, ingaphambili lingama-38-43 mm, umsila ungama-39- 47 mm, izindlebe zingu-12-15 mm, i-tragus ingu-5-6 mm. . I-bat imnyama ngombala ngamaphiko amancanyana. Ukusuka emuva, ngokumelene nesizinda esimnyama noma esinsundu, iziqongo zegolide zezinwele ezithile ziqhamile. Ijazi likhulu, lide futhi lithambile. Ngaphansi komzimba kungcolile okuphuzi noma okumpunga okumpunga. Ama-membranes nama-auricles amnyama, acishe abe mnyama. I-membrane yephiko inamathele kwisisekelo sozwane lwangaphandle lonyawo. I-epiblema incane, ngaphandle kwe-septum eshintshashintshayo.
Ukubhebhetheka.
Inhlobo ebanzi ye-palearctic, ibuye ifinyelele enyakatho kwezinye izinhlobo. Ububanzi buhlanganisa ingxenye esenyakatho ye-Eurasia. ESiberia, ezigodini zemifula emikhulu ifinyelela ku-69-70 parallel. Umngcele oseningizimu uhlangana nomngcele wehlathi. INyakatho iphawulwe eYakutia [4, 5]. E-Krasnoyarsk Territory, itholakala cishe kuyo yonke imihume eyaziwayo yama-spurs asentshonalanga e-East Sayan.
Indawo engasenyakatho yekoloni elincane lesikhumba esisenyakatho itholakala emfuleni ongenhla. UMaymecha (68 ° N). EKhakassia, yatholakala emihumeni engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Kuznetsk Alatau (indawo ye-Efremka karst) nengxenye esenyakatho ye-taiga yesifunda i-Kuznetsk Alatau (esifundeni saseKemerovo). Ibhekwa njengeyinhlobo yezilwane evamile, isatshalaliswa emahlathini anenhlanganisela futhi ahlanganisiwe, ama-steppes amahlathi nezintaba [6-12, 16, 18]
I-Ecology kanye ne-biology.
Izinhlobo zehlathi, kepha zisebenza ikakhulu ezindaweni ezivulekile: ngaphezulu kokucaciswa kanye nama-glade, ngaphezulu komqhele wesihlahla namachibi. Imvamisa ihlala eduze komuntu emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Njengamakhefu ehlobo, isebenzisa izakhiwo zabantu, imifantu kanye nemifantu emadwaleni, emihumeni.
Uhamba ngokuzingela ngemuva nje kokushona kwelanga. Idla emaphethelweni ehlathi ehlathini elingajwayelekile, imvamisa eduze kwezindlu emigwaqweni emizaneni nasemadolobheni. Indiza iyashesha futhi ishesha, inokuphapha ngokuqiniseka nokujikijela okuvamile ngemuva kokundiza inyamazane. Kusakazwa kanye ngonyaka. Gon ngo-Okthoba-Novemba. Abesifazane bazala amawundlu amabili ngoJuni nasekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Abesilisa abatholakali kumakholoni we-brood [1, 16].
Amandla alezi zinhlobo ebusika ezindaweni zokugcina amakhaza ayaziwa, lapho izinga lokushisa lingehla khona ama-degree ambalwa ngaphansi kuka-0 ° C. Ezintabeni kwenzeka ngaphambi kwamahlathi wangaphambi kwe-alpine. Kuyo yonke indawo ebusika eKrasnoyarsk Territory. Ukufika ezindaweni zokukhosela ebusika kugcinwa ngo-Okthoba-Novemba, ukusuka - ekupheleni kukaMashi. Ichitha izinyanga ezingama-5-6 ebusika. Ingenza ukufuduka kwesizini.
Amandla nezici zokukhawulela.
Naphezu kokusatshalaliswa kabanzi, ubuningi bayo emihumeni buncane. Ngokwe-overwinter eyodwa, abantu ababili, kepha bangahlangana ngamaqembu amancane abantu abafinyelela kwabali-10. Ayakhi amaqembu amakhulu. Izitha zemvelo ezindaweni zobusika zinama-marten, namagundane, nama-carnivores.
Ehlobo, baba yizisulu zezikhova, ama-corvid namakati. Izizathu ezinkulu ezithonya ukwehla kwenani lamalulwane yilezi: ukuncishiswa kanye nokunyamalala kwezindawo zokukhosela zemvelo ngenxa yokuvuselelwa kwehlathi, ushintsho ezindaweni ezinamakhompiyutha kanye nokushiswa kwemvelo, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, imililo yehlathi, ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwe-speleotourism futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kokukhathazeka kwamalulwane ngesikhathi sasebusika kanye noshintsho ku-microclimate yemigede.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha.
Buka okusohlwini lwezincwadi ezibomvu zaseNyakatho mpumalanga yeRussia, Primorsky Territory kanye neKemerovo Region. Azikho izindlela ezikhethekile ezenzelwe lesi sifunda. Kuyadingeka ukugcina imithetho ejwayelekile yokuvikela imihume namalulwane ahlala lapho. Inhlangano yokubhuka okuncane emihumeni lapho izinhlobo zobusika ezingandile kubalulekile. Umsebenzi wokuchaza phakathi kwabantu uyadingeka.
Imithombo yolwazi. Incwadi ebomvu yeKrasnoyarsk Territory. 1. Kuzyakin, 1950, 2. Botvinkin, 2002, 3. Kozhurina, 2009, 4. Naumov, 1934, 5. Tavrovsky et al., 1971, 6. Efanova, 2004, 7. Vinogradov, 1927, 8. Kokhanovsky, 1962 9. Emelyanova et al. 1962, 10. Yudin et al., 1979, 11. Efanova, 2001, 12. Sokolov et al., 1985, 13. Shvetsov, 1977, 14. Khritankov, 2001, 15. Efanova et al. ., 2002, 16. Stukanova, 1982, 17. Incwadi Ebomvu yeKrasnoyarsk Territory, 2004, 18. Vassenkov et al., 2008.