Lolu hlobo inyoka kungokwalabo umndeni emgodini. IJararaca isisabalele eBrazil. Ihlala ezindaweni ezitholakala eningizimu ye-Amazon, nasentshonalanga - kuze kube semngceleni nePeru ne-Ecuador, kanye nasenyakatho ne-Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay.
Ubude silwane kuyinto 1.40 metres, futhi zezinhlobo ezinkulu uhlangabezana. Ikhanda lenyoka inesimo se-ovoid futhi ihlukaniswe ngokucacile entanyeni.
Imidwebo embozwe izihlangu, ekhomba, nekhala elicishe laphakama.
Umbala umzimba inyoka kuhluka grey-osasitini ukuze grey ansundu. Kukhona abantu abane-tint burgundy. Kulesi sizinda, imichilo emincane futhi engahlakazeki ihlakazeke imnyama ebekwe emnyama eceleni kwemiphetho ibonakala kahle. Bathi ume ngokumelene ingemuva licace. Isisu ngimpunga ngombala ophuzi okukhrimu noma amabala amhlophe, akhiwe emigqeni emi-2 noma emi-4. Izinyoka ezincane zinompipi omsila omhlophe.
namazinyo enesihlungu kunalokho enkulu, ubude bazo imayelana 2 cm. Kulokhu, izimpawu zangaphandle ukwenza neze ugcizelele izakhiwo enobuthi emzimbeni, kodwa zhararaka omele esiyingozi kakhulu phakathi South America izinyoka.
Inani lalezi zinhlobo likhulu impela, ngakho-ke abantu bendawo bavame ukugula. Kwezinye izindawo eBrazil, ukuvela kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziyingozi kwenza abantu bashiye lezi zindawo bathole indawo yokuhlala entsha. Campos - shrubby notshani izinkangala, nasemahlathini kuthiwa ngobuningi uhlalwe emgodini enesihlungu.
UZhararaka ulala engagudluki phansi phakathi nosuku namabhaskiti elangeni, kwesinye isikhathi aphumule emithini emincane. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokushisa, ucasha emthunzini, kuthi lapho kuqala ubusuku ahambe ayofuna ukudla. Le nyoka idla izinyoni namagundane. Ukuluma isilwane, i-zhararaka iphonsa ikhanda emuva futhi ivule umlomo wayo kabanzi, lesi sici sokuziphatha ngesikhathi sokuzingela sikuvumela ukuba ugaye inyamazane ngamazinyo agobile ngamandla amakhulu. Ngemuva kokulunywa, imbiza ikhipha amaconsi kobuthi obunamandla. Akumangazi ukuthi ukubukeka ngokwesibonelo, isilwane esihuquzelayo esiyingozi kubangela umuzwa ukwesaba abantu.
Lolu hlobo lwenyoka kubantu bendawo lunedumela elibi. Kodwa-ke, abantu babagcina ezingadini zezinkulisa ukuze bathole ubuthi obubizayo. Esikhathini abadumile inyoka isiphephelo Butantan, okuyinto Itholakala edolobheni iSão Paulo, inani zhararaki iyona enkulu kunazo zonke.
Ababambi bezinyoka baletha izilozi eziphuphayo ku "extradite" ubuthi Inani lama-garas abanjiwe eminyakeni engama-60 edlule lingaphezu kwabantu abangama-300,000. Naphezu kwenqwaba bamba izinyoka, inombolo yabo akusho yehle, kodwa kugcina cishe ezingeni elifanayo futhi bungakanani amakhophi ayinkulungwane 4-6 ngonyaka. Lezi zibalo zibonisa ukuthi ukuqothuka akubesatshiswa ukushisa, futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile zokwelapha zingaqhubeka nokukhipha. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinobuthi endaweni yemvelo ziyaqhubeka ukuzalanisa ukuze zilondoloze izinamba zazo zangaphambili.
Omunye zhararaka unika ngesikhathi bamba lokuqala okuyisilinganiso sabangu-34 mg (ngefomu ezomile) ubuthi, kodwa futhi kukhona abantu ikhiqize kakhudlwana kusuka lapho kufuthwe - kuze 150 mg. Phakathi nonyaka, lolu hlobo lwenyoka oluqukethwe eButantan lunikeza ama-300-500 g of ubuthi obomile.
Kepha futhi ngesibalo sabahlali bendawo abalume, i-zhararak nayo ingumholi. 80-90% wabantu owayehlushwa kokulunywa baphendukela odokotela, wahlangana le nyoka.
Ubuthi bayo bunamandla futhi, njengamanye ama-botrops, kubangela ukuvela kokubomvu nokuvuvukala okuqinile endaweni okukulunywe kuyo. Ngemuva kwalokho i-hemorrhage yenzeka endaweni ethintekile bese kufa izicubu. In the ukungabikho serum ekhethekile, lokuhlongakala hlangana labantu 10-12%.
Ngokuhlinzekwa okufika ngesikhathi kokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, iningi labantu abalumayo balulama kahle.
Ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ubuthi be-zhararaki buhlanganiswe namaprotheni ambalwa ahlobene nama-enzyme. NoSerine proteinases, metalloproteinases, phospholipases A2 and L-amino acid of oxidase atholakele kulo, ngaphezu, amaphrotheni ngaphandle umsebenzi enzymatic embulwa: myotoxins, C-uhlobo lectin, disintegrins, peptides natriuretic. Ukulunywa kwe-Zhararak kuhambisana ne-lesion ejwayelekile yomzimba wonke: i-coagulopathy, ukwehluleka kwe-renal kanye ne-shock. Ukuze uthole ukwelashwa kwabantu, kudalwa izidakamizwa ezibangelwa ngabazali ngemvelaphi yezilwane.
EBrazil, antitoxins asetshenziswa ngemithamo ezinkulu iziguli uswidi yenhlwathi ukushisa, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwabo lihlotshaniswa yezinkinga concomitant, futhi kungabangela ukugula serum kubantu.
Ochwepheshe basebenzela ukudala i-antidote esebenza kahle, ubuthi obunobuthi kakhulu e-zhararaki. Iqiniso ngukuthi izidakamizwa zesimanje zingahlehlisa amandla obuthi obuthi ubuthi, noma kunjalo, izilonda zasendaweni azivinjiwe, futhi kungaholela ekunqunyweni kwesitho kanye nokusungulwa kokukhubazeka kumuntu othintwe ubuthi.
Ngo imvelo, lokhu oluthile lwenyoka has a Isitha Uyakufanelekela, okungase babhekane kahle ngokwesibonelo, isilwane esihuquzelayo yingozi. Isayizi elikhulu le-mussurana alithinteki ubuthi be-zhararaki. Lenhlobo nayo inobuthi, kepha ngokungafani nokushisa okuyingozi, ubuthi bayo abunobuthi emzimbeni womuntu. Ukuze azivikele ekuhlaseleni zhararaki, izakhamuzi zendawo aqukethe mussuran elulwimini lwabo.
Yize kukhona inyoka ekwenza kubantu abalunywe yizinhlungu zayo, ama-nurseries ayaqhubeka nokuqukethe i-gerard ukuthola ubuthi obalulekile.
Imithi esekwe kuyo isiza ekuhlafunweni kwegazi, yenza lula ukugula kwezifo ezinkulu njenge-asthma ye-bronchial, isithuthwane, i-angina pectoris. Snake Isihlungu yokugcoba ayindlela okudambisa ubuhlungu e radiculitis. Mhlawumbe akulolize ukuthi izifanekiselo zodokotela inyoka, egoqwe inkomishi. Akufanele neze ukubhubhisa izinyoka ezinobuthi ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Izwe zemvelo ulula kakhulu futhi noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka abangenangqondo kungaba ukucasula esele zemvelo.
28.04.2015
I-Common Zhararaka (lat. I-bothrops jararaca) iyi-piter evela emndenini we-Viper (lat. Viperidae). Lesi yisilwane esinobuthi esinobuthi kakhulu, esivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihlalwa ngabantu, futhi ngenxa yalokho siyingozi enkulu kuso.
Inikeza off ushevu esinamandla kakhulu isenzo kwezidakamizwa. Kuvela ukuvuvukala okuqinile endaweni okukulunywe kuyo, kulandele ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuqina kanye nokukhubazeka komzimba okuphelele. Lapho-ke izicubu zomzimba ziqala ukufa nokubola. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, mongooses letangeniswa Ningizimu Melika ukuba alwe ukushisa. Ngeshwa, abaze baphilele amathemba ababenawo.
IJararaca ihlala ehlathini nasezigungwini ezisenyakatho ye-Argentina, eBrazil naseParaguay. Lokhu inyoka ngokuvamile kubonakala emasimini. Isilwane esifuyayo sihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo unyaka wonke, njengoba indawo yayo isendaweni eshisayo enamazinga okushisa aphakeme njalo.
Ukuziphatha
Zhararaka kuyinto silwane nolaka. Uhamba ayozingela ebusuku. Uthola isisulu sakhe ngosizo lwezitho ze-thermolocation, abese ehlasela ngokushesha, avule umlomo wakhe abeke amazinyo akhe anobuthi. Isilwane esihlale sithola eyayilimele uyafa kweso, nenyoka uqala ukudla.
Ukudla kwakhe kubandakanya ikakhulukazi izinduku nezinyoni. Ngemuva kwamagundane, lesi sivakashi sivakashela ngentshiseko imizana nemizana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kahle ekhwela izihlahla futhi kalula ubambe inyoni zindiza.
Ntambama, inyoka iyaphumula, iqoqeke phezulu. Ukuze alale emini, akudingeki afune indawo engasese. sifihle wakhe ikuvumela ukuba nje ubungoma esimweni utshani noma ehlathini futhi ahlale engabonwa.
Noma ngesikhathi sokuphumula sasemini, i-reptile ilawula indawo yayo. Uma umuntu ewela umugqa oyigugu, khona-ke ngaphandle kokungabaza uphuthuma kulokhu kuhlasela.
Abantu bagcina Ukulunywa abangawazi ngisho ukwazi yokusondelana inyoka enesihlungu.
Ukuzala
I-Zhararaka vulgaris ingeyama-repoles ama-ovoviviparous. NgoJanuwari, owesilisa uyahamba eyofuna isalukazi. Uma ngalesi sikhathi kukhona namanenekazi ezimbili abathi omunye umma ngalesosikhathi they azokuqhubela impi isiko. Njengoba sebezungeze imizimba yabo, abaphikisi bacindezelana bodwa phansi, kepha bangasebenzisi ubuthi babo obunobuthi. Owinayo uya kowesifazane, futhi onqobayo akhase amuke.
Ngemva kokuzalela, abalingani nihlukane. Ezinyangeni ezi-6, amadlozi abesifazane abopha imibungu, bese kuzalwa amazinyane angaba ngu-80.
Izinyoka ezincane ezifika ku-25 cm ubude zinemibala ekhanyayo ngokungafaniyo, iselula kakhulu futhi inobuthi kakhulu. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila, baya ku-hunt ezimele. Okokuqala, banelisa indlala ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane.
Ukuheha isisulu, inyoka ihambisa umsila wayo ngendlela ekhethekile, ilingisa ukuhamba kwezibungu zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, ezizingelwa yizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincane.
Young zhararaki baba yizisulu nezinye izilwane. Ngisho nenkukhu ejwayelekile ingabulala inyoka encane. Isilwane sasendle esisindayo kulezo zimo ezinzima siphenduka umhlaseli oyingozi.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba bufika kuma-cm angama-150. Inhloko enkulu enomzimba obanzi ihlukaniswe nomzimba ngokuncipha okuncane komlomo wesibeletho. Emini, amehlo anokwakheka komugqa oqonde phezulu, kuthi ebusuku ajikeleze. Phakathi amehlo futhi emakhaleni zitholakala izinhlaka thermolocation.
Umgogodla wesibeletho uchazwa ngokucacile. Umzimba ominyene umbozwe ngezikali ezincane. Dark onxantathu zitholakala kwi jikelele isizinda ogqamile ngemuva. Isisu sidwetshelwe ngombala wegolide okhanyayo. Umsila omfushane mncane kakhulu.
Isilinganiso sobude bokuphila of Zhararaki vulgaris imayelana engu-12.