Kwaziwa ukuthi e-United States, eLos Angeles, inja egama linguPavlov, umfuyi waseCorgi, yathola iziqu eyunivesithi yaze yathola nediploma.
NgokukaMashable, konke kuqale ngokuthi uPavlov wasebenza njengesiqondisi eyunivesithi, ekhombisa izivakashi izindawo ezinhle kakhulu. Futhi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile wakhula waba iziqu.
Umphathi weCalifornia doggie Pavlov uphumelele eyunivesithi futhi wathola idiploma.
Into ehlekisayo ukuthi uPavlov waze waba ngumnikazi we- “diploma yezinja” ekhethekile.
Kuliqiniso, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia ayikabuboni ubuqiniso be-diploma etholwe nguPavlov, kepha lokhu akuzange kumise abanikazi bezinja - u-Elaine no-Anthony - ekuhleleni iziqu zabo zangempela.
Abasingethe u-Elaine no-Anthony benze isigcawu sokuphothulwa kwesilwane.
Ngale ndlela, u-Anthony uqobo usephothule kulesi sikhungo semfundo, kanti u-Elaine uzoba iziqu kulo nyaka. Ngakho-ke idiploma yale nyuvesi, ngokusobala, iyisiko lomndeni, elixhaswa ngisho nezinja.
I-Pavlov: izivivinyo ezinjeni
Usosayensi wazalelwa eRyazan, lapho kuze kube namuhla yindlu yakhe yomnyuziyamu kuze kube namuhla. Ukuphela kwekhulu le-19 kwaphawulwa ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemikhakha ehlukahlukene yomsebenzi wesayensi, kepha akubona bonke abalandela ngokulandela okuyikho kusukela endaweni yokubukwa kwe-anatomy kanye ne-physiology yezinto eziphilayo.
I.P. UPavlov ekuqaleni wagxila ocwaningweni lwezokugaya umzimba, enza izivivinyo eziningi ezilwaneni. Kamuva, uchungechunge lokutholwa lwamshukumisela ukuba achaze okokuqala ukuphendula kokuphilayo kokukhuthazayo okungenayo okungaphakathi (noma kwangaphakathi). UPavlov ubize lokhu kusabela, ukuhlukanisa ngokwezimo futhi akunamibandela. Lokhu bekuyisiqalo sesifundo esijulile sohlelo lwezinzwa lomuntu, kubandakanya nomongo wokuphendula kwethu ngokwengqondo.
Iningi lomsebenzi wesayensi lagxilwa eSt. Petersburg, e-Institute of Experimental Medicine. Esisekelweni sayo, u-Ivan Petrovich uchithe iminyaka eminingi enza ucwaningo nezivivinyo ezihlukile kuleso sikhathi. Ngo-1904, waba ngumuntu wokuqala eRussia ukuthola uMklomelo kaNobel kanye nokuhlonishwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Izinja zaziyisixhumanisi esikhulu kuzo zonke izivivinyo ezenziwa ngu-Ivan Petrovich nabalandeli bakhe. Izilwane zazisebenza ngaphandle futhi kude nazo zonke ezisindayo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, uPavlov wayengeyena umuntu onokhahlo futhi wayekhathazeke kakhulu, elahlekelwe esinye sezifuyo zakhe etafuleni lokusebenza. Ngokusho kwesifundiswa uqobo, izinja zazizinikele kakhulu kuye kangangokuba azidingi ukuthi ziphoqelele ukuya egumbini lokusebenzela: zibonakala zikuqonda njengokubaluleka kokusebenza kwazo isayensi futhi azizange zimelane nakancane.
I-Institute of Experimental Medicine ine-Tower edume ngokuthula, embozwe izindaba ezimnandi. Kuyo, uPavlov wenza konke ukuhlolwa, imibandela esemqoka yayo bekungukuthula ngokuphelele, ukuze kungabikho shukumiso sangaphandle esiyophazamisa izinja kumasiginali eyanikezwa njalo ngumcwaningi. Izilwane zazihlukaniswe ngokuphelele, futhi ukukhanya esitokisini kwakufiphele kakhulu (okuyiqiniso, okunganikeza imicabango emnyama nedikibalisayo kubantu abanomqondo omningi).
Unaso isikhathi samahhala?
Bese uyisebenzise! Thola imfundo eyengeziwe!
Inja ibekwe emshinini oklanywe ngokukhethekile futhi ihlanganiswe kahle ngemichilo ukuze ingakwazi ukuphuma. UPavlov ngokwakhe ohlelweni lokuhlolwa wayesekamelweni elilandelayo, wanikeza amasignali anengqondo, wapha izilwane futhi wazibuka ngokusebenzisa i-periscope. Konke ukunakwa kwenja kufanele kube kugxile kuphela kumasiginali wesilingo: ngosizo lwedivaysi ekhethekile, isibani esikhanyayo, futhi ukudla kudliwe ngokucindezela i-pearl noma i-pedal.
I-Biography
U-Ivan Petrovich wazalwa ngoSepthemba 14 (26), 1849 edolobheni laseRyazan. Okhokho bakaPavlov abasezintanjeni zikamama nabezakwabo ababengabafundisi eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox laseRussia. Ubaba uPeter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), umama - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890) [* 1].
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni iRyazan Theological School ngo-1864, uPavlov wangena eRyazan Theological Seminary, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wakhumbula ngokufudumala okukhulu. Ngonyaka wokugcina wesemina, wafunda incwadi encane ethi, “Reflexes of the brain,” nguProfesa I. M. Sechenov, okwaguqula impilo yakhe yonke yabheka phansi. Ngo-1870 wangena kwi-Faculty of Law yaseSt. Petersburg University (iziqu zemfundo ephakeme sabeyinqunyelwe ekukhetheni kwabo amakhono obuchwepheshe), kodwa ezinsukwini eziyi-17 ngemuva kokumukelwa wathuthela eMnyangweni wemvelo woMnyango wePhysics and Mathematics weSt. IZiyoni noF.V. Ovsyannikov.
UPavlov, njengomlandeli womcabango weSechenov wokwethuka, wayebandakanyeka emithethweni eminingi yokwethuka. USechenov kwadingeka ukuthi ashiye i-academy, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wasuka ePitoli waya e-Odessa, lapho wasebenza khona isikhashana eNovorossiysk University. Umnyango wakhe eMedical and upasuaji Academy uthathwe nguthisha othandekayo kaPavlova, umfundi kaKarl Ludwig, u-Ilya Faddeevich Zion. UPavlov akazange amukele nje kuphela inqubo yokusebenza kweZiyoni, kodwa, njengoba esethole isihloko sokuba yilungu lophakanyiselwe isayensi yemvelo kule nyuvesi, wayezohlanganisa nokuthola imfundo yakhe ephakeme yezokwelapha nomsebenzi elabhorethri yaseZiyoni eMosical Art Academy. Kepha ngalowomzuzu iZiyoni yasuka eRussia. Ngo-1875, ngenxa yemfundo eyunivesithi, uPavlov wangena ngokushesha unyaka wesi-3 weSikhungo Sezokwelapha Nokwelashwa (manje iMilitary Medical Academy, iMikhosi Yezokwelapha Yezempi), ngasikhathi sinye (1876-1878) wasebenza elabhorethri yomzimba womunye umfundi kaKarl Ludwig - K. N. Ustimovich eMnyangweni wePhysology woMnyango Wezilwane we-Medical and upasuaji Academy. Ngokwesincomo sika-Ustimovich, ehlobo lika-1877, uPavlov waya eJalimane, lapho ayesebenza khona ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukachwepheshe wokugaya uRudolf Heidengain eBreslau (manje eyiWroclaw, ePoland). Ekupheleni kwezifundo zesikole, ngo-1878, wasebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa komunye wothisha bakhe, ongumfundi kaClaude Bernard S.P. Botkin, elabhorethri emtholampilo wakhe esikhungweni sezokwelapha nabezokuhlinzwa. Ngokusho kwezikhumbuzo zikaPavlov, umngani kaSechhenov uBokkin ngokwakhe wayengudokotela omuhle kakhulu womzimba, futhi uPavlov wamthatha njengomunye wabafundisi bakhe abasemqoka hhayi nje ngokuba udokotela, kodwa futhi njengodokotela wezomzimba. "USergei Petrovich Botkin," kusho u-I.P. Pavlov, "kwaba ngumuntu omuhle kakhulu womanyano wezomthetho nezithelo wezokwelapha, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zomsebenzi wabantu ophambi kwamehlo ethu wokwakha isayensi yomzimba womuntu futhi wathembisa ukumnika umuntu injabulo yakhe enhle ngokuzayo. - impilo nempilo. " Ngenxa yomsebenzi obukhali wesayensi, wavikela umbono wakhe ngo-1879, ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe. Ngaphansi kokuholwa ngu-S.P. Botkin, uPavlov noStolnikov, ukutadisha umphumela wezidakamizwa zenhliziyo ngaphambi komsebenzi we-Starling futhi, ngakho-ke, okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni, kwaqalwa inqubo enombuthano wokujikeleza kwegazi. Ngemuva kokuvikela impikiswano ngezinzwa zenhliziyo kanye ne-internship nesazi sezempilo ephakeme eJalimane, kubandakanya noKarl Ludwig uqobo, waba yinhloko yaleli laboratri eMtholampilo waseBotkin.
UPavlov uchithe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 ethola i-fistula (ukuvulwa) kwepheshana lesisu. Kwakunzima kakhulu ukwenza ukuhlinzwa okunjalo, ngoba ijusi elathelwa esiswini ligaya amathumbu nodonga lwesisu. I-I.P. Pavlov yathunga isikhumba nolwelwesi lwamafinyila ngaleyo ndlela, yafaka amashubhu sensimbi futhi yawavala ngesithintelo ukuthi akukho okuguguleka, futhi yayingathola ujusi wokugaya ohlanzekile kulo lonke leli pheshana emathunjini - okuyi-salivary gland kuya emathunjini amakhulu, eyenziwe nguye ezilwaneni ezilikhulu zokuhlola. Kwenziwe izivivinyo nge ukondla ngemicabango (ukusika i-esophagus ukuze ukudla kungangeni esiswini), ngaleyo ndlela enze uchungechunge lokutholwa endaweni yokuqunjelwa kokukhushulwa kwejusi yesisu. Iminyaka eyi-10, uPavlov, empeleni, udale kabusha i-physiology yesimanje yokugaya. Ngo-1903, uPavlov oneminyaka engu-54 wenza umbiko kwi-XIV International Medical Congress eMadrid. Futhi ngokulandelayo, ngo-1904, uMklomelo KaNobel wokutadisha imisebenzi yezindlala zokugaya eziyinhloko wanikezwa u-I.P. Pavlov - waba ngumqashi wokuqala waseRussia Nobel.
Embikweni weMadrid, owenziwe ngesiRussia, i-I.P. Pavlov waqala wenza imigomo ye-physiology yomsebenzi wezinzwa ophakeme, lapho anikela khona eminyakeni engama-35 elandelayo yokuphila kwakhe. Imiqondo efana nokuqinisa, okungacashunwa futhi inezimo zokubonisa (ayihunyushiwe kahle esiNgisini ngokuthi “ngaphandle kokulahliwe” futhi “ikhombisa isimo” esikhundleni se- “imibandela”) yaba yimibono eyisisekelo yesayensi yokuziphatha (bheka futhi i-classical conditioning ( IsiNgisi.) IsiRussia.).
Ngo-Ephreli-Meyi 1918, wanikeza izinkulumo ezintathu, ezivame ukuhlanganiswa negama lekhodi elijwayelekile "On the Mind in General, on the Russian Mind inicocularular", elihlaziya kakhulu izici zomqondo waseRussia (ngokuyinhloko ukuntuleka kokuqondiswa ubuhlakani).
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango kanye Nempi YamaKhomanisi, uPavlov, ehlushwa ubuphofu, ukuntuleka kwemali yokucwaninga ngesayensi, wenqaba ukumema iSweden Academy of Science ukuthi ithuthele eSweden, lapho ayethenjiswe khona ukuthi izodala izimo ezithandeka kakhulu empilweni kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi, futhi kwahlelwa ukuthi kwakhiwe Isifiso sikaPavlov yisikhungo esinjalo njengoba efuna. UPavlov uphendule wathi ngeke ashiye ndawo esuka eRussia.
Ngemuva kwalokho isinqumo esilandelanayo sikahulumeni waseSoviet salandela, futhi uPavlov wakha isikhungo eKoltushi, ngaseLeningrad, lapho asebenza khona kuze kube ngu-1936.
Ngo-1920s, uPavlov wagcina ubudlelwane obusondelene nomfundi wakhe uGleb Vasilievich von Anrep (1889-1955), owathi ngemuva kwenguquko wathuthela e-UK. UPavlov waxhumana naye futhi wahlangana kaningi ezingqungqutheleni zamanye amazwe (ikakhulukazi, ngo-1923 e-Edinburgh, ngo-1929 eBoston naseNew Haven), u-Anrep wamsiza ngokuhumusha imibiko esiNgisini, kwathi ngo-1927 wahumusha u-Anrep e-Oxford Incwadi kaPavlov ethi “Izinkulumo ngomsebenzi wamakhemikhali ezinqolobane” yashicilelwa.
Njengomuntu othanda izinto zokuzivocavoca, wahlela "i-Society of Odokotela - Abathandi Bokuzivocavoca kanye Nebhayisikile", lapho wayengusihlalo.
Isazi u-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ushone ngoFebhuwari 27, 1936 eLeningrad. I-pneumonia ikhonjiswa njengembangela yokufa. Umngcwabo ngokwesiko lama-Orthodox, ngokwentando yakhe, wenziwa esontweni laseSt. UJohn waseKronstadt eKoltushi, okwathi emva kwalokho kwaba nomkhosi wokuvalelisa eSigodlweni saseTauride. Kwafakwa unogada ebhokisini elivela kubasebenzi besayensi amanyuvesi, amakolishi ezobuchwepheshe, izikhungo zezesayensi, amalungu e-Schnum nakwabanye. U-Ivan Petrovich wangcwatshwa emathuneni eLiterary Bridges.
Indodana kaPavlov ibingudokotela wobungcweti emsebenzini, ifundise eMnyeni wePhysics eLeningrad State University (manje eyiSt. Petersburg State University).
Ukwakheka komndeni
Abafowethu nodadewethu
Usuku lokuzalwa | Igama | Beka amazwana |
---|---|---|
Septhemba 14, 1849 | U-Ivan Petrovich | Isazi sePhysical |
Mashi 29, 1851 | UDmitry Petrovich | Uprofesa kwamakhemikhali, umfundi kaD. I. Mendeleev, wayehlala eNew Alexandria |
Janawari 14, 1853 | Peter Petervich | I-Zoologist. Ubulawa ekuzingeleni eneminyaka engu-24 |
NgoJuni 29, 1854 | Nikolay Petrovich | Washona ebuntwaneni |
Meyi 24, 1857 | Nikolay Petrovich | Washona ebuntwaneni |
Meyi 17, 1859 | Konstantin Petrovich | Washona ebuntwaneni |
Meyi 16, 1862 | Elena Petrovna | Washona ebuntwaneni |
NgoJuni 1, 1864 | USergey Petrovich | Umpristi |
Ngo-Okthoba 4, 1868 | Nikolay Petrovich | Washona ebuntwaneni |
Janawari 22, 1874 | Lidia Petrovna | Emshadweni ka-Andreev. Umama wezingane ezinhlanu, washona ngo-1946 |
UPavlov wayecabanga okuncane kakhulu ngenhlala-kahle yezinto ezibonakalayo futhi akazange anake izinkinga zansuku zonke ngaphambi komshado wakhe. Ubumpofu baqala ukumcindezela kuphela ngemuva kokuthi, ngonyaka we-1881, washada noRostovite uSerafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. Bahlangana eSt. Petersburg ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1870. USerafima Karchevskaya wazalelwa emkhayeni kadokotela wezempi uVasily Avdeevich Karchevsky, owayesebenza eBlack Sea Fleet. Unina ka-Ivan Petrovich ongunkosikazi wesikhathi esizayo, uSerafima Andreevna Karchevskaya, noCosmin, wayeqhamuka emndenini wakudala kodwa ompofu. Ukwazile ukuthola imfundo ephakeme yokufundisa. Impilo yakhe yonke, umama kaSerafima Vasilievna owafundiswa endaweni yokuzivocavoca, waba ngumqondisi wayo, wakhulisa izingane ezinhlanu eyedwa, ngoba uVasily Avdeevich washona kusenesikhathi, eshiya umkakhe ecishe akanamali. Indodakazi kaSerafim (ekhaya, noPavlov, ukuze ingadideki nonina, ayibize ngegama lokuthi uSara) yanquma ukulandela ezinyathelweni zikanina futhi yahamba yaya eSt. Petersburg ukuyobhalisa kwizifundo zeNkantolo Ephakeme Yabafundi Basezifundazweni Eziphakeme, eyayiqeda, yaba ngumfundisi wezibalo. USerafima Vasilievna wafundisa esikoleni semakhaya unyaka owodwa wokufunda, ngemuva kwalokho washada I.P. Pavlova ngonyaka we-1881, wanikela ngokuphila kwakhe ekunakekeleni indlu nokukhulisa izingane ezine: uVladimir (1884-1954), uVera (1890-1964) ), UVictor (1892-1919) noVsevolod (1893-1935). Abazali bakaPavlov abawuvumanga lo mshado, ngoba umndeni kaSerafima Vasilievna wawumpofu, futhi ngaleso sikhathi base bethethe indodana yakhe umakoti - indodakazi yesikhulu esicebile sasePitoli. Kepha u-Ivan waphikelela kwelakhe futhi, ngaphandle kokuthola imvume yabazali, wahamba noSeraphim bayoshada eRostov-on-Don, lapho kwakuhlala khona udadewabo. Imali yomshado wabo yanikezwa izihlobo zikankosikazi. Eminyakeni eyishumi elandelayo, abakwaPavlov baphila kanzima kakhulu. Umfowabo omncane ka-Ivan Petrovich, uDmitry, owayesebenza njengomsizi kaMendeleev futhi enendawo yokuhlala ephethwe nguhulumeni, wavumela abasanda kushada ukuthi beze kuye.
I-Soviet ideology
Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, uPavlov waphendulwa uphawu lwesayensi yaseSoviet, ukwakheka kwakhe ngokwesayensi kwabhekwa njengento enokuhlehlisa (ngandlela thile, isikole sikaPavlov (noma imfundiso kaPavlov) saba yinto yomqondo). Ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi "ukuvikela amagugu ePavlovian", okubizwa nge- “Pavlovian Session” kwe-USSR Academy of Sciences kanye ne-USSR Academy of Medical Science Science (abagqugquzeli - K. M. Bykov, A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky) kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1950, lapho ososayensi bezokwelapha abahamba phambili beshushiswa khona. Le nqubomgomo, kepha, ibiphikisana kakhulu nemibono yakhe kaPavlov (bheka, isibonelo, izingcaphuno zakhe ezingezansi).
Izigaba zokuphila
UPavlov wavakashela iRostov-on-Don futhi waphila iminyaka emibili: ngonyaka we-1881 emva komshado kwathi ngo-1887 nomkakhe nendodana yakhe. Izikhathi zombili uPavlov wayehlala endlini eyodwa, ekhelini: st. IBolshaya Sadovaya, 97. Indlu igcinwe kuze kube namuhla. Kufakwe itshe lesikhumbuzo ku-facade.
Ngo-1883, uPavlov wavikela incwadi yakhe yobudokotela "Ezinhlinini zenhliziyo eziphakathi."
Ngo-1884-1886, uPavlov wathunyelwa ukuba athuthukise ulwazi phesheya eBreslau naseLeipzig, lapho ayesebenza khona endaweni yokusebenzela iW. Wundt, R. Heidengain noK. Ludwig.
Ngo-1890, uPavlov wakhethwa njengoProfesa kanye nenhloko yoMnyango Wezemithi Yezokwelapha, kwathi ngonyaka we-1896 - waba yinhloko yomnyango wezokuzivocavoca, yena waqala ngawo-1924. Ngasikhathi sinye (kusukela ngonyaka we-1890) uPavlov - inhloko yalabhorethri yokuzivocavoca ehlelwe yiPrince A.P. Oldenburg Institute of Experimental Medicine.
Usosayensi wayethanda ukukhululeka nonkosikazi wakhe edolobheni laseSillamae (manje eyi-Estonia), lapho kusukela ngo-1891 kuze kube inguquko baqasha indlu enkulu kunazo zonke ehlobo kuyo yonke inkathi yehlobo, izinyanga ezintathu - ngoJuni, Julayi, Agasti. Wayesedolobheni laseTürsamäe elaliphethwe u-A. Valdmann. Ekuseni, u-Ivan Petrovich usebenza engadini yezimbali. Ufaka umhlabathi emibhedeni yezimbali, utshala futhi unisele izimbali, uguqula isihlabathi ezindleleni. Ntambama, umndeni ushiya amajikijolo noma amakhowe, ekubuyiseleni ngamabhayisekili kusihlwa kuyadingeka. Ngezikhathi eziyi-11 ntambama uPavlov ubutha inkampani yakhe ye-gorodoshny yokudlala emadolobheni. Iqembu elikhulu lifaka uPavlov uqobo, uprofesa wezobuchwepheshe D. S. Zernov, abaculi R. A. Berggolz futhi N. N. Dubovskoy.
Omakhelwane babevame ukujoyina abasebenzi bedolobha - isifundiswa A. S. Famitsin, USolwazi V. I. Palladin, USolwazi A. A. Yakovkin, ubaba nendodana yamaStroganovs, Abafundi bakaPavlov - izifundiswa ezizayo L. A. Orbeli, V.I. Voyachek kanye nabanye abafundi, amadodana ka-Ivan Petrovich kanye nabalingani babo. Izingxoxo ezazibanjwe yilaba abadala emadolobheni zaziyindlela eyunivesithi yesiko labantu abasha.
Ngo-1904, uPavlov wanikezwa uMklomelo KaNobel kwezokwelapha nangokwenziwa komzimba "ngokuzijabulisa" kwe-physiology yangempela yokugaya.
Ngo-1935, kwi-15th International Congress of Physiologists, u-Ivan Petrovich wathweswa umqhele wokuhlonishwa igama elithi "Mdala Wezifo Zomzimba Womhlaba." Akukaze kwenzeke noma ngaphambi kokuba noma yisiphi isazi sebhayoloji sithole le ndondo.
Amakheli eSt. Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad)
Izinsuku | Incazelo | Ikheli |
---|---|---|
Septhemba 01, 1870 - Ephreli 13, 1871 | Isakhiwo sama-Apartment iBaroness Rall | Sredny treekt, 7 |
Ngo-Okthoba 1872 | I-House Ebeling | UMillionnaya Street, 26 |
Novemba 1872 - Januwari 1873 | 5 umugqa, 40 | |
Janawari - Septhemba 1873 | Isakhiwo esise-Apile A. I. Likhacheva | USredny treekt, 28 |
Septhemba 1873 - Januwari 1875 | Umugqa wesine, u-55 | |
1876-1886 | Isakhiwo esikhulu seSt. Petersburg Imperial University | Embankment University, 7 |
1886-1887 | I-yard outhouse yendlu ye-Kutuzovs | Ukuhlanganiswa kweGagarinskaya, 30 |
1887-1888 | Ifulethi likaN.P. Simanovsky esakhiweni esisefulethini iStrakhov | Furshtatskaya umgwaqo, 41 |
1888 - Autumn 1889 | Indlu yeKutuzov | Ukuhlanganiswa kweGagarinskaya, 30 |
I-Autumn 1889 - 1918 | Isakhiwo se-Apartment | Bolshaya Pushkarskaya umgwaqo, 18, apt. 2 |
1918 - Februwari 27, 1936 | Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Nikolaevskaya, 1, apt. ishumi nanye |
Isikhundla somphakathi
Izilinganiso ze-I.P. Pavlov:
- "... Bengikhona, ngizohlala ngingumuntu waseRussia, indodana yezwe, nginesifiso esikhulu empilweni yakhe, ngiphila ngokuthanda kwakhe, ngiqinisa isithunzi sami nesithunzi sakhe"
- “Siphile futhi siphila ngaphansi kombuso ongapheli wobunqolobi nodlame. Ngaphezu kwakho konke ngibona ukufana kwempilo yethu nempilo yabadwebi basendulo base-Asia. Sihawukele izwe lakithi nathi ”
- "Isayensi ihamba ngamajezi, kuya ngempumelelo eyenziwe yindlela"
- Kusuka enkulumweni eyabhalwa ngu-I.P. Pavlov ngoDisemba 1929 esikhungweni sokuqala sezokwelapha eLeningrad lapho kugujwa iminyaka eyi-100 kuzelwe u-I.M.Sechenov:
Kwethulwe isigaba esigabeni se-Statute of the Academy [yeSayensi] sokuthi wonke umsebenzi kufanele wenziwe epulatifomu yezimfundiso zikaMarx no-Engels - lokhu akuyona yini udlame olukhulu kakhulu olubhekene nomcabango wesayensi? Lokhu kwehluka kanjani kuMbuzwano wenkathi ephakathi? Siyayalwa (!) Kumalungu eSikhungo Sayensi Ephakeme ukuthi sikhethe abantu esingabazi ngokweqiniso njengososayensi. Izazi zangaphambili zibhujiswa ngxenye, ngokwengxenye futhi zonakalisiwe. "Siphila emphakathini lapho umbuso uyikho konke, futhi umuntu akayona into, futhi umphakathi onjalo awunalo ikusasa, naphezu kweVolkhovstroi neDneproges." |
- Encwadini ebhalelwe uNgqongqoshe Wezempilo weRSFSR G. N. Kaminsky yomhlaka 10 Okthoba 1934:
Ngeshwa, ngizizwa ngihlobene nokuguqula kwakho cishe okuphambene ngqo nokwakho. Ungikhathaza kakhulu ... Iminyaka yokwesatshiswa kanye nokuzinikela kwamandla okungaphenduki kuguqula imvelo yethu yase-Asia ibe yizigqila ezinamahloni. Kepha kungakanani okungenziwa okuhle ngezigqila? Imibhoshongo? Yebo, kepha hhayi injabulo yangempela yabantu. Ukungondleki kanye nokubulawa yindlala okuphindaphindayo esixukwini sabantu nabangane babo abangaqokiwe - ubhubhane olubhebhetheka lubukela phansi amandla abantu. Ngicela ungixolele ... ngabhala ngokweqiniso ukuthi ngikhathazekile. |
- Encwadini eya kuSNK yangoDisemba 21, 1934:
Uyakholelwa ngeze ekuguqukeni komhlaba. Awuhlwanyeli inguquko emhlabeni wamasiko, kepha ukuthatheka ngempumelelo enkulu. Kwakungekho ukuthatheka ngaphambi kokuguqula kwakho. Impela, okumbili kuphela kokuziqhenya kwakho ngaphambi kokunqoba kwakho ngo-Okthoba bekunganele ezinganeni zezepolitiki zikaHulumeni wesikhashana. Bonke abanye ohulumeni abafuni ukubona ekhaya lokho esasinakho nesinakho, futhi, futhi, baqagela ngesikhathi ukusebenzisa lokho enikusebenzisile ukuvimbela lokhu - ukwesaba nodlame. Kepha kunzima kimi hhayi ukuthi iqiniso lomhlaba wonke lizogcina inqubekela phambili yenqubekela phambili yemvelo yesikhathi esithile, kepha kulokho okwenziwa ezweni lethu futhi, ngokubona kwami, kubeka ingozi enkulu ezweni lakithi |
- Mayelana ne-vivisection (isicaphuna encwadini ka-A. D. Popovsky):
Lapho ngiqala isivivinyo esixhunyiwe ekugcineni ngokufa kwesilwane, ngizwa umuzwa oshubile wokuzisola ngokuthi ngiphazamisa impilo ejabulisayo, ukuthi ngingumbulali wesidalwa esiphilayo. Uma ngisika, ngicekela phansi isilwane esiphilayo, ngifaka inhlamba kimi ukuthi ngiphule imishini engenamsebenzi ngesandla esinolaka, esingazi lutho. Kepha ngiyakuthwala ngentshisakalo yeqiniso, ukuze kusizakale abantu. Futhi banikela ukungibeka, umsebenzi wami we-vivisection ngaphansi kokulawulwa njalo komuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqothulwa futhi, ngokusobala, ukuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane ngenxa yenjabulo nokwaneliseka kwabaningi abangaba nalutho ngaphandle kokunaka okufanele. Lapho-ke ngentukuthelo nangokuqiniseka okujulile ngizitshela futhi ngivumela abanye ukuthi bathi: cha, lokhu akuwona umuzwa ophakeme futhi omuhle wokuhawukela ukuhlupheka kwabo bonke abaphilayo nabanokuqonda, kungenye yezimpawu ezifihlakele zokubonisa ubutha baphakade nomzabalazo wokungazi ngokumelene nesayensi, ubumnyama bokukhanya ! |
- Mayelana nenkolo:
Umqondo womuntu ufuna imbangela yakho konke okwenzekayo, futhi uma sekufika isizathu sokugcina, nguNkulunkulu. Ekufuneni kwakhe imbangela yakho konke, ufinyelela uNkulunkulu. Kepha mina uqobo angikholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, angikholwa. |
Ngi ... ngizilungiselela umphetho wamathambo futhi ngayiqeda inkolo ... ngiyindodana yompristi, ngakhulela endaweni yezenkolo, nokho, lapho ngiqala ukufunda izincwadi ezahlukahlukene ngineminyaka eyi-15-16 futhi ngihlangabezana nalo mbuzo, ngawushintsha futhi kwaba lula kimi ... Indoda yena uqobo kufanele alahle umcabango kaNkulunkulu. |
... Ngokuqondene nenkolo yami, ukukholwa kuNkulunkulu, ukuya esontweni, konke kungamanga, inganekwane. Ngingumfundisi, futhi, njengamaseminari abaningi, esivele ngivela esikoleni ngaba ngumuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu. Angimdingi uNkulunkulu ... Kungani abantu abaningi becabanga ukuthi ngiyikholwa, ikholwa ngomqondo wokholo? Ngoba ngimelene nokushushiswa kwesonto, kwenkolo ... Olunye ukholo luziswa kubantu ngokukhanyiselwa, imfundo, ukukholwa kuNkulunkulu uqobo lube yinto engenasidingo. Bangaki abantu abafundile abakholelwa kuNkulunkulu? (Noma kusekhona amakholwa amaningi phakathi kwabo). Kuyadingeka ukukhanyisela abantu ngaphambili, ukubanikeza ukulesa nokubhala, imfundo, kanye nokholo uqobo lwazo luzomancipha. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi uchithe ukholo kuNkulunkulu ngaphandle kokukufaka okunye. Nanguya, nsizwa. Kepha angiyi esontweni futhi angikholelwa kuNkulunkulu. |
Ukuqoqa
I-I.P. Pavlov yaqoqa amabhungane kanye novemvane, izitshalo, izincwadi, izitembu kanye nemisebenzi yokudweba yaseRussia. U-I.S. Rosenthal ukhumbule izindaba zikaPavlov ngoMashi 31, 1928:
Ukuqoqa kwami kokuqala kwaqala ngezimvemvane nezitshalo. Okulandelayo kwakuqoqwa izitembu nemidwebo. Futhi ekugcineni, yonke inkanuko idlulele kwisayensi ... Futhi manje angikwazi ukudlula ngokunganaki ngesitshalo noma uvemvane, ikakhulukazi engibazi kahle, ukuze ngingayibambi ezandleni zami, hhayi ukuthi ngiyihlole kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, hhayi ukuthi ngihlikiwe. Futhi konke lokhu kungenza ngibe nombono omuhle.
Maphakathi nawo-1890s, egumbini lakhe lokudlela, umuntu wayekwazi ukubona amashalofu amaningana alenga odongeni ngamasampula wamavemvane ayewabambe. Ukufika kuRyazan kuyise, uchitha isikhathi esiningi ekuzingeleni izinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesicelo sakhe, izimvemvane zomdabu ezahlukahlukene zalethwa kuye ezivela ekuhambeni okuhlukahlukene kwezokwelapha. Uvemvane oluvela eMadagascar lwethulwa ngosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe, walubeka maphakathi neqoqo lakhe. Akeneliswanga yilezi zindlela zokwenza kabusha iqoqo, yena ngokwakhe wakhulisa izimvemvane ezivela ezinambuzini eziqoqwe ngosizo lwabafana.
Uma uPavlov eqala ukuqoqa izimvemvane nezitshalo ebusheni bakhe, ukuqala kokuqoqa izitembu akwaziwa. Kodwa-ke, ngokuxhamazela akubange kusaba ngumdlandla, kanye, ngisho nangezikhathi zangaphambi kwezinguquko, ngenkathi ngihambele i-Institute of Experimental Medicine yinkosana yamaSiamese, ukhononda ngokuthi azikho izitembu ezanele zikaSiamese eqoqweni lakhe lesitembu futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva uchungechunge lweziqu zaseSiamese ezihlotshiswe i-I.P. Pavlov izwe. Bonke abantu obajwayele abathola izincwadi ezivela phesheya bebebambe iqhaza ekuqedeni iqoqo.
Ukuqoqa izincwadi kwakuyinto eyingqayizivele: ngosuku lokuzalwa lwamalungu omndeni ayisithupha, wathenga njengesipho iqoqo lemisebenzi yombhali.
Ukuqoqwa kwemidwebo kuka-I.P. Pavlov kwaqala ngonyaka we-1898 lapho ethenga isithombe sendodana yakhe eneminyaka emihlanu, uVolodya Pavlov, kumfelokazi kaN. A. Yaroshenko. Lakanye, lo mculi wahlaselwa ubuso bomfana futhi wakholisa abazali bakhe ukuthi bamvumele ukuba akhona. Umdwebo wesibili, obhalwe nguN. N. Dubovsky, obonisa ulwandle lwasebusuku eSillamyagi ngomlilo ovuthayo, wanikelwa ngumlobi, futhi siyabonga kuye, uPavlov wakhombisa ukuthakazela okukhulu ekudwebeni. Kodwa-ke, ukuqoqwa akuzange kubuye isikhathi eside, kuphela ngezikhathi zezinguquko ze-1917, lapho abanye abaqoqi beqala ukuthengisa imidwebo yabo, uPavlov waqoqa iqoqo elihle kakhulu. Bekuqukethe imidwebo ka-I. E. Repin, uSurikov, uLevitan, uViktor Vasnetsov, uSemiradsky nabanye. Ngokusho kwendaba kaM .V. Nesterov, uhlangana noPavlov ngo-1931, ukuqoqwa kwemidwebo nguPavlov kufaka phakathi imisebenzi kaLebedev, Makovsky, Berggoltz, Sergeyev. Njengamanje, ukuqoqwa kwethulwa ngokwengxenye ePavlov Museum-Apartment eSt. Petersburg, eVasilyevsky Island. UPavlov wayeqonda ukupenda ngendlela yakhe, evumela umbhali womdwebo ngemicabango nangezinhloso okungenzeka ukuthi wayengekho, kaningi, ethwelwe, wayezobe eseqala ukukhuluma ngalokho obekumele afake imali kukho, hhayi ukuthi yena uqobo wabona.
Inja kaPavlov: incazelo yalokhu kuhlolwa
Emzamweni wokutadisha inqubo yokugaya ezilwaneni ngemininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka, ekuqaleni uPavlov wanikeza isinali elikhanyayo nokudla ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ngemuva kwalokho wazinciphisa ekunikezeni isiginali kuphela. Kwabonakala ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amathe aqala ukukhishwa inja noma ingakutholi ukudla ngemuva kwesiginali esikhanyayo. Ngomgodi osesiswini sesilwane (i-fistula), isiphuzo sesisu esiveliswe yi-Reflex ekhishwe ngaphandle, siqoqwe esitsheni futhi inani laso lalinganiselwa.
Umqondo we-fistula awutholakalanga ngokushesha. Uma ujusi wesisu wesilwane ngesikhathi sokuphuma ubonakala ezingxenyeni zesisu senja, lesi silwane sife ngenxa yokuqina kakhulu. I-fistula ibe yindlela elula yokuphuma kulesisimo, eyenze ukuthi sikwazi ukuhlola womsebenzi womzimba wokugaya wesilwane nokuxhuma kwaso ngqo nokuphendula kwe-neuropsychic ukukhanya, umsindo, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokudla.
Ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa kwamathe kanye nojusi wesisu kubonisa ukubonakaliswa kwesimo sokuchazwa noma ukusabela kokuthile okucasulayo okuvela ngaphandle. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukusabela "kuyasebenza" noma kungekho ukudla, ngoba kuhlanganisa izingxenye zengqondo, ezihambisana nokulungela okunesimo kwesilwane ukuthola ukudla.
Kamuva nje, usosayensi wabona ukusabela okufanayo kwezilwane ezifuywayo kungekuphela kwezibonakaliso ezicasulayo, kodwa nasezinyatsweni zakhe. Izinja zazilinde ukudla ezingakuthola kumnikazi wazo futhi zasabela kwizimpawu ezahlukahlukene. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenze uPavlov ukuthi angafundeli ngokujulile hhayi kuphela ukugaya, kepha futhi nomsebenzi wezinzwa. Kamuva, izingqondo ezithuthukayo zaleso sikhathi, ngokungafani nombono wama-psychoanalysts nama-romantics aseJalimane, zasungula ubudlelwane obungenakulinganiswa phakathi kwezinqubo zemizwa nezomzimba womzimba wanoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo - kufaka phakathi abantu.
Ungazama ukuchaza kalula umnyombo wokuhlolwa kuka-Ivan Petrovich, ngaphandle kokuya ekucabangweni okujulile kwesayensi. Cabanga uPavlov emi phambi kwenja futhi eqala ukukhala insimbi. Ngemuva kwalesi siginali, usuthisa isilwane futhi aphindaphinde lokhu kuhlolwa kaningana, elungisa ikhono. Kepha ngolunye usuku oluhle ngemuva kokukhala kwensimbi, inja ayikutholi ukudla. Noma kunjalo, amathe kanye nejusi esiswini nakho kufihliwe kuye, isilwane, sizikhotha, ngokuzithoba sibonisa ukulungela ukudla.
Unaso isikhathi samahhala?
Bese uyisebenzise! Thola imfundo eyengeziwe!
Umphumela wenja kaPavlov
Ngakho-ke, i-Reflex (noma "umphumela wezinja zikaPavlov") wasebenza njengesisusa sokuthi umbono okuthiwa yiwo wokuhlukumezeka uvele ku-psychophysiology. Ngamanye amagama, isibonakaliso ebesikade singathathi hlangothi ebuchosheni besidalwa esiphilayo futhi esingahambisani nezinqubo zaso zengqondo, ngemuva kochungechunge lwezivivinyo, singaba yisikhuthazo esithinta ngqo ukubonakala kokusabela okuthile. Ngamandla, uhlobo “lokubopha” lwesishukumisela kokusabela okuvelayo, futhi inqubo yonke yakhelwe kuketanga elihlanganisiwe lesimo sokubonisa eliboniswa njalo yisilwane (noma umuntu).
Kwakuwukuguqulwa kokuvuselelwa kokuqala okungathathi hlangothi kube isibonakaliso esibalulekile ngokuvela kwempendulo ezinzile kulokhu kukhuthaza okwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthuka kwengqondo njengesayensi engathi sína.
Inja kaPavlov: isho ukuthini?
Kubantu abangabukhali isayensi futhi abanandaba nokubaluleka kwayo empilweni yesintu, ukuhlolwa kukaPavlov kanye nabafundi bakhe ngezinja kusho isihluku, ukukhohlisa, kanye nokubonakaliswa kobuhlungu. Uma uphendukela kwimithombo ye-Intanethi futhi ufunde imibono yabasebenzisi ebhalwe ngaphansi kwendatshana nge-Ivan Petrovich, kunezitatimende eziningi ezinolaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu ngeke anganaki iqiniso lokuthi izilwane zafa ngesikhathi kuhlolwa elebhu. Kodwa-ke, bekushiwo ngaphambili ukuthi isifundi sikuqonda kabuhlungu ukushona komngane ngamunye onemilenze emine futhi sazama ukwenza konke okusemandleni ukuze izinja ezazihlala naye zihlala ziphilile, zondlekile futhi zelashwa kuzo zonke izifo ezingabakhona.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenkathi u-Ivan Petrovich efika nomqondo we-fistula, izilwane eziningi zokuhlola zasinda ngokuphepha elabhorethri. Izinja eziningi zazihlala eduzane nasePavlov ubudala kakhulu, zisebenzela isayensi ngokwethembeka nangokuzinikela, futhi imiphumela yocwaningo isintu manje eselenze ukuthi ukuthunywa kwabo kube nokuzwisiseka ngokuphelele.
E-Ryazan kukhona enye yezinja zezinja zikaPavlov, eyenziwe njengesikhumbuzo sabangane bethu abanezinyawo ezine. Futhi emkhakheni we-Institute of Experimental Medicine, osesiqhingini Sokhemisi saseSt. Petersburg, kunokwakheka okuthinta inhliziyo. Isisekelo saso sakhiwa izinja ezimbili ezinkulu ze-mongrel ezibaziwe etsheni. Omunye wabo wakhothamisa ikhanda phezu komunye - ngokusobala bezama ukududuza nokuthokozisa “osebenza naye” emuva kolunye ucwaningo lwelabhoratri.
Akungozi ukuthi lesi sisho sidumile phakathi kwezazi zengqondo nabanye odokotela: "Amahlebezi ngokuhlukumezeka okungenakuqhathaniswa kukaPavlov ayenziwa ngehaba, ngoba amakhulu omnumzane abangenakhaya e-St. Petersburg ayenomhawu wezimpilo zezinja zakhe." Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi iqhaza lezilwane ekwakhiweni kwesayensi kufanele lihlolwe kahle, ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa ngesihluku kwabantu imfundo yabo kushiya ifiseleka kakhulu.
Unaso isikhathi samahhala?
Bese uyisebenzise! Thola imfundo eyengeziwe!