UChum - Le yinhlanzi engowomndeni we-salmon. Kungokwezinhlanyelo ezibalulekile ngenxa yethenda, inyama enambitha kanye ne-caviar ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi isheke. IKeta yona ihlukaniswe yizinhlobo eziningana, futhi yaba izinhlanga ezimbili ezinkulu. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona namuhla ziyefana kakhulu ngokubukeka, zinendlela yokuphila efanayo. Okuhlukile yiSakhalin chum salmon, okuhlose ukwenziwa ngokuzalanisa ezimweni ezenziwe ngobuhlakani.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Izigaba zokuziphendukela kwale nhlanzi aziqondakali kahle ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemininingwane yesayensi. Ama-Ichthyologists athi abameleli bakakudala besalmon banamuhla emifuleni yaseNyakatho Melika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 eyedlule. Lalilincane ngosayizi futhi lifana nokumpunga ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila. Ngenxa yokuthi abamele lo mndeni bekumele baphile ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezihluke kakhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bazwela kakhulu ushintsho ezimweni zokuphila.

Ngokusho kwemidwebo yomhume, kungashiwo ukuthi okhokho basendulo be-chum salmon banamuhla sebevele behlala echibini lasePacific eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi eyedlule. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zazihlala amachibi amakhulu.

Ividiyo: Keta

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-salmon zimane zaqothuka. Enye yezinhlobo eziqotayo futhi ezimangazayo kakhulu yokuqothulwa kuthathwa ngokuthi "yisalimoni e-saber-toothed." Yaqanjwa ngemuva kwehlosi le-saber-toothed ngenxa yokubakhona kwezinhlanzi ezinde, ezingafakwanga izinhlanzi. Ubude bawo bufinyelele amasentimitha angama-5-6 kubantu abakhulu.

Isikhathi esihle kakhulu emlandweni kanye nokuvela kwe-chum salmon safika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2-3,5 edlule. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho ama-salmonid ayehlukaniswe izinhlobo zezilwane, ngalinye lalihlala esifundeni salo sendawo yokuhlala.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-chum?

Ummeleli womndeni we-salmon uchitha iningi lempilo yakhe emanzini olwandle. Kulokhu, inombala ojwayelekile wabakhileyo basolwandle: isiliva-iblue ngethoni eliphansi. Endaweni engemuva, inhlanzi inombala omnyama, endaweni yesisu ilula. Lo mbala uvumela inhlanzi ukuthi inganakwa kokubili kukholamu yamanzi nangaphansi komhlaba. UChum unezici ezahlukahlukene nezimpawu ezihlukile.

Izimpawu zangaphandle zesici:

• isibumbu esikhulu sesimo eside, esimile,
• icindezelwe kancane, izinhlangothi eziqinisiwe,
• amaphiko e-caudal ne-adipose athuthelwa emsileni futhi anezimpaphe ezisukela kwezingu-8 kuye kwezingu-11,
• ikhanda likhulu ngokuhlukile ngemuva komzimba omkhulu futhi linesimo sesigaxa,
• umlomo ubanzi, umlomo ugcwele amazinyo,
• akukho amabala amnyama nemifudlana emlonyeni,
• umzimba umbozwe esikalini esiphakathi,
• kunemali enkulu eqhubekayo ye-caudal ngaphandle kwe-notch.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, ukwakheka komzimba nokubukeka kwezinhlanzi kushintsha kakhulu. Umzimba uba mkhulu futhi ubanzi, amafomu we-hump ngemuva. Imihlathi iba mikhulu kakhulu, amazinyo agobeke futhi abe makhulu futhi abe mude. Umbala uthola umbala onsundu, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani noma omnqumo. Imichilo yeLilac noma ye-raspberry ivela endaweni eseceleni yomzimba, eba mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ezinye izinhlanzi zingakhula zibe ngosayizi omkhulu kakhulu. I-dyne yomzimba wayo ingafinyelela amasentimitha angama-60-80, futhi isisindo somzimba wayo ingadlula amakhilogremu ayi-10.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Uma ukholelwa idatha esemthethweni, khona-ke ubukhulu bomzimba we-salmon we-chum bekuyimitha eyodwa nesigamu, futhi isisindo singamakhilogremu ayi-16!

Izinhlanzi ezihamba zidla isikhathi esiningi ziba nobude bomzimba cishe ngamasentimitha angama-50-65. Amasayizi omzimba we-chum ehlobo mncane kunosayizi we-chum ebusika.

Ihlala kuphi i-chum salmon?

Isithombe: IKeta eRussia

I-Chum salmon ichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwayo emizimbeni yamanzi kasawoti eduze nasogwini lolwandle. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu ye-chum salmon yisisekelo sePacific. Kuyisiko ukubiza le nhlanzi ngokuthi inhlanzi edlulayo ngoba empeleni ihlala olwandle, futhi ifike iye emilonyeni yemifula. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ngokusabalalisa i-chum salmon ifuna ukuthola ngqo umlomo waleyo mifula, lapho ivele khona njengefryth. Ukusakazeka kwenzeka emifuleni enamanzi acwebile aseMpumalanga Ekude, emazweni ase-Asia, naseNyakatho Melika kusuka eCalifornia kuye e-Alaska.

Njengezifunda zokuhlala ngokuphelele nokudla, inhlanzi ikhetha amanzi afudumele oLwandlekazi iPacific - okukhona ngaphansi kwamanzi kweKuro-Sivo.

Izindawo zokuhlala zesalmon ye-chum:

Ukusakazeka kwenzeka emilonyeni yemifula. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinhlanzi zingatholakala emifuleni efana neLena, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana, Penzhira, Poronaya, Okhota, njll. Keta yinhlanzi engenamanzi. Iningi labantu lihlala ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-10. Izinhlanzi zichitha ingxenye enkulu yezimpilo zazo ekufudukeni kokudla. Lesi sikhathi singalulwa isikhathi seminyaka engu-2,5 kuye kweyi-10.

Ama-Ichthyologists aqaphela ukuthi kubo bonke abameleli bomndeni we-salmon oLwandlekazi iPacific, yi-chum salmon enendawo ebanzi kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo zaseRussia, ikakhulukazi, eKamchatka naseSakhalin, i-chum salmon ihlala echibini lokufakelwa elenzelwe ukufuya izinhlanzi ngezinhloso zezimboni.

Idla ini i-salmon?

Njengoba izinhlanzi zikhula, indlela yayo yokuphila iyashintsha. Lapho ifinyelela usayizi omkhulu nesisindo somzimba lapho kuphephe khona ukuba khona olwandle oluvulekile, iqala ukuziphilela impilo yokuphinga. Ngesikhathi sokuthola isisindo, inhlanzi idinga inani elikhulu lokudla, elingatholakala olwandle kuphela.

Ngemuva kokuba kukhule uFry, kancane kancane aqala ukungena kolwandle oluvulekile. Lapho, babuthana ngamaqembu futhi bathola indawo ethule, ecashile lapho bacasha khona baze bafinyelela osayizi abalungile.

Njengoba iminyaka ikhula, izinhlanzi zishintshela endleleni yokuphila yezilo futhi zidle inyamazane enkulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani elikhulu lokukhiqiza liyadingeka ukuze isisindo sansuku zonke kanye nokuphakama kuhambisane nezindlela.

Isisekelo sokondla kubantu abadala:

Ngenxa yokuthi inhlanzi ihlala iphakethe, iyazingela nangamaphakethe. Umbala othize awusizi nje kuphela ukuthi ungaziboneli izitha, kepha futhi nezisulu zazo. Imvamisa kwanele ukuthi inhlanzi imane ime ilinde inyamazane yayo. Lapho ukudla okungenzeka kusondela eduze ngangokunokwenzeka, inhlanzi ibamba futhi ibambe inyamazane. Kwesinye isikhathi umhlambi we-chum salmon umane ushayeke esikoleni sezinye izinhlanzi bese ubamba wonke umuntu ongazange akwazi ukucasha.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Chum emanzini

Lo mmeleli womndeni we-salmon unesimo esihle kakhulu sokubuyela ezindaweni zokuzalwa. U-Keta cishe amaphesenti ayikhulu wamacala ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwesibhukuda uya kulezo zindawo azalelwe kuyena uqobo. Kwakuyisici lesi esaba yisikhombisi esikhulu lapho i-ichthyologists ihlukanise i-chum salmon ngezigaba ezimbili ngokuya ngomgomo wezwe - North American and Asia. Ku-vivo, umhlangano wabo awuhlanganisiwe.

Emkhakheni weRussian Federation, itekisi lase-Asia lihlala futhi lizalele.

Ngokuya ezifundeni zasendaweni, ama-ichthyologists aveze izinhlobo ezithile zalolu hlobo:

• itekisi elisenyakatho
• Sakhalin,
• Amur
• Okhotsk Ulwandle.

Ngemuva kokuthi i-fry isiphenduke abantu abavuthiwe, abadala, abahlali emifuleni, njengabanye abamele umndeni we-salmon. Ukwakha isisindo somzimba esanele, kungena olwandle oluvulekile iminyaka eminingana. Ekuqaleni, abantu abangakavuthiwe babegcina ugu ezindaweni ezingazodwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele kanye nokutholakala kokudla nsuku zonke, isisindo somzimba wezinhlanzi sikhuphuka cishe ngo-2,5-3%. Ngaleso sikhashana, lapho usayizi wezinhlanzi ufinyelela amasentimitha angama-30- 40, uhamba uyofuna isifunda lapho kunokudla okwanele. Imvamisa loluhambo lungahlala iminyaka eminingana.

I-Chum salmon fish akuyona inhlanzi eyedwa; ibuthana ezikoleni eziningi. Iningi labo lihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zoLwandlekazi iPacific. Lapho intwasahlobo ifika namanzi afudumele, ifudukela ogwini olusenyakatho Melika. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, imihlambi eminingi ihlukaniswe ngokuvuthwa ngokobulili nokuvuthwa. Lezo zinhlanzi ezingakavuthwa zokuphonsa amaqanda zithunyelwa ogwini oluseningizimu. Njengoba iphuphu likhula futhi likhula, liphenduka inyamazane yangempela.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-3,5 kuye kwengama-6.5. Isizini sokuqala yokuzalanisa ivulwa ngabantu abangabomncintiswano wehlobo. Iningi labantu besifazane elivelayo lizinhlanzi ezincane, ezineminyaka yobudala engaphezulu kweminyaka eyisikhombisa. Bangama-16% kuphela besifazane abaneminyaka engaphezu kwesikhombisa.

Abamele ifomu lasehlobo baqala ukuvela ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ngokuqondile kuleso sikhathi lapho amanzi efudumele ngangokunokwenzeka futhi izinga lokushisa lawo lingaphansi kwe-14 degrees. Abamele ifomu ekwindla bavela ngokunembile ekwindla kanye nokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo. Indawo ekahle yokuphonsa amaqanda akuyona indawo ejulile kakhulu, lapho ukujula kungadluli amamitha amabili. Ukugeleza ezindaweni ezinjalo akumele kube namandla, futhi amatshe amatshe, amatshe amatshe noma amatshe amatshe kufanele alunge kahle njengaphansi komhlaba.

Ngemuva kokutholakala kwendawo enhle kakhulu, insikazi ilungiselela indawo yokungena. Okokuqala, ngosizo lwemivimbo enomsila enamandla, uhlanza ingaphansi kwendawo lapho ezoqala khona ukuvuvukala. Emva kwalokho, ngendlela efanayo, ungqongqoza umgodi ngaphansi komhlaba, ukujula kwawo kungafinyelela uhhafu wemitha. Emgodini ngamunye, insikazi eyodwa ingazalela amaqanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-6,7. Isisindo esiphelele se-caviar singafinyelela kuhafu nohhafu kuya kwekhilogremu amabili. Ngemuva kwalokho abesilisa bayifaka umquba, bese insikazi ifula ngokucophelela nangokuthembekile ingene emhlabathini.

I-Chum salmon yinhlanzi evundile kakhulu. Owesifazane oyedwa angakha kuze kube kathathu noma kane kulokhu kunamathela ezindaweni ezihlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa sokuzala.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda nokunanza, zonke izinhlanzi ziyafa kungapheli inyanga. Le nkathi yabiwe ngokwemvelo ukuze izinhlanzi zikwazi ukuphuma ezindaweni ezinamaphiko bese zisabalalisa umfula ukuvimbela inhlekelele yemvelo.

Isikhathi sokufakwelwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-120-140. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, imibungu ivela emaqanda, abekwe engxenyeni ekhethekile ye-yolk. Yenza umsebenzi wokuvikela futhi ivumela imibungu ukuthi ikhule ngaphandle kokushiya indawo yokubeka amaqanda. Ukuphuma kokuqala kwe-fry esekhulile kwenzeka ekupheleni - Ephreli, ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ngalesi sikhathi, gazinga ibutha ngamaqembu futhi icashe ezindaweni eziluhlaza zasendle, amatshe. Ngenxa yombala oyimigqa othile, i-fry iyakwazi ukunganakwa ngabaningi bezinyamazane.

Izitha zemvelo ze-ket

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-chum?

UChum uvumelane kahle nezimo zokuphila olwandle olwandle. Unombala oqondile, omvumela ukuthi angagcini nje ngokulinda inyamazane, ahlangane nengaphezulu lamanzi aphansi, noma amanzi olwandle, kodwa futhi ukucasha ezitheni ngale ndlela. Kodwa-ke, usenezitha zemvelo ezanele. Esigabeni ngasinye sokukhula kwayo, inenqwaba yezitha ezilungile. Ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zasolwandle zichitha ukubekwa kwe-chum salmon, ukudla amaqanda ayo, inyamazane kuFry, kanye nakubantu abadala.
Izitha eziphambili zemvelo zikaFry:

Izinhlanzi ezindala azinalo kuphela emanzini olwandle. Unezitha ezanele ezihlala emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ikwazi ukubhukuda emanzini angajulile futhi ihlale ugu olusogwini.

Izitha zabantu abadala:

Indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwezitha zenhlanzi inikezwa umuntu. Uyamzingela ngezimboni. Inyama yakhe ye-caviar nebovu ibaluleke kakhulu. Izitsha ezilungiselelwe kusuka kulolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi zithathwa njengezibiliboco zangempela, ubuciko obusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi zaziswa kakhulu ngisho naphakathi kwama-gourmet.

UKetu ubanjwa esebenzisa amanetha. Ensimini yeRussian Federation, ama-chum salmon abanjwa ezindaweni eziphakathi kwemifula nasezifundeni zolwandle ezisolwandle. Kwakhiwa izitshalo ezisebenza ngezinhlanzi eduze kwezindawo ezinkulu zokudoba ukuze kugwenywe ukungafunwa kwenyama kanye ne-caviar.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Kuze kube manje, inani lezinhlanzi emhlabeni akuyona into ekhathazayo. Lokhu kusungulwa umsebenzi wokuzala ophakeme. Kodwa-ke, eRussia, inani labantu lehlile kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Lokhu kwasungulwa ukudoba okungalawulwa nenani elikhulayo labazingeli. Ukunciphisa ukudoba ezifundeni zezindawo zemvelo, kwakhiwa izindawo zokugcina izingane ezikhethekile eSakhalin naseKamchatka, lapho izinhlanzi zidotshwa khona ngenhloso yezimboni.

E-Russia, ukubhekwa kwezinhlanzi kuhlala kuzungeza izifunda zezindawo zokudoba izinhlanzi futhi zilwe nabazingeli. Futhi, abantu be-chum salmon bavikelwe ngumthetho ekubanjweni okungalawulwa ngezinga lezimboni. Ukudoba kwangasese, njengokudoba ezimbonini, kuvunyelwe kuphela ngemuva kokuthola imvume nokuthola ilayisense elikhethekile.

Ukwehla kwenani le-salmon ye-chum kukhuthazwe ngokuthwetshwa ngosayizi omkhulu ikakhulukazi amaJapan cishe isigamu seminyaka eyedlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, basakaza amanethiwekhi emngceleni ne-USSR ngamakhilomitha angama-15,000. Ngenxa yezenzo ezinjalo, i-chum ayikwazanga ukubuyela eSakhalin, Kamchatka nasezindaweni ezivamile zokuswayipha. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho inani lezinhlanzi lehla kakhulu kakhulu. Usayizi wabantu ababengaphambi kwalokhu awukabuyiselwa.

UChum - Ummeleli oligugu kakhulu lomndeni we-salmon. Yaziswa kakhulu inyama emnandi futhi enempilo, kanye ne-caviar emnandi kakhulu.