Uyemukelwa ekhasini 404! Ulapha ngoba ufake ikheli lekhasi elingasatholakali noma elidluliselwe kwelinye ikheli.
Ikhasi olicelile kungenzeka ukuthi lihanjisiwe noma lasuswa. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi wenze i-typo encane lapho ufaka ikheli - lokhu kuyenzeka nathi, ngakho-ke ihlole futhi ngokucophelela.
Uyacelwa ukuthi usebenzise indlela yokuhamba noma yokusesha ukuthola imininingwane oyithandayo. Uma unemibuzo, bese ubhalela umphathi.
I-Leopardus pardalis (i-Linnaeus, 1758)
Ububanzi: eningizimu yeNyakatho Melika, eMelika Ephakathi, enyakatho nasenkabeni yeSouth America.
I-Ocelot yizinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zamakati. Ubude bomzimba ngu-68-100 cm, ukuphakama kubune 40-50 cm, ubude bomsila ngu-27-45 cm, isisindo esingu-8-16 kg.
Uboya bushelelezi, yebo. Izindlebe ziyindilinga. Umsila mude. Imilenze ibanzi futhi imfushane, yangaphambili ibanzi kuneyasemuva. Emilenzeni yangaphambili iminwe emi-5 enezigaxa, emilenzeni yangemuva - 4.
Ukushisa komzimba okujwayelekile kungama-37.7-38.8 ° C.
Umbala wejazi uhluka kakhulu ngisho naphakathi kwesibalo sabantu. Amamaki ezinhlangothini, ebunzini, umqhele, enwebeni nasehlombe kuhluka kakhulu futhi awahlangani komunye nomunye kubantu abahlukile. Ama-Ocelots enyakatho yeRio Grande, ampunga kakhulu kunaseningizimu, amamaki amnyama kuwo ancishiswa kububanzi bezikhala phakathi kwabo.
Isendlalelo esiyinhloko siyahluka kusuka kwimpunga kuya kokhilimu onsundu. Umbala oyisisekelo ukusuka phezulu kwekhanda kuya emahlombe amahlombe unephimbo elijulile ukwedlula ingemuva langemuva, futhi umbala oyinhloko wezinhlangothi udonsa kunasemuva.
Okuphawuleka kakhulu yizindawo ezimnyama ezakhiwe zindandatho, zipendwe nsundu ngaphakathi. Izikhala zakha amaketanga ahamba ngokuqondile phansi ezinhlangothini. Ekhanda kukhona amabala amnyama amnyama nemivimbo emibili emnyama esihlathini, entanyeni nakuzungeze amahlombe amabala aphenduka abe yimivimbo engu-4 noma emi-5 ehambisanayo eyehlela entanyeni. Isilevu simhlophe. Ingxenye yomzimba womzimba nayo imhlophe, kepha inamabala amnyama. Imivimbo engu-1 noma emi-2 eguqukayo inweba ngaphakathi kwemilenze yangaphambili. Umsila unamabala futhi unemiphetho. Amamaki emsileni amnyama.
Izindlebe zimnyama ngamehlo amakhulu amhlophe emuva.
Amehlo ansundu, futhi lapho kuboniswa, akhanya igolide, hhayi aluhlaza. Abesifazane banciphile ngokwesilinganiso kunabesilisa, ngokomzimba kufana abesilisa (kuze kufinyelele ebangeni elivamile labesifazane).
Isilwane kakhulu ebusuku futhi esijwayelekile kakhulu. Izingxabano zezwe zenzeka ekulweni kobudlova, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube sekufeni. Njengawo wonke amakati, imaka insimu yakhona ikakhulu ngokufafaza umchamo. Njengamakati amaningi, ayizilwane ezihlala zodwa, imvamisa zitholakala kuphela ngokuzalanisa. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nosuku, ukuphumula ezihlahleni noma kwezinye izindawo, kwesinye isikhathi ama-ocelot abelana ngendawo yawo nenye i-ocelot yobulili babo.
Abesilisa bahlala endaweni eyi-3.5-46 km², insikazi engu-0.8-15 km² kanye nezindawo zabo zigcwala insimu yeduna. Ngaphezu komchamo, ama-ocelot asebenzisa indle esele ngemuva ukukhombisa indawo yawo.
Yize ama-ocelots ezigwema izindawo ezivulekile phakathi nosuku, kwesinye isikhathi azondla ngazo ebusuku. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwehlukahlukana kwendawo, ama-ocelots awawona ama-generalists. Zihlobene kakhulu nezindawo ezinotshani obuminyene noma ikhava yehlathi futhi zitholakala ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu kunokuba kulindelwe ngokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo.
Ama-Ocelots angazingela izihlahla, kepha angabazingeli abasebenzayo emhlabeni. Ukudla kwabo kunanoma yisiphi isilwane esidliwayo esingabhekana naso (iningi laso lingabusuku), izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (imvamisa eminingi ehlukahlukene), ezihuquzelayo nama-amphibians (izibankwakazi, izimfudu namaxoxo), imihuzuko, izinyoni nezinhlanzi.
Endle, ukuvuthwa ngokomzimba kufinyelelwa ezinyangeni ezingama-20-23. Ukuthomba kungenzeka ekuqaleni, ezinyangeni ezili-16-16, yize kuzizinsikazi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-24 kuvame kakhulu, emadodeni ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-30 ubudala. Abesifazane bangaba nokungcola kwabo kokuqala eneminyaka eyi-18 izinyanga futhi bayakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo efinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10, ekudingisweni okuphakathi kweminyaka eyi-13 kuyaqoshwa.
Ukuhlangana kungavela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. I-Estrus ihlala izinsuku ezingama-7-10. Endle, ama-estrus avela njalo ezinyangeni ezingama-4-6. Ukumatanisa kuma-ocelots abonwa ekudingisweni kwenzeka kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu futhi kungaphindwaphindwa ka-5-10 ngosuku. Isikhathi esingu-1.5 amaminithi, yize ingahluka.
Ngokwemvelo, ama-ocelots angakhiqiza udoti owodwa eminyakeni emi-2 (ekudingisweni ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-9). Uma udoti ulahlekile, insikazi ingangena esikhathini se-estrus ngezinsuku eziyi-10-20.
Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ibalekela emhumeni, imbobo yesihlahla noma emigodini eminyene. Ukukhulelwa izinsuku ezingama-72-82. Ilitha 1-2, kuyaqabukela kakhulu 3 noma 4.
I-lactation ingahlala izinyanga ezi-3-9.
Ama-ocelots asanda kuzalwa anephathini ephelele, kepha uboya bawo bimpunga futhi imilenze yawo icishe imnyama. Izilinganiso zezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa eTexas: ubude bube ngu-23-25 cm, ubude bomsila ngu-5.5 cm, ukuphakama kwezindlebe u-0.9-1 cm, isisindo esingu-200-276 g. Umbala wabantu abadala uvela kancane kancane phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala bese uqala kusukela emuva kwekhanda. AmaKittens azalwa enamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, athi kancane kancane ajike abe nsundu izinyanga ezintathu. Zivula amehlo ezinsukwini eziyi-14-18, ziqale ukuhamba emavikini ama-3, zishiya umhume futhi zihambisane nonina ukuy ukuzingela emavikini angama-4-6, zithathe ukudla okuqinile emavikini ayi-8. Baqala ukuphuma emgodini benezinyanga ezintathu ubudala, kodwa bahlala nonina kuze kube yiminyaka emibili.
Ama-Ocelots aphila iminyaka eyi-10, ekudingisweni aze afike eminyakeni eyi-18 (esiphezulu sibhalisiwe iminyaka engama-20).
Incazelo
I-Ocelot ilunga elikhulu kunazo zonke zohlobo lwamakati aseNingizimu Melika noma amakati (Leopardus). Isisindo sazo sisukela ku-8.5 kuya ku-16 kg, ubude bomzimba buyi-65-97 cm. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ijazi lifushane, likhulu futhi liqinile kunalowo wesihlobo osondelene naye, ikati elinemisila emide, noma i-margay (Leopardus wiedii). Ngaphansi kokukhanya kukhanya, futhi umbala womzimba wonke uhluka kusuka kokumhlophe okumdaka kuya kofiphele nokubomvana. Umbala uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala: ama-ocelot ezindaweni ezomile nezinezihlahla anejazi loboya elilula kunabantu abahlala emahlathini ashisayo. Kuyaqabukela, kutholakale ijazi elimnyama ngokuphelele. Njengomthetho, ama-ocelots anemivimbo emnyama, amabala noma ama-rosette akhiwe ezindaweni eziqhakaza ijazi loboya. Esihlathini se-ocelot kukhona imivimbo emibili emnyama, izindlebe zimnyama ngebala eliphuzi phakathi nendawo, kuthi kudlule umugqa owodwa noma emibili emnyama ohlangothini lwemilenze. Isimo se-muzzle sihluke kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu abathile. Umsila mude izindandatho ezimnyama, futhi ama-paws akhulu ngokulingana nosayizi womzimba, ngakho-ke ngeSpanishi, i-ocelot ibizwa ngokuthi "manigordo", ehumusha njengemilenze emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imilenze yangaphambili ibanzi kunezinyawo eziyingemuva. Njengamanye amanye amalungu wesigatshana abunjwe ikati, ama-ocelots awanayo i-molar yesithathu. Isibalo sisigaxa, ifomula yezinyo ingu-3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1, cishe amazinyo angama-30 isiyonke. Izinga le-basal metabolic rate le-ocelot lingamasentimitha ayi-0.298 we-oksijini ngehora. Ama-Ocelots avame ukudidaniswa nezinhlobo ezihlobene - i-oncilla nekati elide-elinomsila. Isihloko esithi "Amakati we-Tiger: i-ocelot, i-margay, i-oncilla, nezimpawu zokuqhathanisa" sichaza umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezi-3.
Ukubhaliswa okulandelayo kwe-10 kwe-ocelot kuyabonakala:
- L. k. i-aequatorialis - itholakala endaweni yaseCosta Rica. Izithonjana: L. k. mearnsi futhi L. k. minimalis,
- L. k. ama-albescens - uhlala eTexas. Izithonjana: L. k. i-limitis ne-L. p. ludoviciana,
- L. k. melanura - EGuyana. Izithonjana: L. k. maripensis kanye noL. p. tumatumari,
- L. k. mitis - EParaguay. Izithonjana: L. k. armillatus, L. k. brasiliensis, L. k. chibi-gouazou, L. k. chibiguazu, L. k. hamiltonii, L. k. maracaya futhi L. k.smithii,
- L. k. nelsoni - EMexico
- L. k. pardalis - EMexico. Izithonjana: L. k. ama-canescens, L. k. griffithii, L. k. griseus, L. k. i-ocelot futhi L. k. pictus.
- L. k. pseudopardalis - EColombia. Isigama - L. k. sanctaemartae.
- L. k. pusaea - Izindawo ezisogwini zase-Ecuador,
- L. k. sonoriensis - EMexico
- L. k. steinbachi - IBolivia.
Indawo
Ama-Ocelots avame kakhulu eMelika Ephakathi, kodwa futhi atholakala kuzo zonke izifunda phakathi kweNingizimu Melika (Texas, Arizona) nasenyakatho yeArgentina. Ubuningi obuphakeme kakhulu bubonwa engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Central America, enyakatho-ntshonalanga, enyakatho-mpumalanga kanye nasenkabeni yeSouth America.
Habitat
Izingwe ze-dwarf zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi amahlathi emvula, ama-savannah, izihlahlana, imayini, izihlahla zemihlume nezimbila. Njengomthetho, bahlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1200, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bahlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Isidingo esikhulu sendawo izitshalo eziminyene. Ama-Ocelots avela ezindaweni ezivulekile kuphela esimweni sezulu esinamafu noma ebusuku lapho kuvela inyanga entsha.
Ukuzala
Ama-Ocelots ayizilwane ezihlala zodwa ngohlelo lokuzala lwe-polyline. Ibanga lekhaya lowesilisa oyedwa, limboza amabanga ezinsikazi eziningana. Ngesikhathi se-estrus, izinsikazi zheha abalingani bazo ngokunikeza ukukhamuluka okukhulu okufana nokukhonkotha amakati. Ngemuva kokubhanqa, ama-ocelot akopisha izikhathi ezi-5 kuye kweziyi-10 ngosuku. Amathuba wokukhulelwa ngesikhathi estrus esihlala cishe izinsuku ezi-5 ngu-60%. Isikhathi esijwayelekile se-estrus siyizinsuku ezingama-4,63.
Uma ukuzala kuphumelela, khona-ke insikazi ekhulelwe idala umhume emathokheni aminyene lapho kuzalwa khona. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-79-85. Ubukhulu belitha lingama-kittens angama-1-3, ngokwesilinganiso ama-kits angama-1,63 / udoti. Amakhulu azalwa enesisindo esisukela ku-200 kuya ku-340 amagremu. Njengomthetho, insikazi ihola inzalo kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-2.
Ama-ocelot kittens alunyulwa kusuka kubisi lukanina eneminyaka eyi-6 ubudala futhi afinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-8-10. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kwabesifazane kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-18 kuya kwezingu-22 futhi bayakwazi ukuzala kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-13. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi ekuqaleni kwezinyanga eziyi-15, kodwa-ke, njengomthetho, i-spermatogeneis yenzeka cishe izinyanga ezingama-30. Ubufakazi buveza ukuthi ukuthomba kwabesilisa kuhambisana kakhulu nokutholwa kwensimu yabo.
Abesifazane kuphela banakekela izingane. AmaKittens aqala ukubuka umama wawo ngesikhathi sokuzingela, izinyanga ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ukuzimela kuza cishe unyaka owodwa, ngemuva kwalokho ama-ocelots asemancane kufanele azitholele izindawo zawo.
Umsoco
U-Ocelot ungumzingeli onamakhono amakhulu. Lezi amakati ukulandelela inyamazane yabo ngephunga futhi iningi lokuhlaselwa kwabo kuphumelela. Ngemuva kokuba isisulu sibanjiwe, bayambulala badle ngaso leso sikhathi, bese kufihlwa izinsalela ezingadalulwanga. Njengamanye ikati, ama-ocelots avumelaniswa kahle nokudla kwawo okukuphilayo: ngosizo lwamazinyo, akhipha inyama edla inyama, futhi ngenxa yama-enzymes aqinile wokugaya ukudla, angayigaya.
Ukudla kwe-ocelot kuqukethe ngamagundane amancane angama-65-66%, ama-12-18% aqhamukayo kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ama-6- 10% aqhamuka ezilwaneni ezincelisayo eziphakathi, ama-4-11% aqhamuka kwizinyoni, kuthi ama-2-7% aqhamuke kuma-crustaceans nezinhlanzi. Izinyamazane zazo eziyinhloko ziyizinhlobo zobusuku, kubandakanya nama-hamsters omhlanga (Zygodontomys)amagundane agqamile (Echimyidae)agouti (Dasyprocta)opossum (I-Didelphimorphia), kanye ne-armadillo (Cingulata). Yize amaxhoba amaningi enesisindo esingaphansi kuka-1-3% wesisindo somzimba wawo, ama-ocelot nawo adla inyamazana elikhudlwana, kufaka phakathi nezilwane ezinamaphiko ezine (Tamandua tetradactyla)mazam amakhulu (Mazama americana)izinkawu ezijwayelekile zama-squirrel (Saimiri sciureus) nezimfudu zomhlaba (Testudinidae).
Izinhlobo zazo eziyizisulu ikakhulukazi zihlala emhlabathini, futhi amakati angamboza izidumbu ezinkulu ngodoti ukuze zidliwe kamuva. Ama-Ocelots asemhlabeni wonke, futhi indlela yawo yokudla iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokutholakala kwephango.
Emisebeni yezikhukhula yaseVenezuela eyayinezikhukhula ngezikhathi ezithile, la makati adla kuphela imifino yomhlaba, eningi ngesikhathi semvula. Ababhukudi abahle be-ocelots badla izinyamazane zasemanzini kanye nezezinhlanzi zasemanzini unyaka wonke.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-Ocelots awahambi ebusuku. Lezi amakati akhiwe ngokuqinile zihlala zodwa futhi zizungezwe. Zisebenza amahora ayi-12-16 ngosuku. Ama-Ocelots aphumula phakathi kwezinsuku ngezinqwaba zezithelo zamagatsha nemivini, noma phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla ezinkulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zivame ukusebenza kakhulu ebusuku, kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi semvula (ikakhulukazi ngezinsuku ezinamafu), ukuzingela kwenzeka phakathi nosuku.
Basebenzisa iningi lesikhathi sabo behamba kancane ebangeni labo lasekhaya, futhi bavame ukufuna inyamazane. Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi amakati ahlola izindawo zawo njalo ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezine. Abesilisa, njengomthetho, bahamba ngezinyawo eziphindwe kabili kunabesifazane ngenxa yezidingo zabo zamandla aphezulu, kanye nesidingo sokuhlola izintokazi ukuthola ukuthi zilungele yini ukuzalaniswa, phakathi kobubanzi bazo.
Ibanga lasekhaya
Amakhaya abo aqala ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-31 km², ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ububanzi besilisa bukhulu kunezinsikazi, futhi ungagxili nabanye abesilisa. Noma kunjalo, njengakwezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo, izindawo zezinsikazi, njengomthetho, zivumelana ngokwengxenye nohla lwabesifazane abambalwa. Ubuningi besibalo salezi zinhlobo, ngokwesilinganiso, ngabantu aba-4 kumakhilomitha amahlanu amahlathi asendaweni eshisayo, futhi ukusuka kubantu aba-2 kuye kwabayisi-5 kumakhilomitha amahlanu ezindaweni ezivulekile.
Izinsongo
Uboya obuhle be-ocelot benza ukuthi la makati abe ngenye yezilwane ezixhashazwa kakhulu amakati amancane. Phakathi kuka-1960 no-1970, abantu abangaphezu kuka-200,000 babulawa minyaka yonke ngenxa yezohwebo lwamanye amazwe. Ukuzingela ezentengiso kwehle kakhulu ngenxa yokuvikelwa okusemthethweni, kepha ukuhweba okungekho emthethweni kusaqhubeka, kanti nalolu hlobo lwesilwane luyadingeka njengesilwane esifuywayo. Ama-Ocelots kwesinye isikhathi abulawa ngokuziphindiselela ngokuhlasela inkukhu. Kodwa-ke, usongo olukhulu kulezinhlobo ukulahleka kwendawo okuhlotshaniswa nokuqothulwa kwezinkomo nezolimo.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu kusongelwa, i-ocelot ihlala iluhlobo olujwayelekile kakhulu lekati elincanyana ebangeni layo, ifinyelela ekujuleni okukhulu kunezinhlobo ezincane ezinjenge-margay, futhi ikholelwe nokuthi ama-ocelots athinta kabi izihlobo zawo ezincane. Kodwa-ke, izinga eliphansi lokuzala lama-ocelots, ahlanganiswe nesidingo sendawo eminyene futhi inyamazane encane eningi, angathinta ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu.
Ukuxhumana nokubona
Leziakati zinomqondo ojulile wokuhogela nokubona. Basebenzisa iphunga ukuthola umgwaqo nokuphanga okungenzeka, kanye nokunquma imingcele yendawo. Ama-Ocelots anombono obukhali we-binocular, aklanywe kahle ukuzingela ebusuku. Leopardus pardalis bamaka imingcele yobubanzi bemizi yabo futhi basebenzise amagama okwazisa ukuxhumana nezihlobo.
Iqhaza endalweni
Ama-Ocelots anomthelela omkhulu emvelweni yawo njengabazingeli. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi adla kakhulu ama-vertebrates asemhlabeni, ama-ocelots angosomathuba futhi adla inyama yezinhlobo zezilwane eziningi. Kwesinye isikhathi zisebenza njengezisulu zezinyamazane ezinkulu (ngokwesibonelo, ihlathi (Panthera onca)) kanye nokusingathwa kwezidlanzana eziningi.
Okuhle
Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1960 kuya maphakathi no-1980s, umphakathi waseNtshonalanga wawunesidingo esikhulu soboya balezi zinkukhu ezinamabala. Ngalezo zinsuku, amajazi e-ocelot fur ayengathengiswa ngama- $ 40,000 (US) entshonalanga yeJalimane. Ama-ocelots ayedumile futhi njengezilwane ezifuywayo ezihlala kwamanye amazwe, ezazibiza ama- $ 800 umuntu ngamunye. Ngo-1975, ngemuva kokusayinwa kwe-Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), ukuhweba kwamanye amazwe ngama-ocelots nemikhiqizo yawo (ngokwesibonelo, u-fur) kwaba semthethweni emazweni amaningi. Kodwa-ke, usengathenga ama-ocelots ngokungemthetho esikhumulweni sezindiza iManagua International eNicaragua noma emakethe emnyama.
Ama-Ocelots angaba usizo kubantu ngokulawula izinkumbi zabantu abathathwa njengezinambuzane zezolimo.