Indlela yempucuko yomhlaba, elandela inkawu iye kumuntu, ifaka isigaba senkawu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-primates aphezulu nge-homo sapiens, ikakhulukazi, avela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zohlobo lwasendulo, lapho ngaphandle kwe-ramapithecus ne-Australopithecus, kumane nje kunganakwa i-dryopithecus. Lokho indoda yasendulo yakaomaopithecus iqukethe isibalo esivelele sezimpawu zenkawu, igama layo lithi, lapho igama lesiGreek elithi "pithek" lihunyushwa ngokuthi inkawu. Kepha igama elithi “omeo ”, ngolimi olufanayo lwesiGreek, lisho isihlahla, esinikeza umbono wendawo yokuhlala futhi esisiza ukuqonda okuthile ngempilo ye-dryopithecus.
Lawa ma-anthropoids, abephila ngesikhathi seminyaka engu-30-9 yezigidi ezingama-Miocene, kungenzeka ukuthi angokhokho bazo zombili chimpanzee nama-gorilla nabantu. Ukwahlulela imininingwane yamangqamuzana, ama-orangutan nama-gibbons (ama-gibbons, ama-hulok, ama-nomaskus nama-siamangas) baya egatsheni lezinkawu ze-pongid, noma ze-anthropomorphic (gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee) ngaphambili.
Izinhlobo zeDriepithecus
Iminonjana yokuqala yokuvela kwale nhlobo yatholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika ekucindezelekeni okuvela ekutholakaleni komhlaba phakathi kwamagoda afanayo (isigodi esivulekile). Kwakungalesi sikhathi sokukhona kweplanethi, imisakazo yokudlulisela okushisayo ijikeleza ngaphakathi kwengubo yoMhlaba okholele ekuqhekekeni kokuqhekeka komhlaba kube ngamabhulokhi ahlukile.
Le nkawu engezansi yokuqothuka kwezinkawu ihlukaniswe ama-subgenera ayi-3: i-dryopithecus, sivapithecus, i -onsonsul, kanye nezinhlobo eziningana: I-Dryopithecus wuduensis, Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus branco, iDryopithecus laietanus, Dryopithecus crusafonti. Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi ososayensi basebenzisana nobani, idlozi le-dryopithecus, elalihlala ezwekazini lase-Afrika, likhethwe njengeqembu le-Afropithecus. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho le nhlobo yathuthukiswa kulo lonke elase-Afrika nase-Arabia, ibizwa nge- heliopithecus, futhi ngokungena kweYurophu nase-Asia, ibizwa nge- heliopithecus.
Ukubukeka kwe-Dryopithecus
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsalela ezisasele esikhathini sethu, i-limeopithecus ngezindlela eziningi ezifanayo nezama-oragnuts anamuhla nezinkawu ze-gibbon. Ngokwesilinganiso sokukhula (cishe ama-60 cm noma ama-1 m) nobubanzi obude, isidalwa esinjalo sasingahamba kalula emagatsheni ezihlahla, futhi sihambe ngokushesha ebusweni bomhlaba kuwo omane.
U-fig. 1 - Dryopithecus
Umhlathi omkhulu, obheke phambili, une-chin e-chamfered, ibunzi eliphansi eliphansi, iziqobelo ze-infraorbital nokuphakama okuncane kwesigaxa, kwenze ibukeke njengenkawu ngangokusemandleni. Kude nomuntu futhi ubuchopho be-dryopitec, umthamo wawo awudlulelanga ngaphesheya kwe-320-350 cm³. Futhi ama-molars amakhulu ayenezimpawu ezibonakalayo zawo wonke amakhaya asekhaya. Kepha ngokubheka ungqimba oluncane lwe-koqweqwe lwawo, ama-carnivores kanye nokungenzeka kokuhlafuna ukudla okuluhlaza akusizi ukuthi ukhulume ngakho. Amakhala abo acwebezelayo nangamakhaleni abo ahlukanisiwe, ayenuka iphunga lendlela yezinyamazane, asheshe athole abafowethu futhi ayewusizo olukhulu ekutholeni ukudla.
Ngokunikezwa kwezakhi zesakhiwo samathambo abantu abavela kwezinye izinhlobo ze-dryopithecus (Dryopithecus brancoi neDryopithecus laietanus), abanye ososayensi banesibindi sokuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukunyakaza kwaso endaweni elukhuni emilenzeni emibili yangemuva. Kuliqiniso, ubufakazi obukholisayo bale mqondo abutholakalanga. Kepha i-hairline eminyene, isimilo sezilwane, ku-dryopithecus sekuyinto evame kakhulu.
Ukuze ube nomqondo wendlela yokuhamba yalawa ma-anthropoid emagatsheni nasemkhathini womhlaba, kwanele ukubheka ngokucophelela izenzo ezifanayo ngama-orangutan nezinkawu ze-gibbon. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-dryopithecus (i-anoyapithecus etholakala eCatalonia, pyrolapithecus, udnopithek waseGeorgia, njll.), Igatsha elisondele kakhulu kubantu i-ramapithecus.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Driopithecus
Ngesikhathi sendawo eyomile, bekungadingeki neze ukuthi kumangazwe ukuhamba kwezwekazi, okushayisana ngakunye, okudala inhlekelele eyethusa ubuhle bemiphumela yabo. Ngalesi sikhathi nje, i-Afrika yangena e-Europe nase-Asia, okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-Alps kanye nokuvela komhlaba we-Himalaya, Rockies, Andes. Banikezwe ukuhamba kokuqhuma komhlaba, ubukhona bezinyamazane ezinkulu nezinye izingozi ezesabise iplanethi eyayingakabi kudala, i-limeopithecus yazizwa iphephe lapho ihlala endaweni ephakeme ngaphansi kwesembozo somqhele omkhulu wezihlahla ezinkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzimba wakhe wawukufanelekela indlela yokuphila endaweni yezihlahla. Lezi zidalwa zingahlala emagatsheni aminyene isikhathi eside kakhulu, ziqonde umhlane wazo, ngaphandle kokuzizwa zingathandeki. Engancishwa ithuba lokuhamba emhlabathini, i-limeopithecus ichithe iningi lezimpilo zabo ezihlahleni: balala, badla ukudla, banakekela izihlobo nezingane. Kulapha lapho i-limeopite yenza khona imizamo yokuqala yokufundisa umphakathi.
Futhi njengoba ekudleni kwe -omileopithecus, okuhlanganisa okusanhlamvu, izimpande, nezinye izimila, izithelo namajikijolo kwakudingeka kakhulu, ukuhlala ezihlahleni kwakuthembisa ukuphepha okuhlobene kuphela nethuba lokwakha ubudlelwano emhlambini, kodwa kwabasondeza endaweni yokudla. Ukuqinisekiswa kwalokhu okungenhla ungqimba oluncane lwe-koqweqwe lwawo kuma-molars, olwalunikeza izondlamzimba ezisezingeni eliphakeme kuphela ngezipho zemvelo ezingekho njalo njengezithelo namajikijolo, kodwa hhayi inyama eluhlaza. Kuliqiniso, amathuba wokungabinakho amandla la ma-anthropoids awanqatshiwe. Ngenhlanhla, babehlala emahlathini ashisayo enezimila ezinotshani eziningi, izinambuzane eziningi kanye nesimo sezulu esivumayo esingadingi kukhathazeka ngokufakwa kwamakhaya.
Ukuphila okulula ezihlahleni kwavela ekubeni khona kokuhlangana kwe-humerus, okwakuqinisekisa amandla engalo ukujikeleza kuzo zonke izinkomba. Lokhu akunakuba njalo ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezi-tetrapod ezihola ngendlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni. Siyilokhu esiyikho, ngoba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-clavicle namandla ekhono lokuqhubela phambili ngokujikeleza, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kunesimo sangaphambi kozalo nabantu kuphela. Izingalo ze-limeepitopes zingenza ukunyakaza okubandakanya ibanga elingaphezu kuka-180 °. Iqiniso lokuthi okhokho bethu bakude bengahlala ezihlahleni lifakazelwa ngamaphethini angafani ezandleni nasezinyaweni, esizigcinile.
Ithuba ekukhetheni kwemvelo kwanikezwa ngokufanele Indlela yokuphila ye-Driopithecuslapho yayingekho enye indlela yokuphuma, ukuthi ungahamba kanjani ngokuthuthukisa ukunyakaza okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlelekile. Isibonelo: Ukuhlala ezihlahleni kudinga ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi obambekayo we-brashi yezinkawu, obekungeke kuholele ekutheni ukwazi ukusebenzisa izinto, futhi ekugcineni uzuze amakhono wezimoto zomuntu wanamuhla nokuthuthuka okuhle kobuchopho, njengesisekelo sokuvuselela isimilo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana kokunyakaza, lezi zidalwa zase zinombono wombala we-binocular futhi ubuchopho buye baqala ukuguquka, noma kungenjalo kakhulu ekuqondisweni kwevolumu ekhuphukayo, kodwa kunalokho ekuguqukeni kwesakhiwo esilinganisweni samamolekyuli. I-Driopithecus isivele inombono we-stereoscopic kanye namandla okuhambisa izisekelo zamehlo endizeni yangaphambili.
Ukuhola indlela yokuphila yomhlambi ngokwenziwa kwamathuluzi okuxhumana, i-limeopithecus ingaphila ngendlela ebiphila ngayo kuphela ngoba, njengazo zonke izinkawu ezinkulu, zazibonakaliswa ngabantu abaphansi. Indawo ebalulekile empilweni yabo yathathwa ukunakekelwa kwenzalo, kwaqiniswa ukuxhumana okusondelene kukamama nengane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo ndawonye yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa imizamo yokuvikela ezilwaneni zasendle kanye nobunye ubungozi bemvelo.
Amathuluzi
Ukuphila kuwo wonke umhlaba nezihlahla, lezi zidalwa ezinomuntu ongenazimpawu zazingenangqondo eyakhiwe ngokwanele nezandla, okuyisidingo sokuqala sokwenza okungenani amathuluzi athile. Kuliqiniso, ngaphandle kwezinga lakudala lokukhula kwengqondo, bebesesigabeni esiphezulu sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunezinye izilwane. UDriopithecus wafunda ukukhohlisa izinto ezizungezile futhi wafaka izicelo eziwusizo zamathambo, izinti, amatshe, kanye namatshe amatshe, ayesetshenziswa njengamathuluzi we-dryopithecus ukwenza lula ukusinda ezimeni ezinzima.
Okutholakele ngokomlando
Ubufakazi bokuqala bokugcina obuqinisekisa ubukhona be-dryopithecus kwakuyi-humerus nomhlathi ophansi, lapho kwagcinwa khona amazinyo. Lezi zinto zakudala zatholwa usosayensi uLartet ngo-1856 eFrance. Ukutholwa kokuqala kwalandelwa abanye: izinsalela ze-dryopithecus eHungary, Spain, China, Turkey, Kenya.
U-fig. 2 - I-Dryopithecus sude
Umhlathi we-ramapithecus, wazo zonke izinhlobo zezinyosi ezisondelene nomuntu wesimanjemanje, watholakala ngo-1934 eNdiya (ezintabeni zakwaSivalik), kwasetshenziswa igama likankulunkulu uRama egameni. Indawo yokuhlala ye-ramapithecus inkathi eqhelile kusukela ezikhathini zanamuhla eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12-14 eyedlule. Ukunciphisa usayizi wamazinyo alesi sidalwa, ngokunokwenzeka, kukhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi athile namathuluzi, hhayi amafile awo nozipho, njengoba bekunjalo ezikhathini zokuqala.
Kepha njengoba kunezinto ezimbalwa kakhulu zokwenziwa kwezinto zasendulo ezivela esikhathini salesi zinhlobo, akudingeki ukuthi kushiwo ngokuqiniseka okugcwele ukuthi iDryopithecus ingeyokhokho babantu banamuhla noma amagatsha asezimpucuko.
Isikhathi sokusabalalisa
UDryopithecus, osikade isikhathi sakhe sokuphila umboza iMiocene, okungukuthi, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-11-9 eyedlule, wayebukeka njengezinkawu kunabantu. Empeleni, babekhona. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi labo kanye abamele izizukulwane zezinduna baba okhokho bezinkawu eziningi zanamuhla:
IDriopithecus futhi idlozi elingumuntu eliqothulayo.
Kukuziphi izimo lapho izidalwa lezi zazihlala khona? Ukuqonda, siphendukela esikalini sendawo. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sempilo ye-languopithecus sibukeka kanjena:
- U-Aeon - Phanerozoic.
- I-Era - Cenozoic.
- Isikhathi nguNeogene.
- Isigaba - Miocene.
- I-tier ingukuphela kweSerraval noma ukuqala kweTortonia.
Izidumbu zokuqala zale nhlobo zakudala zatholakala eFrance, kamuva eHungary, China naseMpumalanga Afrika.
Izici Zokubonakala
Indlela yokuphila, ukubukeka namathuluzi e-dryopithecus ayifundiswanga kahle, ngoba ososayensi banokulinganiselwa okuningana ezandleni zabo. Ngakho-ke, iningi lemininingwane liyi-hypothetical ngokwemvelo. Kukholelwa ukuthi le primate inezici zokubonakala kwayo efana nama-gibbons nama-orangutan anamuhla. Abaphenyi baphakamisa ukuthi iDriopithecus ibukeka kanjena:
- Ukukhula kungadluli kumitha eyi-1.
- Izandulelo ezinde, sibonga lapho okhokho bethu bekwazi ukugibela izihlahla ngokungafanele.
- Isigaxa sincane, sinomhlathi omkhulu omagabha kanye nesilevu esilelayo.
- Ibunzi liphansi, imigodi ye-supraorbital iyisici.
- Ekhaleni kwakuyicaba, emakhaleni behlukane kakhulu.
- I-hairline emzimbeni iba yivelakancane kunalezo zezinhlobo zakudala.
- Umsila wawungekho.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi lezi zinkawu zingahamba emhlabathini ngazo zozine. Abanye ososayensi banesiqiniseko sokuthi ama-dryopithecines ahamba emilenzeni yabo yangemuva, njengabantu banamuhla (izici zesakhiwo samathambo abo awayibeki eceleni le ndlela), kepha abakwazanga ukufakazela lo mbono.
Umthamo wobuchopho babo awuzange uhlukane ngosayizi, ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwezingcezu esezifikile kithina, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi kwakungekho ngaphezulu kwama-350 cm³. Abazange basebenzise amathuluzi. Kodwa abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi, njengezinkawu zesimanje, i-limeopithecus ingazivumelanisa nezinto ezingahleliwe ukuze zenze isenzo esithile. Isibonelo, phula ukhukhunathi ngetshe elisindayo.
Njengoba sesicabangele isikhathi sempilo ye-dryopithecus, esidlule isikhathi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-11-9 edlule, sibheka ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezintuthwane ezikhipha isayensi:
- Ama-Afropithecans angabamele iDryopithecus, izinsalela zazo ezatholakala empumalanga ye-Afrika.
- Abaphuza utshwala baseSpain - batholakala eSpain.
- Rudapiteks - eHungary.
- I-Heliopithecus - e-Arabia nase-Afrika yonke.
- I-Griffopithecus - ama-apula anthropoid athuthela e-Eurasia.
- Ama-Proconsuls angabantu abakhulu kakhulu.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwenzeke ngale ndlela elandelayo: ekuqaleni kwakukhona ama-Afropithecans, athi kancane kancane asakazekela ezwenikazi lonke - ama-heliopithecines akhiwa. Lapho laba bantu bezinze eYurophu nase-Asia, kwavela i-griffopithecus. Eqinisweni, onke yi -omeopithecus, ehlukile esifundeni lapho ehlala khona futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kwezinye izici zokubukeka kwawo.
Ukucaciswa kwenkathi
Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-limeopithecus sifinyelela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa. Okumangazayo yizimo abaphoqeleke ukuba babe ngaphansi kwazo. Ukuzwisisa le nkinga, kufanele ufunde izici zesikhathi seMiocene.
Ngenxa yalomnyakazo, amazwekazi awahlukani ulwandle, ngakho abakhileyo ngalezo zikhathi bathola ithuba lokusuka e-Afrika baye e-Europe nase-Asia. I-Australia kanye neNingizimu Melika isahlukaniswe ngamanzi olwandle, ngakho-ke izindlela zokuphila kula mazwekazi zakhiwe ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukile.
Isimo sezulu sasisiya siqala ukubanda, futhi kwavela inqwaba yezitebhisi. Mhlawumbe lesi yiso kanye isizathu esenza okhokho bethu bakude behle ezihlahleni baqale ukuhamba emhlabathini. Kuvela amabele amaningi, i-herbivores, namagundane.
Umsuka nokuvela kwe-dryopithecus
Kucatshangwa ukuthi idlozi likaDryopithecus (Afropithecus) laqala ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kwemvelo endaweni ethile eningizimu ye-East African Rift Valley labe selisakazeka e-Afrika lize lazulazula eNhlonhlo ye-Arabian (heliopithecus). Ngemuva kwalokho, esevele ngaphansi kwegama le-griffopitec, akahambanga e-Asia kuphela, kodwa naseYurophu.
Ngokusobala, iDryopithecus ihlobene nezinsalela ezitholakala eCatalonia. Le yi-anoyapithek (i-Anoiapithecus brevirostris), eyayifana ngokubonakalayo ne-aphropithecus nezinkawu zesimanje ze-anthropoid. Okunye okutholakala eduze kwe-limeopithecus kukhona i-pyrolapithecus (Pierolapithecus catalaunicus) etholakala kwiCatalonia efanayo nase-udabnopithecus (Udabnopithecus garedziensis) etholakala eGeorgia.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi indlela yokuphila yezinkomo kwakuyimpawu ye-limeopithecus.
Ukuvela kweDryopithecus
Ukubukeka kwe-limeopithecus bekungathandeki neze. I-dryopithecus yayicishe ibe ngu-60 cm, futhi yahlulela iqiniso lokuthi ihola ikakhulukazi indlela yokuphila yomuthi, izandulelo zawo zazinde kunezindebe zazo ezingemuva, okwakuvumela ukuthi kusukwe ngokuzithemba kusuka kwelinye igatsha kuye kwelinye, njengezihlobo zalo ezikude zanamuhla - ama-gibbons kanye Oragutans.
Abanye abaphenyi, sebefundile ubuciko bemithambo yabantu abavela ezinhlotsheni ezifana ne-Dryopithecus laietanus kanye ne-Dryopithecus brancoi, bathembele ukuthi i-bipodalism yayikhona ku-Spanopithecus kanye ne-Rudapittec, okuwukuthi, amandla okuma lapho, ngenxa yochungechunge lwezenzo zezimoto ezenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemisipha yemilenze nesiqu, kwenziwa ngokwahlukahlukana okwaziwayo kokuhamba ngezinyawo. Ngalesi ukunyakaza, ukusekelwa emlenzeni owodwa ngokulandelana futhi ngokushintshana ngokushintshana ngokusekelwa kuyo yomibili imilenze nokudluliselwa kokusekelwa emlenzeni wesibili.
Izidumbu ze-limeopithecus zitholakale eMpumalanga Afrika kanye nase-Eurasia.
Lokhu kucatshangelwa kuvuse isifiso emhlabeni wesayensi, kepha ezinye izifundo azikuqinisekisanga lokhu kuzwana.
Izici zokuphila
Sihlole i-limeopithecus: isikhathi sempilo, indawo yokuhlala nezimpawu zokuhleleka. Konke lokhu kunqume ubucayi bempilo yabo. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, lezi zinkawu zihlala emaphaketheni, zazincamela ukuphunyula ezidlekeni ezigatsheni zezihlahla ezinde. Kungakho, njengoba inamandla okuhambahamba emhlabeni, lezi zidalwa zasendulo azinakanga, zacasha umqhele wesihlahla. Lapha balala badla, banakekela inzalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakulula kakhulu ukuthola ukudla kwalezi zidalwa ezine-herbivorous ezihlahleni.
Izimo zokuphila eziguqukayo zaphoqa i-limeopithecus, isikhathi sayo sokuphila sabhekwa ngaphezulu, ukuxhumanisa isenzo sabo namanye amalungu epakethe, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokusinda. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo sokuvela komphakathi wakudala. Kuliqiniso, bebengakakhulumi, kepha bebenganikeza izinkomba ezilula, ngokumemeza ukuxwayisa ngengozi. Lezi zinkawu zazibonakaliswa yimfecundity ephansi, ngakho-ke, bakhula kahle ngokomqondo womama futhi banakekela izingane.
I-Dryopithecus yaba yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekwenziweni kwemvelo kwesintu. Lezi zidalwa ezinomuntu, ngamandla abo onke, zazikwazi ukusinda ezimeni ezinzima, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yekhono lokwenza izinto ndawonye.