| I-Sacral vertebrae i-archeopteryx azizange zikhule ndawonye, ngenkathi ngezinyoni zesimanje i-lumbar, i-sacral, futhi ingxenye ye-caudal vertebrae fuse ibe ithambo elilodwa - i-sacrum eyinkimbinkimbi. Umgogodla we-Sacral i-archeopteryx liqukethe ama-vertebrae ayi-5, aqhathaniswa nenani lama-vertebrae angama-oblique we-dinosaurs. Umgogodla we-oblial wezinyoni zesimanje ufaka i-1 vertebra, okuyingxenye ye-oblium eyinkimbinkimbi. U-21-23 we-fuse caudal vertebrae we-archeopteryx wenza umsila omude we-bony. Ezinyoni zesimanje, i-caudal vertebrae fuse ibe ithambo elilodwa - i-pygostyle, esebenza njengokusekelwa kwezimpaphe zomsila. | 
amathambo we-archeopteryx
Izimbambo i-archeopteryx ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezakhiwe njengogobongo, okuthi ezinhlotsheni zanamuhla zinikeze amandla esifubeni, zibambe izimbambo ndawonye. Ngokuphambene, emthanjeni i-archeopteryx izimbambo ze-ventral zazikhona, njengakwezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziningi, kufaka phakathi ama-dinosaurs, kepha azitholakali ezinyoni zesimanje.
Njengezinyoni zanamuhla nama-dinosaurs, ama-clavicles i-archeopteryx fused ukwakha imfoloko encane. Amathambo endwangu ye-pelvic (i-iliac, yesayensi ne-pubic) e-Archeopteryx ayizange ikhule ndawonye ibe yithambo elilodwa, ngokuhlukile isimo sezinyoni zesimanje.
Amathambo e-Pubic i-archeopteryx saphenduka kancane emuva, njengama-dinosaurs, kepha hhayi izinyoni zesimanje. Futhi ngokungafani nezinyoni zesimanje, amathambo e-pubic i-archeopteryx iphele ngokwanda ngohlobo lwe- “boot”, ejwayelekile kuma-dinosaurs. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengakuma-dinosaurs, imikhawulo ye-distal yamathambo e-pubic yayixhunyiwe ukwenza i-symphysis enkulu ye-pubic; ezinyinyini zesimanje, i-pubic symphysis ayikho. Izibanzi ezinde i-archeopteryx yaphela ngeminwe emithathu eyenziwe kahle. Iminwe emithathu i-archeopteryx kwakheka ama-phalanges amabili, amathathu nane, ngokulandelana, njengakuma-dinosaurs. Iminwe i-archeopteryx iphele ngozipho obukhulu futhi egobile kakhulu. Esihlakaleni i-archeopteryx kwakukhona isimilo samathambo enyoni yamathambo wezinyoni zesimanje, ezaziwa nangokuthi kuma-dinosaurs. Amanye amathambo esihlakala namathambo e-metacarpus awazange akhule ndawonye kuthambo elivamile, ngokungafani nezinyoni.
Kukho konke okuchaziwe kulandela lokho i-archeopteryx Ukwakheka kwamathambo kukude kakhulu nezinyoni. Ufana nedayinaso.
Ubuningi be-Archeopteryx:
Izandla zeminwe zaziyinto esemqoka yokuhlukanisa. i-archeopteryx njengomzali wezinyoni. Amacimbi anemisipha yezimpaphe awalondolozwa kakhulu. Ukulondolozwa Izimpaphe i-archeopteryx yenziwe yenziwa ngomlotha wentaba-mlilo, lapho zonke izimo zalesi silwane zigcinwe khona. I-Plumage i-archeopteryx kufana kakhulu nokweqile kwezinyoni zanamuhla nezanyamalalayo.
I-Archeopteryx inezimpaphe ze-flywheel, izimpaphe eziqondayo (ezisebenzayo ezibalulekile ekundizeni), kanye nezinsiba ze-contour ezimboza umzimba. Izimpaphe ezindizayo nezomsila i-archeopteryx ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kwezinto kufana nezinto zezimpaphe zezinyoni (izimpaphe eziyisisekelo, amabha okuqala ukuhleleka kanye namabha e-oda wesibili, izingwegwe ezisuka kuwo). Izimpaphe i-archeopteryx libhekene ne-asymmetry ye-fan, okuyinto ejwayelekile kwizinyoni zesimanje ezikwazi ukundiza. Izimpaphe zomsila zazincane.
Umehluko wezinyoni zesimanje wabonwa kungabikho phiko - isixhumo sezimpaphe esihlukanisiwe esihlukanisiwe sezithupha zangaphambili. Amapayipi omzimba i-archeopteryx akuchazwa kahle, kuphenywa kahle kuphela kusampuli ye-Berlin egcinwe kahle. Lesi sibonelo i-archeopteryx wayegqoke “ibhulukwe” lezimpaphe ezikhuliswe kahle ezinyaweni zakhe, ukwakheka kwezinye zazo kunokwehluka okuthile (ngokwesibonelo, amabhaxa ayengekho, njengalawo ma-ratite), ngenkathi amanye eqinile, evumela ukuthi kungenzeka ukundiza. Ngasemuva kwakuyingxenye yezimpaphe ezingamakhompiyutha, zilingana futhi ziqinile (yize ziqinile ngokwanele uma ziqhathaniswa nezinsiba ezindizayo), ziyefana kakhulu nezimpaphe ze-contour emzimbeni wezinyoni zesimanje. Ezinye izimpaphe zohlobo lweBerlin i-archeopteryx zingabantu zohlobo lwe- "pseudo-Downy" futhi oluhlukeki emafayilini angama-dinosaur weSinosauropteryx: zithambile, zahlakazeka futhi, mhlawumbe, kakhulu nangaphandle ngokufana noboya - zamboza zonke izingxenye ezisele zomzimba (lapho zazigcinwe khona), kanye nengxenye engezansi yentamo. Azikho izimpawu zensimbi entanyeni engenhla nasekhanda. i-archeopteryx. Yize kungenzeka ukuthi babengekho, njengama-dinosaurs amaningi anezici, lokhu kungahle kube ukuntuleka kokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo: kubonakala sengathi izinhlobo eziningi i-archeopteryx yawela emadwaleni adilika ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile phezu kolwandle, ibhukuda ngemuva. Ikhanda, intamo nomsila kuvame ukugoba phansi, okusikisela ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo i-archeopteryx babeqala ukubola lapho bangcwatshwa. Amathishu nemisipha yavuseleleka futhi nemizimba yathatha isimo sesimo salokho okutholwayo. Futhi kungasho ukuthi isikhumba sase sithambile futhi saxed ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kusekelwa iqiniso lokuthi, kwezinye izibonakaliso, izimpaphe zezindiza zaqala ukuwa ngesikhathi sokuntywiliselwa edwaleni eliyisiyingi. Ngakho-ke, izimpaphe zekhanda nentamo zingavele ziwe, kanti izimpaphe zomsila ezibambe ngokuqinile zisale.
Indiza noma ukuhlela:
I-asymmetry yezimpaphe iyakhombisa ukuthi i-archeopteryx wayenempahla ye-aerodynamic edingekayo endizeni. Kepha i-archeopteryx ayinazo ezinye izinto eziguqukayo ezinobuchule bokukwazi ukundiza kwezinyoni, zanamuhla nezishabalalayo, ngakho-ke, oomakhenikhi bokundiza kwayo nendiza ngokwayo bekungokwasendulo, kuqhathaniswa nezinyoni zangemva kwalokho. Akukho ukuvumelana phakathi kwabaphenyi ngendaba yokuthi i-archeopteryx ukwazi ukundiza ngenkuthalo noma ukuhlela nje.
Ukuntuleka i-archeopteryx i-keel, i-supracoracoid tendon, kanye ne-angle encane yokuhlangana kwehlombe kanye nomthwalo wamaphiko olinganiselwa, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, kukhombisa ukuthi i-archeopteryx wayenamandla okuhlela indiza kuphela. Ukujwayela okwalandela kokuhlangana phakathi kwe-scapula, i-coracoid ne-humerus kukhombisa ukuthi i-Archeopteryx ayikwazanga ukuphakamisa amaphiko ngaphezu kwezinga lomhlane - isimo esidingekayo sokuphephezelwa kwephiko ezinyangeni zesimanje. I-hypothesis yabekwa phambili ukuthi indiza yakhe yokuhlela yayihambisana nokunyakaza okuncane kwamaphiko ngaphandle kokubuyela emuva. Abanye abacwaningi bayaphawula ukuthi i-archeopteryx kwehluka ezinyangeni ezijwayelekile ezihlela ukwakheka komzimba, kanye nosayizi wamaphiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhombisa ukuthi i-bone sternum noma imfoloko ye-boomerang-like, noma i-coracoid eyenziwe ngoqweqwe i-archeopteryx ingasebenza njengendawo yokunamathiselwa kwemisipha ehambisa iphiko. Abaxhasi balezi zingxabano baphetha ngokuthi i-archeopteryx wayekwazi uhlobo oluthile lwendiza yokuqala eyindiza.
Noma umthambo i-archeopteryx ibuyisiwe, kepha ukubuyisela ngokuphelele imodeli yokusebenza isebenza nzima kakhulu. Ngalesi sizathu, umbuzo wokuthi i-archeopteryx noma nje kuhlelwe ukuthi isikhathi eside sivuleke.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Archeopteryx:
Kunzima ukwakha kabusha indlela yokuphila i-archeopteryx. Kunemibono eminingana maqondana nalokhu. Abanye abacwaningi basikisele lokho i-archeopteryx, ikakhulukazi bezivumelaniswa nendlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni, kanti abanye basikisela ukuthi indlela yokuphila i-archeopteryx ukhuni oluningi. Ukungabikho kwezihlahla akuphikisana nalokhu kucatshangwa - ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zesimanje zihlala kuphela ezihlahleni eziphansi. Izici ezihlukile ze-morphology i-archeopteryx khombisa ubukhona bendawo yasemhlabeni kanye nobukhona basendulo. Ukuphakama kwemilenze nezinyawo ezinde kwavumela abanye ababhali ukuba baphethe ngokuhlangana komhlaba wonke i-archeopteryxebingakondla bobabili emathangeni, nasemhlabeni ngisho nasogwini lolwandle. Kungenzeka ukuthi inyamazane yayincane, izisulu ezincane kakhulu i-archeopteryx wabamba imihlathi yakhe, lezo zinkulu - izinzipho.
Umehluko nokufana nezinyoni zesimanje
- Yena, njengezinyoni ezejwayelekile, wondla izikelemu, izinambuzane nezikhonkwane ezincane, kodwa akazange azigoqe, kodwa abeke umlomo wakhe ngezihlakala zakhe zangaphambili.
- Kwakunamathambo akhanyayo (angenalutho ngaphakathi) izimpaphe futhi kwakheka amaseli " imfoloko "kodwa futhi wayenakho amazinyo nomsila onama-vertebrae angama-20 njengama-dinosaurs.
Inyoni yokuqala?
I-Archeopteryx, ngenxa yokufana kanye kwezinyoni nezidakamizwa, sekuyisikhathi eside kuthathwa njengesixhumanisi esilahlekile ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, manje ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi yena Wayengeyena ukhokho wezinyoni zesimanje, kodwa wayesondelene namadayinaso asemhlabeni.
Bafika kulokhu ngemuva kokuhlaziywa okuqhathaniswa kwezinto eziningi ze-anatomical, bekuhlanganisela eqenjini elilodwa neXiaotingia zhengi dinosaur.
"Le dinosaur ifana ne-archeopteryx ekwakhekeni komzimba ngokujwayelekile, inesimo ekhanda efanayo, ibhanti lejazi elide, izimbobo eziqinile zangaphambili, nesimo esifanayo ne-pelvis" - kuchaza umbhali oholayo ocwaningweni eChinese Academy of Science - Xing Xu.
Lapha inyoni yedinosaur enjalo yayihlala eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-150 eyedlule.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesiteshi. Njengo futhibhalisela isiteshi. Emhlabeni wama-dinosaurs kusenokuthakazelisa okuningi!
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