I-Australia iyizwekazi eliyipharadesi lezidakamizwa zemvelo: cishe azikho izitha ezinkulu. Kepha, kubonakala kunjalo, bekungasikhona njalo. Emidwebeni womhume wabantu bakudala kunesithombe sesidalwa esinjengesodrako. Inganekwane? Esikhundleni salokho, i-reptile enkulu yangempela eseduze kwesibaya sokuqapha.

Ama-Paleontologists aqinisekisa - ibhungane elikhulu, elifana nesibaya sokuqapha, empeleniake lahlala ezwekazini lwe-kangaroo. Ama-Crystalzoologists aqinisekile ukuthi i-megalania iyisidalwa esikhulu esibuhlungu, isasiphila impilo ebuyelekayo emahlathini asebhishi lase-Australia.

Ubufakazi be-megalania esikhathini esedlule amathambo. Yize i-paleontologists ingakayitholi skeleton eqinile, cishe i-80% yamathambo e-megalania aqoqiwe kusuka ezingcezwini. Onke amathambo atholakele athulisiwe. Cishe konke. Enye ingxenye yethambo le-pelvic idida ama-paleontologists, kuyilapho inika ithemba nomdlandla kuma-cryptozoologists: yomile futhi ayinawo amandla. Yini lokhu okumele sikhulume ngakho? Amathambo awekho ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-300 ubudala, futhi isayensi esemthethweni ithi iMeggalania yakhipha izinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule. Isigaxa esihlanganisiwe sisivumela ukuba sahlulele ngosayizi wamadragoni ase-Australia ayehlala ngaphambili - aze afike ku-6 m ubude, nama-carnivores: ngaphandle kwalokho, kungani ama-megalanias kufanele abe namazinyo abukhali abheke emuva?

Izimpikiswano zivumela i-megalania ephephile namuhla - kuze kube manje ubufakazi bodwa bokuzibonela nokubukelwa komkhondo.

Ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi kukhona isidalwa esikhulu esihlala emahlathini ase-Australia samukelwa ngonyaka we-1961 ngabasebenza ngamapulangwe. Izinsizwa ezintathu ngesikhathi sokudla kwasemini zizwe ukukhala kwamagatsha ngaphansi komzimba wesigaxa esikhulu - ikholossus elikhulu lahamba endaweni eminyene. Ngokushesha nje imbangela yomsindo yavela - isidalwa esigoqiwe esinamandla njengamabumba amamitha ayisithupha ubude. ULumberjacks wabalekela ekhabishi.

Kamuva, abantu abasha babelana ngemizwa yabo yezingxabano ezinkulu nomlomo we-toothy owabonwa. Imoto ibingabonakali idliwe yisilo. Udrako weqa ukucwazimula wacasha ehlathini. Kwenzekile ezintabeni zase-Ouatoga eNew South Wales.

Ngo-1979, uRex Gilroy wenza udaka olwalunophawu lwezinyawo ezinkulu zasendle. Ukulandelela kushiye i-megalania, kudabula insimu elinyiwe yomunye wabalimi base-Australia. Ingcweti eyaziwayo ye-cryptozoologist yacela umlimi ukuthi amboze umkhondo wemvula aze afike epulazini. Umlimi wasithobela ngokweqiniso lesi sicelo - waphonsa iminonjana yotshani.

Kwaqala ukunetha ... Munye kuphela umkhondo owambozwa ngokuyisimangaliso umkhombe wakudala, futhi umcwaningi wavela isihloko sokuziqhenya - isisekelo sonyawo lwe-megalania. Ukuthi kwakuyi-megalania kungangabazeki. Isimo soxhaxha lwama-prints (ibanga phakathi kwabo, isikhundla esihlobene) sikhombisa ngokusobala - isidalwa esiphilayo esingamamitha ayisithupha sawela inkambu masinyane.

Ethemba ukubamba i-megalania ephilayo, uGilroy waxoxisana nabazibonele ngawabo ababona udrako wase-Australia ngamehlo abo. Ngesikhathi sokufunda, bukhona ubufakazi obungaba ngu-600 bokuhlangana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu.

Ozibonele ngamehlo achaze i-megalania njenge-lizard tracker eyimitha eyi-4-6 enezinsika ezinkulu nombala womzimba onsundu obonakalayo. Yize ukubonwa kukadrako ophilayo kusabisa abantu base-Australia obekumele bahlangane naye, akukho mkhuba wobudlova owaphawulwa. Noma ofakazi ababekwazi ukuxoxa ngobudlova bokuthi u-megalthan, umane nje akazange asale ...

Amahlaya, amahlaya, kepha izidalwa ezinkulu ezingaziwayo zesayensi zihambahamba ezwenikazi lase-Australia. Kungani ukuba khona kwawo kungakafakazelwa ngokuthembekile futhi isikhundla esingahlelwanga singachazwanga?

Inani elincane labantu base-Australia lihlanganiswe kude nolwandle emadolobheni asenkabeni. Izindawo ezingena phakathi nezwekazi azivamile ukuba zibe nabantu abaningi kangangokuba ngisho nesilwane esikhulu kunalokho akunzima ukuzifihla ngamehlo.

Ngesizathu esifanayo, izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane zezilwane zitholakala njalo e-Australia.

Mhlawumbe isikhathi sizofika futhi i-megalanias isuke esigabeni sama-cryptids noma izilwane ezanyamalala ngokuphelele ziye esigabeni sezinhlobo ezisanda kutholwa.

IVARAN KUPHELA INDLELA ENDE

Ngokungafani nezinyoka, abaningi abesabi izibankwa, kepha isibankwa esikhulu esingaqaphi singamesabisa noma ngubani. Izibungu zinkulu kunazo zonke izikhala zesimanje. Banomzimba onemisipha oqinile onemilente eyisihluthulelo eyisihlanu egcina ngeminwe emide enemikhono emikhulu egobile. Amanye ama-lizons aqapha ahamba ngendlela yokuphila yasemanzini, amanye akhuphuka izihlahla ngokuphelele, kanti amanye ayejwayela ukuba khona ezimeni ezinzima zogwadule. Ama-80% enani labantu emhlabeni wonke wokuqapha izibankwa ahlala e-Australia, izinhlobo ezingama-24 zalezi ezihuquzelayo ziyaziwa lapha.

Elincane kunazo zonke, i-lizard e-tailing efushane, ayidluli ubude obuyi-20 cm, kanti izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu kunazo zonke zifinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-2. Kwakuyilapho e-Australia, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 eyedlule lapho kwaqhamuka khona umqaphi omkhulu we-megalania, wafinyelela kubude obungamamitha angama-6-8. Lesi isibankwakazi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esaziwa isayensi namuhla.

Umnotho

Isihloko Megalania prisca yanikezwa ngo-1859 nguSir Richard Owen. Igama elejwayelekile EMegalania enziwe ngamagama amabili esiGreki: Mega IsiGrikhi I-Μέγας - enhle, enkulu, futhi lania - ukuguqulwa kwamanye amaGrikhi QAPHELA (“Ngiyazulazula”). Izinhlobo epithet prisca - elihunyushwe kusuka kuLatin "lasendulo" (ubulili besifazane, kusukela EMegalania - ngowesifazane). Ngakho-ke, igama eliphelele lezinhlobo ezintsha lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "isitembu esikhulu sasendulo." Vala ukufana kwegama elithi dr. ἠἠί ωἠ I-lania ("butcher" ebulini besifazane) iholele ekuchazeni kwegama okuyiphutha njengegama elithi "umdubuli wasendulo omkhulu."

Uhlobo lwendalo ekuqaleni lwaluchazwa ngu-Owen njengohlobo lwezinhlobo zohlobo olusha. EMegalania. Manje iningi lososayensi livame ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo luhlobo Varanuskubalwa igama EMegalania igama elifanayo. Ngale ndlela, igama lesayensi i-megalania libhaliwe njengoba Varanus prisca, okungukuthi, "i-lizard yasendulo yokuqapha."

UKUFINYELELEKA NGOKUGCWELE NGOKUGQIBELA

Isazi se-Crystalzoologist uR. Gilroy uyaqiniseka ukuthi kungekudala uzothola i-megalania ephilayo. Kubo bonke abangabazi, ukhombisa ngokucophelela udaka olugxotshwe unyawo olukhulu, lokhu kuwubufakazi bokuqala bokuthi iqiniso lesilwane likhona. Kuyamangaza ukuthi laligcinelwa umcwaningi ngesitsha esidala sokugqwala.

Ngolunye lwezinsuku zikaJulayi olunethayo ngo-1979, uGilroy nomkakhe baya komunye wabalimi, owathola umkhondo wamathrekhi angaziwa ensimini yakhe esanda kulinywa. Ngokusho komlimi, kunamathrekhi acishe abe ngu-30, uGilroy wacela umnikazi wensimu ukuthi awaphephe esimweni sezulu ngaphambi kokuba afike. Ngeshwa, iminonjana yavele yaphonswa ngotshani, futhi imvula enkulu yacishe yababhubhisa, ngesikhathi kuvela i-cryptozoologist, kwasinda okushicilelwe okukodwa, okwakugcwele emgqonyeni omdala. Kungalesi sisekelo lapho uGilroy enza khona udaka.

Ngobukhulu bamathrekhi nebanga phakathi kwawo, kwaba sobala ukuthi i-reptile enkulu, engamamitha ayi-6 ubude, ihamba ngokushesha enkundleni. Kungaba yi-megalania kuphela, isilwane esiyi-prehistoric lizard, wonke umuntu asithatha njengesiqothulwe kudala.

Phylogeny

Izifundo eziningana zizamile ukuthola isikhundla se-phylogenetic ye-megalania ngaphakathi kweVaranidae. Umcabango wokusondelana nesilokotho esikhulu sokuqapha, isibankwa esikhulu sanamuhla sase-Australia, senziwe ngokusekelwe kwi-morphology yengxenye ephezulu yesigaxa. Ucwaningo lwakamuva kakhulu lubonisa ubudlelwane bukamatekisi odade nesibankwana saseKomodo, ngokususelwa kokufana okuthile nesibankwane se-motley njengesihlobo esisondele kakhulu sase-Australia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isilwane esiyi-giitor esibukwayo sibhekwa njengesihlobene kakhulu nesigcini sokuqapha i-Gould kanye ne-Argus qapha.

Ithambo elihlazisa ososayensi

Izikebhe zanamuhla zinobude obungu-20 cm kuya ku-2,5 wemitha. Zonke ziyizidlakudla ezixakile nezesabekayo ezinama-paws anamandla, izilenge ezibukhali namazinyo amnandi. IMegalania yayihlukile ezihlotsheni zayo zanamuhla ngobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele. "Amathambo eMegalania," kusho uDkt. Ralph Molner, umphathi woMnyango wePaleontology eMnyuziyamu waseQueensland, "akutholakali." Imvamisa kuba khona ama-vertebrae, kanye nezimbambo namathambo emilenzeni.

Noma ngabe kunqabile kokutholakele, sicabange kahle ukuthi lesi silwane sasibukeka kanjani. Ngokubona isimo se-dorsal vertebrae, i-megalania beyisihlobo esiseduze sezimbongi zanamuhla, noma, imane, ibhulusi elikhulu kakhulu. ”

IMegalania, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ibingumhlaseli, i-carnivore, imane nje ibheke amazinyo ayo, agobile futhi abukhali, abamba futhi adwengula inyamazane yakhe. Izazi zesimo sezinto eziphilayo okwamanje azikwazanga ukuthola isampula yonke ye-megalania, kepha ziqoqe kusukela ezingxenyeni ezingama-80% wamathambo alesi sikhumbuzo samamitha ayi-6, izindaba ezingakholeki kakhulu ezisazungeza phakathi kwabase-Australia.

Enye yezinto ezibabazekayo ze-cranial vault yesilonda esikhulu se-prehistoric lizard ine-crest phakathi. Isazi se-Herpetologist uGregory Chikura uphawula ukuthi izibankwa ezihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini zinezikhala ezifanayo, okusho ukuthi i-megalania yayingumncintiswano oqinile komunye umphangi wasendulo - ingwenya. Amathambo eengwenya zezinsalela eQueensland zitholakala kaningi kunezinsalela ze-megalanias, kungenzeka kakhulu, lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi umqaphi omkhulu we-squid wayehlala ngaleso sikhathi phezulu kwephakethe lokudla.

Ama-Paleontologists akungabazi kakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nama-megalanias namuhla, kepha kukhona okutholile okusadida izinhliziyo zabo. Lesi sampula siwucwadule wethambo le-pelvic, kepha lesi siqeshana samathambo asichazwanga, njengenjwayelo, kepha somile futhi siyisiqubu, njengokungathi lesi silwane sife eminyakeni engama-200 kuya kwangama-200 edlule. Ngokwesazi se-paleontology uRalph Molner, "lokhu kutholakala ukuthi mhlawumbe i-megalania yashona ngemuva kwesikhathi esicabanga ngayo. Kungakujabulisa ukwazi iminyaka eqondile yaleli thambo. Abathakathi, empeleni, abazi ukuthi izikhala ezinkulu ziphele nini. Siyazi ukuthi zavela nini, kodwa lapho eyokugcina yazo inyamalala, asazi. ” Lokhu kusithola kusishiya ithuba lokuthi i-megalania isindile kuze kube namuhla.

Ubukhulu

Ukungatholakali kwamathambo agcwele noma acishe aphelele kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukucacisa kahle ubukhulu besilwane, yize kwacaca ngokushesha ukuthi sasisikhulu kakhulu kunesiphi isilazi sesimanje sokuqapha. Ngokuya kwezibalo zososayensi abahlukahlukene, ubude bama-megalanias amakhulu aqala ku-4,5 kuye ku-9 m, futhi isisindo sisuka ku-331 saya ku-2200 kg.

Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa kokuqala kubonise ubude bebonke bezinhlobo ezinkulu zamamitha ayi-7 nesisindo esingama-600-620 kg. Kepha ngonyaka we-2002, ngesisekelo sezinto ezitholakala ezincwadini, uStephen Vroe waveza ubude obukhulu be-megalania obuyi-4,5 m nesisindo sama-331 kg, ngamanani aqanjiwe alungiselelwe iningi labadala abadala abangama-3.5 m nama-97-158 kg. Ubuye waveza ukuthi isilinganiso esamukelwe ngaphambilini sobude obuyi-7 m sisuselwa ezindleleni ezingalungile nasekufundweni kwesampula, mhlawumbe hhayi i-megalanium. Kepha ngonyaka ka-2009, uVroe, njengomunye wababhali bokunye isifundo, wayeka ukubala kwakhe kwangaphambilini, ngoba ayesuselwe kwidatha yezincwadi enqabile kakhulu, futhi waveza ubude be-megalania yabantu abadala okungenani ngo-5.5 m, nesisindo - 575 kg .

Kodwa-ke, namuhla okuhambelana kakhulu yizilinganiso zamasayizi we-megalania kusuka kuRalph Molnar. Ngonyaka we-2004, wanquma ububanzi obuningi bezilokazana eziqothulayo ngokuqothula ezikhungweni zezihlobo zakhe zanamuhla. Ngokuya kwezibalo, iningi labantu abadala be-megalania lalinobude obungu-2,2-2.3 m ngaphandle komsila, futhi isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke esizihlolisisile kulolu cwaningo sasingamamitha ayi-3.8. Njengoba kusenezinsalela ezanele zomsila, ubude bawo babuye balinganiselwa ngu qhathanisa nezihlobo zanamuhla ze-megalania. Ukube i-megalania ibinomsila omude ngokulingana, njenge-motley qapha yesimanje (cishe izikhathi ezingama-2,5 ubude kunomzimba), isampula enobude obungu-3.8 m ngaphandle komsila ibingaba nobude obuphelele bamamitha ayi-9.5. Futhi ukuba nobubanzi besilokazana saseKomodo nezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu (umsila cishe ubude obuphindwe kabili kunomzimba), le megalania ingafinyelela kumamitha angama-7.6 ubude. Njengoba kunikezwe ubude obuhlobene nomsila wamazibuko wokuqapha wesimanje kanye niche ehlongozwayo yemvelo ye-megalania, iningi lababhali libona inketho yesibili njengeyona efanelekile. UMolnar uphinde wahlongoza ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-megalanias okwesithathu, ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nedatha evela ku-Hecht (1975), owayekholelwa ukuthi i-megalanias yayinomsila omfishane, ngokusekelwe ekutholakaleni okuhlobene nokutholakele kwe-caudal vertebrae nasendaweni yokuthi izikebhe ezinkulu zokuqapha zinemisila emifushane kuneze. ezincane. Kulesi simo, ubude bebonke be-megalanias enomzimba ongu-3.8 m bufika kumamitha angama-5.7 Noma kufanele kubhekwe, kuzo zontathu lezi zinketho, lokhu kwakhiwa mhlawumbe kungenzeka kube kuncane kakhulu - akukho nelilodwa lamaqhugwane wesimanje ngesiqu somsila. Athathe ubude obungamamitha ayi-7 nomzimba ofana nse nesigaxa sanamuhla sedonsa, uRalph Molnar ulinganise isisindo se-megalania ngo-1940 kg (ukulinganisa okuthe xaxa kungamakhilogremu ayi-1500), osondele kubukhulu obukhulu bekhamba yesimanjemanje.

I-Paleobiology

Lolu hlobo lwaluhlala e-Australia esikhathini sePleistocene, luqala kusuka ezigidini eziyi-1,6 ezedlule futhi luphela eminyakeni engama-40,000 edlule. IMegalania iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke zomhlaba ezaziwa yisayensi namuhla. Wayenomzimba osindayo, ama-osteodermal inclusions ngaphakathi kwesikhumba, imilenze enamandla nesigaxa esikhulu esine-crest encane phakathi kwamehlo, nemihlathi egcwele amazinyo agqamile afana namabala. Amazinyo aseMegalania ayemakhulu ngokulingana nesibankwa sokuqapha seKomodo, futhi igebhezi lalingashintshashintshi futhi likhulu kakhulu.

IMegalania cishe yayincamela ukuhlala ezihlathini ezinotshani nasehlathini elinomhlana, lapho yayizingela izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo ezinjenge-diprotodons, palorhests, ne-zygomaturus. Njengama-lizodo wesimanjemanje aseKomodo, kungenzeka ukuthi bekungadeleli isidumbu, futhi futhi kungathatha inyamazane kwabanye abahlukumezayo futhi ukudla ithuba lokudla okuhlukahlukene, izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezincane, njll. Izilwane, ikakhulukazi lapho zisencane izigaba zokuphila. Ngo-2009, u-Erickson et al uthole ukuthi ukukhula kwesampula ye-megalania abayifunda kwaba ngu-14 cm / ngonyaka iminyaka eyi-13 yokuqala yokuphila. Ngemuva kwalokho yehle yaya ku-10 cm / ngonyaka eminyakeni emi-2 edlule. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-lizard lokuqapha luthole i-gigantism, ligcina ukukhula kokukhula "kwengane" isikhathi eside futhi kuqalise ukuvuthwa kwesikhathi. Ukufezekiswa okubambezelwe kosayizi abakhulu kungenzeka kuvumele ama-megalaniya ukuba adle inani elikhulu kakhulu labamele ama-megafauna, aqala nge-kangaroo, ngenkathi inyamazane isashesha futhi iselula, futhi iphetha ngesibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke, isilwane esincanyana esijulileke ezwenikazi kanye ne-carrion, lapho i-megalanias ifinyelela usayizi wayo ophelele.

Njengesikhova sesimanjemanje saseKomodo, i-megalania kungenzeka ukuthi ibizingela ekuqamekeleni bese ifukuza isisulu sayo ngokuluma isiphetho sayo, okuholele ekusikeni kwamakhonsathi ngamazinyo abukhali ohlanga. Ngemuva kwalokhu megalania iklebhule isisu sesisulu, ilume intamo noma yaqala ukuyidla iphila. Njengoba i-lizodo yesimanjemanje yaseKomodo isebenza ngalezi zilwane ezisinda ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-10-15, i-megalania ayinakuba nezinkinga ngokubulawa kwabameleli banamuhla be-megafauna. Kunombono wokuthi ama-megalanias angaba nobuthi, njengamaqhude wesimanje aqapha. Kepha njengoba izilobe zesimanjemanje zeKomodo zibulala isisulu kuphela ngokwenza kabi imishini, ukucatshangelwa kukaBrian Fry ngeqhaza eliphakathi nendawo lobuthi emsebenzini wobuMetogal akukhona lokho okwenziwayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ubuthi be-megalania benza eminye imisebenzi, njengokubandakanya ukugaya.

Ukutholakala kwezinto zokuphamba komhlaba kukhombisa ukuthi i-megalania yayingumhlaseli ophambili wezwekazi lase-Australia.Kodwa-ke, ezinye izazi zithi lokho akuyona ukuphela kwento. Baphawula ukuthi amabhubesi ase-marsupial asabalele kakhulu emithini yase Pleistocene futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ayedla ngokudla kakhulu ama-megafauna ase-Australia ngenxa yokuqina kwawo ngokwezemvelo. Ama-Quincans aluhlobo lwezingwenya zomhlaba, ezinye zazo ezifika okungenani kumamitha ayi-3 (mhlawumbe ama-6-7 noma ngaphezulu), zibuye zaphawulwa njengomunye wabaphangi abaphambili base-Australia yasendulo. Ezinye izikhala ezinkulu zokuqapha, kufaka phakathi izibankwakazi zaseKomodo ezazihlala ezwekazini ngaleso sikhathi, nazo zazingabazingeli ababaluleke kakhulu be-megafauna base-Australia.

Kuphakanyiswe ukuthi ukuze kubuyiswe imvelo eyayikhona e-Australia ngaphambi kokuqothulwa kwe-Pleistocene-Holocene nokubuyiselwa kwemvelo, kungakuhle ukuthi ulethe uKomodo aqaphe izibankwakazi e-Australia ukuze abe uhlobo “lwe-megalania analogue” futhi alawule inani lezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zasendaweni ezinjenge-buffalo , amahhashi kanye namakamela, okungekho simangalo sase-Australia sesikhathi sethu esingakwazi ukubhekana nakho, ngaphandle kwengwenya eyakhiwe emanzini, ehlala kuphela ethembekile kuleli zwekazi. Kodwa-ke, inqobo nje uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ilokishi lomgodi laseKomodo lalikhona e-Australia ngisho nangaphambi kokuba livele i-megalania, lahlangana ne-megalania kwezinye izindawo futhi, mhlawumbe, lafa kanye namanye ama-megafauna, ukuhunyushwa kwalo njenge-analogue yemvelo ye-megalania kungenzeka ngokunembile.

Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-2009 olusebenzisa ukulinganisa kukaSteven Vroe, isilinganiso se-megalania esuselwa ekubalweni kwezinhlobo zezilokazana ezihlobene kakhulu zilinganiselwa ku-2.6-3 m / s. Ijubane leli liqhathaniswa nesivinini esijwayelekile sengwenya yanamuhla yamanzi amhlophe ase-Australia. Kepha lapha futhi kufanelekile ukubheka iqiniso lokuthi i-megalania, njengezikebhe zokuqapha zesimanje, kungenzeka ukuthi yayihlala isikhathi eside ukwedlula izingwenya lapho iwela emhlabeni.

I-Megalania ku-cryptozoology

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, kwaba nemibiko eminingi namahemuhemu mayelana nama-megalanias ahlala e-Australia noma eNew Guinea. Isazi se-cryptozoologist sase-Australia Rex Gilroy wathi i-megalania isekhona nanamuhla, futhi kuyindaba yesikhathi kuphela ngaphambi kokuba itholakale. Izindaba eziningi zendabuko zama-Aborigine base-Australia zibika izibankwakazi ezinkulu, cishe okubonisa ukuthi kwakumelwe babhekane nama-megalanias noma amaKomodo aqaphe izinyoka, okungenani ezikhathini zasendulo.

Ithuba lokuthi inani lezikelengelandlebe ezinkulu ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni ase-Australia alifeyanga cishe, ngoba imibiko ehlukahlukene yama-lizons amakhulu aqala kuphela ngemuva kokuchazwa okokuqala ngqa komhlaba emhlabeni wesayensi.

Imvelaphi yegama elithi megalania

Igama elithi Megalania prisca lanikezwa ibhungane nguSir Richard Owen ngo-1859. Ngokuqondene negama elejwayelekile iMegalania, liqukethe amagama amabili: “Mega”, okusho ukuthi amakhulu, makhulu, futhi “Lania”, okuyindlela elungisiwe yegama lesiGrikhi “wandula”. "UPrisca" (izinhlobo epithet) ekuhumusheni kusuka esiRussia kusuka esiGrekini kusho "kwasendulo". Umphumela igama eligcwele, okuhunyushwa ngalo kusuka esiGrekini liye esiRussia lisho "isitembu esikhulu sasendulo." Kuliqiniso, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwegama lesiGreek elithi “lania” elinegama elifanayo lesiLatin, elisho ukuthi “butcher” (noma kunalokho, “butcher”, ngoba kuyigama lesiLatini elithi feminine), izincazelo eziningi ezingalungile ezinjengokuthi “umakhi omkhulu wasendulo” wakheka.

Izindawo nesikhathi sokuba khona kweMagelania

IMegalanias ibikhona eQuaternary, ekugcineni komnyango wePleistocene. Lokho wukuthi, cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane namashumi amathathu edlule (the Layer of the late Pleistocene). UMegalanias wayehlala endaweni yezwekazi lanamuhla lase-Australia, ngakho-ke, ngokunokwenzeka, ababemele i-homo sapiens kuphela base-Australia ukuphela kwaba bantu okwenzeka lapho beyibona.

I-Megalania (Megalania prisca).

IMIYALEZO I-600 YABANYE

Uma ama-paleontologists abheka kuphela amathambo e-megalania, ama-cryptozoologists anethemba lokuthola i-giant track lizard iphila.

Akubona abathathu nje kuphela lapho ababone izingodo ezinkulu, uRax Gilroy wakwazi ukuqoqa ama-akhawunti angama-600 (!) Wokuzibonela emihlanganweni yalesi silwane. Sekukonke, bonke abazibonele bayichaza kahle inyamazana efanayo - isilwane esikhulu sokuqapha kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-6, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike ku-10 m ubude. Umzimba wakhe onamabala ansundu wawubukeka unamandla amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukugqokwa okumangazayo. Ngaphandle kokusho, bonke abazibonele besatshiswa kakhulu ngumhlangano onjalo.

Lapho ubude be-megalania bukwazile ukukala ngokunembile, vele, hhayi ngesilinganiso se-tepi, kodwa ngosizo kocingo. Isibungu esikhulu sokuqapha, esasihamba uthango, sabona umlimi, futhi salinganisa ubude bezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nezinsika zalo ezimbili. Ubude bawo babungamamitha ayi-6, futhi mhlawumbe bonke abayisikhombisa, ngoba ibhusha lezokuqapha lalinomsila omude kakhulu.

I-AUSTRALIA IQHAFA NEZINYE IZIMPILO EZINGAZI

Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 eyedlule, abantu bakudala base bevele bezingela ogwadule lwase-Australia, emidwebeni yabo edwaleni, ngaphezu kwezinye izilwane ezingasekho, kunemifanekiso ye-megalania. Kungenzeka ukuthi lesi sidlakela esikhulu sifake imenyu yabomdabu.

Ingabe ama-cryptozoologists anethuba lokuthola lesi silwanyana esidla ubhedu? I-Australia iyizwekazi elikhulu, elinabantu abayizigidi eziyi-18 kuphela, abahlala ikakhulu emadolobheni nasogwini. Ukugqashuka okukhulu kwalelizwekazi kungakahlolwa ngokwanele futhi minyaka yonke kutholakala izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane kuleli lizwe.

Amasampula awo wonke ama-lizensland aseQueensland aziwa namuhla agcinwe emnyuziyamu waleli lizwe eBrisbane. Isazi se-herpetologist uGregory Chikura uhlala egcwalisa ikhathalogi yakhe, izibankwakazi eziyi-7 kanye nexoxo elilodwa sekuvele igama lakhe ngemuva kwakhe, wazibandakanya yena uqobo encazelweni yalezi zinhlobo ezintsha. UChikura uthi: “Sihlala sifuna izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. I-Australia iyizwekazi elikhulu. Yini ekhona kuphela: kusuka ogwadule namahlathi emvula kuya eBarriers Reef. Futhi yonke indawo kunezilwane eziningi, kufaka phakathi lezo ezingaziwa yisayensi. Uma uthatha, ngokwesibonelo, indawo yami ye-hertipology, khona-ke e-Australia ngonyaka kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezintsha ezingama-15 kuye kwangama-20 kuyatholakala. IBrisbane ingelinye lamadolobha amakhulu e-Australia, futhi ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-15, endaweni engaba amakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka enkabeni yayo, sithole izinhlobo ezintsha ezi-6. Lezi ikakhulukazi izibankwa ezincane. Kukholakala ukuthi zonke izilwane ezinkulu kade zitholakala. Lokhu ngumbono oyiphutha ngokuyisisekelo, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisanda kutholwa kukhona izibungu ezinkulu kakhulu ngamazinga ezivamile. Ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezintsha zikhulu futhi zibonakala kakhulu. "

E-Australia, izilwane ezinkulu kulula kakhulu ukuzifihla emehlweni abantu, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi i-megalania isazulazula ezindaweni ezingafundile futhi ezingenamuntu kuleli zwekazi. Ngokusho kwabakwa-cryptozoologists, lesi sidlakudla singaba yingozi ethile kubantu, kungenzeka ukuthi abanye abazingeli abalahlekile, izivakashi nabalimi baba yizisulu zomqwayizi omkhulu.

Kukhona isibhamu esiyingqayizivele lapho umuntu ethwetshulwa khona isithombe eduze kwesibankwa esikhulu. Abanye babheka lesi sithombe njengengamampunge, abanye - ubufakazi obuqoshwe phansi bokuba khona kwesilokotho esikhulu sokuqapha. Kuyiqiniso, kuyangabaza ukuthi bekungaba khona umuntu olinganiselayo ongakwazi ukusondela futhi athinte isilo esinjalo. Kuyiqiniso, kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuseni nasebusika elibandayo, ukuqapha izigcikwane akusebenzi lutho futhi ngobuvila basabela ekuhlaselweni okungase kube khona. Mhlawumbe i-daredevil isebenzise umzuzwana nje?

UKomodo, naye, wayengakholelwa kuVARANOV

Emukela iqiniso lokuba khona kwe megalania ikhuluma le ndaba yesidlakela saseKomodo. Lesi sihubhe esikhulu esikhulu, esifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude, sachazwa okokuqala eminyakeni engama-104 edlule, ngonyaka we-1912. Ngaphambi kwalapho, ososayensi isikhathi eside abengakholelwa ebukhoneni bokuthi kukhona udrako ophilayo, bakholelwa ukuthi abahambi nabahlali bendawo babatshela ngezingwenya ezijwayelekile. Ngale ndlela, ngokusho kososayensi, amadlozi esigcilikisha sakwaKomodo aqala ukubonakala e-Australia kwathi eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezine edlule bathuthela eziqhingini zase-Indonesia ngebhuloho lomhlaba ngaleso sikhathi. Izikeleza zokuqapha zingabhukudi abahle, ngakho-ke bezinganqoba kalula izithiyo ezincane zamanzi endleleni yazo.

Kungenzeka ukuthi izidumbu ezinkulu zitholakala hhayi e-Australia kuphela. ENyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, abantu bendawo basaqhubeka bekhuluma ngesilwane esikhulu esibuhlungu esingafika kumamitha angama-4 ubude ngemigqa emithathu yamagquma eceleni kwogaba, izingalo ezinamakhwapha kanye nesigaxa esidala. Lesi silwane sibizwa nge-borax. Ngo-1948, kwahlelwa ukuseshwa okuningi kwamaBoer, kepha azange afumane lutho. Mhlawumbe lesi silo esidliwayo siqothulwe abantu bendawo ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ososayensi bayinaka.

Okunye isidlo esikhulu esihlala ezihlahleni satshelwa kaninginingi ngabakwaPapuans baseNew Guinea. Phakathi kwazo, umsila womugqa - njengoba besibiza lesi silwane - uthathwa njengento enhle kakhulu. Yize iRowe iyiPapuans enkulu kunazo zonke uma iqhathaniswa nengwenya, ososayensi namanje abakwazanga ukuthola lesi silwane. Kungenzeka ukuthi umugqa wokugcina usuvele udliwe.

Ngakho-ke i-megalania yase-Australia yayinamathuba amaningi okusinda, ngoba yasindiswa yi-expanses enkulu yezwe elingahlalwa muntu. Masibe nethemba lokuthi eminyakeni ezayo, ama-cryptozoologists asazokwazi ukuthola lesi silwane esidumile.

Izinhlobo ze-megalania kanye nomlando wokutholakala kwayo

Njengamanje, yodwa kuphela uhlobo lwe-megalania eyaziwayo, okuthi, ngokufanele, luhlobo olujwayelekile.

Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwe-megalania kwenziwa ngumbalisi odumile waseNgilandi u-Richard Owen. Kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1859. Izicucu zeMegalania zitholwe ososayensi endaweni yaseDarling Downs esifundazweni sase-Australia eQueensland. Kulesi reptile, i-paleontologist ikhombe uhlobo oluhlukile.

Kodwa-ke, lolu daba aluzange luphele lapho, futhi esinye isazi se-paleontologist saseGreat Britain - uRichard Lidecker - ongavumelani no-Owen ngo-1888, wafaka i-megalania ku-genus Varanus. Ukufakwa kulolu hlobo lwesimo njengamanje kwamukelwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezikhona njengamanje zokuqapha izibankwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokusho kukaRichard Lidecker, le nhlobo ibizwa ngeVaranus priscus. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ndaba isazodingidwa kuze kube namuhla, ngoba enye ingxenye yososayensi ikhulumela inguqulo yokuqala ka-Owen, kanti eyesibili ibheka ukuthi inguqulo kaLidecker ilungile kangakanani.

Izinhlobo ze-megalania ezichazwe ngaleso sikhathi zazimelelwa iqoqo lama-vertebrae. Lama-vertebrae abizwa ngokuthi yiBMNH 32908a-c. Njengoba yayingekho i-holotype, isibonelo seBMNH 32908c njengamanje sithathwa njenge-lectotype. Ngeshwa, umthambo ophelele we-megalania, onganikeza isithombe esiphelele salesi silwane esiqothulayo, awukatholakali. Ngakho-ke, isithombe se-megalania sibuyiselwa kuphela. Njengomthetho, ama-paleontologists athola kuphela amazinyo nama-vertebrae ngamanye.

Ngokweqiniso, igama eliphelele lalezi zinhlobo zezigwedli zezilokotho lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "isitembu esikhulu sasendulo."

Isakhiwo somzimba megalania

Imvamisa, i-megalania yayinobude bomzimba obungamamitha ayisikhombisa. Ukuphakama kwalo kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-1,3. Isisindo salinganiselwa ukuthi yithoni.

Ukuqhathanisa, izilobe zesimanjemanje zaseKomodo ezikwazi ukuthuthumela noma ngubani ngamandla azo akufanele kuthiwe zingamamitha amathathu ubude namakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu ubude (isilinganiselo esikhulu kunazo zonke esibhalwe phansi sesilungu seKomodo sasingamamitha amathathu ubude namasentimitha ayishumi nesishiyagalombili nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-166 ngokudla okungathathelwanga amandla) . Ngenxa yalokho, i-megalania yayinde ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziphindwe kabili futhi icishe ibe yisithupha. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhala zolwandle zase-Mesozoic, ama-mosasaurs, i-megalania yayingaphansi kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, wayengahlali eMesozoic, futhi hhayi emanzini. Kuliqiniso, ngokuya kwezinye izilinganiso, ubude be-megalania buhluka phakathi kwamamitha ayi-4,5 kuya kwayi-9. Ngokuqondene nesisindo, amakhilogremu angama-331 akhonjiswa njengophawu olusezingeni eliphansi, kanye namakhilogremu angama-2,200 njengesilinganiso esiphezulu. Emphakathini wesayensi (hhayi ukuthi ungadidaniswa nesayensi edumile), okubaluleke kakhulu izilinganiso zikaRalph Molnar, owathi ngo-2004 wanquma ububanzi besilinganiso se-megalanias.

Ngeshwa, umkhondo ophelele we-megalania awuzange utholakale, kepha ngokusho kokuqagela kososayensi, kwakuyisibungu esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona eMhlabeni.

Ukwazile ukukufeza lokhu ngendlela elula yokukala, esebenzisa i-thoracic vertebrae njengesiqalo. Uma sicabanga ukuthi umsila we-megalania wawumude futhi umncane njengesiqobelo se-motley, khona-ke ubude bawo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-7.9. Ukube ubungako be-megalanias bebufana nobukhulu bomsizi wokuqapha we-Komodo, khona-ke ubude bawo buzoba ngaphansi - ngamamitha ayisikhombisa. Inketho yesibili ibhekwa njengengcono kakhulu. Ukuthatha ubude obuvumelekile be-megalania obuyimitha eziyisikhombisa, uRalph Molnar, ngokubalwa, kulinganiselwa isisindo esikhulu se-megalania kumakhilogre 1940, okusondele kakhulu ngosayizi omkhulu nesisindo sengwenya yesimanjemanje.

Lesi silwane esikhulu esihamba ngezinyawo sahamba phansi kuyo yonke imilenze yomibili egobe. Ezakhiweni zanamuhla ze-megalania, ukuqina kwamathambo emilenzeni kuyamangaza. Ngokuvamile, i-megalania yayihamba kancane kune- “komodo udrako” wanamuhla, njengoba izibungu eziqhamuka esiqhingini saseKomodo zibizwa nangokuthi, kodwa-ke, njengaye, wakwazi ukwenza ukushesha okukhulu kakhulu ngamabanga amafushane. Unembe ngamunye we-megalania wayeneminwe emihlanu echazwe kahle, ngalinye lalihlome ngesigaxa esikhulu kakhulu futhi sibukhali.

Intamo ye-megalania yayimfushane futhi yayinobukhulu obukhulu, noma kunjalo, njengoba kunjalo nangezihlobo zayo zanamuhla. Ngokusho kososayensi, ubude beswazi lwalesi silwane bungafinyelela amasentimitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa nane! Yomibili imihlathi yayihlome ngamazinyo abukhali kakhulu, agobekile esihlakaleni. Ukuhlelwa okunje komhlathi akunikeze nje kuphela isisulu se-megalania ngomonakalo ophakeme kakhulu, kepha futhi akuvumelanga inyamazane ukuba iphunyuke ekubanjweni okubulalayo kwalesi sikhumbuzo esimangazayo.

Ngenxa yokuthi amapuleti amancane esikhumba (i-osteoderm) afakwa ngaphakathi kwe-genermis ye-megalania, isikhumba sokuqapha kwakuyipeni langempela le-chain.

Umzimba we-megalania namuhla uqashelwa njengobukhulu obukhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izibankwa, kepha ngasikhathi sinye wawusazungeza. Sasimbozwe isikali esinamandla, esasibukeka sifana ne-epidermis yesifuba sesimanje sohudo.

Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu nengxenye yawo wonke ubude bomzimba yayisemsileni omkhulu futhi oqinile. Ekuphetheni, sikhuluma ngokuvela kwe-megalania, singasho ukuthi kwakuyizelesi elisindayo futhi elinamandla amakhulu osayizi omkhulu, ngokusobala elalingenazitha zemvelo futhi langena esigabeni esiphezulu sephiramidi lokudla, likwazi ukubhekana nanoma yimuphi ummeleli wezilwane zasendaweni.

Kuze kube namuhla, akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukwakha ubuhlobo bomndeni nge-megalania. Isizathu salokhu izingcezu ezidabukisayo zezinsalela zakhe. Ngo-1996, kwashicilelwa umsebenzi kaMichael Lee (usosayensi wase-Australia), lapho, lapho efunde i-morphology engxenyeni ephezulu yesigaxa sezinyamazane ezinkulu, uyavuma ukuthi i-megalania yayihlobene kakhulu nesibankwa sesimanje esikhulu esihlala e-Australia, lokhu kubhekisisa kungokwesibili ngobukhulu ngemuva kweComodo Ukuqapha izibankwa futhi kungafinyelela ubude bamamitha amabili nesigamu.

Ngaphandle kokuhamba kancane nokuhamba kancane, i-megalania, noma kunjalo, ingashesha amabanga amafushane.

Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu kamuva, kwanyatheliswa i-athikili ngokushesha ososayensi abathathu (uPaul Barett, u-Emily Rayfield noJason Head) ukuthi ubudlelwane bomndeni phakathi kweMegalania kanye ne-motley nasesibhakeleni sedonsa kungenzeka kakhulu. Isibungu sokuqapha i-motley sihlala futhi esifundeni sezwekazi lase-Australia futhi siphansi nje ngosayizi kuya esikhaleni esikhulu sokuqapha (ubude bendawo yokuqapha kwe-motley ingafinyelela kumamitha amabili namasentimitha ayishumi). Kodwa-ke, makube njengoba kungenzeka, umbuthano wezihlobo ezingaba khona ze-megalania umncane impela futhi ekutholakaleni okusha ngokuqinisekile kuzocacisa le nkinga.

Indlela yokuphila kanye nokudla megalania

Mayelana nokukhethwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ama-megalania abekhetha amahlathi anama-sparse, amathafa asemaqeleni anezimila eziphakeme nezimila eziphakeme. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinje, laba bantu abadla izambane likapondo babezizwa bekhululekile kakhudlwana futhi babenenqwaba yezindawo zezindawo zokugcina abagibeli nenani elanele lokudla. Abadala megalania bakhetha ukuzingela izilwane ezinobukhulu obuphakathi nobukhulu.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngisho nama-wombat amakhulu - ama-diprotodons - angaba izisulu zawo. Emagunjini akhe, i-megalania ibheka omunye umakhelwane wayo onobukhulu obuhle - i-kangaroo enkulu ebhekene nobuso obufushane, i-procoptodon. Uma kwethulwa ithuba, inyoni yasendaweni engenabhanoyi, ngokwesibonelo, ubuhlakani, ingaba yisisulu se-megalania. Eduzane nemithombo yasemuva, ibhungane lalikwazi ukubamba ingwenya encane.

Kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi inani lezikhala ezinkulu zamakhulu eziqiwini zase-Australia zingashona.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi, njengesifuba samanje sokokudonsa, i-megalania yayikwazi ukuqoqa uhla lokudla olubanzi olunhlobonhlobo. Uma bekulethwa kubo icala elinjalo, bangadla ama-amphibians, ezihuquzelayo nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Ziphinde zidle ama-megalanias namaqanda, zifuna zazo izidleke zezinyoni. Ngokunokwenzeka, i-carrion nayo yathatha ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwesidleke.

Ubukhulu obukhulu banginikeza i -galgalania amandla okushayela cishe noma yimuphi umuntu ancintisana naye kusuka ezilwaneni ezifile, kufaka phakathi amabhubesi e-marsupial ngaleso sikhathi. Ngubani ongabeka engcupheni impilo ye-megalania uqobo? Uma sibheka ukuthi abantu abadala bale nhlobo basekupheleni kwephakethe lokudla futhi babengenazitha eziyingozi ngaphandle kwamanye ama-megalanias amadala, kungacatshangwa ukuthi kuphela izingane ezincane zalesi sikhulu somqaphi ongaba izisulu zezinye izilwane. Ngokusobala, ibhubesi le-marsupial lingabhekana ngqo ne-megalania cub noma, lapho lihlanganiswe eqenjini namanye amabhubesi - nomuntu omncane.

Kuyiqiniso, abantu bahlangana nesibankwa esikhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa inani elikhulu lemidwebo yomhume.

Imidwebo yomhume yama-aborigine base-Australia nezinsumansumane zabo zichaza izidalwa ezethusayo, ukubukeka kwazo kufana kakhulu ne-megalania.