IBhungane (Coleoptera) lagcina kungelona kuphela iqembu elikhulu kakhulu phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo (kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingaba ngu-300), kodwa futhi nezilingene kakhulu ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo - kuwo wonke umlando wokudalwa okuyingxenye nje encane yemindeni yalo elafa.
IColeoptera: IChrysomelidae
Imiphumela yocwaningo olusha ivezwe ephephandabeni i-Proceedings of the Royal Society B, kubika uLenta.ru.
Izazi zesifo somzimba ngokuvamile zazinaka ukuqagela (ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha) futhi bakhohlwe ukuthi ukuqothuka akubalulekile kangako ekuqondeni umlando wezilwane, amanothi wokushicilela. Ngalesi sizathu, i-paleontologist UDena smith kusuka eMnyuziyamu Wemlando Wezemvelo eNyuvesi yaseColorado nozakwabo bahlola izinsalela ezingaphezu kwama-5 500 zamabhungane amele wonke umlando wokudonswa (kusukela esikhathini se-Permian - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-284 edlule) futhi aqoqwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Kwavela ukuthi ezingamakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka kuphela imindeni yamabhungane engama-35 kwezingu-214 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esimeni esikhulu kunazo zonke samabhungane (Polyphaga, amaphesenti angama-90 ezinhlobo zezilwane ezaziwayo), kwakungekho imindeni eyanyamalala nakancane - asinda omabili ngokuqothulwa kwe-Permian-Triassic neCretaceous-Paleogene (ngesikhathi amadinosaokugcina anyamalala).
Yize amanye amaqembu ezinambuzane engamelana ngokulinganayo nokuqothuka, phakathi kwezizathu zokuqina kwamabhungane, uSmith ukhuluma ngekhono lokuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene, kanye nokuguquguquka kokudla kwazo: mabhungane adla izitshalo, ulwelwe nezinye izilwane.
Izimpendulo
Inani lezinambuzane likhulu kakhulu kunenani lezinye izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni, futhi amabhungane ayaqina phakathi kwezinambuzane. Cishe eyodwa kwezine yezinhlobo ezaziwayo emhlabeni zingamabhungane, ngakho umhlaba ungabizwa ngokuthi "iplanethi yamabhungane."
Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amabhungane avumelane nezimo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Amabhungane ayizidalwa eziphilayo eziyishumi kunazo zonke emlandweni weplanethi yethu.
Isibonelo, kuwo wonke umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, akekho noyedwa emindenini yezinhlobonhlobo zamabhungane, isizinda sazo esiningi, esishabalele.
Ziyakwazi ukudla noma yini, kusuka ku-algae kuya ezilwaneni ezincane, ukuzivumelanisa cishe nanoma yisiphi isimo sezulu futhi kungahamba ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwabo ngokuguqulwa okuphelele (iqanda, izibungu, ipupa, umuntu omdala) kukuvumela ukuthi wakhe izindlela eziningi zokusinda.