Kokubili inkukhu yasekhaya neyasendle ingeyamaFazanovs. I-oda libunjiwe yinkukhu, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezi-4 zezinkukhu zasendle: ohulumeni bamabhange, uCeylon, ompunga, oluhlaza okotshani. Zitholakala yonke indawo ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Lezi zihlobo eziqondile zabaphaphayo, futhi akumangazi, ngokunikwa amandla abo okushada.
Ukubukeka nokuziphatha kwama-pheasants aqashelwa izinkukhu ngokuthi “ezazo”:
- Ama Roosters anezimpaphe ezikhanyayo nezimibalabala.
- Izimpawu lapho kubekwa khona izinkukhu nama-roosters kuyafana.
- Ukuziphatha ngokobulili kuyafana.
- Ngisho nemisindo eyenziwe yinyoni iyefana.
Lokhu kufana phakathi kwama-pheasants nezinkukhu kuholela ekubonakaleni kwama-nzalo, nokho, ahluleka ukuzala. I-genome yehlukile.
Okubhaliwe! Izikhukhukazi zasendle zibizwa nangokuthi amahlathi ngenxa yokuthanda kwazo amahlathi emvula.
Izinkukhu zasendle ngokwemvelo zitholakala eSouth Asia, Indonesia nasePhilippines. Naphezu kokuthanda amahlathi, i-biotope yabo ingabizwa ngokuthi marginal. Izinyoni zihlala lapho ukudla kutholakala khona kalula: otshanini, ezihlahleni, emahlathini.
Idlozi lakuqala lezinhlobo ezihlala emadolobhaneni ethu yinkukhu yase-Banking jungle. Ososayensi benze isiphetho esinjalo, ngoba ziyafana ngokubukeka nasekuziphatheni. Futhi zingakhiqiza inzalo engazala. Imvamisa la maqiniso anele ukufakazela imvelaphi. Kepha zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo zama-jungle hens zinezimpawu lezi. Leli qiniso laholela emcabangweni wokuthi ukufuya kwenkukhu kwenziwa ngesisekelo sezinhlobo eziningana. Ngakho-ke igama eliqondile lohlobo lwokhokho kungumbuzo ovulekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inkukhu yaqala ukwenziwa ekhaya njengaseminyakeni engama-8,000 edlule, futhi kusukela lapho baxazulula masinyane inkukhu e-Asia, e-Afrika naseYurophu. Baqala ukuhlala eMelika nase-Australia ngemuva kokuthi abaseYurophu bathuthele kula mazwekazi.
Yize izinkukhu ezifuywayo zikwazi ukunika izingane ehlathini, uhlobo lwezinyoni ezivela ezifundeni ezihlukile luhlukile. Umehluko udalulwa kakhulu kubantu basePacific naseNingizimu Asia. Ziveza izinkukhu ezivela kwezinye izifunda. Lokhu kufakazela isizatho sokuthathwa kwasemakhaya ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene. Ososayensi bathi uhlobo lwesibili okwavela ngalo amakhethini ezifuywayo luyinyoni eluhlaza okotshani.
Kunesinye futhi isizathu esenza ukuthi i-genome yezinyoni evela ezifundeni ezihlukile yehluke kancane: ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezindaweni ezihlala zodwa. Le nguqulo ibhekwa ososayensi abathile ukuthi ilungile kakhudlwana. Bayaphikisana: ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lokuthi izinkukhu ezahlukahlukene zavela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zasendle, umehluko omkhulu kuhlobo lofuzo uyadingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho uwela kwakuzoba inzalo engenazithelo, engenzeki.
Ososayensi bekudala bexoxisana ngokuthi iyiphi inkukhu yasendle ethathwa njengokhokho bendawo. Ukuhlaziywa kuphela ngofuzo kanye nokuqhamuka kwamangqamuzana kubeka yonke into endaweni yayo: i-progenitor iyinkukhu yasebhange.
I-Jungle Hens: Izici
Izinkukhu zasendle ezihlathini ziyisibonelo sokhokho bezilwane eziboshwe ngomuntu ezasinda naphezu kwemizamo yabantu. Ngakho-ke, okhokho benkomo nehhashi babulawa emuva ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Manje izinkukhu zasehlathini zivikelwe njengengxenye ye-biology nokwakha izinhlobo ezintsha. Njengamanje kukhona amazwana angaphansi kwama-700, kanti izinhlobonhlobo eziphambili eziseYurophu.
Okubhaliwe! Ngosizo lwezinkukhu zasehlathini, hhayi kuphela izinhlobo ezinhle ezivela endaweni yokubuka yabathengi, kodwa futhi zinhle ngokubukeka.
Zonke izinhlobo zezinkukhu zasehlathini zivezwa yi-dimorphism yezocansi: umehluko omkhulu ekubukekeni nasekuziphatheni kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Umsebenzi wokugcina ukufaka amaqanda nokuqapha inzalo, eyeduna ukugcina ukuhleleka, ukulwela izinsikazi nokuvikela i-hrem kuzo zonke izinto ezimbi. Ngenxa yombala okhanyayo nokuziphatha okuhlanekezelayo kwama-roosters, bafa kaningi kakhulu kunokubeka izinkukhu. Ungasho ukuthi bazithinte.
Ukuzalela kwasebhange
Abamele bayo babonakala ngomzimba oqinile, kepha banesisindo esincane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkukhu ezifuywayo. Zindiza nje kubi. Kodwa-ke, izinkukhu zasebhange zilukhuni kakhulu, ezibavumela ukuba baphile impilo yomhlaba ngenjabulo. Isisindo sowesilisa wasendle singaphezulu kwekhilogremu, kanti insikazi ayidluli ngaphezu kwama-700 g. Isisindo esincanyana esinjalo kungenxa yendlela yokuphila yasendle. Uma kufanele uhlale ubalekela izitha ezidliwayo futhi ufune okuthile ongazidla, amakhalori azohamba angawodwa.
Amabhange adla konke akuthola ehlathini: imbewu, ama-arthropods, izibungu, ama-mollusks, izithelo nezingxenye zezitshalo. Izinyoni zidla phansi, njengezinkukhu eziningi.
Okubhaliwe! Inkukhu yasebhange inambitheka kancanyana ngenxa yezimo ezi mpofu.
Izilwane ziyasinda ngenxa yamandla okufihla nokugijima ngokushesha. Futhi ngenxa yosizo lwezihlobo nokuvikelwa kweqhude, bayazi kwangaphambili ngengozi.
Umlando wokuzala
Njengoba uhla lwe-Bankivsky hens luyindawo ezishisayo ezishisayo, lezi zinyoni zibizwa nangokuthi yihlathi. Yize zifana nama-pheasants, akuzona ezihlobo ezifanayo.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukuthakwa kwezinkukhu zasendle kwakudotshwa eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia eminyakeni engaba ngu-8 edlule. Ngemuva kwesikhashana baqala ukubusa eNdiya. Kuqala, izinkukhu zasebhange zazilwelwa ukulwa amasiko, ngoba lokhu kuzalaniswa kunezimpawu zokulwa ezinhle kakhulu. Izinyoni zasendle, ezingagcinwanga ekhaya zihlala kuphela eningizimu ye-Asia.
Izinkukhu zasebhange zifana kakhulu nezihlobo zasekhaya. Kungaleso sizathu uCharles Darwin ekholelwa ukuthi bangabasunguli bezinhlobo zesimanje. Babephathwe amakhaya, bawele, bathole izinhlobo ezintsha zezidumbu, ama-hybrids ayabiwa.
Ukubukeka nomlingiswa
Uhlobo lokuzala lwe-Bankivsky alukhulu ngosayizi. Isisindo seqhude akuvamile ukuthi sidlule ku-1,2 kg, kanti inkukhu inesisindo esingama-600 g.Owesilisa uhlukile kowesifazane ngokubukeka okumangazayo. Intamo, emuva kanye namaphiko kumbozwe ngethala elinombala obomvu nokubomvu onsundu. Umbala onsundu ubonakala esiswini. Izimpaphe ezinde zomsila omude, ziluhlaza okotshani obumnyama, ezine-Sheen yensimbi Ikhanda elincane leqhude lihlotshiswe ngembobo ebomvu enesikhumba ekhanyayo nangomlomo onsundu. Imilenze eqinile ifakwe nge-spurs yophondo olubukhali. Le nyoni ineminwe emine, enye yayo ibuyiselwe emuva.
Owesifazane akanakho ukubukeka okuxakayo njengowesilisa. Unomsila omfishane, futhi umzimba wakhe umbozwe ngamapulangwe ansundu. Intamo - ngezimpaphe ezimfishane ezimnyama ezinendawo ebunjiwe ophuzi. Lo mbala ongenasici wenza umsebenzi wokuzivikela. Ivumela isikhukhukazi semifino ukuba singanakwa futhi ihlale inzalo.
Izinkukhu zaseJungle zihlala ngamaqembu amancane aqukethe ama-hens ayi-3-5 neqhude eli-1. Umndeni ngamunye onjalo uhlala endaweni echazwe ngokucacile, evunyelwe yiduna phambi kwayo yonke enye impahla. Izinkukhu ezincane ezinezinyanga ezi-4 zihlala zodwa. Bakha imihlambi emincane yabantu abangu-2-3, lapho bezakhela ubuphathi phakathi kwabo.
Izikhukhukazi zeBankivsky zihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ezimweni zokulwa. Uqhwaku olunamandla, imilenze eqinile ene-spurs iyisikhali esiyinhloko sokulwa nesitha. Abesilisa abadala balwela indawo, ubuholi, ukunakwa kwabesifazane. Izinkukhu azinalo nolaka, kepha zingena ekulweni uma inzalo yazo isengozini.
Kuhlala kunzima kuma-rooster amaningi ukusondelana endaweni eyodwa. Ngisho nendawo enkulu yezindiza, izingxabano ziyenzeka. Uma inyoni ilimele, ihlukanisiwe nabanye. Ukubona igazi, izihlobo zizokubulala ukufa okugcwele. Inyoni etholakele ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa - umhlambi ngeke wamukele "okusha".
Ukuthola ulwazi olwanele namakhono, ukugcina izikebhe ze-Bankivsky akunzima. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinyoni zasendle zithanda isikhala.
Indlu yenkukhu
Inyoni eyodwa idinga amamitha skwele angama-2–4 ukuze ibe ntofontofo. m isikwele. Lapho kunqunywa usayizi we-aviary, leli qiniso kufanele libhekwe. Endaweni encane, abantu abadala bazwana nomuntu wesilisa oyedwa kuphela eqenjini. Ukuze izinyoni zingagxili kalula phezu kwendlu, zakhiwe ngaphakathi, ziphakeme ngamamitha angama-4-5. Njengoba ukunyakaza kwalezi zinyoni kugcwele isiyaluyalu ngenkathi indiza, akumele kube khona izinto ezingaphandle kophahla lwezinkukhu.
Uma kungenzeki ukuthi kwakhiwe indiza ebanzi yezinyoni, zizosika izimpaphe. Emvelweni yazo yemvelo, izinkukhu zasehlathini zichitha ubusuku bonke ezihlahleni. Lapho uhlela indawo lapho izinyoni zizophumula khona, leli qiniso kufanele libhekwe. Inketho enhle isihlahla esomile noma esiphilayo ku-aviary. Izinyoni zasendle nazo zingajwayela ezindlini ezijwayelekile zezinkukhu ezifuywayo, noma kunjalo kuzothatha isikhathi eside.
Izwe le-Bankivsky hens liyindawo eshisayo enesimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama. Lapho bakhela izinyoni ezinjalo indlu, badinga ukuphinda benze okufanayo. Uma ihlobo lishisa kakhulu, bese ngihlomisa izindiza, hlela izindawo ezinomthunzi ngechibi elincane. Abazenzi zijule, ngaphandle kwalokho amachwane angaminza. Kungaba noma yisiphi isitsha esinohlangothi oluyi-10 cm ukuphakama nokujula okungama-5 cm. Izimpaphe ezinamaphiko, umlomo omile ovulekile, nokuphefumula kanzima kuzokhombisa ukweqisa kwezinyoni.
Ezinyangeni zobusika, izinyoni kudingeka zinikeze ukufudumala. Abaduduzayo kuzoba ngamazinga okushisa angama-25-30 ° C. Indlu evaliwe kufanele ibe yindawo ebanzi, ekhanyayo neyomile. Ukuswakama kufanele kube okujwayelekile. Phansi embozwe ngesihlabathi esihlanganayo, amatshe amatshe amnandi, hay.
Lapho i-Bankivsky hens molt, ilahla zonke izimpaphe, inqunu ngokuphelele. Kodwa yize iplamu entsha ikhula ngokushesha, indlu kufanele yomile futhi ifudumele.
Ukuzala
Ukuze izidleke ziphumelele, izinkukhu ezisebhange kufanele zenze izimo ezidingekayo. Igumbi elinezinyoni kufanele lifudumele futhi lome. Ukubeka izikhukhukazi kunikeza ukuthula. Kusasele inyanga ngaphambi kokubekwa amaqanda, izinkukhu zidluliselwa ekudleni okukhethekile - zinikezwa amavithamini, kanti igobolondo lomhlabathi liyanezelelwa kokuphakelayo.
Isikhathi sokudlekwa kwezinkukhu zasehlathini siqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ku-clutch yokuqala, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-4-5. Kwi-clutch yesibili, eqala ezinyangeni ezi-3 ngemuva kweyokuqala, inani labo liyaphindeka kabili lifinyelela kuma-11 ama-PC. Abafuyi baphawula ukuthi ngokuvamile ukubeka izinkukhu kubeka inani elingajwayelekile lamaqanda. Bakuchaza lokhu ngokuthi kulula kakhulu ukuba inkukhu ibathelele.
Imazi ihlala phezu kwamaqanda izinsuku eziyi-18, emva kwalokho izinkukhu ziqala ukuzalwa. Amachwane anamandla aqhamukayo ngosuku 18-18; Inkukhu enomlomo wayo igcoba igobolondo futhi iphefumula ngalo. Ijwayele imvelo entsha, ihlala ngaphakathi amanye amahora ama-5, emva kwalokho ekugcineni iphume.
Isendlalelo singazijiya ukusiza izinkukhu ezibuthakathaka ukuba zizalwe. Lapho sesomile, umuntu osanda kuzalwa uzibusa ngokuphelele - inkukhu iyazidla iyazihambisa.
Izikhukhukazi zasebhange zibaluleke njengohlobo lokuhlobisa. Adumile phakathi kwabaqoqi nabazalisi abangochwepheshe. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zibaluleke kakhulu ngokuzalanisa. Ukuzalanisa kwazo nokuzalanisa kusiza ukuthuthukisa ezinye izinhlobo.
Lalela izwi leqhude lomgcini webhange
Izinkukhu zasendle zakha imindeni yowesilisa oyedwa nowesifazane abaningi. Owesilisa ulawula ngokuqinile indawo yakhe futhi lapho iqhude lomunye umuntu livela, i-duel enegazi kungenzeka ukuba nelungelo lokuba ne-harem yenkukhu. Uma kuqala isizini yokuzalela, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabesilisa benyuka, izimpi zithatha umlingiswa ohlelekile, kanti umhlobiso oyinhloko wamadoda - ama-spurs abukhali - uyasetshenziswa. Izikhali ezinjengalezi zitholakala kuma-rooster kuphela, kepha lapho zizethula, izinyoni zingalimaza amanxeba okubulala lapho zihlangana eduze. Lapho izinkanuko zenyama zidlula, insikazi ibeka amaqanda emgodini osendaweni engaphansi kwesihlahla esikhulu. Inani lamaqanda amhlophe ngu-5-9.
I-Banking Rooster ingukhokho wasendle wazo zonke izinkukhu ezifuywayo.
Ama-huck hatch kanye ngonyaka, yize kunezimo ezinhle zasendaweni yemvelo. Ama-puffers omile ngokushesha, abe nemilenze eqinile, futhi ngakusasa ngemuva kokuzalwa sebekulungele ukulandela inkukhu. Umbala ovikelayo wezinsiba ubenza bangabonakali ezitheni, kanti ukuthambekela kwengqondo komama kuyabavikela ekuhlaselweni yizitha. Amawundlu isidlo esimnandi sezilwane eziningi, sihlaselwa izinyoni ezinkulu zezinyamazane, izinyoka, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezizizingelayo. Phakathi kwezitha zenkukhu yasendle kungathiwa ngabantu.
Yize izinkukhu kade zingeniswa ezindlini, kepha kuhlala kukhona othanda inkukhu ezithandayo. Imizamo yokuqala yokulambisa iqhude lebhange lasendle ibingaxhunyiwe nhlobo nenyama yenkukhu, kepha ngekhono lama-roosters ukuhlela imiqhudelwano lapho izinyoni zikhombisa khona amakhono okulwa. Abantu baqale bakhulisa amaqhude ukuze balwe, futhi kamuva badonsela ukunambitheka kwenyama namaqanda alezi zinyoni. Emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ukulwa nezinkukhu zenkukhu kusabaluleke kakhulu.
Iqhude inkukhu yedoda ehlathini.
Umsebenzi wokuzalela nama-roosters wasendle uveze imiphumela emangalisayo, izinyoni zaphenduka zaba yizinto eziphilayo zepulasitiki kanti izinhlobo zenziwe hhayi kuphela ngezimpawu zokulwa, kodwa futhi neqanda nenyama - iqanda. Uma uzama ukuphendula lo mbuzo: yiziphi izinyoni emhlabeni ezihamba phambili? Impendulo iza ngokushesha - vele, amakhethini akha iningi lesizwe sezinyoni. Bahlala nomaphi lapho kuhlala khona abantu. Ezindaweni zasePapuan, Negro, eNative American, lezi zinyoni zihlala zithwala amaqanda futhi zinikeza izakhamuzi inyama.
Inkukhu (Ihlathi laseBank).
Amapulazi akhiwe azungeze amadolobha amakhulu nawo ayondla izinkukhu. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinkukhu ezifuywayo ziphatha amaqanda ayi-126 - 200 ngonyaka, kubekwa irekhodi lezinkukhu eliyingqayizivele - amaqanda ayi-1515 eminyakeni eyi-8. Idlozi lezinkukhu ezifuywayo - inkukhu yasebhange yasendle ayizange iphuphe ngisho nokuzalela amaqanda amaningi kangaka. Abafuyi bezilwane bathole imiphumela enjalo. Njengamanje, izinhlobo zezinkukhu ezingaphezu kwekhulu ziyaziwa, ngayinye yazo inezimpawu zayo. Futhi konke kwaqala ngenkukhu yasendle, noma kunalokho iqhude, eliheha umuntu ngesimo sakhe esingathandeki.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Iqhude lasendle
Iqhude lasebhange liyakwazi ukuhlaba umxhwele ngobuhle baso. Imisipha yezinkukhu ithuthukiswe kahle enyameni, yize kungakwazi ukundiza kahle. Okokuqala, umzimba wazivumelanisa nokugijima ngokushesha, futhi kuphela lapho - ukundiza. I-Musculature ibuye ivumele inyoni ukuthi ilwe namanye ama-roosters kanye nezitha. Ngokuvamile, ukubukeka kweqhude lasendle kufana nokwasekhaya: ikhanda elincane, ikamu elikhulu nentamo ende. Yini ehlukile imilenze. Zinde kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa "nekhaya" lekhaya.
IBritish yayibiza iqhude lasendle lababhange ukuthi libomvu, yize bekungaba okunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukulibiza ngokuthi "inyoni yomlilo", inikezwe umbala wezinye izingxenye zomzimba wakhe. Okubi kulo mbala yikhono lokufihlakala elibi. Kepha akadingi amaqhude. Ukucasha ngemuva kwezitshalo kuyadingeka kubantu besifazane abachamela amaqanda. Umsebenzi we-plumage ekhanyayo yama-roosters ukudonsela ukunakekela kwabesifazane nakwezinye izinsikazi ukuze kulwele indawo ebukhosini.
Umbala weqhude leCeylon ungabizwa nangokuthi ngomlilo:
- Ikhanda lonke libomvu.
- Maphakathi neraba kukhona umucu obanzi ophuzi.
- Ezinye izimpaphe kukhona ginger.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amandla okufihla ama-roosters aseCeylon aphakama kakhulu ngenxa yombala omnyama womzimba wonke.
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi abesilisa bavame ukusetshenziselwa imiqhudelwano ebizwa ngokuthi ama-cockfights. Uhlobo lokufuya lwebhange lukulungele kakhulu ukwakha izinhlobo ezinobungani bohlanga. Izimo ezinhle zenzelwe ama-roosters asekhaya, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokulwela izinsiza nezinkukhu, bayakhohlwa ukuthi kuliwa kanjani.
Inkukhu yaseSteppe
Ngamazwi amaningi, ungathola lo msebenzi: "inkukhu yama-steppe, izinhlamvu ezi-5." Impendulo efanele i-bustard. Kuliqiniso, le nyoni ayisiyo inkukhu, ifana nayo kuphela. Kepha ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, kusondele kakhulu ku-crane.
Le nyoni ihlala emaqeleni nasezindaweni eziwugwadule zase-Eshiya. Kwesinye isikhathi abamele abathile balezi zinhlobo bangatholakala enyakatho. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, indlela yokuphila yesilwane ihlukile.
Okubhaliwe! Emaqeleni, uphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, uma ehlala enyakatho - umadic, okuyinto akumangazi.
Ngekhulu le-19, amadoda ayezithanda kakhulu izigqila zokuzingela. Ngenxa yalokhu, sekuyinto yezilwane ezinqabile kakhulu, noma yayivame ukuhlala emaqeleni.Ufa futhi ngenxa yezinguquko ekubukeni komhlaba nasekusetshenzisweni kwemishini yezolimo. Ngokuvamile, isizathu esiyinhloko esenza ukuthi inyoni ibhalwe ku-Red Book ngumuntu nemisebenzi yakhe.
Yiphi inyoni ebukeka njengenkukhu?
Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezingama-250-263 zingezinkukhu emhlabeni wethu, ngakho-ke konke ngeke kusebenze. Iqembu lenkukhu lifaka phakathi imindeni eyi-5:
- Goacin. Bahlala eSouth America.
- Izinkukhu zokhula. Bahlala e-Australia, ePolynesia, e-Indonesia.
- Izinkukhu zezinkuni.
- Inyoni ye-pheasant. Umndeni ojwayelekile kakhulu onama “office amele” cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba. Ibala izinhlobo eziyi-174, eziyi-12 zazo zitholakala eRussia.
- Gogo.
Bonke abameleli bale mindeni ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye bafana. Kepha iningi lazo zonke izinto ezihlaziya umzimba zingezilwane zasekhaya. Lezi zinyoni zifana kakhulu nezinkukhu.
Inkukhu yasendle isondele kakhulu kwezasekhaya. Umehluko kuphela obalulekile phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo yindlela yokuphila. Izimo zezinyoni zehlathi zinzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele zisinde. Izilwane ezifuywayo empeleni zihlala epharadesi. Lokhu ngumehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu. Futhi ngofuzo ziyefana kakhulu, futhi kakhulu ukuze zikhiqize inzalo ekhula phambili.
Ukubukeka
Kuwo wonke umndeni we-pheasant, futhi izinkukhu ikakhulukazi, eziphinyiselwe futhi zisho ngokucacile ukuthi yi-dimorphism yezocansi kuyinto enobuntu. Izinsikazi zezinkukhu zasebhange zikhulu ngokubonakalayo kunabesifazane, zinenqwaba yemibala egqamile.
Iqhude (bheka isithombe ngenhla) lihlukaniswa i-crest enkulu - inhlama enamakhanda ekhanda ngombala obomvu, kanye namacici "amakhulu", ngaphansi kwesiqhwaga, nezihlathi ezingenalutho. Ngobude, ingafinyelela ku-75 cm, kanti insikazi - ingadluli kuma-46 cm.
Umbala wesidoda uhlotshiswe kakhulu, uqhakazile, iplamu lihle kakhulu, liqhakazile, licwazimula elangeni. Ikhanda nomzimba weqhude - intamo, ingemuva eliphansi, ingxenye yomhlane nomzimba ophansi - embozwe ngotshani obomvu-owolintshi.
Umhlane nesifuba esiyinhloko kuhloselwe obomvu. Umsila namaphiko kuwukuziqhenya okukhethekile kwale nyoni futhi umhlobiso wayo umnyama futhi uluhlaza, ucwebezelile elangeni enesithsaba sensimbi eluhlaza. Izimpaphe zezimpiko, futhi ikakhulukazi izimpaphe zomsila, zinkulu, zibanzi futhi zide, zilenga ngokubukeka.
Umbala wezinwele zensikazi awukhanyi kangako, uvame ukuba monophonic, izimpaphe zifushane, zimboze umzimba wonke, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa izingxenye. Ama-crest namacici mancane kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi akubonwa kangako.
Umlando kancane
Izinkukhu ze-jungle (yasebhange) zaqale zafuywa eSoutheast Asia. Kwenzeka cishe amalitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha. BC. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, cishe amalitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. BC. babephethwe eNdiya. NgokukaC. Darwin, yibo aba ngaba ukhokho wezinhlobo eziningi ezikhona zohlobo olufuywayo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinkukhu ezifuywayo ezikhona namuhla ziyefana ngokufana nezikhukhula ezibomvu zehlathi, kodwa ukufana kungaphandle kuphela.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Amahlathi wehlathi - UGallus noma i-Junglefowl - hlanganisa izikhombisi ezi-4 eziphambili:
- Greens - Gallus Varaus (lat.) Noma Green Junglefowl (eng.)
Esithombeni - enye yezinhlobonhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zez hezik zasendle - Green Forest
Izinkukhu ezibomvu ze-Banking - IGallus gallus (lat.) Noma iRed Junglefowl (yesiNgisi) inezinhlobo zayo:
- Okubhalwayo kwaseNdiya - Gallus gallus murghi (lat.). I-Habitat - I-Bangladesh, Nepal, India.
- IsiBurmese - Gallus gallus spadiceus (lat.). Habitat - ISumatra, iMalaysia, neMyanmar.
- I-Tokinsky - Gallus gallus jabouillei (lat.). Habitat - China (Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan) neVietnam.
- Indochinese - Gallus gallus gallus (lat.). Habitat - Thailand, Indochina.
- Okubanzi, okuningana okubaningi futhi kubhebhethekile, i-Gallus gallus bankiva, ihlukile.
Indlela yokuphila
Iningi losuku, izinyoni zichitha emhlabathini, zithola ukudla, kepha ziphumula futhi zichitha ubusuku kuphela ezihlahleni.
Zindiza kahle impela futhi zigijima kakhulu. Lapho zibona ingozi, zindizela phezulu esihlahleni noma zibaleke, zicashe esihlahleni. Ukundiza kwabo kubuye kushintshe amaphiko okushona nokuntanta.
Izwi lifana nekhaya, kepha likhulu kakhulu (ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane) futhi libukhali.
Emvelweni, izinkukhu zasendle zihlala ikakhulukazi emazweni anesimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo. Imvamisa ukuhlala ezihlathini - ama-shrubby noma ihlathi, ezintabeni, futhi akuvamile kakhulu emathafeni. Bakheza amahlathi aminyene, kanye nama thango ama bamboo, lapho athola khona kalula ukudla futhi acashe ezitheni. Bangakwazi ukukhuphuka izintaba, kwesinye isikhathi ukuya kufinyelela kumawaka ayi-2 m.
Izitha zezinkukhu zasehlathini zingabizwa cishe cishe wonke ama-raptors ngisho nezinyoni ezinkulu zezinyamazane ezihlala endaweni yazo.
Emvelweni, bangaphila iminyaka emi-3-5, ngokuya ngezimo zokudla kanye nokuba khona kwezitha.
Kulesi sithombe - owesilisa osekhulile Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus murghi
Ukuzala ngemvelo
Abesilisa abasebasha abasebhange abaneminyaka engu-5 ubudala sebevuthiwe. Izinkukhu zivuthwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa.
Kodwa-ke, iqhude liqala ukudala i-harem kuphela izinyanga eziyi-12 zokuphila, njengomuntu omdala. Isikhukhukazi esibeka amaqanda avundisiwe ezinyangeni eziyi-10-11, futhi sigcina leli khono iminyaka emi-3.
Imvamisa, ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngenkathi eyomile, ngoMashi-Meyi. Isiko lokuqomisana lowesilisa kwabesifazane, futhi unakekela izinkukhu eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, liqukethe ukukhombisa impahla yakhe yokunethezeka, ebukekayo - iplamu.
Babonakala ngesithembu. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, iqhude lakha umhlambi walo omncane wezinkukhu ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5, zihlangana nazo zonke isikhathi sokuzala samanje.
Kuhlelwa isidleke senkukhu endaweni yokuphumula emhlabathini, efakwe ngotshani namaqabunga. Isikhukhukazi sibekela amaqanda amhlophe ama-4 kuye kwayi-9 bese sizifaka kuye (esisodwa). Iqhude ngalesi sikhathi liqapha izinkukhu.
I-Nest ku-vivo - kuphela amasende ama-3 abekwa.
Izici zokuziphatha
Ama Roosters anakekela izinkukhu, futhi uzivikele kanye nezinkukhu. Izinkukhu ezisencane ziba nokuzimela, zifinyelele ezinyangeni ezi-4, ngaleso sikhathi lapho ziqala khona ukudala imihlambi yazo emincane "yobusha", lapho abantu abasha bekhombisa khona ubuntu babo, belwa nezimfanelo futhi bahehe izintokazi.
Izinkukhu zasebhange zinohlelo lwe-hierarchical social system. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuphathi bukhona ngokuhlukile koshekeni namaqhude.
Ngokuqala kwenkathi yezidleke, iqhude labantu abadala linquma indawo yalo, liyamukele phambi kwabanye abantu bomhlambi. Izingqimba ezikhethiwe kuphela (izingcezu ezi-3-5) zitholakala kule ndawo.
Abantu abasha ngalesi sikhathi baphila ngokwehlukana, ngokuzimela, emihlambini yam amaphuphu angama-2-3. Eminye imihlambi yobusha ingafaka abantu abangafika kwabangu-50.
Izinkukhu zasendle zihlukaniswa ngezimpawu zokulwa. Ama-roosters asencane emzabalazweni akhombisa amandla nekhono lokuvikela izinsikazi ezitheni, ngaleyo ndlela adonsele ukunaka kwazo. Abantu abadala bangalwela indawo, futhi ekudingisweni - yindawo yomholi.
Izinkukhu zizolile, kepha futhi zinezimfanelo zokulwa - zingalwa nazo futhi nezinye izinyoni, ngokwesibonelo, zivikela izinkukhu.
Ekudingisweni, ama-rooster amaningana azokwazi ukuhlangana endaweni eyodwa kuphela uma kunendawo enkulu kakhulu, kepha kulokhu, izimpi ngezinye izikhathi zingavuka.
Empini, amaqhude aqine kakhulu. Zinezindebe eziqinile, imilenze eqinile nama-spurs, okuyizikhali zawo eziphambili empini. Ekudingisweni, bavame ukulwa “kuze kube sekufeni”, ngaleyo ndlela besusa abaphikisi endaweni, ngakhoke kumele bahlukaniswe.
Izinkukhu zasebhange laseJungle zilingana nezokuhlobisa. Zenziwe ngomshini ophelele, futhi ukugcinwa kwazo ekudingisweni akubangeli ubunzima obuningi. Zidinga isikhala, ngakho-ke izindawo ezifakwa kuzo ukulungiswa kwazo kufanele zibe zinkulu.
Ngokufanelekile, inyoni eyodwa kufanele ibe kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-4 sq.m. indawo yenkukhu ethambile, kodwa endaweni encane bahlangana kahle, inqobo nje uma kuzoba nowesilisa oyedwa emhlambini. Ama-rooster amaningana ngeke akwazi ukwaba insimu encane.
Njengoba izikhukhukazi ezibomvu zebhange zindiza kahle, ukuphakama kwendlu kufanele kube kwenele, kufinyelela kumamitha angama-4-5, nangcono ngenhla evaliwe.
Ingaphezulu lokuvalelwe lingashiywa livulekile kuphela uma abaqashi bezonikezwa ukuthula futhi bangethuki. Lokhu ukuphakama kuyadingeka ukuze kuphephe, ngoba, njeng izigwaca, anamahloni kakhulu, futhi wethukile, andiza ngokushesha phezulu.
Endizeni, zixinile futhi azikwazi ukuguqula indlela - jika, ngakho-ke kungcono uma kungekho zinto ezingekho ngaphezulu kwephokophele yenkukhu.
Zonke izinkukhu zasendle zichitha ubusuku bonke ezihlahleni, ngakho-ke kufanele kube nezindawo ezikhethekile ezindizeni zokuphumula. Kungaba isihlahla esikhulu esiphilayo, esinamagatsha anamandla, sikhula ngokuqondile endaweni yezindiza, noma isihlahla esomile esimiwe.
Ungahlomisa i-perch ejwayelekile ngemigwaqo yesiphambano, njengakowasekhaya abajwayelekile, kepha abomabhizinisi bazosebenzisa lo mklamo isikhathi eside.
Inketho enhle kungaba ukuhlanganisa ingaphakathi nendawo ebiyelwe ehlobo, ukuze izilwane zizizwe zikhululekile.
Imodi yokushisa
Ama-Jungle hens ayizinyoni ezifudumele, ezihlala emvelweni emazweni anomoya omanzi oshisayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ekudingisweni zidinga izimo ezifanayo.
Ehlobo, akukho lutho oludingekayo emoyeni, kodwa uma isimo sezulu sishisa kakhulu, khona-ke izindawo zomthunzi kufanele zihlelwe endaweni yezindiza.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukwakha ichibi elincane elisicaba - faka isitsha ngohlangothi olungaba ngu-10 cm ukuze izinkukhu ezincane zingangeni kuwo bese ziminza. Ukujula akufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-5 - 7 cm.
Izimpaphe ezifiphele kanye noqhwaku ovulekile, kanye nokuphefumula, kuyizimpawu zokushisa ngokweqile.
Ebusika
Ebusika, badinga ukufudumala. Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo, zigcinwa ngaphakathi, ekushiseni nasekomile, kepha ngaphandle komoya oshibhile.
Amazinga okushisa amakamelo ebusika aphakathi kwama-25 °, kepha awaphakeme kuno-30 °. Igumbi lasebusika kufanele libe libanzi, liqhakaze, libe nendawo efanelekile yokuphumula. Isihlabathi esikhulu (umfula) ngesihlabathi esihle, ubhontshisi notshani kuthululelwa phansi egumbini.
Ngesikhathi isidleke
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zokuphila ebusika, izinkukhu ezisebhange ziqala ukubeka amaqanda kusenesikhathi, imvamisa ekuqaleni kukaMashi, futhi ngokunakekelwa okufanele nangokuzondla, izingane ezimbili zezinkukhu zingavuswa ngonyaka. I-clutch yesibili iqala ngoJuni.
Inyanga ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokudlela, kusukela ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, kuyadingeka ukunikeza amavithamini kanye ne-calcium, hlanganisa igobolondo lomhlabathi namaminerali ku-feed.
Ngenkathi yokwakha kanye nokufuduka, ababhange badinga ukuthula, imfudumalo, futhi kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi akukho dampness endaweni yezidleke.
Izici zamandla
Emvelweni, izinkukhu zasendle zidla imbewu enhlobonhlobo yezitshalo namakhambi, izithelo zazo, amajikijolo, amakhambi anojusi, izithelo, zidla izinambuzane nama-invertebrates amancane ngenjabulo.
Ekuthunjweni, kungcono ukunamathela ekudleni okondlayo - okusanhlamvu, imbewu yezitshalo, amakhambi amasha. Ngeke benqabe kusuka ezinhlanzini nasemanzini, kusukela ezinambuzaneni naseminweni ngaphandle kwezikhali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihlabathi esihlanganayo kanye nobhavu ocolekile kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi kufakwe endaweni ebiyelwe. Ngokwemvelo, izinkukhu zasebhange zigibela ematsheni amancanyana adingekayo ekugayweni okujwayelekile, ngoba i-goiter ngokwayo ayikwazi ukugaya ukudla ..
Ngokusho kwesipiliyoni sabafuyi abaningi, izinkukhu zasemazweni angaphandle nezaseRussia, izinkukhu zasehlathini zingondliwa okusanhlamvu okuphekiwe kanye nokusanhlamvu okuphekiwe okuvela okusanhlamvu okuhlanganisiwe. Kodwa akufanele uthathwe ukondla okunjalo, ngoba ngokwemvelo isisekelo sokudla kwabo kuyindawo eyomile yokusanhlamvu.
Ukuzalanisa
Esikhathini sokuqala sokudlekwa, ibhange elincane elibeka isikhukhukazi lingabekela amaqanda angama-4-5 agcwele izithelo.Kusasa, inani labo liyenyuka, futhi ngokuyisisekelo lifinyelela ku-9-10, kwesinye isikhathi libe ngu-11.
Njengoba abalimi beqaphela, esikhathini esiningi kune-clutch kunenqwaba yamaqanda angajwayelekile, ngoba kulokhu kulula ukuthi inkukhu izisabalalise ngaphansi kwayo ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwayo.
Izinkukhu ziqala ukuvela ngosuku lwe-18 lokuqokwa; izigqoko zihlala kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-20- 21. Okokuqala, inkukhu iluma imbobo egobolondweni lapho iveza khona uqhwaku lwayo bese iqala ukuphefumula.
Ngakho-ke uhlala cishe amahora amahlanu - ujwayela umkhathi ozungezile, emva kwalokho uhlwanyela igobolondo embuthanweni bese amaqabunga. Ngokushesha emva kokoma, iphuphu elisanda kuzalwa liyagoba futhi lidle lodwa.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe abafuyi bezinja, amachwane aqinile abanjwa ngosuku lwe-18 - 19 lokufakwa incubation, labo ababuthakathaka babanjwa ngosuku 20-21, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukuzala kwabo kudinga ukusizwa. Uma izinkukhu zilethwa inkukhu, iyazisiza ngokugoqa igobolondo.
Ukubhebhetheka
Kutholakala eSouth kanye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kubandakanya iseningizimu nasempumalanga yeHindustan, iSoutheast China (iYunnan, iGuangxi, iHainan Island), Indochina, iziqhingi zeziqhingi zeziqhingi zaseMalay. Cishe wethulwa ngumuntu ePhilippine Islands, New Guinea, Society Islands, Marquesas, Fiji, New Hebrides nabanye, lapho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waphinda futhi wasendle. Izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlobene nezinkukhu zasendle (G. lafayetii, G. sonneratii, G. varius) bahlala entshonalanga naseningizimu yeNdiya, Ceylon, Java kanye nezinye iziqhingi eziseduze naseJava.
Abantu kanye ne-Banking Jungle Inkukhu
Njengoba uC. Darwin asungula, lolu hlobo lukhokho lwezinkukhu ezifuywayo. Izinkukhu zasebhange zasendle zilawulwa kalula. Ukubuswa kwabo kwenzeka eChina naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia cishe ngo-6000 BC. e., eNdiya - cishe iminyaka engama-3000 BC. e. Ukusuka lapha izinkukhu ezifuywayo, cishe nge-Iran ne-Asia Minor, zazisakazekela eYurophu.
Ngokokwaziswa kwe-ornithologist A.D. Numerov, ibhange noma izinkukhu ezifuywayo zifakwe ezinhlakeni zamazwe ayi-16 futhi zingabaholi ngokuphelele phakathi kwezinhlobo ngazinye zezinyoni eziboniswe ezinhlamvwini zemali (zombili izingqinamba ezijwayelekile kanye nesikhumbuzo).
Izakhi zofuzo
Inkukhu YasekhayaGallus gallus) Ingabe into ejwayelekile kakhulu yaselebhu phakathi kwezinyoni, ingenye yezinto eziyimodeli esemqoka kuzinhlobo zofuzo zakudala nezanamuhla. Kusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya inqubo yokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlanganisa amamephu wokuxhumanisa i-gene, njll. Imbungu yenkukhu iyisiko lakudala lesayensi ku-virology.
Izakhi zofuzo zamangqamuzana
- Ukulandelana kwe-nucleotide efakiwe kudathabhethiI-EntrezNucleotide, IGenBank, i-NCBI, e-USA: 884 453 (kusukela ngoFebhuwari 15, 2015).
- Ukulandelana kwamaprotheni afakiwe kwidathabhethi I-Entrezprotein, IGenBank, i-NCBI, e-USA: 53,250 (kusukela ngoFebhuwari 15, 2015).
Inkukhu yasehlathini yasebhange kanye nabantu bayo kufakiwe ocwaningweni lokuhlukahluka kofuzo, ubuhlobo be-phylogenetic, kanye nobudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwezinhlobo nezinkumbi zezkukhu ezifuywayo naphakathi kuhlobo UGallus basebenzise imicrosatellite kanye nezinye izakhi zofuzo.
IGenome: 1.25 pg (C-inani). Inkukhu yaba inyoni yokuqala nesilwane sokuqala okwakhelwa kuso amamephu wezakhi nezomzimba futhi kwaqalwa ukulandelana okuphelele kofuzo (ngo-2004). Okubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwemephu yokuqala yenkukhu nokushicilelwa kwayo ngo-1930 kungokwesayensi yaseSoviet yase-Soviet A. S. Serebrovsky noS. G. Petrov.
Ihlathi lasebhange kanye ne-inkukhu yasekhaya esetshenziselwa ukudala amamephu wezakhi zofuzo, im microsatellite kanye nezinye izakhi zofuzo, imitapo yolwazi ye-genomic LHC, kanye nokulandelana okuphelele kwezinhlobo Gallus gallus .
Ngenxa yekhwalithi yomhlangano ehamba phambili eyenziwe ezingeni le-chromosomal phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni ezilandelanayo, i-genome G. gallus isebenza njenge "standard" uma uyiqhathanisa namanye ama-genomes, ikakhulukazi, ku-genomics yokuqhathanisa ukucacisa ukuvela kwe-avian genomes nama-vertebrates jikelele. IGenome G. gallus Kufakwa futhi kwiziphequluli eziningi ezijwayelekile nezibalulekile ze-genomic.