Emndenini wamaqhude wokuqapha, kukhona into efana nesigcwagcwa esiqhekezayo. Ungomunye wabakhulu phakathi kwabafowabo futhi uhlukaniswe ngama-subspecies ayi-7. Bahlala eSouth naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Lezi yiNdiya, iSri Lanka, i-Indochina, iNhlonhlo yeMalay, iziqhingi zase-Indonesia. Abamele lezinhlobo bahlala eduze namanzi futhi babhekwa njengezilwane ezinamanzi amancane.
Ukubukeka
Lezi ezihuquzelayo zikhula empilweni yonke. Ubude bomuntu obudala bungama-1.5-2 m. Isampula enkulu kunazo zonke yabanjwa eSri Lanka. Ubude bawo babungama-3.21 m. Isisindo esikhulu sifinyelela ku-20 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Ikhanda lide futhi liyisicaba. Phezu kwamehlo kunamabhulashi okuvikela. Umzimba unemisipha, umsila mude futhi unamandla, ucindezelwe kamuva. Umbala womzimba umnyama unamabala aphuzi namabala ngemuva. Zihlelwe ngemigqa. Isisu siphuzi. Emsileni, kushintshana imichilo ephuzi nemnyama kuyabonakala. Ukubhaliswa okuhlukile kunemibala ehlukile ngokuhlukile. Abanye abantu bamnyama ngokuphelele.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili emadodeni kwenzeka ngobude bomzimba obungamamitha ayi 1. Abesifazane bavuthwa lapho bekhula babe ngamasentimitha angama-50. Isikhathi sokuzala singo-Ephreli - Okthoba. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukulwa kusiko kwenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa emhlabeni nasemanzini. E-clutch kukhona amaqanda ayi-16-20. Owesifazane uzifaka emgodini wezihlahla, ezindaweni ezibomvu noma emiseleni. Isikhathi sokufakelwa sithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha. Insikazi izwa lapho amawundlu kufanele aqandeke. Ubonakala eduzane nokubumbana futhi asiza izibankwa ezincane ukuba ziphume. Basuka ngokushesha ezihlahleni bese bachitha isikhathi esiningi phakathi kwamahlamvu. Endle, i-squid qapha elihlwabusayo lihlala iminyaka eyi-10-11.
Ukuziphatha Nempilo
Lezi ezihuquzelayo zibhukuda ezinkulu. Amanzi kubo kubhekwa njengento yendabuko. Bahlala ngasogwini lwemifula kanye namachibi. Bangakwazi ukuzingela ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-10. Bumba izimbobo ngamamitha ambalwa ngokujulile. Izibungu ezisebenza kakhulu ekuseni. Ekushiseni zifihla emanzini noma emiqhele yemithi. Uma kwenzeka ubhekene nengozi, zivikele usebenzisa imisila, imihlathi nemihlanza. Ukudla kuqukethe inhlanzi, amasele, imfoloko, izinyoka, izinyoni. Ama-turtles, izingwenya ezincane kanye namaqanda wengwenya kudliwa. Abamele inhlobo yalezi zinhlobo abayideleli i-carrion. Babulala futhi badle izinyoka ezinobuthi, kanye nezinhlanzi ezinkulu zasemfuleni eziyingozi.
Isimo sokuLondolozwa
Lesi sizwe sivikelwe ngumthetho eHong Kong naseNepal. EMalaysia, isilondolozi esinezintambo sibhekwa njengenye yezilwane zasendle ezivame kakhulu. E-Thailand, ihlukaniswa njengohlobo oluvikelwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, lezi ezihuquzelayo ziyazingelwa ngenxa yezikhumba zazo eNdiya. Kuze kube yizigidi eziyi-1,5 zalezi zikhumba zithunyelwa minyaka yonke e-United States, Japan nase Europe ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezifashini. Abantu bendawo badla inyama. ESri Lanka, abantu bendawo bazama ukungathinti abamele lezi zinhlobo, ngoba bacekela phansi imifantu engamanzi ahlala emasimini erayisi. Ngokuvamile, isimo esinenombolo akubangeli ukukhathazeka okukhulu.
Incazelo
Isilozi esinezintambo singakhula sibe ngamamitha amathathu ubude, kodwa kubantu abaningi abavuthiwe, ubude besilinganiso somzimba abudluli amamitha ayi-1.5. Intamo yabo yinde kakhulu ngesigaxa eside. Amakhala asondele ekugcineni kwakhala. Umsila ucindezelwa kamuva futhi une-dorsal keel. Izihlangu ezingaphezulu kwekhanda zikhulu kuneyasemuva. Umbala wezikebhe ezimthende ezimicu ziba nsundu noma zimnyama, zibe namabala aphuzi emzimbeni ophansi. Njengomthetho, ngeminyaka, amabala aphuzi abe mancane.
Indawo
Isibaya sokuqapha esinemigqa singenye yezilokotho ezijwayelekile zokuqapha kulo lonke elase-Asia, ezinendawo ezahlukahlukene ezindaweni eziseduzane namanzi ukusuka eSri Lanka, eNdiya kuya e-Indochina naseMalay Peninsula, naseziqhingini ezahlukahlukene ze-Indonesia.
Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo
Isibankwakazi esinezintambo sihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini futhi sinendawo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala. Zivame ukutholakala osebeni lomfula nasezigodini eziseduze. Isilozi esinezintambo siyakwazi ukunqoba amapheshana amakhulu amanzi, okuchaza ukwabiwa kwawo kabanzi.
Umsoco
Izilokazana eziqoshwe emgqeni ziphilela indlela yokuphila yezilo, futhi zingadla noma yiziphi izilwane ezingakwazi ukuzisingatha. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo yilezi: izinyoni, amaqanda, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (ikakhulukazi amagundane), inhlanzi, izibankwa, amasele, izinyoka, izingwenya ezincane nezimfudu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isibankwa esinezintambo, njengezungu lomqaphi weKomodo, siyakwazi ukumba izidumbu zabantu futhi sizidle.
Indlela yokuzingela eyinhloko esetshenziswa yilowo obekiwe ongumqwayizi ubonakala ngokufuna nokuzingela okuvulekile, kunokuba iphishekele futhi ilambele. Lezi yizilwane ezishesha kakhulu ezinemisipha yomlenze enamandla. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela izakhamizi zasemanzini, isibankwakazi esinezintambo siyakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaba yingxenye yehora.
Ukuziphatha
Ukuziphatha kwesilozi esinezintambo kufana ne-iguana eluhlaza. Lapho besongelwa izinyoka eziyingozi (ngokwesibonelo, inkosi cobra), bagibela isihlahla ngemilenze yabo enamandla. Lapho sebekhuphukele esihlahleni, kepha usongo lusaqhubeka, umqaphi uzogxuma egatsheni uye kwelinye aze azizwe ephephile.
Ukuzala
Abesilisa bavame ukuphindwe kabili uma beqhathaniswa nabesifazane. Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngo-Ephreli futhi siqhubeka kuze kube ngu-Okthoba. Kodwa-ke, izivivinyo zabesilisa zikhulu ngo-Ephreli, kanti izinsikazi zivuleleka ekuthini ziyahlangana, ngakho-ke amathuba okuzala ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokuzalela aphezulu kakhulu.
Izinsikazi ezinkulu zikhiqiza amaqanda amaningi kunamancanyana. Amaqanda ngokuvamile abekwa kwizingodo ezibolile noma kweziqu.
Ukubaluleka komnotho kumuntu: Okuhle
Izikhumba zezilokotho eziqoshwe emigqeni zisetshenziswa njengomthombo wamaprotheni wokudla emicikilweni yamasiko, umuthi wendabuko, nokuthunga izimpahla zesikhumba. Ukushintshwa kwaminyaka yonke kwezentengiselwano ezimfushane zezikhumba zezikhumba zamachashazi kungafinyelela ngaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa sezikhumba, ikakhulukazi zokuhweba kwesikhumba. Usayizi ophakathi nendawo uyathandwa ngoba isikhumba samazibuko amakhulu aqine kakhulu futhi awugqinsi ukucubungula. Kukhona ukuhweba okuncane kwizimbambo ezibukhoma ezinemizila ebukhali, kepha akuzona ezifuywayo ezifanelekile kubanikazi abaningi.
Isimo sokuphepha
Naphezu kokuhweba kwesikhumba, i-lizard qapha elinezintambo liphakathi kwezinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu. Kunombono wokuthi izintokazi ezinkulu, ezikhiqiza amaqanda amaningi, zigweme ukuhweba ngesikhumba, ngenxa yekhwalithi emnyama yesikhumba.
Imigqa yokuqapha imidlwane
Lezi zibankwa zokuqapha ziyakwazi ukubhukuda kahle, zisebenzisa cishe ingxenye yezimpilo zazo emanzini. Lesi ngesinye sezikhala zokubheka kakhulu emanzini. Zitholakala kaningi emaphethelweni emisele, emifuleni nasemachibini. Aqhamuki nje kuphela ngemizimba yamanzi entsha, kodwa ngisho nasogwini lolwandle. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, angaba yimizuzu engama-20, kepha imanzelwa kakhulu imizuzu eyi-10. Izikeleza eziqoshwe emgqeni nazo zihlala emahlathini.
Isilozi esinezintambo siyisilwane esisemanzini esisebenzisa isikhathi sayo esiningi emanzini.
Uma isililo esinezintambo siba sengozini, sicasha emanzini, futhi singangena singene emanzini sisuka endaweni ephakeme.
Izikebhe eziqhekezayo ezinemigqa zimba imigodi ejulile efinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-10. Kwesinye isikhathi zingabonakala zibhakela ezihlahleni ezinde. Balala emathangeni aminyene noma emanzini, okuwavumela ukuba alondoloze izinga lokushisa lomzimba ngaphezu kokushisa komoya.
Ngesikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga kosuku, ama-squid qapha ama-squir nawo acasha emanzini noma emthunzini. Bazingela ekuseni noma ntambama, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla.
Ukudla kwamazibuko aqoshwe emizileni
Lawa maqhugwane aqapha ukudla okuhlukahlukene: ama-invertebrates nama-vertebrates amancane. Izilokazana ezincane ezimthende ikakhulukazi zidla izinambuzane, futhi ukudla kwabadala kuqukethe: inhlanzi, izinyoka, amasele, izimfudu, izibungu, amaqanda, izinyoni, izinduku, izingwenya ezincane, izinkawu, amawundlu ezinyamazane. Bangakwazi nokudla imfucuza yokudla ne-carrion.
Izilokishi eziqoshwe ngemigqa zingama ngaphansi kwamanzi isigamu sehora ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
ESri Lanka, lezi zibankwa zokuqapha zidla imifino yamanzi ahlanzekile ahlala emasimini erayisi, ngaleyo ndlela zisize ezolimo, futhi ngenxa yalokho zibhekwa njengezilwane eziwusizo.
Izikebhe ezivikelekile ezivame ukuhlasela izinyoka ezinobuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ama-cobras, ngaphambi kokuhlasela inyoka, umqaphi uhamba isikhathi eside eyizungezile, lapho inyoka ikhathala, umqaphi uyihlikiza ngamandla futhi ibamba ikhanda layo. Ngemuva kokubamba inyoka, umqwayizi uyishaye emhlabathini nezihlahla kuze kube yilapho inyoka iyeka ukunyakaza.
Okushiwo izigcawu zemigqa ebunjiwe
Kunezinhlobo ezi-5 zokugcotshwa kwezilokotho zokuqapha eziyimigqa:
- Varanus salvator bivittatus. Imizila yale subspecies ihlala kuphela eziqhingini zase-Indonesia. Amasayizi aphakathi nendawo futhi anombala okhanyayo kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba abungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-150,
- Varanus salvator andamanensis. Lezi zibankwakazi eziqapha zihlala e-Andaman Islands. Isici sabo esihlukile ngumbala omnyama ngokuphelele womzimba,
- Varanus salvator macromaculatus. Izibungu zalesi sikhala esikhulu kunazo zonke,
- I-Varvus salvator salvator. Izwe lalezi ziqophamlando eSri Lanka,
- Varanus salvator ziegleri. Lokhu okubhaliselwe okusha yintsha, kwavulwa ngonyaka we-2010.
Imigqa yokuqapha izigcawu nabantu
Izinhlobonhlobo zezesekeli zenziwa kusuka esikhunjeni sezimila eziqoshwe ngemigqa. Abantu bendawo badla amanoni nenyama yalezi ezihubhayo.
Amathe okugcotshwa izikebhe ngemigqa phambilini kwakusetshenziswa emicimbini yesiko; ubuthi benziwa kulo. Amathe alezi zilwane ahlanganiswe namathe amaseshi weGorbonosov muzzle ne-chain viper. Le ngxube ibilotshwe ekhanda lomuntu.
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Ubukhulu
Isilokotho sokuqapha esinemigqa singesinye sezilokotho ezinkulu zokuqapha futhi, ezimweni ezingandile, singafinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-250 ukuya kwangama-300. Emvelweni, izibankwakazi ezinkulu kakhulu zalolu hlobo zingaba nesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-20, mhlawumbe kuze kube ngama-25 kg - lesi yisibungu esindayo kunazo zonke sezilwane zomhlaba, ngemuva kweKomodo qapha isililo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile azidluli ku-150-200 cm ubude futhi zinesisindo esingadluli ku-15 kg. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu futhi bakhule kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Izikebhe ezinkulu kakhulu zemigqa eziqhakaza ezinkulu zivela eMalaysia (subspecies Varanus salvator macromaculatus), lapho izinhlobonhlobo kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala zifinyelela kubude bomzimba ngomsila ongaphezulu kwama-250 cm (kunedatha engaqinisekiswanga endaweni eyi-321 cm ende i-lizard). Kutholakala abantu abakhulu eThailand, kepha kwezinye izindawo, ama-lizons amancane kakhulu, isibankwa esikhulu kunazo zonke ezitholakala eJava sasinobude obucishe bube yi-210 cm, eSri Lanka - 200 cm, eSumatra nase-India yezwe - 203 cm, kanti kuphela cishe i-150 cm esiqhingini saseFlores (subspecies Varanus salvator bivittatus) Abesilisa abangama-80 ababulewe ngokuhweba ngesikhumba eSumatra babenesisindo esilingana nesisindo esingama-3.42 kg kuphela, ubude ukusuka empini yasekhaleni kuya ku-cloaca engu-56,6 cm nobude obugcwele buyi-142 cm, kanti abesimame abangama-42 babenesisindo esilingana no-3.52 kg, ubude kusukela empompini yasekhaleni kuya ku-cloaca engu-59 cm nobude obuphelele bu-149,6 cm. Kulezi zibankwa zokuqapha, ezinye izinhlobo zazo zazisukela ku-16 ziye ku-20 kg. Olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe eSumatra, olwenziwa ngababhali abafanayo, futhi lubala isisindo sabathile kumakhilogremu angama-20, kuyilapho isilinganiso sesisindo sabantu abadala kubantu besilinganiso silinganiselwa ku-7.6 kg.
Izitha zemvelo
Isibankwakazi esinezintambo sinezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obukhulu, futhi kwezinye izindawo singabhekwa njengesiwula kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezincane zingabanjwa inani elikhulu ngokwanele labazingeli, kubandakanya nezihlobo zazo ezindala. Izitha eziyinhloko zamaqola asemadala avuthiwe ziyizingwenya kanye nama-pythons amakhulu, kepha ama-cobras enkosi amakhulu namaphakethe ezinja ezilahlekile noma ezishayayo nazo zingaba yingozi ethile. ESundarban, bavame ukubanjwa amahlosi amaBengal, aphoqwa ukuba afune eminye imithombo yokudla. Kwesinye isigameko, i-otter enezinwele ezibushelelezi yahlasela futhi yabulala isilokazana sokuqapha esiyi-110-120 cm, kodwa akwaziwa noma ngabe lokhu kuhlasela kwakuyimvelo. Ukuhlangana kwezinyoka zaseKomodo ngezimila eziqapha ezimthende kuFlores kwesinye isikhathi ukudla nazo izidumbu zezilwane eziye zafa eduze kwamanzi nazo zingazihlasela. Ukwazi lokhu, izibankwakazi eziqothulwe imvamisa zivame ukushiya indawo yokondliwa lapho kuphakama inyama enyameni yesidumbu. Ngisho nezinsana zomgodi ezindala ze-Komodo zivame ukusunduza izimbokodo zabantu abadala ezinemigqa e-carrion.
Isibankwakazi esigqokile sesikebhe asilona ulaka njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi zamazibuko aqapha. Akahlaseli ukuhlasela umhlukumezeli kuqala, imvamisa uzama ukubalekela kuye, aze acwila ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi uma kungenzeka. Umzimba wakhe omile kanye nekhanda elincane, elibuthakathaka futhi kumenza angabi yilwi eliphumelelayo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba iklanywa noma imangazwe, ihloka elinezidladla lishaya abahlukumezi ngomsila osindayo, ukushaywa kwalo kungaba buhlungu obukhulu futhi kubangele ukulimala okuthile. Uma lokhu kungasizi, khona-ke umqwayizi osebenzisa amazinyo nezihlakala.
Inani lomuntu
Isikhumba sezilokotho eziqoshwe emseleni sisetshenziselwa ukwenza izesekeli ezahlukahlukene. Inyama namafutha kudliwa ngabantu bendawo. Kwezinye izifunda zaseThailand, lesi sihlahlamanzi sithathwa njengesilwane esiyingozi negama laso ngesiThai sizwakala njengesithuko ("เหี้ Thai", noma kancane ngesihluku - "ตัว กิน ก่กิน", ngokweqiniso - "isidli senkukhu"). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-squid qapha ama-squid ngokuvamile abheka ukudla eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala futhi angahlasela izinkukhu, amakati, izingulube nezinja.
Uzwa ingozi, isililo esinezintambo singaba yingozi kubantu. Ukulimala okubangelwa yilezi zibungu, ngokusho kweminye imibiko, kwaba yimbangela yokufa. Okungenani umgandayi owodwa we-zoo e-United States ushaywe kanzima ngokuhlaselwa isilokazana esikhulu esinezintambo. Kwesinye isigameko, kwaqoshwa ukuhlaselwa okungacoliswanga kwengane enezinyanga ezi-8. IGuinness Book of Records ichaza ubufakazi bokuthi amaphoyisa amabili nomalusi waseJalimane osebenzayo bahlaselwa yisibungu esikhulu somugqa esiqongweni saseMalay Peninsula.
Kwezinye izizwe zase-Asia, leli lizard lidlala indima yesiko. Izilokazana eziqoshwe emgqeni zabamba iqhaza ekwakheni ubuthi obuyinkimbinkimbi obizwa ngokuthi “isikhafu”. Kwakuhlanganisa i-arsenic kanye negazi lezinyoka ezinobuthi: Indian cobra (Naja naja), iketane lenyoka (Daboia russelii), i-humpback mothI-Hypnale hypnale) Into esebenzayo yobuthi kwakuyizindawo ezingama-arsenic nezindawo zenyoka, futhi ukuqapha izilozi kudlala indima yezilwane ezingaqondakali ngenkathi kulungiswa. Ubuthi babubilisiwe esakeni lomuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izibankwakazi zaziboshwe ngomlilo zivela ezinhlangothini ezintathu futhi zishaywe. Izikhala ezithukuthele zahlokoma, kwaba sengathi kubhula umlilo, kanti amathe avela emilonyeni yezidwaba aqoqwa futhi anezelwa ubuthi.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Buka I-Varanus salvator kubhekiswa kwi-subgenus I-Soterosaurus bese enza okuningana okuningana:
- Varanus salvator andamanensis - uhlala eziqhingini zase-Andaman, kumnyama ngokuphelele.
- Varanus salvator bivittatus - Kusatshalaliswa eziqhingini zase-Indonesia kusuka eJava entshonalanga kuya eTimor empumalanga, okuncane, okubhalwe phansi ngombala okukhanyayo.
- I-Varvus salvator salvator - uhlala eSri Lanka kuphela.
- Varanus salvator macromaculatus - Kusatshalaliswa ezingxenyeni ezisele zobubanzi bezinhlobo, ngaphandle kweziqhingi eziningana ezisempumalanga (qapha izingwekazi ezivela lapho zinesimo se-taxonomic esingapheli), ama-subspecies amakhulu kunawo wonke.
Okukhonjwe ngaphambilini Varanus salvator komaini, omnyama kakhulu umbala futhi ubanzi e-Thailand, manje uthathwa njengegama elifanayo Varanus salvator macromaculatus.
Ukubuka I-Varanus salvator Njengesikhungo sokuxhumana, izinhlobo eziningi ezihlobene nazo zabhekwa ngaphambili, njengamanje eziqashelwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile futhi, ngokubambisana ne-lizrey stripe, zakha iqembu lezinhlobo I-Varanus salvator.
Ukubukwa kweqembu I-Varanus salvator:
- Varanus cumingi - ngaphambili Varanus salvator cumingi
- Isikebhe sokuqapha esinezintamboI-Varanus salvator)
- Varanus marmoratus - ngaphambili Varanus salvator marmoratus
- Varanus nuchalis - ngaphambili Varanus salvator nuchalis
- Varanus togianus - ngaphambili Varanus salvator togianus