Isidleke seenyosi noma esidla inyosi (Merops apiaster) - inyoni emelela umndeni wezinyosi ezidla izinyosi (Meropidae). Idla izidleke eningizimu yeYurophu, futhi indiza ebusika e-Afrika, e-Arabia noma eNdiya. I-golden bee-esidla inyoni enombala okhanyayo futhi omubi kakhulu odla izinambuzane emoyeni. Ujabulela ikakhulukazi ukudla izinyosi. Abafuyi bezinyosi banamuhla babheka ngokungafanele njengesinambuzane, ngoba, ngaphezu kwezinyosi, odla izinyosi abambe ezinye izinambuzane, ngokwesibonelo, iminyovu nezimpisi zezinyosi.
Umsoco
Isidleke sezinyosi sidla izinambuzane ezindizayo: iminyovu, izinyosi, izinyoka, izimbungulu kanye nezimvemvane. Ubamba inyamazane empukane. Ngezikhathi ezithile, le nyoni idla izinyosi ngokulangazela. Odla izinyosi ubheka inyamazane evela endaweni ephakeme - uthango lwe-wicker, isigxobo se-telegraph, itshe noma igatsha lesihlahla esomile. Ngokubona inyamazane, isuka iye emoyeni bese iyayibamba. Le nyoni igqekeza izingxenye zesikhumba sezinambuzane; isisu sayo asikwazi ukuzidonsa.
Indlela yokuphila
Ibhungane leGolide - umhlambi wezinyoni, izidleke emakoloni zibalwa ngamashumi amaningana ukuya ezinkulungwaneni eziningana. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa kwamaqembu, amaqembu emindeni akha phakathi kwawo enezinyoni ezincane eyodwa noma eziningana ezingafikanga ekuthweni, okuthiwa "abasizi". Ngokubili bamba iminki, bakha izidleke, bakhulisa amachwane futhi baze bandize naseningizimu, kusale umndeni owodwa esikhathini esidlekayo esilandelayo. Amakhulu weenyosi ezidla ngemibala ekhanyayo endizeni - umbono omuhle owenziwe yindalo. Izinyoni zichaza imibuthano, ikhuphuka, yehla ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi icule iculo labo eliyindumalo - "izinhlamvu-inhlamvu." Ngokubambisana, umhlambi wezinyosi ushayela nezilwane ezidla zodwa ezifana namakati amnyama ezidlekeni zazo, zingene zingene emaqandeni azo namantshontsho amancanyana.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
I-Schur noma ibhungane elijwayelekile - elinemibala, elingowomndeni we-Finch, i-oda le-Passeriformes nohlobo lweSchur. Okusondele kakhulu kuhlobo lweSchur ngama-bullfinches abomvu futhi ajwayelekile. I-Shchurov kusuka ku-bullfinches ihlukaniswa ngumlomo ophakeme.
Ngenxa yokuthi uqhwaku lwe-schura lufushane, lwalugobile futhi lubukeka njengengwegwe, izinyoni zabizwa ngokuthi "amapharafini aseFinnish". Babizwa nangokuthi "ama-roosters aseFinland" ngenxa yokugqoka okubomvu okubabayo. Futhi izimpaphe zaba negama elithi "Schur" ngenxa yobubanzi bezwi lazo, ukukhala kwale nyoni kuyafana nomsindo "schu-uuu-ur."
Ividiyo: ISchur
Kuhlobo lweSchur, izinhlobo ezimbili ziyahlukaniswa: i-Schur evamile ne-Rhododendral schur. UKarl Linnaeus waba ngowokuqala ukuchaza umdlalo we-pike ovamile emuva ngo-1758. Sizobeka le nyoni ngemininingwane eminingi kungekudala. I-Rhododendron pike yaqala yachazwa yisazi semvelo saseNgilandi uBrian Hodgson ngonyaka we-1836.
Ngokuya kombala, zombili izinhlobo ze-schur zifana ngokuphelele, kepha ubukhulu be-Rhododendron bungaphansi kokujwayelekile, ubude bomzimba wawo abudluli i-20 cm.China, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Burma uhlala kule Schur. Uthanda ukuhlala emaphethelweni emiphetho yamahlathi, ukuhlangana emajunipha nasezitaladini ze-Rhododendron, ngakho-ke unegama elinjalo.
I-Common Schur inomzimba ongqokile futhi omnyama; ihlukaniswa izihlobo zayo eziseduzane ngumlomo wobubanzi obude nobukiwe ngasisekelo nomsila omude kakhulu uma uqhathaniswa nomzimba wonke. Ubude bomzimba obunezinwele bufinyelela ku-26 cm, kuthi isisindo siyehlukahluka ukusuka ebangeni ukusuka ku-50 kuye ku-65 amagremu. Liyafana ngosayizi ofana nenkanyezi, futhi umbala walo ufana ne-bullfinch.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ingabe squint ubukeka kanjani
Umehluko phakathi kobulili be-schur abugcini nje ekuhlabeleleni ithalente, okuyinto eyenzelwe abesilisa kuphela, kodwa futhi nombala, phakathi kwabagadli bamabhayisekili ngokwedlulele futhi ujulile, ngoba badinga ukuheha futhi babe nenhle ukuze bahehe abalingani babo abanemibala.
Ekhanda nase esifubeni sabesilisa, i-crimson hue ekhanyayo yeplamu ibonakala kahle. Endaweni engemuva, kuvela namathoni abomvu, futhi amaphiko nomsila kupendiwe ngombala onsomi onsundu, isisu sinombala onsundu. Womabili lamaphiko nomsila afakwe umugqa ngemisipha emnyama eqonde emhlophe.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abesilisa abasebasha bahluka ngemibala kusuka kokuvuthiwe. Endaweni yekhanda, emuva nasesifubeni, izimpaphe zazo ezimpaphe zisukela kumawolintshi ngokubomvu kuya kumathoni aphuzi aluhlaza.
Ingubo yowesifazane ayikhanyi futhi inemibala egqamile, ubukeka enesizotha kakhulu, kepha muhle futhi uyakhanga. Lapho izinduna zinamathoni abomvu, izinyoni zabesifazane zilawulwa ngama-brownish-aphuzi noma aluhlaza okotshani. Ngokuvamile, ngokumelene nendawo yasemuva ebusika, amakheli abukeka ebukeka kakhulu futhi enamanzi, njengamaqabunga aqhakaze emagatsheni aneqhwa.
Sithole ubukhulu be-schur, kepha uma siqhathanisa ngosayizi nezihlobo eziseduzane, umuntu onezimpaphe udlula ama-Finches, ama-bullfinches nama-greenfinches kuwo. Izimpiko zeSchur zikububanzi ukusuka ku-35 kuye ku-38 cm, futhi ubude bomsila buba malunga ne-9 cm.
Umbala wophondo omnyama uyabonakala endaweni yomlomo we-schura, futhi uqhwaku alula. Izinyawo zezinyoni zinesikimu sombala onsundu, kanti iris yamehlo in nsundu. I-Schur inepula eliminyene, ihambelana kahle nesimo sezulu esibandayo.
Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu
Inyoni ephakathi nendawo ephakathi nendawo (kusuka enkingeni) enamabala akhanyayo, anombala ogqamile, lapho kuphuma khona imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza okotshani. Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwemvula, umuntu angabona kakhulu ezindizeni zodwa, ngababili nangemihlambi emincane edlula emaceleni, emifuleni yemifudlana, emifudlaneni, entwasahlobo nasekwindla - imihlambi isuka emashumini ayishumi kuya kwayi-10, engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga - amakhulukhulu ezinyoni. Kubonakala ngokundiza okuphansi emafutheni noma kwenye indawo yokuzingela, lapho amaphiko amaningi eshayela khona lapho ehlangana nesikhathi eside sokukhuphuka. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela kwenza ama-pirouette abukhali, ngokujaha izinambuzane ezindizayo, anele endizeni. Ekwindla nasekupheleni kwehlobo, izinyoni zivame ukubonwa zihlala ezintanjeni eceleni kwemigwaqo.
Ukuba khona kwezidleke zezinyosi kuvame ukuqashelwa kusengaphambili ngokukhala kwawo - ama-trill, ikakhulukazi uma evela ezindaweni ezidlekayo entwasahlobo, lapho zizingela nalapho kuhanjiswa ekwindla. Eduze kwezidleke, ikakhulukazi eduze komngcele osenyakatho wobubanzi, azama ukuhlala ethule (ngakho-ke ababona ochwepheshe abavamile ukubona lezi zinyoni ezinemibala egqamile), ngenkathi bephumula osebeni lomfula endaweni eseduze nesidleke.
Incazelo
Umbala. Abesilisa abadala uma benonyaka owodwa ubudala. Ibunzi limhlophe. Kwesinye isikhathi izintiba zezimpaphe, zivame ukude kakhulu kusuka kuqhwaku, ziba buffy kancane. Ingaphezulu lekhanda, umqhele kanye emuva kwekhanda (cap) kusuka kukhanya onsundu kuya esifubeni esimnyama ngombala. Umngcele “ongaphambili” waleli cap ukhawulelwa umugqa omncane, omfishane wezinsiba ezikhanyayo ezinamaphawu aluhlaza kanye nendawo ephakathi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izimpaphe ezifanayo noma ezihlanzekile eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zitholakala emgqeni omncane kusukela phezulu kuya esweni futhi kusuka ezansi kwekhoneni yomlomo kuze kube sekupheleni kukanxantathu omnyama, kusuka komlomo kuye esweni, futhi kusukela esweni kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhokho. Amapheya esihlakala mhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi anombala ophuzi noma ophuzi. Umphimbo okhanyayo, usuka okhanyayo ophuzi ukhanyise ama-chestnut ngombala. Ngaphesheya kwe-goiter 2-2,5 cm kusuka kusisekelo se-mandible kukhona umugqa omfishane omnyama ocija ukukhanya (ophuzi noma owolintshi) umphimbo ovela engxenyeni eluhlaza yengxenye engezansi yentamo nesisu. Izimpaphe zesifuba nesisu zinezihloko eziluhlaza okotshani kanye nezisekelo ezinde ezimnyama, ezihlukaniswe umucu onsomi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuzinyoni ezindala akukho umugqa omnyama womphimbo nhlobo, kanti phansi engezansi kwekhanda kushintsha kakhulu kumbala oluhlaza wentamo engezansi. Ngasemuva, ukukhanya kwesigaxa se-chestnut kuguquka ngokushelela kusethi ye-motley esetshenzisiwe yezimpaphe eziluhlaza nezesifuba ngemuva. Ngemuva engemuva kuluhlaza okotshani. I-back back is buffy or brown brown. Izimpaphe ezivela kokuluhlaza kuya kwesifuba esikhanyayo. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuyisisekelo, okunokuphakama kwamathoni aluhlaza kuphiko nakuzivikelo eziphambili zephiko. Iziqongo ze-flywheel (zamabanga aphansi, zamabanga aphezulu kanye nezamabanga aphezulu) zimnyama. Ngasikhathi sinye, kumbala wokuqala, umbala omnyama uthatha u-1/10 wepeni, kokuncane - 1/5 nakwizinga lesithathu, kusuka ku-1/3 kuya ku-1/2 wepeni. Izimpiko ezinkulu zokufihla ezincane zinsundu. Izimpaphe ezithukayo ziba mude, zinezimbali eziphuzi, ezinye zazo kwezinye izinyoni ezinembobo eluhlaza okotshani. Ama-helmsmen (kukhona ayi-12 awo) aluhlaza okotshani. Ukuqondisa okuphakathi kubude obuyi-13 mm mm ukwedlula konke okunye. Izinduku zokuqondisa zinsundu ngombala onsundu. Izimpiko eziphansi ezimboze ama-chestnut akhanyayo, ama-axillaries aphuzi okhanyayo.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinsikazi ezindala ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa kusukela kwabesilisa abakubudala obufanayo ukuthi izimpaphe zasemahlombe ziba lula, kwabanye abantu zintekenteke, zibomvu kancane noma ziphuzi ophuzi. Ngombala wamadoda amadala aneminyaka emibili noma ngaphezulu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuthathelwa indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwabanye abantu - ukukhanya okukhanyayo noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izimpaphe zamakhanda (i-scapular) ziphuzi ngokugqamile, kwezinye umbala wezinyoni (orenji).
Umbala wezinsikazi ezineminyaka emibili noma ngaphezulu ufana nombala wamadoda anonyaka owodwa ubudala, yize ezimweni eziningi, izimpaphe zamahlombe (ezikhexisayo) zimbalwa ngombala obukhulu: zinombala olula, ompunga (okhanyayo) kunezimpaphe zabesilisa. Okungenani lapho izidleke zimbili zeduna elinonyaka owodwa nowesifazane osekhulile, umuntu uhlala ephumelela ukwehlukanisa ubulili bezinyoni kwizimpaphe ezikhonjisiwe, angagcini nje ngokuzicosha, kodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa ama-binoculars aqhelele kude kufinyelela kumamitha angama-200.
Izinyoni ezincane lapho zisuka ezidlekeni, i.e. ezinsukwini ezingama-25 ukuya kwengama-30 ubudala, bahlukaniswa ubukhulu bemithunzi ebuthuntu enamabala amaningi afanayo nombala ochazwe ngenhla. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umucu omnyama "womphimbo" owela i-goiter futhi uhlukanise ikhanda ngokuqinile ebusheni ubanzi kunabantu abadala. Itholakala kuwo wonke amantshontsho futhi ihlala okungenani kuze kube molt wokuqala; ezinye izimpaphe ezikuzo zinamakhaba aluhlaza okotshani. Izimpaphe eziqondisa ngobude obuhlukile. Uqhwaku lufushane kancane kunolwezinyoni ezindala, futhi lunobuhlakani obukhulu boqhwaku.
Imidlwane yezinyoni zanoma imuphi ubudala imnyama. Uthingo lwezinyoni ezindala lubomvu onsomi noma i-cherry emnyama. Uqhwaku lwezinyoni ezindala lumnyama, ezinye zinombala onsundu, kuyaqabukela i-matte. Ezimweni eziningi, kumnyama kakhulu. I-metatarsus i-brownish-mnyama noma i-brownish-brown and brownish-brown. Iminyaka yobudala kanye nokwehluka kobulili kumbala we-tibia ne-metatarsus awuzange uphawulwe.
Imichilo ibamba nqunu ngemichilo yefluff ekhanda lekhanda nekhodi. Amehlo avulwa ngezinsuku 5-6. Uthingo ngalesi sikhathi simnyama noma nsundu. Isikhumba somzimba, ubuhlalu, umlenze ophansi, ama-metatarsus apinki. Unqenqema lomlomo luphuzi-bomvu. Uqhwaku luqala ukuba mnyama ukusuka kwipiphu kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-6-7 zokuphila, ngezinsuku ezifanayo, isikhumba esingemuva namaphiko sithola umbala obomvana. Isisu ophuzi okwesibhakabhaka. Ukukhula okubanzi kwe-hemp kusuka ku-5-6 kuya ezinsukwini eziyi-16-17th. Ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, amabhulashi avela, athi ngezinsuku ezingama-20 kuya kwengu-30 eziguqukayo abe izimpaphe ezakheke ngokuphelele, ukukhula kwawo-ke, kuhlala kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-27-35.
Ngokusho kuka-S. Kramp (Cramp, 1985), imibala ekhanyayo yamapheya ehlobo ngaphansi kwethonya kwelanga yaphenduka imibala. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kujwayelekile kumuntu odla izinyosi, ohlala eningizimu yebanga. Kunoma ikuphi, ukubonwa eduze komngcele osenyakatho wobubanzi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto zokuqoqa, akuqinisekisi lokhu.
Odla izinyosi zegolide: incazelo
Le nyoni (ngemuva kwesinye isidli sezinyosi) ingeyomndeni womdli wezinyosi. Ubuye namagama - i-scrofula ne-jaundice. Uqhwaku lude (cm 3.5) futhi lugobile kancane laya phansi. Ikhanda endaweni yoqhwaku lumhlophe, futhi lapho umqhele - luhlaza okotshani. Umugqa wombala omnyama udlula esweni uya kuqhwaku lusuka endlebeni. Iris ibomvu. I-plumage emphinjeni iphuzi yegolide, ihlukaniswe esifubeni ngumucu omnyama. Ngemuva ngopende ocher ophuzi. Izimpiko zomuntu odla izinyosi ziluhlaza, ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi zinsundu, umsila obunjiwe njengombala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezinsiba eziphephezelayo ezinani lezicucu eziyishumi, ezimbili zazo (eziphakathi nendawo) zide. Imilenze ine-tint ebomvu ngokubomvu.
Owesifazane uhlukaniswa kowesilisa ngokubakhona kwe-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva. Isigaxa sensizwa esidla izinyosi sinezintambo eziphuzi, futhi esifubeni sabo asinaso umucu omnyama. Ubukhulu bomuntu odla izinyosi zegolide bungaphezulu kokwenza inkanyezi. Isisindo - 50 amagremu. Ungahlukanisa lezi zinyoni kwezinye izinyoni ngemibala yazo ekhanyayo, ecwebezelayo, amaphiko anemilomo ekhonjisiwe, nemilenze emifushane. Izindawo zabo ezidlekayo imisele yemigodi ebunjiwe noma emabhange anesihlabathi.
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Lolu hlobo lwenyoni efudukayo lubhekisa ekuhambeni amabanga amade. Ehlobo, inyoni edla izinyosi yegolide ihlala eYurophu (eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga) nase-Asia (eningizimu-ntshonalanga), kanti ebusika iya e-Afrika (eningizimu yehlane laseSahara), eSouth Arabia nase-East India. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezindaweni lapho ihlobo lifushane futhi linomswakama, abantu abadla izinyosi abahlali. Izindawo ezidlekayo zale nyoni yizindawo zaseNyakatho Afrika, ezinye izindawo zaseNingizimu-Ntshonalanga Asia naseNingizimu Afrika.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi e-Italy inani lalezi zinyoni (cishe ama-5-10 amawaka ngazimbili), likhuphuka lide lifinyelela kumamitha ayi-500 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ihlala kuphi i-schur?
Photo: Schur eRussia
ISchur ingumhlali wasendle onamaphiko. Uhlala emahlathini ahlangene futhi axubile eYurophu nezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Inani elincane labantu likhethe ama-taiga, ama-Asia namahlathi amahlathi ezidlekeni zazo. ISchur nayo ihlala ezintabeni zaseSiberia.
Akumangalisi ukuthi izinyoni zabizwa ngokuthi “amapharafini aseFinland”, ngoba bakhetha impilo eFinland. Ekukhuphukeni kwezwe lethu, i-pike ivela ekwindla sekwephuzile (ngoNovemba), lapho iziqalo zokuqala ziqala ukubamba futhi amagatsha ezihlahla eziqabile edalulwa ngokuphelele. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda esimfushane kangako, izinyoni zibukeka zikanokusho futhi ziyabonakala.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukuze kutholakale inzalo, iSchur yakhela izidleke zayo kuphela emahlathini anobuhlakani.
Bazama ukugwema izindawo eziphithizelayo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bangahlangana endaweni yokupaka amadolobha, ezingadini, ezigcawini zasendlini.Kukuphila okujabulisayo nokunethezekile, izinyoni zidinga umthombo wamanzi eduze nendawo lapho zihanjiswa khona unomphela. Emhlabathini, i-pike iyivelakancane ukuhamba, ifuna isivikelo emiqheleni yezihlahla ezinde, futhi kunezindawo zokudla izidleke zezinyoni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abakwa-Schuras bamane bathande ukubhukuda echibini, ngisho nasebusika bafuna izikhala zamanzi ezingembulwa abantu. Futhi kwizinyoni ezigcinwe ekuthunjweni, izindawo ezikhethekile zihlelelwe ukwamukelwa kwezinqubo zamanzi.
Njengoba sekushiwo, i-rhododendral schur ithanda ukuhlala emaphethelweni, lapho kunenqwaba yezihlahla zomjunipha kanye ne-rhododendron.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-Schur ihlala kuphi. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudlani ngale nyoni.
Ukwakheka nobukhulu
Kokudla inyosi yegolide, bekungenzeka ukuthola idatha kusuka kokuqoqwayo nokulinganiselwa kwe-intravital. Lezi zokugcina zitholwe esifundeni sase-Oka V.V. Lavrovsky, I.V. Gavrilova, N.A. Prishchepenok kanye noL.S. Klimova, kanye nomlobi (Ithebula 14-16).
Iminyaka yezinyoni | Isifunda, iminyaka | Phansi | N | Amapharamitha | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
iphiko | umsila | umlomo | ingalo | isisindo | ||||
Izinyoni ezindala | I-OGZ, ukuphela kukaJulayi - | abesilisa | 12 | 146,02 | 119,24 | 38,49 | — | 56,14 |
ngaphezulu konyaka | Agasti Agasti 1954-1958, 1962–1964 | izinsikazi | 10 | 145,06 | 119,33 | 38,23 | — | 53,26 |
Izinyoni ezindala | I-Ibid., 1972-1987, | abesilisa | 116 | 149,93 | 116,86 | 36,08 | 12,7 | 54,84 |
Unyaka owodwa | Julayi | izinsikazi | 119 | 145,23 | 112,13 | 35,12 | 12,53 | 52,94 |
Izinyoni ezindala | I-Ibid., 1972-1987, | abesilisa | 78 | 147,01 | 118,0 | 36,7 | 12,98 | 55,77 |
ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-2 | Julayi | izinsikazi | 60 | 148,7 | 122,87 | 35,32 | 11,63 | 53,03 |
Iqembu lobudala | Phansi | Amapharamitha | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
iphiko | umsila | ingalo | umlomo | ||||||||||
n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | ||
Mncane | abesilisa | 46 | 110–152 | 138,7 | 33 | 78–105 | 94,1 | 18 | 12–16 | 14,3 | 53 | 26–34 | 30,1 |
(Izinyanga 1.5-6) | izinsikazi | 71 | 107–149 | 137,7 | 53 | 85–105 | 93,5 | 21 | 12–16 | 14,2 | 77 | 25–36 | 29,9 |
Abadala | abesilisa | 74 | 114–157 | 145,8 | 58 | 96–141 | 121,1 | 33 | 13–17 | 15,2 | 78 | 26–42 | 33,8 |
(Iminyaka engu-1-2) | izinsikazi | 66 | 116–154 | 142,3 | 48 | 92–132 | 112,9 | 26 | 13–16 | 14,7 | 63 | 26–42 | 32,8 |
Abadala | abesilisa | 68 | 137–159 | 150,2 | 57 | 112–142 | 128,2 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,7 | 74 | 26–41 | 34,5 |
(Iminyaka emi-2 noma ngaphezulu) | izinsikazi | 71 | 135–154 | 145,7 | 55 | 107–139 | 120,4 | 26 | 12–17 | 14,5 | 65 | 26–39 | 33,0 |
Akukho okukhombisa | abesilisa | 54 | 140–157 | 146 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
iminyaka | izinsikazi | 29 | 138–150 | 143 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Akukho ubulili nobudala | — | — | 140–156 | — | — | 102–153 | — | — | 13–14 | — | — | 27–35 | — |
Akukho okukhombisa | abesilisa | 25 | 148–158 | — | 25 | 106–127 | — | 25 | 11–13 | — | 25 | 32–38 | — |
iminyaka | izinsikazi | 23 | 142–151 | — | 23 | 106–122 | — | 23 | 11–13 | — | 23 | 29–35 | — |
Phansi | Amapharamitha | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ubude bomzimba | I-Wingspan | Isisindo | |||||||
n | lim | x | n | lim | x | n | lim | x | |
abesilisa | 12 | 215–260 | 240,3 | 12 | 436–460 | 439,6 | 6 | 39,5–51,4 | 47,4 |
izinsikazi | 14 | 220–277 | 239,1 | 14 | 400–471 | 432,1 | 12 | 45,6–56,1 | 48,1 |
abesilisa | 16 | 241–290 | 268,8 | 17 | 410–484 | 450,4 | 10 | 42,4–62,5 | — |
izinsikazi | 15 | 220–274 | 251,3 | 13 | 410–498 | 436,6 | 11 | 42,9–59,7 | 50,9 |
abesilisa | 14 | 270–300 | 283,0 | 13 | 430–475 | 449,3 | 12 | 45,0–62,0 | 55,3 |
izinsikazi | 11 | 230–285 | 255,3 | 10 | 415–445 | 426,7 | 9 | 47,2–60,4 | 53,7 |
abesilisa | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 50–60 | 55 |
? | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45–56 | — |
abesilisa | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 52 | — |
izinsikazi | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 62 | — |
Indiza
Ukundiza komuntu odla izinyosi kuyashesha futhi kuyashesha. Izikhathi eziningi uphela amaphiko akhe ngokushesha okukhulu, bese enyuka ngejubane elikhulu. Indiza yakhe, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, iyafana nokundiza kwenkonjane nenkanyezi.Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni iyaqhuma endaweni ethile emoyeni bese, ngokushesha, ichezule amaphiko ayo, iqale ukuphapha, njenge-kestrel noma i-fawn encane. Ekuseni noma ntambama, lapho kushisa futhi kunelanga, izinyosi zindizela phezulu esibhakabhakeni futhi zindiza phezulu kangangokuba azikwazi ukubonwa ngamehlo.
Ngabe udlani udlani?
Imenyu yeSchur ihluke kakhulu, kuyo ungabona bobabili abantu bezitshalo nokudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane. Ebantwini abavuthiwe, lokhu kudla kuyimifino ikakhulukazi, futhi ukukhula okuncane kudinga amaprotheni amaningi, ngakho-ke izinambuzane zigxile kwimenyu yazo.
Schur hhayi athande ukudla:
- imbewu yezihlahla ezincibilikayo futhi eziqinile,
- amahlumela amancane namaqabunga
- efihlekile
- amajikijolo ahlukahlukene
- amantongomane
- izihlahla zezihlahla
- izimbungulu
- izibungu zezinambuzane
- izimveku esimweni sokugqwayiza okulengisiwe.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izibiliboco eziyizintandokazi ze-schurov zingamajikijolo ama-rowan nejuniper, kanye namantongomane zikaphayini.
UShakha ungabizwa ngokuthi umsizi ehlathini, ngoba ukhipha izinambuzane eziyingozi eziningi - amabhungane, izikelemu kanye nezibungu - ngomlomo wakhe owucwathile kusuka kumifantu esegangeni. Njengoba ukudla kwenkukhu kuhlanganiswa kakhulu imbewu, kanye nokwehla kweSchur, kusakazeka izinsalela zezimbewu ezingaphanjwanga kwezinye izindawo lapho amahlumela amasha aqala ukukhula.
I-Shchurov, igcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa, kumele idliswe ngamantongomane ahlukahlukene:
- ama-hazelnuts
- amantongomane
- uphayinaphu,
- hazel.
Ekudleni kwezinkukhu, ngaphezu kwengxube yokusanhlamvu, amahlumela wezihlahla ezihlanganayo nezisuthayo, amajikijolo ahlukahlukene, izithelo, imifino kumele kube khona. Bondla izinyoni ngoshizi we-cottage shizi, amaqanda abilisiwe nenyama, engeza izithasiselo ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisiwe ekudleni. Ukuze i-plumage yezinyoni ilondoloze ukukhanya kwayo, kufanele kube nokuqukethwe okunothile kwe-carotene ku-feed.
Izwi le-Golden Bee-eater
Impela bonke abadla izinyosi - izinyoni ziqhakazile futhi zinemibala. Kepha bazidonsela ukunakekela ngokwabo ngomsindo we-iridescent ngendlela ye- "pru-u-hipp", eshicilelwe yibo ngenkathi behamba. Izinyoni ezivame kakhulu ukubiza ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, noma kuthulekile, kuyazwakala kumabanga amade. Lawa ama-trill nemisindo emifushane: "squint", "crru", "crru". Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinyoni zizishicilela njalo. Lapho kutholakala umuthi omkhulu onesiqongo esomile emaphethelweni ehlathi, imihlambi edlekayo yenyosi yegolide idla amagatsha awo angenalutho bese ikhipha isikhalo sayo.
I-Molting
Ukuthunyelwa kwesidleke sezinyosi zegolide akufundwanga ngokwanele. Kubantu abadala, ngokusobala, ama-molt amabili ngonyaka: okuyingxenye futhi kugcwele. Esokuqala siqala ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya kuSepthemba. Izinyoni zindizela ebusika, ziguqula izimpaphe ezincane kuphela. Okwesibili kwenzeka ebusika, kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi. Ngalesi sikhathi, izimpaphe zezimpukane nomsila ziyathathelwa indawo. Ngokusobala, izingane ziqala ukuncibilikisa kuphela ebusika, kepha ezindaweni zokudla ezidlekayo zibonakala zivele zindala.
Esidlekeni sezinyosi segolide, kugqokwa okungenani izingubo ezintathu: izingubo zabantu abasha, kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha, abantu abadala, isidlo sokuqala, i.e. kusukela eminyakeni izinyanga eziyi-10 iye eminyakeni eyi-1.5, abantu abadala ngeminyaka yesibili, yesithathu neyalandela. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka minyaka yonke, kusuka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuya kuMashi. Phakathi kokuqagelwa kweqoqo laseSt. Petersburg kukhona abafuduki abaqoqwe ngo-Agasti-Novemba, nalabo abaqala ukushintshwa izimpaphe, futhi nangaphandle kwezimpawu zokuncibilika. Ngenxa yalokho, inani eliphakeme lokuncibilika kwezinyosi liwela phakathi nobusika futhi ukuncibilika kuqeda ngokuphelele ekuqaleni kokufuduka kwentwasahlobo kuya ezindaweni zokuzalela. Uhlelo lokuncibilikisa inyosi yegolide luhlongozwe nguFry (Fry, 1984) (Ithebula 17).
Iminyaka yezinyoni | Umnyango we-Plumage | Izinyanga | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agasti | Septhemba | Okthoba | Novemba | Disemba | Janawari | UFebhuwari | |
Encane (izinyanga eziyi-1-10) | |||||||
UPenna | = = | === | == | ====== | == == | == == | == |
Ukubaluleka | — | Mina | II III | IX V VI | I-VII VIII | I-x x | — |
Omncane | — | — | 12 | 11 13 10/1 | 9 2 8 | 3 7 4 | 6 5 |
Ukuqondisa | — | — | — | 1/2 6/3 | 4 5 | — | — |
Abantu abadala abangaphezu konyaka ongu-1 | |||||||
UPenna | = = | ====== | — | == | = = = = | = = = = | = = |
Ukubaluleka | I-III | II / IV I / V | — | I-VIVII VIII | IX | X | — |
Omncane | 13 | 12 11 | 1 | 10 2 9 | 3 8 4 | 7 | 5 6 |
Ukuqondisa | — | — | 1/2 | 5/6 | 3/4 | — | — |
Abantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-2 ubudala (col. ZIN RAS, ZM MSU n = 47) | |||||||
UPenna | — | = = = = = = | = = = = | — | — | — | — |
Ukubaluleka | I-III / II | IV (V) | I / V VI | — | — | — | — |
Omncane | — | 12/13 | 11/1 10 | — | — | — | — |
Ukuqondisa | — | — | 1(2) 5/6 | — | — | — | — |
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokuqoqwa kwe-ZM MSU ne-ZIN RAS, ukuncibilika kwezinyoni ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2 kukhulu kakhulu kunokwezingane ezinonyaka owodwa.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Isidleke esidla izinyosi imele umgodi omude ovundlile. Kuyimbiwa, ikakhulukazi ngowesilisa. Umhubhe ubekwa u-1-1,5 m ukujula nobubanzi obungu-5 cm. Cishe izinkulungwane eziyi-7 zenhlabathi ziphonswa ngaphandle yizinyoni ngesikhathi sokumba. Umsebenzi wokwakha uthatha amasonto amabili. Izinyoni zisebenza ngezindlela: bambe ihora noma amabili, bese uhlela ikhefu lesikhathi esifanayo.
Umgodi obumbiwe ungudaba lwezingxabano phakathi kwezihlobo. Akuyona yonke inyoni efuna ukumba umgodi onjalo, uma kunethuba lokuwuthola ngenkani. Ababili abenqume ukudala inzalo, kufanele bashaye amakhaya abo.
Isikhombisi esikhulu lapho ukhetha owesilisa ukudala inzalo yikhono lokondla amachwane. Kungakho abafana abathandana nabo bephatha insikazi kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngemuva kokuthi insikazi yenze ukukhetha, ukuzalanisa kwenzeka. E-clutch kungaba khona amaqanda amane kuya kwayi-10. Zincane kakhulu, ekuqaleni zipinki ngombala. Njengoba zidonsa, umbala uyaphela.
Insikazi ifukamela amaqanda, owesilisa athole ukudla. Kwesinye isikhathi abazali besikhathi esizayo bayashintsha izindima. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka cishe inyanga. Amakati azalwa enqunu ngokuphelele. Baqala ukudla kakhulu kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala, ukukhethwa kwemvelo kwenzeka, futhi amaphuphu abuthaka kakhulu afa ngokuntuleka komsoco.
Ngemuva kwenyanga, amachwane ashiya isidleke sawo sabazali. Khulisa amachwane esidla izinyosi abantu abasha bayasiza izihlobo kusuka kubantwana abedlule Bazitholela ukudla abalingani babo abancane, basize ekushayeni ekhaya kubaphangi.
Ngokungafani nezinyoni eziningi, umuntu odla izinyosi akanandaba nesembozo "saphansi" sesidleke. Abaziphathi utshani, i-fluff kanye namahlamvu emgodini. Ngenkathi yokuqhekeka, amabhulukwe besifazane aqhamukela ngaphandle kwezinambuzane ezingaphanjwanga: amaphiko, imilenze, okwakha udoti omuhle kakhulu wesizukulwane esizayo.
Izinyoni ezidla inyama azisongeli ezinhlwini zokugcina izinyosi. Lokhu kusungulwa ngemisele ebanzi, ekuhlelweni kwazo izinyoni ezisebenzisa isikhathi esiningi nomzamo. Izinja noma izimpungushe zingaphazamisa isidleke. Noma kunjalo, iqanda elilodwa linesisindo esingu-5-7 amagremu, futhi ne-clutch enkulu ayikwazi ukwanelisa inyamazane. Isikhathi sokuphila esiseduze kweminyaka emi-4.
Ukufuduka
I-golden bee-esidla inyoni ejwayelekile efudukayo. Yisibalo sabantu abahlala eningizimu ye-Afrika kuphela abangabizwa ngokuthi bazinza. Okungenani, ulwazi mayelana nokuhamba kwalezi zinyoni alukatholakali. Ngaphambi kokundiza, abantu abadla izinyosi zegolide babuthana emihlanjini yezinyoni ezindala nezincane, ezisuka ku-20 ziye ku-100 noma ngaphezulu. Ngemihlangano yalezi zinyoni ekwindla, imvamisa ukwahlulela ukufuduka kwezidleke zezinyosi, yize imigwaqo yazo yokondla ibonwa empeleni. Izinyoni ekuqaleni zihlala eduze kwamakholoni, bese zandisa indawo yokundiza futhi zivame ukuma eduze kwama-glades. Bese ziyandiza zihambe, mhlawumbe zidlula amabanga amade - kwezinye izithiyo (isibonelo, izintaba zaseGeorgia), zinqobe bese kuthi, emva kokuzondla, ziqhubekele eningizimu. Ukufuduka ngokwako kungenzeka ngokwenzeka ebusuku, yize kudlula ngendlela ehlukile yeCaucasus, ezintabeni ezise-Central Asia, eLebanon naseGibhithe, izinyoni zabonwa zihamba ngandlela thile phakathi nosuku (iRadde, 1884, Meinertzhagen, 1930, Leister, Sosnin, 1942 , ISudilovskaya, 1951, njll.).
Emfuleni i-Oka, esifundeni sase-Okskiy Zap., Lapho amachwane wezinyosi zegolide aqhuma khona ezihlaxini zawo kusukela amashumi amabili kuJulayi kuya ku-Agasti 10-15, izinyoni ziyahlangana ngemihlambi futhi zihlala endaweni yokuzalanisa kuze kube ngoSepthemba 10-15. Emihlambini enjalo kunezinyoni zasekhaya nezisencane nabantu abadala (idatha yokumaka). Ngasikhathi sinye, izindandatho zezinyosi ezikwele i-Oka ngabancane nabadala zibhekwa eNyakatho. ICaucasus (Stavropol Territory, iKrasnodar Territory) naseColchis Lowland. Imihlangano ka-Oka odla izinyosi eColchis nakwezinye izifunda eziseduzane zaseTranscaucasia usuku luqala ngoSepthemba kanye neshumi lokuqala lika-Okthoba. Ngo-Okthoba, iningi (92,5%) lezinyoni ezinamaphiko zatholakala empumalanga. ugu lolwandle lweMedithera. Ukuhlangana kwezinyoni ezinamaphiko ngoNovemba-Janawari akubhalwa. Futhi ngoFebhuwari kuphela isidlo sezinyosi esisodwa satholakala eRhodeia ngo-18 ° N .
Umdwebo 60. Isikimu sokufuduka ekwindla kwesibalo sabantu base-Oka be-Golden bee-esidla:
Indawo yokuhlala yezinyoni zabemi base-Oka, b - indawo yokuhlala yezinyoni ngoSepthemba-Okthoba, c - indawo yokuhlala yezinyoni ngo-Okthoba, d - indlela yokufuduka kwasekwindla, e - ukukhala kwezinyoni ngoJanuwari -Febhuwari (Rhodesia).
Isimo sendiza yasentwasahlobo yalowo odla inyama yegolide ayicaciswanga. Ukwahlulela ngokuhlangana okumbalwa kwezinyoni ezinemithi, abantu abavela kubantu base-Oka abadla izinyosi entwasahlobo babuyela kumasayithi wokudlela ngendlela efanayo nasekwindla.
Ukuhlangana okokuqala kwentwasahlobo kwalezi zinyoni eCrimea, eningizimu. I-Ukraine, kumaCarpathians, eduze neKursk, iVoronezh nasesifundeni saseRyazan. aqoshiwe kusukela ezinsukwini zokugcina zika-Ephreli kuya kumashumi amabili kaMeyi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo gubha ukufika kwalezi zinyoni eCaucasus, e-Asia Ephakathi nase-Urals. Kuyiqiniso, ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu kakhulu yebanga, isikhathi esithile senzekile senzeka, kodwa ukuqhathanisa kwemithombo eminingi yemibhalo, imibiko yomlomo ye-ornithologists, ukubonwa kwasekuqaleni nezinto zokwenziwa kwamaqoqo wezokwelapha kusikisela ukuthi umehluko ekubonakaleni kwezinyoni kuyo yonke le nsimu enkulu awudluli izinsuku ezingama-20-25 ( ISudilovskaya, 1951, Dementiev, 1952, Vorontsov, 1967, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Lugovoi, 1975, Kostin. 1983, nabanye).
Iqoqo le-ZIN RAS liqukethe isibonakaliso sowesifazane oneminyaka emibili, otholwe ngo-Ephreli 24 eMesopotamia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-Ephreli 15, isidlo sezinyosi satholakala ku-bass. ISyr Darya. Ephreli 27, 1950 ngu-A. I. Ivanov (1953) le nyoni yabanjwa eKyzyl-Agach zap.
Eshumini sokuqala sikaMeyi, ummbila odliwe izinyosi: Me 2 - eTbilisi, Meyi 8 (1912, K.A. Satunin) - eVost. EGeorgia, ngoMeyi 3 - eRepetek West., NgoMeyi 4 - e-Armenia, ngoMeyi 4 (1911) - eduze nase-Armavir, ngoMeyi 2 no-5 - e-Uzbekistan, ngoMeyi 8 (1903) - eKushka, Yumaya (1950) .) A.I. Ivanov wadubula owesilisa nowesifazane abaneminyaka engaphezu kwemibili eduze kwase-Uralsk. Eminyakeni eyishumi kaMeyi, ummbila odliwe izinyosi waziswa e-Uzbekistan (Meyi 11, 12, 15 - N. A. Severtsov), ngoMeyi 16 nango-19 (1888) - e-Ashgabat (Grum-Grzhimailo), ngoMeyi 17 - esiteshini. Ipholile enyakatho. ICaucasus, ngoMeyi 19 (1881) - e-Orenburg (N.A. Zarudny).
Ngenani elicishe lilingane lezinyoni ezinonyaka owodwa ubudala nangaphezulu, inani lokuhlangana ngezikhathi zentwasahlobo liyehluka kancane (Ithebula 18). Izinyoni ezinonyaka owodwa ubudala ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo zihlala isikhathi eside ebusika uma ziqhathaniswa nabantu asebekhulile, ezigijimayo ngokubonakalayo kumasayithi esidleke.
isikhathi sentwasahlobo | izingane zonyaka n = 119 | biennial and older n = 128 |
---|---|---|
Ephreli | — | 2 |
Ngihlanganisa iminyaka eyishumi ngoMeyi | 2 | 9 |
Ishumi lesibili ngoMeyi | 10 | 20 |
Okwesithathu kaMeyi | 27 | 25 |
Habitat
Ngokusho kuka-A.M. Sudilovskaya (1951) - izikhala ezivulekile zesikebhe ezihlangana nezindawo zemifula nemifula enamabhange obumba aminyene, egcwele izihlahlana, amahlathi asesigodini noma izihlahla ezihlukile. Esigabeni esiphakathi kwengxenye yaseYurophu kuhlala ezigodini zemifula i-Oka, Khoper, Don, Moksha, Sura, Sviyaga. Lapha kuhlala endaweni enesihlabathi, udaka noma amatshe amatshe amatshe asemfuleni, ngasemaphethelweni ezigodi, ezigebeni, kwizimbobo, kepha hhayi kude nesiteshi somfula. Emaphethelweni emifula emincane yemifula (uPri, uPronya esifundeni saseRyazan, ePiana, umkhwekazi esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod, Alatyr eChuvashia, Tsna, Vorona esifundeni saseTambov) - ezindaweni ezise-estuarine kuphela. Esikhathini sokuzalela ngaphandle kugcinwa ezigodini zemifula, kuze kufike emaphethelweni ezigodi zesibili.
Cishe akwenzeki ngaphezulu kwamahlathi aminyene, yize ngesikhathi sokuhamba kuphawulwa, ngokwesibonelo, enkabeni yehlathi laseMeshchersky elingama-25-30 km ukusuka endaweni yokuhlala enkulu, kepha akuhlali lapha. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba ukhetha indawo ephansi. Ayikhuphuki phezulu ezintabeni: ifinyelela ku-1,500 m eCaucasus, ifinyelela ku-2 000 m eCaucasus, ifinyelela ku-2 500 m e-Armenia (Leister, Sosnin, 1942). ESemirechye kufinyelela amahlathi anentaba, i.e. inyuka ifinyelela ku-1,800 m (Zarudny, Koreyev, 1906, Schnitnikov, 1949), kepha amaqiniso wokudlekwa kwawo awakhonjiswanga lapha. ETajikistan, yatholakala endaweni yokwakha izidleke endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-1800 kuya kwangama-1900 (Ivanov, 1940, Sudilovskaya, 1951). Ezindaweni eziwugwadule, kuvamile ogwini lwemifula, yezifufula, egcwele imishayo. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala ogwadule, futhi kuvame kakhulu esihlabathini kunamandla aminyene. ECazakhstan, ibuye ihlale ngasogwini lwamachibi anogqinsi olunodaka lwamanzi, ihlala okwegobhozi, amasimu, izingadi nezingadi zasekhishini ezingaphansi kwezinyawo. Ezithambeni eziphansi zeTien Shan kuwuphawu lwesimo samasiko. Emadolobheni, ayihlali, kepha emaphethelweni kuvamile. Ihlala lapha emithambekeni yemvelo nasezindongeni zezindonga zodaka zezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zabantu. Emafutheni nasemifuleni ephansi yemifula enkangala yehlane kwezinye izikhathi ize ixazululwe ngaphandle kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, igaya umgodi nge-engela yobuso bomhlaba (Korelov, 1970). Okwe-Algeria neNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, izindawo ezinjengalezi esidla izinyosi zegolide zinesimo esithe xaxa kunasemadwaleni amdaka (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985).
Cishe bonke abacwaningi baphawula ukuheha kwezinyosi kuya kwezidleke zezinyosi. Maphakathi neRussia, izindawo ezihlala izidleke zezinyosi (izikhukhula) nezindawo eziphakeme zasendaweni zisezindaweni ezifanayo (amachibi ezikhukhula). Emahlathini aminyene azikho izindlwana ezinkulu, kepha futhi kunezindawo ezimbalwa (amawa, izigodi, njll.) Ezilungele isidleke saso. Ezigabeni ezimbili zomfula. Iso elinobude obuyi-107 ne-111 km ngonyaka we-1975, inani lamabhungane lalicishe lifane (3.9 no-3.6 burrows per km 10 of the river). Kwakunamabheji angama-21 kokuqala, kanti angama-4 kuphela elesibili. Isibalo samabhungane esigabeni sokuqala sasingu-42, kwesibili - 40. Ngokwesilinganiso, kwakukhona imisele emibili endaweni eyodwa yezidleke, kanti eyi-10 kwesibili. Ngakho-ke, izidleke zivalelwe ukudla inyama yezinyosi ezindaweni zezinyosi akuqinisekisiwe lapha.
Inombolo
Endaweni yokuhlala eRussia nasezifundeni ezisondelene nayo, kuvamile ezindaweni zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo, kwesinye isikhathi eziningi. Inani lamazana okuzalela ancipha libheke emngceleni osenyakatho wobubanzi. Inani eliphelele lezinyosi zegolide, izidleke, ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni saseRyazan. ngawo-1970 nama-80s awudluli ngababili abangama-350-400 (idatha yoqobo). Ngu-A.M. ISudilovskaya (1951), le nhlobo ifinyelela ekuphakameni okukhulu e-Ukraine eningizimu yeKharkov naseDnepropetrovsk, engxenyeni yeCrimea naseNyakatho. ICaucasus, kanye naseMpumalanga. ITranscaucasia. KwiVolga, izinyoni eziningi zidla emlonyeni kusukela kuSamara Luke. Esifundeni saseSyzran kuyinto ejwayelekile, esifundeni sasePenza. izidleke ezindaweni, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda. Emfuleni Ama-Urals athambekele. Kuhlelo lokusebenza. uhhafu weKazakhstan, ezigodini eziphansi zaseKyrgyzstan, ezigodini zemifula nasezindaweni eziphansi ze-Uzbekistan, Tajikistan nakulo lonke elaseTurkmenistan - kuningi (Puzanov et al., 1942, 1955, Schnitnikov, 1949, Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Strautman, 1954, Yanushevich ne et al., 1960, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Ivanov, 1969, Averin, Ganya, 1970, Korelov, 1970, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Kostin, 1983, nabanye.
U-N.P. Dubinin (1953) wahlangana ngosuku lweholide ngesikhathi sokudlela ezindaweni ezihlukene eNizh. Ama-Urals asukela ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya kwezingu-15 izinyosi ngosuku (ngokwesilinganiso - izinyoni eziyi-11.2). Ngesikhathi sokufuduka ekwindla, inani labadli bezinyosi kule ndawo lenyuka amahlandla alishumi (ukusuka emihlanganweni engama-26 kuye kwangama-45 kuye kwayi-1,200 ngosuku). ETajikistan, emaphethelweni eRange laseZeravshan. ezingaphezu kwama-110 ngazimbili ngehayili elilodwa kwaphawulwa, isigodi somfula sasinabantu abaningi kakhulu. I-Mgian enamawele amaningi e-loess kanye nemigwaqo yobumba. Imigwaqo emikhulu (eyikhulu) ibonakele eceleni komgwaqo omkhulu waseDushanbe-Termez, izindawo ezibalulekile zisethambekeni eliseningizimu yeGissar Range. kufinyelela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-1,600 ngaphezu kolwandle (Abdusalyamov, 1971).
Ngaphandle kweVost. Imininingwane ethile yaseYurophu iyatholakala emazweni alandelayo. EFrance - sisuka kumabhangqa ayi-100 kuye kwayi-1 000, e-Austria ngo-1959-1960. - cishe ngababili abangama-20, ngonyaka we-1965 - hhayi wahlangana, ngonyaka we-1978 - ngababili abangama-30. EHungary ngonyaka we-1949 inani lalinganiselwa ku-1 271 ngababili, ngonyaka ka-1955 - ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezimbili, ngo-1977 - ngababili abayi-1350. E-Italy, eSpain, eGrisi, eziqhingini zaseCorsica naseSardinia, eCyprus, kwa-Israyeli naseMorocco, kuvamile ezindaweni zokuhlala ezifanele, kepha ezingangeni ezindaweni ezintabeni, kuyaqabukela eziqhingini zaseGreek (eCramp, 1985). Kususelwa ekulinganiselweni kwesibalo sezinyoni ezifudukayo ngaphezulu kweGibraltar kanye nasempumalanga yeMedithera Ch.UFry (1984) ulinganisela ukuthi inani eliphelele lokudla izinyosi ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa kulo lonke uhla lwazo lingaba yizigidi eziyi-13. Uma izinyoni ezi-2/3 zincane, khona-ke isilinganiso esijwayelekile sabantu esiqala ukudana minyaka yonke singalinganiselwa kwizigidi ezimbili.
Shintsha izinombolo phakathi kwebanga. Ukuchazwa kwezinguquko ngenani labadli bezinyosi begolide emngceleni osenyakatho webanga labo engxenyeni yaseYurophu linikezwe ngu-E. S. Ptushenko (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ukholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni engama-170 edlule, isidlo sezinyosi segolide sivele endaweni yesifunda saseMoscow noma sanyamalala lapha. Ekupheleni kwe-XVIII - ukuqala kwekhulu le-XIX. esidla izinyosi bekuyinyoni engavamile lapha futhi kungenzeka nokuthi isidleke. Umsebenzi we-Dvi-gubsky (Dwigubsky, 1802), lapho kubikwa khona, wanyatheliswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ke, kuze kube 70s. I-XIX century., Imininingwane mayelana nale nhlobo esifundazweni saseMosike ayikho. Odla izinyosi ku-okr. EMoscow ngonyaka we-1879, lapho umhlambi omncane walezi zinyoni uhlala esigodini somfula. IMoscow, eduzane nedolobhana Mazilovo. Ehlobo lika-1884, isidlo sezinyosi sahlangana eMoscow uqobo (Menzbier, 1881-1883, Lorenz, 1894, Satunin, 1895, ekhonjiwe nguPtushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ukuhlaziya amandla okusatshalaliswa kokudla kwezinyosi ngasekupheleni kwe-XIX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XX. ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane iRyazan, iLipetsk, iTambov, kanye nalezo eziseningizimu yeKursk, Voronezh, neTula, u-E. Ptushenko ufinyelela esiphethweni esichazwe ngenhla. Ngaphandle kokungabaza ubuqiniso beziphetho zika-E S. Ptushenko, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukushintshashintsha kwenombolo yabadla izinyosi esikhathini esichazwe nguye kungenzeka ukuthi akubanga kangako. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela futhi ukuthi umuntu odla izinyosi, okungenani emingceleni yobubanzi bawo, "uzama" ukuthi angabonakali kangako (bheka ngenhla). Kungenzeka ukuthi ngalesi sici sokuziphatha kwakhe okubonakala sengathi “ukwehluleka” kuxhunyiwe ochungechungeni lwezinkomba zaminyaka yonke zesilinganiso saso.
Inani lokudla izinyosi zegolide lifumana ukuguquguquka konyaka nonyaka. Ngokunyuka kwenani lezinyoni, uhla luyanda. Amakoloni amasha enyoni akha ezifundeni ezisenyakatho. Ngo-1958-1965 udla izinyosi wathuthela enyakatho, okuqinisekiswe ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yokukhala nokuthwebula kabusha. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuhamba kwabantu ukuya enyakatho unyaka kwakuyikhilomitha eyi-1 (Priklonsky, 1970). Ngokuzayo, le nqubekela phambili yehlise umoya, kwathi ngonyaka we-1980. futhi wayeka ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokuya ngezimo eziguqukayo, indawo yancipha ngokungathi. Ngokuvamile, singasho ukwanda okuncane kwemingcele yokudla izidleke zezinyosi eminyakeni engama-50 edlule.
Iningi lababhali liqaphela ushintsho olukhulu ngobuningi bezinhlobo (Dementiev, 1952, Dubinin, 1953, Puzanov et al., 1955, Ivanov, 1969, nabanye). Eduze kwe-Oksky Zap. inani lokudla izinyosi linokuphindwe okungenani kane kwe-amplitude of oscillations eminyakeni ehlukene. I-V.V. Lavrovsky (2000) ikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuhlinzekelwa kokuphakelayo okuyisisekelo. Lapha, isidlo sezinyosi sitholakala emngceleni osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa kwawo. Iminyaka 1956-1991. isibalo sezimbobo ezingama-200 km eceleni komfula. I-Oka isukela ku-160 iye ku-25. Abaphenyi abafunda ama-avifauna esifundeni saseRyazan. ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 (Turov et al.), Ngokujwayelekile isidlo sezinyosi sasingaqoshwa. Sithambekele ekuchazeni lesi simo ngezimpawu zokuziphatha kwaso ezichazwe ngenhla nokuthi laba babhali basebenza kakhulu enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenkabeni yeRyazan Territory. Ngokusho kukaN.P. Dubinin (1953), odla izinyosi udweba imingcele yobubanzi bawo futhi andise amanani alo ezindaweni eziphansi zomfula. Ural. Ngokusho kukaV.N. Bostanzhoglo (1887), sasatshalaliswa kuphela kuze kube s. I-Krasnoyarsk, hhayi ukuhlangana ngaseningizimu. U-N.A. Severtsov noG.S. Karelin abakwazanga ukuqaphela isidlo sezinyosi kule ndawo. Ngesikhathi seminyaka yokubhekwa kweN.P. Dubinin, kwaphawulwa ngaphansi. inkambo yama-Urals njengenyoni ejwayelekile futhi ngezinye izikhathi eningi kakhulu. U-A. N. Formozov (1981) uthi ukwanda kwebanga lenyosi yegolide ekuthuthukisweni kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokukhula kwenethiwekhi yezikhukhula endaweni yeVolga Upland.
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha
Inyosi yegolide - umhlambi wezinyoni. Kuvela emhlanjini equkethe zombili izinyoni eziningana (5- 15) kanye nezinamba ezinamakhulu amaningana (150-1000) (Korelov, 1948, 1970, Dubinin, 1953, idatha yasekuqaleni). Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubonakala kwezinyoni zihlukaniswe ngababili. Kukhona umcabango wokuthi bagcina ngababili, noma behlala emaphaketheni ngesikhathi sokufuduka nasebusika. Noma ngesikhathi sokuqala sokudlekwa kwezinyoni, izinyoni zivame ukungatholakali ngawodwa, kodwa ngabantu abaningana. Emakholoni amakhulu eCentral Asia, eSpain nase-Algeria, ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka ekwakhiweni, imigodi ivame “ukubhidliza” umhlambi bese ihamba 2-5, kwesinye isikhathi ibanga eli-10-18 km ukusuka koloni olunondlayo (Korelov, 1970, Fry, 1984). Ngemuva kwalokho babuyela emsebenzini wabo. Isizathu esenza ukuthi izinyoni zibaleke kungaba ukuvakasha koloni ngumuntu, umphangi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izimo ezingaqondakali kubantu.
Odla izinyosi ubonakala kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi sokufakwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ehleli esidlekeni idliswa owesilisa. Uma owesilisa efikelwa ngumzimba phakathi nosuku, yena uqobo uyashiya isidleke isikhashana, azidlele yena. Kodwa-ke, ukungabikho okunjalo akuvamile. Owesilisa uvame ukuhlala esidlekeni ngamakhaza ngaphandle kwekhefu, kuze kube yilapho owesifazana eguqula. Amacala amaningana aqapheleka lapho, ngesikhathi sokufa kowesifazane esigabeni sokugcina sokubeletha, owesilisa unakekela ngokuphelele ukuqandusela amaqanda, bese wondla amaphuphu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isisindo sowesilisa sehlile ngokuphela kokufakwa ekufukameleni safinyelela kuma-40-46 g. Akukho namunye kulawa wesilisa owavela kulezi zindawo eminyakeni elandelayo - kungenzeka ukuthi bafa (ngokusho kokuthola idatha yezinyoni ezingaba ngu-15,000 ezidlekeni ngo-1956-1985, kufaka phakathi kufaka phakathi abesilisa abayisi-7 abondla izingane zami zodwa).
U-V V Afanasova kanye no-Yu. S. Volkova (1989) baphawula ukubamba iqhaza kwezinyoni ezisizayo ekugcineni kokudla. Babengabafana (ngokusho kwababhali) abesifazane. Abanye ababhali baphinde babike ngokuba khona kwabasizi (iDyer, Andras, 1981, ekhonjiwe e-Afanasova, Volkova, 1989, Cramp, 1985, Malovichko, Konstantinov, 2000).
Ngesikhathi sokuphakela amaphuphu, izinyoni ezikoloni zihlala zodwa futhi ngamaqembu amancane. Iziqongo ukondla amantshontsho zenzeka ekuseni nantambama. Ngezinye izikhathi, ikoloni aligcinwa imvamisa yokufika esidlekeni nokusuka lapho liye kudla. Uma umgodi owodwa uphazamiseka ekholoni, ngokwesibonelo, inyoni endala eyondlayo ibanjwa kuyo futhi ibhajwe emgodini, odla izinyosi eziningana baqoqana eduze kwalelo hole. Zindiza eduze komnyango wokungena emgodini, ziveze ngokusobala ukukhathazeka kwazo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuziphatha akuhlali isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kwemizuzu eyi-10-15, umhlambi wezinyosi ukhuphukela emoyeni uye ezindaweni zokuzingela. Futhi-ke, uma konke "kuphephile" koloni, bayaqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo ejwayelekile.
Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokudlekwa, lapho amaphuphu eba makhulu futhi ephuma emgodini, abazali abaqapheli. Lapho umuntu evela eduze kwekholoni, azungeza izimbobo, andize abaleke, alethe ukudla bese endiza emgodini ngokushesha okukhulu. Kulezi zimo, ukuphuma kwamachwane kuqala ezinkalweni kwenzeka. Kwesinye isikhathi kukhona ukubambezeleka, mhlawumbe okuvuswa wukuziphatha kwabantu abadala, "ukuxwayisa" amachwane ngengozi. Ukuhamba kusenesikhathi kubonwa eminyakeni enamafutha amancane, nokuhlala njalo kwabantu eduze kwemisele. Eminyakeni yokuchichima kokudla, lapho abantu bavakashela khona njalo amakoloni, ukuhamba kuyabambezeleka.
Ngemuva kokuhamba, umuntu odla izinyosi uhlangana emihlanjini, lapho kukhona khona izinyoni ezindala nezinyoni ezincane. Imihlambi enjalo iqale ihlale eduze kwamakholoni, ichithe ubusuku bonke ehlathini eliseduze nabo, incane kakhulu emiseleni bese isuswa amabanga amade. Ngalesi sikhathi, bandiza ngaphandle kwebanga. Zazilotshwa ngasemfuleni. I-Belaya, eduzane ne-Izhevsk (esise-Kama), esifundeni sedolobha laseSemenov (esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod, idatha yasekuqaleni). Maphakathi nasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, izinyosi ziqala ukufuduka. Kweminye imihlambi, izinyoni ezindala nezincane ziyandiza.
Izinto zokwakha zibonisa ukusondelana kwabazali ngomunye nomunye. Kumabhangqa ayi-16, zombili izinyoni zazo ezatholakala endaweni yokumaka iminyaka elandelayo ngemuva kokukhala, kuphela lapho umlingani aguquka. Ngenxa yalokho, "ukuthembeka" kumlingani odla izinyosi kwakungu-88%.
Ekubonisweni kokuziphatha kwama-bee bee evers, ukondla isiko kuyinto ehlukile. Lapho isidleke, abesilisa baletha ukudla kwabesifazane - udrako, ibhungane noma ibhungane. Izinambuzane zibulawa ngokushaywa imfimbo (iFomuozov et al., 1950). Ngalesi sikhathi, i-elytra iyahlukana nobhungane. Ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa udlulisa inyamazane kowesifazane. Uyayithatha ayidle, kuthi emva kwalokho kuvela kokuzala. Abesilisa bakhombisa inyamazane, kube sengathi baqinisekisa ukuthi bayakwazi ukondla abantwana. Lokhu kuziphatha kubonwa ezinyoni kulo lonke uhla (Fry, 1984, Cramp, 1985, imvelaphi.).
Umdwebo 61. Izici zokuziphatha kokuzala komuntu odla izinyosi zegolide (ngokusho kuka: Fry, 1984).
Ngemuva kwamaviki awu 2-5 ngemuva kokushiya izidleke ngamathoyane, imihlambi yezinyosi iya ezindaweni zokuma endleleni yokufuduka. Ukuqashelwa kanye nokuxoshwa kweqembu akusivumeli ukuba silinganise ubude bokuhlala kwezinyoni kulezi zindawo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi izingxenye ezithile zendlela yalo ngesikhathi sokufuduka kondli lwezinyosi zinqoba ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu (iDolnik, 1981) - ngaphezu kwamawaka ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4 ngaphezu komhlaba. Kepha kwezinye izindawo andiza aphansi. Ngokudlula kweRange Caucasus Range. eGeorgia nase-Abkhazia, izinyosi zindiza endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-50-200, zijikeleza njalo endaweni yendiza, ngezikhathi ezithile zehlela ezigodini zemifula nemifudlana, imifula, njll. Ebusika, abadla izinyosi bahlala ikakhulu emihlambini emikhulu. Izinyoni zondla ezigodini zemifula, phezu komhlanga, emahlathini ase-savannah, phezu komhlaba wezolimo. Bachitha ubusuku emihlambi emikhulu ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni, ngasogwini lomfula nasezigodini zemifula (uFry, 1984).
Izitha, izici ezingezinhle
Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa esidlekeni, izinyosi zidla izitha ezimbalwa phakathi kwezinyoni ezidla inyama. Kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Oksky. amashumi ezinkulungwane zemigede ehloliwe, izinsalela zezidleke futhi zidla izinyoni ezidla inyama ngo-1954-1990. akukho lapho kutholakale khona izinsalela zomdla wezinyosi. Ngasikhathi sinye, safunda umsoco we-kite emnyama, i-buzzard, i-goshawk, i-sparrow hawk, ibhungane, i-saker falcon, i-kestrel, i-cheglok, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe, ukhozi olukhulu olunamabala, nenyanga yensimu. Ekholoni lokudla izinyosi, ukuzingela kwama-cheglok kwaqalwa kaningi, ngobuningi bamacala - akuphumelelanga. Ngasikhathi sinye, inqwaba yezimbondo zasogwini zazibanjwa nsuku zonke lapha. Imisele yemisele yezinyosi namachwane amadala ingaboshwa kusukela ngenhla yimpungushe noma yinja.
Kwezilwane ezibhubhisa izidleke zezinyosi eKazakhstan, zibizwa ngokuthi izinyoka kanye ne-cheglock. Le yangaphambili igibela emiseleni futhi idle amachwane, kanti inyamazane yangaphambili idla izinyosi ngesikhathi sokufuduka (Korelov, 1970).
Isici se-anthropogenic sinomthelela omkhulu empumelelweni yokwakha izidleke zezinyosi. Ezindaweni zale koloni, lapho kwaphawulwa khona umphumela wazo, impumelelo yokuzalanisa izinyosi yangaphansi kabili lapho abantu babengeke basondele koloni. Umphumela olimazayo kumuntu odla izinyosi udalwa yi-anthropogenic effect, lapho, ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwabantu, izinyoni zivame ukondla amantshontsho, ziziphathe ngokwengeziwe, zingashisi kakhulu, zivame ukuzidla noma ziphonse ukudla okulethwe amachwane eduze kwemibhede ngenxa yokwesaba ukungena egodini. Ngesikhathi sezimo sezulu ezingezinhle, umthelela wale nto uyanda.
ILarvae Diptera, iLepidoptera, neColeoptera (Kirichenko, 1949, Hicks, 1970), kanye nabantu abadala bezimpukane ezingenazintambo zohlobo lwe-Sternopteryx ne-Oxypterum (idatha yasekuqaleni) batholakala emiseleni nasemfucumfucwini wezidleke zezinyosi. UM .N. Korelov (1948, 1970), kanye no-S.M. Kosenko no-E.M. Belousov (ukuxhumana komuntu siqu) eCentral Asia izidleke zetyiwa lezinyosi zegolide esifundweni sezimpahla zabo, phakathi kwezinye izinambuzane, inani elikhulu lezintuthwane latholakala (uhlobo I-Myrmica, iLasius, iFomica). Kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zawela emgqonyeni kadoti njengama-cohabitants esidla ukudla. Ubudlelwano obunjalo phakathi kokudla izinyosi nezintuthwane babubukwa phakathi nendawo kwe-Oka (idatha yasekuqaleni).
Ama-Specostoma basicmani kanye nePtilongssoides triscutatus ekhethekile, atholakala eMoldova (Shumilo, Lunkashu, 1970), esifundeni saseRyazan, eAzerbaijan, eKazakhstan naseKyrgyzstan (Butenko, 1984).
I-S.V. Kirikov, ibhekisa ekubonweni kwe-A.P. IPharadesi, lisikisela ukuthi odla izinyosi bayazwela amakhaza futhi bafa lapho umkhuhlane ubuya entwasahlobo (South Ural). Ukufa okukhulu komuntu odla izinyosi A.P. IParadise yabonwa eduze nase-Orenburg ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1904. Kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Oksky. ukubuya kwesimo sezulu esibandayo nesithwathwa yiqhwa sabonwa ngoMeyi 20-23, 1974. Okwamanje, isidlo sezinyosi selivele savela. Kodwa-ke, ukufa kwabo kwakungabhalisiwe. Endaweni elawulwa umfula. Oka, inani labadli bezinyosi ngonyaka we-1974 lehle ngamaphesenti angama-20 uma liqhathaniswa nango-1973, kepha nokho lalingelinye eliphakeme kakhulu kusukela ngo-1957 kuya ku-1975. Ngo-1975, isibalo sabafundi bokuzala bakhuphuka ngo-17% uma siqhathaniswa no-1974.
Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa
Abanye ososayensi bathi kudliwa izinyosi ngezinambuzane ezifuywayo. Basikisela ukuyisusa esidlekeni sezinyosi zegolide emaphayipini, ukubabhubhisa, ukuvimba izimbobo phakathi kokudlekwa, njll. (UPetrov, 1954, Budnichenko, 1956).
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kokuqukethwe esiswini, u-I.K. Pachossky (1909) wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umuntu odla izinyosi ulusizo futhi kufanele avikelwe. A.I. Osterman (1912) banamathela kumbono ofanayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, u-A.A. Brauner (1912) ubheka le nyoni njengeyingozi kakhulu, yize ingancomanga ukuqothulwa kwayo. Kamuva, abanye ababhali abavela kulesi sifunda (i-Yakubanis, Litvak, 1962) batusa ukunciphisa inani labadla izinyosi eTransnistria laba lincane. U-Yu V. Averin no-A.M. Ganya (1970) baveze imibono evasayo maqondana nokudla izinyosi, bathembisa ukwethusa izinyoni nokusebenzisa ukuqothula kwabo kuphela eduze kwezidleke zezinyosi. Kuma-1980-1990s. esifundeni sase-Odessa kuphela I-Ukraine ngonyaka yabhuqa ngenhloso izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3-5 zokudla izinyosi (Gorai et al., 1994).
S. G. Priklonsky wabala umphumela wenyosi egolide enanini lezinyosi esifundeni sase-Oksky Zap. (Isifunda saseRyazan). Isidleke sezinyosi kule ndawo ngo-1958-1990 ngonyaka sidla abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezi-2,5,5 zezinyosi ezifuywayo, okulinganiselwa ku-0.45-0,9% wokufa kwezinyosi okuphelele ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, lezi zifundo zenziwa emngceleni osenyakatho webanga, lapho inani labadla izinyosi zegolide lincane. Ezindaweni zokufuduka kwabantu abaningi, okudla izinyosi kungenzeka kubangele ukulimala okuthile ekufuyweni kwezinyosi. Lapha kunengqondo ukwesabisa izinyoni kusuka kwezidleke zezinyosi, phambilini ukuze zisungule izingcezu zenyosi nemindeni yezinyosi ebusika. Ukulinganisa okunjalo kunengqondo kakhulu, yize ngokuqinisekile kuzodinga ukwanda ekuhlinzekweni kokudla kwezinyosi ebusika futhi, ngakho-ke, kuzoholela ekwehlelweni kokukhiqizwa (uju).
I-golden bee-eater ifakwe kuhlu kwi-Red Book of the Republic of Belarus kanye nezincwadi eziningi zeRed Book zezinhlangano ezingamaRussian Federation: iBashkortostan, iMari El, iTatararstan, Udmurtia, Kirov kanye neNizhny Novgorod Regions. kanye ne-Altai Territory. Kodwa-ke, ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia, akunikezwa izindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela lolu hlobo.
Uyakwazi lokho.
Ekamelweni lokudlela lezidleke zezinyosi, kunezinsalela eziningi zezembozo zezinambuzane ezingadonswa yinyoni.
- Abadla izinyosi abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika bakha amaqembu enesakhiwo sezenhlalo esithandekayo. Lona omunye wemiphakathi yezinyoni othuthuke kakhulu.
- E-Afrika, abadla izinyosi, njengesidleke, bavame ukusebenzisa imisele ebishiywe i-aardvark.
- Zonke izinhlobo zezidleke zezinyosi zivame ukuhlala ngamaqembu amancane - umbhangqwana ongumzali, inyoni eyodwa noma ezingaphezulu ezingafinyeleli ebusheni. Umndeni ungaba namalungu afinyelela kwayi-12.
- Ngesinye isikhathi, isidleke sezinyosi eCentral Europe. Ngo-1990, eJalimane (ezweni laseBaden-Württemberg), kwathunyelwa izinyoni ezingaphezu kuka-12 zezinyosi zegolide.
- Ukuze lizondle ngokwalo namachwane alo, odla izinyosi kufanele abambe izinambuzane ezingaba ngu-225 nsuku zonke.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
ISchur iyisakhamuzi esingokwesifunda esifundeni esenyakatho ngokwedlulele, asesabi isimo sezulu esibandayo futhi sikulungele ngisho nokuthatha izinqubo zamanzi ngisho nasezikhathi zeqhwa. Lezi zinyoni ziyafuduka, futhi zizinzile, futhi zizenzekile. Konke kuncike kwisimo sezulu sensimu ethile nokunikezwa kokuphakelayo. Kwiqhwa elinamandla, i-pike indiza iya ezindaweni zaseningizimu ethe xaxa, kepha ayisuswa kude kakhulu ezindaweni ezingabekeka kuzo.
Ezindaweni zokuhlala kwabantu, uSchura akavamile ukubona, uthanda izikhala zodwa nezasendle. Kepha, uma ehlangane nomuntu wesilisa, uSchur akazizwa ekhathazekile futhi uphatha amabhlokopo ngokuzethemba, emvumela kude kakhulu ukuze umuntu akwazi ukucabanga ngobuhle bakhe futhi ezwe nokuculwa kwengoma.Ama-Roulade aculwa kuphela ngabesilisa abalungele noma yini ukujabulisa umlingani.
Endizeni, i-squint iyisidina futhi i-yurok; isebenza kalula phakathi kwamagatsha aminyene, yenza izifundo ze-acrobatic. Lapho nje inyoni iwela, iba mancane kancane, igwebu, ilahlekelwe ukuzethemba nomusa. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-squint akuvamile ukuthi ihlale emhlabathini, ngoba phezulu emagatsheni izizwa igagasi layo futhi iphephile, ithanda ukuhlala ezihlahleni ezinde ze-coniferous.
Ukucula kukaShurov kukhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi somshado, kepha abesilisa abahlukani nengoma unyaka wonke. Inhloso yale nyoni ifaka ukukhala okukhanyayo nokukhala okuzwakalayo, kubonakala kuyinto edabukisayo futhi encibilikayo, kepha lokhu ukubukeka kuphela, ngesikhathi sokusebenza abesilisa abahle bayasebenza futhi bazama konke okusemandleni ukukhombisa kuphela ohlangothini oluhle.
I-Habitat nezici
Le nyoni encane ingeqembu le-crayfish, umndeni wabadla izinyosi. Iningi labantu lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo zase-Afrika; le nhlobo iyatholakala naseningizimu yeYurophu, e-Asia, eMadagascar, eNew Guinea nase-Australia.
Hlanganisa isidlo seenyosi segolide, okuyinyoni efudukayo, futhi indizela e-Afrika e-tropical noma e-India ukuyokwenza ubusika. Umngcele osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa eYurophu yingxenye esenyakatho yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, enyakatho ye-Italy. Ihlala cishe kuyo yonke iTurkey, Iran, Northern Iraq ne-Afghanistan.
Amazwe afudumele aseMedithera cishe ayikhaya labadli bezinyosi. I-Nest ezwekazini lase-Afrika emngceleni we-30⁰ enyakatho. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia awahlali phambili enyakatho yezifunda zaseRyazan, Tambov, Tula. Indawo yokuhlala yodli lwezinyosi zegolide ifinyelela ezigodini zemifula i-Oka, iDon, neSviyaga.
Kusatshalaliswa i-heterogenible, i-foci. Ama-thermophilic angaphezulu ahlala ogwadule nakuma-Desert okudla inyosi eluhlaza. Hlela eziningana izinhlobo zenyosieqanjwe ikakhulukazi ngokubukeka. Okuvame kakhulu igolide. Yinyoni encane enobukhulu benkanyezi.
Umzimba ungama-26 cm ubude, uqhwaku ungama-3.5 cm, isisindo singama-gramu angama-53-56. Ubukeka njengawo wonke amalungu omndeni, atholakala kakhulu - aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi ku-plumage kwenza inyosi edla izinyosi yegolide inyoni enhle kunazo zonke eYurophu.
Esithombeni, inyosi eluhlaza
Ungakhuluma ngemibala ehlukahlukene yalezi zinyoni isikhathi eside kakhulu. Banesigqoko emakhanda abo, izihlathi, umphimbo, isisu nesifuba, emuva okunemibala ehlukahlukene, i-nadhvost, izimpaphe nezimpaphe zomsila. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukubukeka kwemibala egqamile, umbala we-izimpaphe nawo uyashintsha ngokuhambisana nobudala. Ezinyoni ezincane, kuyafiphala. Yebo, futhi, njengoba kulindeleke, abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isikhathi sezinyoni zomshado eSchurov senzeka ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Kuyaqabukela, kungabonakala ngoMashi, kepha lokhu kwenzeka lapho intwasahlobo ifudumele okungalingani. ISchur cavalier igqamile kakhulu, iziphatha njengendoda ebabazekayo, ihlala iseduze nomuntu okhethiwe, indiza imzungeze emibuthanweni futhi icule izingoma zayo ezinomsindo, efana nomsindo wombhobho.
Ngemuva kokuganiselana, insikazi iqala ukuhlela isidleke sayo, indoda ebambe iqhaza ayibandakanyeki ekwakheni, kepha lokhu akulona iphutha lakhe, umama onesikhathi esizayo onemibala uyamenqabela ukwenza lokhu. Lesi sidleke sakhiwa ekuqaleni kwenkathi yehlobo, sitholakala kakhulu, izintokazi zisibeka kude nesiqu ukuze ziphephe. Isakhiwo ngokwaso sikhulu impela futhi sinesimo sesitsha esakhiwe ngamahlumela amancane, amabala ahlukahlukene otshani. Phansi kwesidleke kukhona umbhede wezimpaphe othambile owenziwe ngoboya, imous, fluff yemifino, izimpaphe.
Ukuqina kwephayi kunamaqanda amancane amathathu kuya kwayisithupha, igobolondo lawo elinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onamachashazi amnyama. Isikhathi sokufakelwa sithatha cishe amasonto amabili. Umuntu wesifazane onemibala emnyama kuphela obamba amaqanda, futhi ubaba wesikhathi esizayo unika umlingani ngokudla, ngoba insikazi empeleni ayishiyi indawo yokwakha izidleke. Ngemuva kokubeletha kwezinsana, owesilisa uyaqhubeka nokondla ezinye zezinsikazi nezingane, ezihlala esidlekeni esipholile.
Amachwane asanda kuzalwa agqoke i-grey fluff, anesifiso esimangazayo esimangazayo, amemeza kakhulu futhi adinga ukuxhaswa. Ukudla kwabo kugcwele zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, ukuze izingane ezinamaphiko zikhule ngokushesha. Eminyakeni yamaviki amathathu, asevele enza izindiza zawo zokuqala, kanti lapho esenenyanga eyodwa nesigamu ubudala, amaphuphu athola inkululeko ephelele, ashiye indawo yawo yendabuko eyofuna impilo engcono. Isikhathi sokuphila Schurov esihlala emvelweni sisukela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kweli-12.
I-Nesting
Isikhathi esithile ngemuva kwendiza, zombili izinyosi zegolide nezinye izinyoni zalo mndeni zihlala, bese ziqala ukuqongelela eduze kwezindawo zazo ezivamile zokuhlala izidleke (eduze kwezifufula, amadwala, amabhange asemifuleni). Kwesinye isikhathi amaqembu wababili abaningana ahlela izidleke zabo eduze komunye nomunye, kepha amakoloni amakhulu kakhulu (kuze kube ngamakhulu ambalwa) esidlekeni esisodwa. Uma kungekho zigaba ezifanele emaweni, izinyoni zingenza imisele kuyo ngisho nasemhlabathini ongaphansi. Kodwa-ke, zikhangwa kakhulu ngamawa asezindongeni afinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-5 ukuphakama.
Izitha zemvelo zeSchura
Photo: Ingabe squint ubukeka kanjani
ISchur incane ngosayizi futhi inombala obomvana, ngakho-ke ingabonakala kude ngabazingeli abahlukahlukene abangakuthandi ukudla lezi zinyoni. Imvamisa uSchurov usindisa iqiniso lokuthi bakhetha ukuhlala phezulu kakhulu emqheleni wezihlahla, hhayi zonke izilwane ezingafika lapho. Izinyoni ezincane ezinobuhlakani zihlomisa izidleke zazo kude neziqu ukuze zikwenze kube nzima ukuzithola. Izitha zeSchurov endle zifaka izikhova, ama-martens namakati okudla.
Vele, ukukhula kwabancane abangenalwazi nam amaphuphu amancane kakhulu kusengozini kakhulu futhi kuthambekele ekuhlaselweni yizilwane. Kepha owesimame akazishiyi izingane ezisanda kuzalwa, umndeni wonke wondliwa okokuqala ngubaba onakekelayo, ngenxa yalokho izingane zihlala zivikelwe ngumama, ezisindisa izimpilo zazo.
Ezitheni zeSchurov kungabuye kubalwe nabantu abalimaza izinyoni ngezenzo zabo ezingacabangi ezihlose ukuthanda umuntu kuphela. Ngokungenelela kuma-biotopes emvelo, ukuhambisa imizimba yamanzi, ukwakha imigwaqo namadolobha, ukugawula amahlathi, ukungcolisa imvelo ezungezile, abantu bayiphazamisa impilo yezinyoni, ezithinta kabi inani labo.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthembeka kwalezi zinyoni ezinhle, nazo ezingadlala ihlaya elinesihluku. Amanye ama-Schuras aqala ngempumelelo ekudingisweni, aze azuze inzalo, abe ngothile futhi abe nobuntu, kanti amanye afela ezinkanjini, ngoba awakwazi ukubekezelela ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko yenkululeko nokuzimela.
Isisetshenziswa sedokhethi
Kade belungisa umgodi wesidleke isikhathi eside. Owesilisa nowesifazane babambe ngemilomo yabo, futhi bakhahlele phansi ngezinyawo, babuyela emuva ekuphumeni. Izinyoni ikakhulukazi zenza umsebenzi onjalo ekuseni nakusihlwa kusihlwa (kusuka cishe ku-9 kuye ku-10 no-17 kuye ku-18 amahora). Yonke inqubo yokulungisa isidleke ihlala izinsuku eziyi-10 ukuya kwezingu-20, kuya ngobulukhuni benhlabathi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi somsebenzi onjalo, izinyoni ziphonsa ngaphandle kwenhlabathi kg ezingama-12 kg.
Ubude bomgodi obuqediwe buyi-1-1,5 m (ngesinye isikhathi kufika ku-2 m). ECaucasus, ungathola imisele ebangeni elingama-60 cm ngokujula. Ekupheleni kwayo, inyosi edla inyama yegolide ihlela ukunwetshwa okuthile - igumbi lokudlela, lapho ibekela khona amaqanda amhlophe angaba ngu-6-7 ngo-Ephreli-Juni. Baqhweba bobabili abazali izinsuku ezingaba ngu-20. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25 ziboshiwe, amaphuphu amancane aphuma esidlekeni somzali. Ngonyaka owodwa nje, i-clutch eyodwa igcwalisiwe.
Ukufuywa kwezinyosi nokudla izinyosi
Umuntu odla inyama yezinyosi zegolide lapho edla izinyosi kuphela angadla izingcezu ezi-1000 ngosuku. Lapho kutholakala khona ama-apiaries, cishe ama-80-90% ezinambuzane ezidliwayo yilezi zinyoni izinyosi. Uma sibheka ukuthi umndeni owodwa wezinyosi ezindizayo uhlanganisa abantu abangama-30,000, khona-ke umuntu odla izinyosi yedwa ubulala cishe ama-2-3%. Ukudliwa kwezinyosi ngesikhathi sezinyanga zasehlobo kungabhubhisa izinyosi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, futhi umhlambi wonke (cishe izinyoni eziyikhulu) ungaguqula indawo yonke yezinyosi (cishe imindeni engama-50) ibe imfucuza.
Kwakunezimo lapho kutholakala izinyosi ezifika ku-180 ku-goiter eyodwa ku-goiter, futhi olimini bekukhona okuningi okugwazwayo. Kuyamangaza iqiniso ukuthi ubuthi abusebenzi kulezi zinyoni. Izinyosi zilimaza ukufuya izinyosi futhi ziqhelelene nezidleke zezinyosi, ngoba zibamba izinyosi ngesikhathi zindiza ziye ezitshalweni zikaju. Ziletha ukulimala okukhulu ngoJulayi-Agasti kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba. Mayelana nezinzuzo zokudla izinyosi ekuqothulweni kwezinambuzane eziyingozi emahlathini nakwezolimo, singasho ukuthi kuncane kakhulu.
Mayelana nobungozi bezinyoni nokuvikelwa kwezinyosi kuzo
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinyosi ezindizela emaphaketheni ziye emaphinjini ziyakwazi ukuqothula isibalo esikhulu sokuqoqa izinyosi, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise ukuqoqwa kwezinyosi, kunokulimala okuningi okuvela kuzo. Izinyosi zegolide nazo zibhubhisa izimbungulu, zibangele ukulimala okukhulu kokutshala nokukhiqiza imbewu ye-clover.
Ngeshwa, ukuvikelwa kwezinyosi kule nyoni kuncike ekubhujisweni kwezidleke zayo nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kukhona ngisho nezincomo zokubhubhisa izinyoni ezindala namantshontsho khona ezidlekeni nge-chloropicrin noma nge-carbon disulfide. Imicimbi enjalo kodwa enonya ivame ukwenziwa entwasahlobo, cishe ngokushesha nje emva kokufika kwezinyoni ezindaweni zobusika. Kusihlwa, lapho zonke izinyoni zisemiseleni, ziphonsa amabhola kusuka ku-tow, pre-ofakwe nezindlela ezingenhla, ezidlekeni zazo bese zizimboza ngomhlaba. Ngaphansi kwethonya lamagesi, odla izinyosi uyashabalala. Le yindlela embi yokulwa nezinyoni. Futhi enye yezindlela ezingabizi kakhulu ukusiza ukuvikela i-apiary kulezi zinyoni ukudubula kwazo kusuka ngesibhamu.
Namuhla, abafuyi bezinyosi bagcwala ngokoqobo nezikhalazo ngezinkinga zezidlakadla. Zihlotshaniswa nama-wasps, amagundane, amabhu, ama-hornets, futhi futhi nomuntu odla izinyosi zegolide. “Bayoshwabadela wonke umuntu: iminyovu kanye namahlwili. Kepha ngeke bashiye izinyosi ”- izitatimende ezinhlanganweni. Ngokwalokho kubuyekezwa, singaphetha ngokuthi kubafuyi bezinyosi lezi zinyoni zingububi bangempela.
Ezinye izindlela zokuvikela inyoni
Ngaphandle kwezindlela zokulwa ezinesihluku ezichazwe ngenhla, ezinye izindlela zingathathwa ukuvikela ukulimala empilweni yomdli wezinyosi:
- NgoJuni-Julayi (isikhathi sokuzala ngezinyoni), ukusuka emaqhugwaneni kuya ezindaweni zokuhlala izinyosi, kubalulekile ukugcina ibanga okungenani ama-3 km. Lokhu kufanele kubhekwe.
- Uma kungenzeki ukuthutha indawo yezinyosi, izinyoni kufanele ziphoqelelwe ukuthi zishintshe indawo lekoloni, zichithe imisele futhi zivale ukuphuma kwazo (kuphela ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuzala).
- Lapho isidli sezinyosi sivela eduze kwezidleke zezinyosi, zingasaba ngosizo lwezinyoni ezidla inyama noma isibhamu esisodwa.
Isiphetho
IGolden bee-eater (noma i-European) ingesinye sezinyoni ezimbalwa ezizingela izinyosi, iminyovu, izimbungulu kanye namaqhubu. Ngenxa yalokhu kunxanela kokudla okuyisimanga okungajwayelekile, le nyoni enhle ngokumangalisayo ibizwa nangokuthi isidlo sezinyosi. Ngeshwa, le nyoni idala umonakalo omkhulu ekufuyweni kwezinyosi, nakho okufanelwe kubalwe nakho. Ngokusobala, le nyoni ayikho engcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Futhi lokhu kungokoqobo, okungenani inqobo nje uma izinyosi zikhona.
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Schur - izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ezisenyakatho, ezihlala ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ungahlangana neSchur yonke indawo, njengondlunkulu, akuyona indawo ebanzi kakhulu futhi izama ukuhlala kude nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Kuyindida ukubona i-shchurov kuphela ngoba izinyoni zihlala ezindaweni lapho unyawo lomuntu lungahambi khona kaningi, futhi cishe sonke isikhathi lapho izinyoni ziphakeme kakhulu emqhele wesihlahla.
Kuyakhuthaza ukuthi i-IUCN ayifakwa kuhlu olubomvu, le nyoni enhle ngokumangalisayo ayibhekene nokuqothulwa, futhi izindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivikela azithathwa maqondana nenani labantu baseSchur. Ensimini yezwe lethu, iSchur nayo akuyona izinhlobo zoBhuku oluBomvu, ezingathokozi kodwa. Encwadini Ebomvu Yomhlaba Wonke, iSchur ibalwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezidala ukukhathazeka okuncane.
Vele, umsebenzi wezomnotho osheshayo owenziwa ngumuntu ohambisana nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakhiwa kwezimoto, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu kanye nokuwohloka kwendawo yonke, kuthinta kabi impilo yabameleli abaningi bezilwane, kubandakanya iSchurov, kepha kuze kube manje lezi zinyoni ezikhanyayo ngezindlela ezikhethekile zokonga. idinge. Siyethemba ukuthi isimo esinje, maqondana nenani lalezi zinyoni, sizoqhubeka siphikelele.
Ekugcineni, ngifuna ukukufaka lokho isikhafu engutsheni yakhe ekhanyayo nenhle iyathandeka. Awukwazi ukuzikhulula, ubheka isithombe sale nyoni ehleli esihlahlwini noma emagatsheni asezintabeni. I-Schur, njenge efihlekile enemibala, iqhakaza ezihlahleni ngenkathi ebandayo, ihlobisa ubusika be-monochrome. Ukuma ubheke isizinda sekhephu elimhlophe, i-squint, ukufanisa i-stran dainty yakho oyintandokazi, abukeka emangalisa, ebuka futhi emangalisa, eshaja ngokuthembayo nokukhulisayo.