Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) - okuwukuphela kommeleli wesimanje womndeni womndeni wesidoda kanye nomkhomo omkhulu kunabo bonke. I-sperm whale yayivame ukudonsela ukunakekela kwababhali ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okungafaniyo, isimo sayo esinolaka nokuziphatha okunzima. Ukuchazwa kwesayensi kwe-sperm whale kwanikezwa nguCarl Linnaeus. Imikhomo yesidoda yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwemikhomo enezinwele, futhi ikhula yonke impilo yayo, ngakho-ke uma sekudala umkhomo, mkhulu kakhulu, njengomthetho. Amadoda amadala afinyelela kubude bamamitha angama-20 nesisindo samathani angama-50, izinsikazi zincane - ubude bawo bufika kumamitha ayi-15, futhi isisindo sifinyelela kumathani angama-20. I-Sperm whale ingenye yamaCetaceans ambalwa aboniswa yi-dimorphism yezocansi: izinsikazi ziyehluka kubesilisa hhayi ngobukhulu nje kuphela, kodwa nangokomzimba, inani lamazinyo, ubukhulu nobukhulu bekhanda, njll.

Isidoda whale Kugqame phakathi kwamanye imikhomo emikhulu ngenombolo yezici ezihlukile zokwakheka. Ukuvela komkhomo wesidoda kuhlangene kakhulu, ngakho-ke kunzima ukukuxubanisa namanye ama-cetaceans. Ikhanda elikhulu emadodeni amadala lifinyelela kwengxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba (kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nangaphezulu, lifinyelela ku-35% ubude), kubantu besifazane lincane futhi lincane, kodwa futhi lithatha cishe ikota yobude. Ubuningi bekhanda buhlala isikhwama esibizwa ngokuthi isidoda, esisendaweni engenhla komhlathi ongaphezulu, isigaxa sezicubu zomzimba ezifakwe nge-sperm mat, isicubu esinamafutha sokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi. Isisindo se "spermaceti sac" sifinyelela kumathani ayi-6 (ngisho no-11). Ikhanda lomkhomo wesidoda lincindezelwa ngokuqinile kusuka ezinhlangothini futhi likhombe, kanti nekhanda lezinsikazi kanye nemikhomo emincane liyacindezelwa futhi likhombe ngokuqina kakhulu kunakwabesilisa abadala. Umlomo we-sperm whale utholakala egumbini lokuphumula kusuka phansi kwekhanda. Umhlathi omncane omude futhi omncane uhleli ngamazinyo amakhulu, okuvame ukuba ngabhangqa abangama-20- 26, futhi izinyo ngalinye elinomlomo ovalekile lingena kwi-notch ehlukile emhlathini ongenhla. Amazinyo omkhomo we-Sperm whale akahlukaniswa, wonke anombala ofanayo we-conical, anesisindo esingama-1 kg ngalinye futhi awanayo i-koqweqwe lwawo. Emhlathini ongenhla kukhona amazinyo wamazinyo ayi-1-3 kuphela, futhi kaningi awekho, noma avele ezinsini. Abesifazane bahlala benamazinyo amancane kunabesilisa. Umhlathi ophansi ungavuleka ngokuthe nkqo, ama-90 degrees. Umgodi womlomo uboshwe nge-epithelium enzima, evimbela ukushibilika kwenyamazane. Amehlo omkhomo wesidoda ukude nokuqunjelwa, eduze kwamakhonkco omlomo, isigcini sidluliselwa ekhoneni elingaphambili lekhanda futhi sinobumba bencwadi lwesiLatini olude u-S - sakhiwa kuphela ngophawu lwesokunxele lomkhomo. Amehlo we-sperm whale acishe abe makhulu kuma-cetaceans - ububanzi beso wamehlo buyi-15 cm, ngemuva futhi kancane ngaphansi kwamehlo kuncane, cishe nge-1 cm ubude, izimbobo zezindlebe ezimise okokugula. Ngemuva kwekhanda, umzimba whale wesidoda uyanda bese uba mkhulu phakathi, ucishe uzungeze ingxenye yesiphambano, bese uphinda futhi udlule kancane kancane ungene kwesiqu se-caudal, uphela ekugcineni kwe-caudal kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-5, nge notch ejulile eyi-V. Ngasemuva komkhomo wesidoda kukhona inhlama ebukeka njenge-hump ephansi, ilandelwa kaningi ngumuntu oyedwa noma emibili (kuyaqabukela) i-humps encane, isibaya esingalingani sesikhumba esingemuva kwamaphini, nesigaxa esisebusweni elingaphansi kwesiqu se-caudal. Amaphini we-Sperm whale's pectoral amafushane, abanzi, ayindilinga ngokufiphele, anobude obungamamitha ayi-1,8, ububanzi bawo bungama-91 cm. Isikhumba somkhomo wesidoda sibunjiwe, sisongelwe futhi siwugqinsi impela, ungqimba lwamafutha lulele ngaphansi kwawo, lufika ku-50 cm ubukhulu obukhulu besidoda futhi buhlotshiswe ngokukhethekile. isisu.

Izici zezitho zangaphakathi

Izitho ezinkulu zangaphakathi zalo mkhomo ziyamangaza. Lapho usika amamitha ayi-16 isidoda whale Idatha elandelayo yatholakala: inhliziyo yakhe inesisindo esingu-160 kg, amaphaphu - 376 kg, izinso - 400 kg, isibindi - cishe i-1 t, ubuchopho - 6.5 kg, ubude bawo wonke umkhondo wokugaya ukudla wawungama-256 m nesisindo esingama-800 kg. Ubuchopho besidoda se-sperm whale bukhulu kunawo wonke umhlaba wezilwane, bungafinyelela isisindo esingama-7.8 kg. Ubukhulu benhliziyo yomkhomo wesidoda imitha ukuphakama nobubanzi. Inhliziyo ibonakala ngokuthuthuka okuqinile kwezicubu zomzimba, okudingekayo ukupompa umthamo omkhulu wegazi. Amathumbu whale wesidoda mude kunawo wonke emhlabeni wezilwane, ubude bawo buphindwe izikhathi eziyi-15-16 kunomzimba. Lokhu kungenye yemfihlakalo ehambisana nalomkhomo, ngoba ezilwaneni ezidla izisu amathumbu awakaze abe mude kangako. Isisu somkhomo wesidoda, njengayo yonke imikhomo enezitho, sinamagumbi amaningi.

Ukuphefumula komkhomo we-sperm whale (njengazo zonke izinkomo ezinamachashazi) kwakhiwa uhlangothi olulodwa lwesinxele, olungakwesokudla lufihliwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ekugcineni kwalo kukhona isandiso esikhulu esakhiwe njengamasaka ngaphakathi esikhwameni. Ngaphakathi, ukungena kwempumulo yangakwesokudla kuvalwe yi-valve. Ekwandeni kwesibindi endlebeni efanelekile yamakhala, isidoda siwuthola umoya, esiwusebenzisayo lapho sitshuza. Lapho kuphuma umoya, umkhondo wensumpa unikeza umthombo oqondiswe ngokuqondile nangaphezulu ku-engeli engaba ngama-45 degrees. Ukwakheka komthombo kunesimo esihle kakhulu futhi akuvumeli ukuba kuphanjaniswe nomthombo wenye imikhomo, lapho umthombo ubheke khona. Umkhomo we-pop-up sphale uphefumula kaningi, umthombo uvela njalo ngemizuzwana eyi-5-6 (umkhomo wesidoda, njengoba ungaphezulu kwesikhala esiphakathi kwe-diving imizuzu eyi-10, kuthatha ukuphefumula okungama-60). Ngalesi sikhathi, umkhomo ulele cishe endaweni eyodwa, uqhubekela phambili kancane nje, futhi, njengoba usesimweni esilinganayo, ngesigqi ungena emanzini, ukhulula umthombo.

I-spermaceti sac (ngenye indlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-spermaceti noma i-fat pad) ukwakheka kwe-cetacean eyingqayizivele etholakala kuphela kumkhomo wesidoda (kutholakala nemikhomo yobudala besidoda, kepha akude kangako ngokuthi ithuthukiswe njengomkhomo ojwayelekile wesidoda). Ibekwe ekhanda ohlotsheni lombhede owakhiwa amathambo omhlathi ongaphezulu nesigaxa, futhi ifinyelela cishe ku-90% wesisindo sekhanda lomkhomo. Imisebenzi ye-spermaceti sac ayikakaqondakali ngokuphelele, kepha okubaluleke kakhulu ukunikeza ukuqondiswa kwamagagasi omsindo ngesikhathi sokucacisa. Isitho se-spermaceti sisiza futhi ukuhlinzeka ngezinga elidingekayo lokudla komkhomo ngesikhathi sokumba futhi, mhlawumbe, kusiza ukupholisa umzimba whale.

Indawo yokuhlala kanye nokufuduka

Isidoda whale Inenye yezindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wezilwane. Sisabalele kulo lonke ulwandle, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo kakhulu ezisenyakatho nezaseningizimu - uhla lwayo ikakhulukazi luba phakathi kwama-degree angama-60 enyakatho naseningizimu ye-latitude. Ngasikhathi sinye, imikhomo ihlala kakhulu kude nolwandle, ezindaweni lapho okujula khona kungaphezu kwamamitha angama-200. Izinsikazi zitholakala ebangeni elibanzi kunabesifazane, futhi ngabesilisa abadala kuphela abahlala bevela emanzini anenkani. Ngaphandle kokuthi uhla lomkhomo wesidoda lubanzi kakhulu, le mikhomo ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezithile lapho kwakhiwa khona abantu abazinzileyo, ababizwa ngokuthi imihlambi, enezinto zabo ezikhethekile. Ukuphinda ubhale kwemikhomo kwenze ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi imikhomo yesidoda ayenzi ukuguquka kobude obude ukusuka kwesinye isisulu kuya kwesinye. Isidoda esingumhlengikazi sibhukuda kancane uma siqhathaniswa nemikhomo ye-baleen. Noma kufuduka, ijubane lawo akuvamile ukuba lidlule ku-10 km / h (isivinini esikhulu sama-37 km / h). Esikhathini esiningi, umkhomo we-sperm whale uyondla, udonsa ngokulandelana, futhi ngemuva kokuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi, uphumula isikhathi eside ebusweni. Isidoda esijabulile siphuma emanzini, siwa ngesikhala sokuzwa, sishaya kakhulu umsila waso emanzini. Isidoda sikhotha ukuphumula nsuku zonke amahora amaningi ngosuku, kepha silala kancane, silenga ngaphandle komhlaba sisesimweni sokucwila ngokuphelele. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwavela ukuthi lapho umuntu elele isidoda whale, ama-hemispheres womqondo bobabili bayeka ukusebenza kwabo ngasikhathi sinye (hhayi ngokuhlukile, njengakwamanye ama-cetaceans).

I-Sperm whale diving

Ufuna inyamazane isidoda whale yenza ukushona okujule kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, kuze kube ngaphezu kwe-2, futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko ngisho ne-3 km (kujule kakhulu kunanoma imuphi omunye umoya wokuphefumula wesilwane). Ukulandelelwa kwemikhomo ethengiwe kwakukhombisa ukuthi, isidoda esisodwa, isib, saziphinda amahlandla angama-74 kungakapheli amahora angama-62, kuyilapho uphawu sinamathiselwe emzimbeni waso. Ukudonswa ngakunye kwalesi sperm whale kuthathe imizuzu engama-30-45, umkhomo wawa washona ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-400 kuye kwangama-1200. Umzimba womkhomo uhlelelwe kahle izimbotshana ezinjalo ngenxa yezimpawu eziningi zomzimba. Ingcindezi enkulu yamanzi ekujuleni ayilimazi i-whale, ngoba umzimba wayo ikakhulukazi uhlanganiswa namafutha nezinye izinto zotshwala ezingacindezelwa yingcindezi. Imikhomo ekhanyayo maqondana nevolumu yomzimba yingxenye yezilwane zasemhlabeni, ngakho-ke, i-nitrogen ethe xaxa ayinqwabelana emzimbeni we-sperm whale, okwenzeka nazo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphila lapho ishona ekujuleni okukhulu. Ukugula kwe-decompression okuvela lapho ama-bubacteria e-nitrogen engena egazini lapho aqhamuka akwenzeki ku-sperm whale, njengoba i-sperm whale blood plasma inamandla akhuphukayo okuqhafaza i-nitrogen, ivikele le gesi ekwakheni ama-bubble amancane. Ngokuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi, umkhomo we-sperm whale udla leyo mpahla eyengeziwe, egcinwe esikhwameni somoya esivulekile esakhiwe yindawo yamaphaphu yangakwesokunxele. Kepha ngaphezu kwalokho, i-oksijini eningi kakhulu ku-sperm whale igcinwa emisipheni, lapho isidoda soMkhomo sine-myoglobin ephindwe izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili kunasezilwaneni zasemhlabeni. Emisipha, umkhomo ugcina u-41% we-oksijini, ngenkathi usemaphashini, u-9% kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla we-sperm whale ngesikhathi sokujula okujulile ancipha kakhulu, i-pulse yayo ihlehlela ku-10 beats ngomzuzu. Ukugeleza kwegazi kusatshalaliswa kabusha kakhulu - kuyayeka ukungena emithanjeni yezingxenye zomzimba (iziqubu, isikhumba, umsila) futhi kudla ngokuyinhloko ubuchopho nenhliziyo, izicubu ziqala ukukhipha izinsalela ezifihliwe ze-oksijini ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi, futhi nenani lomoya-mpilo eliqoqiwe ungqimba lwamafutha nalo liyadliwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani legazi ku-sperm whale likhulu kakhulu kunasezilwaneni zasemhlabeni. Zonke lezi zinto zinika isidoda i-sperm whale ithuba lokubamba umoya wakhe isikhathi eside, kuze kube yihora nesigamu.

Izimpawu zomsindo

Isidoda whale ngenkuthalo (njengeminye imikhomo enamachashazi) isebenzisa imvamisa ephezulu ne-ecolocation ye-ultrasonic ukuthola inyamazane nokubukeka. Okokugcina kubaluleke kakhulu kuye, ngoba lo mkhoma uthambekele ekujuleni lapho ukukhanya kukhanya ngokuphelele. Kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi i-sperm whale isebenzise i-echolocation hhayi nje ukufuna inyamazane nokubukeka, kepha futhi njengesikhali. Ngokunokwenzeka, amasiginali amakhulu we-ultrasonic akhutshwe whale enza ama-cephalopod amakhulu kakhulu adideke futhi aphazamise ukuhlangana kokuhamba kwawo, okusiza ukubanjwa kwawo. Umkhomo ogeleza njalo ucishe ukhiphe ngokufushane imvamisa ye-ultrasonic, okuthi, ngokusobala, iqondiswe phambili ngosizo lwesikhwama se-spermacet, esisebenza njengelensi, kanye nesicupho nomqhubi wezimpawu eziveziwe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-sperm whales emaqenjini ahlukene asebenzisa okokufaka imisindo ehlukene, okwenze ukuthi bakwazi ukukhuluma ngokuba khona “kwamagama” ku “lulimi” lwemikhomo yesidoda.

Umsoco

Isidoda whale, njengayo yonke imikhomo enezinwele, ungumphikisi. Isisekelo sokudla kwakhe ama-cephalopods nezinhlanzi, kanye nalokho okwakukhona ngokuphelele, okwakha cishe u-95% ngesisindo sesidoda semikhomo ukudla (inhlanzi - ngaphansi kuka-5%). Kuma-cephalopods, ama-squid abaluleke kakhulu, ama-octopus awenzi ngaphezu kwe-4% yokudla akudliwayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, zinhlobo eziyi-7 kuphela ze-squid, ezifika kuma-80% ama-cephalopods adliwayo, empeleni anenani lokudla kuphela komkhomo we-sperm whale, kanti zingu-3 kuphela izinhlobo ezingama-60% zale nani. Enye yezinto eziphambili zokudla i-squid ejwayelekile (i-Loligo vulgaris), indawo ebalulekile ekudleni komkhomo i-sperm whale ehlala ama-squid amakhulu, osayizi bawo afinyelela ku-10, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amamitha angama-17. Cishe konke ukukhiqizwa komkhomo wesidoda akukhuphuli kumuntu ongaphansi kwama-500 m, kanye nama-cephalopods nezinhlobo ezithile. izinhlanzi zihlala ekujuleni kwe-1000 m nangaphansi. Ngakho-ke, i-sperm whale ibamba inyamazane yayo ekujuleni okungenani kwama-300-400 m, lapho icishe ingekho nabancintisana nabo ngokudla. Umkhomo wesidoda esidala kudingeka udle cishe ngethoni lama-cephalopods ukuze uthole umsoco ofanele.

Umkhomo wesidoda uthumela inyamazane yaso emlonyeni wayo, imunca ngosizo lokuhamba kolimi njengolimi. Akayihlafunanga, kepha ayigwinye iphelele, angakhipha enkulu ibe tincenye letinyenti. Ama-squid amancane angena esiswini somkhomo we-sperm whale ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke afanelekile ngisho nangamaqoqo wezilwane. Ama-squid amakhulu nama-octopus ahlala ephila esiswini isikhashana - kutholakala izinkomishi zezinkomishi zawo zokutholwa endaweni engaphakathi yesisu somkhomo.

Ukuziphatha komphakathi

Isidoda imikhomo - Izilwane zomhlambi, abesilisa kuphela abadala kakhulu abatholakala bodwa. Lapho bondla, bangenza ngamaqembu ahlelwe kahle abantu abangu-10-15, ngokuhlanganyela basebenzise inyamazane ngamaqembu aminyene futhi babonise izinga eliphakeme lokusebenzisana. Ukuzingela okuhlanganisiwe okunjalo kungaqhutshwa ekujuleni okufika kumamitha ayi-1,500. Ezindaweni ezihlala kuyo ihlobo, amaduna angamaduna, ngokuya ngeminyaka nobukhulu bawo, kuvame ukudala amaqembu enhlanganisela ethile, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-bachelor herds, lapho ubukhulu bezilwane buye cishe ngokufanayo. Imikhomo yesidoda inesithembu, futhi ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa bakha izidumbu - izintokazi eziyi-10-15 zigcinwa eduze kowesilisa oyedwa. Ukuzalwa kwemikhomo yesidoda kungavela nganoma isiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kepha endaweni esenyakatho, abesifazane abaningi bazala ngoJulayi-Septhemba. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, isikhathi sokuzala siqala. Ngenkathi yokuganana, abesilisa banolaka olukhulu. Imikhomo engabambiqhaza ekuzaleni ihlala yodwa ngalesi sikhathi, kanti abesilisa abakha izidumbu bavame ukulwa, begoba amakhanda abo futhi babangele ukulimala okukhulu komunye nomunye ngamazinyo abo, bavame ukulimaza futhi baphule nemihlathi yabo.

Ukuzala

Ukukhulelwa kugcina lapho isidoda whale kusuka ezinyangeni eziyi-15 kuye kwezingu-18, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu. Ingane izalwa yodwa, ubude bayo buyi-3-4 m futhi inesisindo esilingana nethani. Ngokushesha uyakwazi ukulandela unina, aqhubeke asondele kakhulu kuye, njengawo wonke ama-cetaceans (lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kulula kakhulu enganeni ukubhukuda ungqimba wamanzi ogeleza emzimbeni womama wakhe, lapho ibhekana khona nokuncishiswa okungatheni). Isikhathi sokuncelisa ubisi asisunguliwe ngqo. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, isukela ezinyangeni ezi-6 kuya kwezingu-12 kuya kweziyi-13, kanti ngokusho kweminye imithombo kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho inonyaka owodwa ubudala umkhomo wesidoda ungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-6 ubude, futhi eminyakeni emithathu - ku-8 m. ngasikhathi sinye afinyelela kumalitha angama-45 obisi. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka engu-7-13 ubudala, kuyilapho abesifazane beqala ukuzala beneminyaka engama-5-6. Abesifazane bazala ngokwesilinganiso kanye njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Abesifazane, iminyaka yabo edlula iminyaka engama-40, empeleni abahlanganyeli ekuzaleni.

Isidoda whale nendoda

Emvelweni at isidoda whale cishe azikho izitha, kuphela imikhomo ebulalayo ngezikhathi ezithile engahlasela izinsikazi nezilwane ezincane. Kepha umuntu sekuyisikhathi eside azingela umkhomo wesidoda - esikhathini esidlule le nyongo yayibaluleke kakhulu. Imikhiqizo yayo eyinhloko kwakuyi-blubber, spermaceti ne-ambergris. Ukuzingela i-sperm whale kwakuhlotshaniswa nengozi eyaziwayo, ngoba ukulinyazwa, le mikhomo inolaka ngokwengeziwe. Isidoda esidabukisayo sabulala imikhomo eminingi futhi saze sakhonya nemikhomo eminingi. Ngesikhathi se-heyday yomkhakha we-sperm whale, i-blubber yayisetshenziswa njenge-lubricant, ikakhulukazi kwizitimela zokuqala zomusi, kanye nokukhanyisa. (Ngokuzayo, ukusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli kanye nokwehla kwesidingo sama-sperm whale blubber kube ngesinye sezizathu zokuncipha kwama fleets e-whaling. Ngenkathi yekhulu lama-20, i-sperm whale blubber iphinde yathola ukusatshalaliswa okuthile njenge-lubricant yemishini enembile, kanye nomkhiqizo obalulekile wokwenza amakhemikhali wasendlini nawezimboni. I-Spermaceti yi-wax enamafutha evela ekhanda lomkhambi wesidoda, uketshezi olucacile olunjengamafutha, ifaka izicubu zespongy ze "spermaceti sac". Emoyeni, i-spermaceti ikhala ngokushesha, bese iba isisulu esinjenge-wax. Esikhathini esedlule, yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza okokugcoba, izindebe zezindebe, njll., Ngokuvamile yayenza amakhandlela.Kuze kube ngawo-1970s, i-spermaceti yayisetshenziselwa ukuthambisa imishini enembile, kumakha, futhi futhi nasetshenziselwa ezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ukulungiselela ukugcotshwa kwama-anti-burn. I-Ambergris iyinto eqinile enjenge-wax yombala ompunga, eyenziwe endaweni yokugaya imikhomo yesidoda, enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. I-Ambergris kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 ibisetshenziswa njengempepho futhi njengempahla eluhlaza ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamakha. Manje sekucishe kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi i-ambergris ifihlakala ngenxa yokucasuka kwe-mucosa ebangelwa yizindebe ezesabekayo ezigwinyiswa yi-sperm whale squids, noma kunjalo, ezingcezwini ze-ambergris ungahlala uthola imilomo eminingi ye-cephalopod engafakwanga. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, ososayensi abakwazanga ukuthola ukuthi i-ambergris iwumkhiqizo wempilo ejwayelekile noma umphumela we-pathology, kodwa-ke kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-ambergris itholakala kuphela kumathumbu abesilisa.

Ngenxa yokuxhaphaza inyamazane, eye yaphela kuphela ngawo-1980s, inani lemikhomo yesidoda lancishiswa kakhulu. Manje isiyalulama kancane, yize lokhu kuvinjelwe ngandlela thile yizici ze-anthropogenic (ukungcoliswa kolwandle, ukudoba kakhulu, njll.).

Habitat

Ama-sperm whales anendawo ebanzi kakhulu. Zitholakala ema-hemispheres asenyakatho naseningizimu. Izindawo kuphela lapho engezona zona izindawo ezisenyakatho neziseningizimu.

Ngobuningi, batholakala lapho kukhona khona ukudla. Zinezindawo zazo zokuzijabulisa nokuzizingela eziyizintandokazi zazo, lapho le mikhomo iba khona nemihlambi emikhulu, enamakhulu amaningana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi eyinkulungwane.

Ama-Sperm whale ngonyaka enza ukungahambi kude kakhulu kwesizini. Empeleni azidluleli kusuka kwesinye isisuli ziye kwesinye. Lezi zimidondoshiya zithanda ukuhlala lapho ukujula kungaphezu kwamamitha angama-200, yingakho angavamile asondele ogwini.

Indawo yendawo yomkhomo

Izici zomkhomo wesidoda

Ama-sperm whales anokwakheka okuhlukile okungatholakali kunoma yisiphi esinye isilwane - isikhwama sendoda noma isidwaba esinamafutha. Itholakala ekhanda lomkhomo wesidoda futhi kuhlala iningi lawo.

Isisindo se-spermaceti (amafutha aqukethe njengoketshezi olucacile) singafinyelela kumathani ayi-11. Emhlabeni, kubhekwe kakhulu ngenxa yezimpawu zawo zokuphulukisa oyingqayizivele. Kodwa kungani sperm whale le divayisi? Ngokuya ngenguqulo ethile, i-spermaceti sac iyadingeka ukuze kwenziwe i-ecolocation, ngokusho kwenye - iyindlela yohlobo lokubhukuda futhi isiza i-whale lapho ihudula futhi iphakamisa kusuka ekujuleni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yejubane lokugeleza kwegazi liye ekhanda, ngenxa yalokho izinga lokushisa lalesi sikhwama lenyuka futhi i-spermaceti inyibilike. Ubuningi bawo buyancipha, kanti nomkhomo ukwazi ukuntanta uthule ngaphandle. Lapho udonsa, konke kwenzeka ngqo.

Indlela yokuphila

Isidoda whales sihlangana emihlanjini eminingi. Futhi uma ukwazi ukuhlangana nomkhomo owodwa wesidoda, kuzoba owesilisa osemdala. Kunemihlambi ebushel kuphela, enamadoda kuphela.

Ama-sperm whales ayizilwane ezihamba kancane, ijubane lawo lokubhukuda akuvamile ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-10 km / h, kepha ngesikhathi sokufuna inyamazane kuthiwa “ziyaphila” futhi zingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-40 km / h.

Esikhathini esiningi sezimpilo zabo, ama-sperm whales afuna ukudla, ngakho-ke kufanele enze i-dives ejwayelekile ekujuleni lapho ukudla akuthandayo, ama-cephalopods, ahlala khona. Ukujula kwesigaxa esinjalo kungaqala kumamitha ayi-400 kuye kwangama-1200. Lokhu kuthatha i-sperm whale kusuka kumizuzu engama-30 kuye kwengama-45. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokungena ngakunye okujulile, imikhomo ichitha isikhathi esanele ebusweni ukuphefumula futhi iqoqwe komoya-mpilo, okuqongelelwa hhayi kuphela emaphashini, kodwa nasemisipha.

Lapho ucwiliswa, ukushaya kwayo kwehla kube ukushaywa okungu-10 ngomzuzu, bese igazi liqala ukuqondisa kabusha, ngokuyinhloko ebuchosheni nasenhlizweni. Futhi i-oksijini iza emaphini, esikhunjeni kanye nasemsileni ngenxa yokuthi izicubu ziqala ukufihla izinsalela ezifihliwe ze-oksijini ohlelweni lokujikeleza.

Umvundla

I-sperm whale marine marine yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezinamaphawu. Ubude bomzimba wesidoda esidala bungamamitha angama-20, isisindo - amathani angama-50, izintokazi zincane kancane - 15 m kanye namathani angama-20. Ngenxa yobukhulu obunjalo obuhlaba umxhwele, izitha zemvelo zohlobo lwe-sperm whale kuphela imikhomo yokubulala ehlasela izilwane ezincane. Kepha kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umkhomo we-sperm whale uye waba yinto yokudoba ngabantu, i-spermaceti ne-ambergris yatholakala kuyo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, inani labantu laqala ukwehla ngokushesha futhi emva kokuvinjelwa kokuzingela izilwane kwaba nokwenzeka ukubuyisela kancane.

Ukuchazwa komkhomo wesidoda

I-Sperm whale ngumnenga omkhulu obelokhu ukhula kukho konke impilo yawo. Ubude bomzimba wesilisa buba ngu-8-10 m, isisindo sifinyelela kumathani angama-40-50. Abesifazane bavame ukuba yingxenye yosayizi, 15 m ubude futhi banesisindo samathani ayi-15.

Umkhomo wesidoda ubonakala ngekhanda elikhulu kakhulu futhi elikhulu lesimo esingunxande. Ine-spermaceti sac, enesisindo samathani ayi-6-11. Emhlathini ongaphansi kukhona amazinyo angama-20- 26 wamazinyo amakhulu, ngalinye lawo linobunzima obungu-1 kg. Emhlathini ongenhla, amazinyo ahlala alahlekile. Amehlo makhulu.

Ngemuva kwekhanda, umzimba wesikhumba somkhomo uyanda futhi ucishe ube yindilinga ngokushintsha okubushelelezi okuhamba kancane kusiba kufuduko lwe-caudal. Ngasemuva kune-Fin eyodwa, efana ne-hump ephansi. Amaphinifa we-pectoral amafushane futhi abanzi.

Isikhumba somkhomo wesidoda simbozwe ngemibimbi nangamasting, aminyene, ngesendlalelo esinamafutha esithuthukisiwe (kufika ku-50 cm). Imvwe ngopende omnyama nge-tint eblue, kwesinye isikhathi ibe nsundu, nsundu noma icishe ibe mnyama. Umhlane umnyama ngaphezu kwesisu.

Ama-sperm whales ayakwazi ukwenza izinhlobo ezintathu zemisindo - ukububula, ukuqhafaza nokukhamba. Izwi lalesi silwane esingenye yezwi elikhulu kakhulu ezilwaneni zasendle.

Ifaka isidoda i-sperm whale

Ngokwendlela yokuphakela, i-sperm whale iyisidlakudla futhi idla ikakhulukazi kuma-cephalopods, kanye nezinhlanzi. Kuma-cephalopods, umkhomo uthanda ama-squid ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kuze kube kancane udla ama-octopus.

Umkhomo wesidoda ubamba ukudla kwawo ekujuleni kwama-300-400 m, kuyilapho nsuku zonke kudinga ithani le-cephalopods. Isilwane sincitha inyamazane ngosizo lolimi sisonke, ngaphandle kokuhlafuna, kuphela siluphula lube yizicucu ezinkulu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-cephalopods amakhulu ngokuvamile aba inyamazane yemikhomo yesidoda, ngokwesibonelo, ama-squid amakhulu anobude bomzimba angaphezu kwama-10 m nama-octopus amakhulu.

Ukusakazeka komkhomo wesidoda

Indawo yokuhlala kwesidoda whale ingenye yezilwane ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ihlala ekujuleni kolwandle lonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo kakhulu ezisenyakatho neziseningizimu, futhi ikhetha amanzi afudumele, nasendaweni eshisayo. Imikhomo ihlala kude nasogwini, ekujuleni okungaphezu kwama-200 m, lapho kutholakala khona ama-cephalopod amaningi amaningi - okuyisisekelo sokudla kwawo. Ukufuduka kwesizini kuvezwa, ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa.

Izinhlobo Zomhunjana Ojwayelekile Whale

Kumkhomo wesidoda, okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zemvelo, izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukaniswa yindawo yokuhlala: i-sperm whale yasenyakatho (i-Physeter catodon catodon) ne-sperm whale eseningizimu (Physeter catodon australis). Imikhomo yesidoda yaseNyakatho incane kunalena yaseningizimu.

Umkhomo wesidoda sowesilisa nowesifazane: umehluko omkhulu

I-dimorphism yezocansi ku-sperm whale ibonakala ngokucacile eqinisweni lokuthi izinsikazi zilingana nenani lowesilisa. Uma kunikezwe usayizi omkhulu wesilwane esifuywayo, lo mehluko uyagqaja: ubude bomzimba obedlula bonke abesilisa bungama-20 m, kwabesifazane kungamamitha ayi-15, isisindo esikhulu ngamathani angama-50 nangu-15 ngokulandelana.

Ukuziphatha kwe-sperm whale

I-Sperm whale isilwane sezinkomo. Amadoda amadala kuphela ahlala eyodwa ngasikhathi. Ngokuvamile, bathambekele ekwakhekeni kwamaqembu ezilwane ezinobukhulu obufanayo, ezilungele ukuzingela ndawonye.

Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kokudla, i-sperm whale ibhukuda kancane: ifike ku-10 km / h, ijubane layo elikhulu ngu-37 km / h. Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umkhomo we-sperm whale uyofuna ukudla, wenza ukudonsa okuningi, ngemuva kwalokho aphumule phezu kwamanzi. Umkhomo wesidoda othokozayo ungagxuma uphume emanzini ngokuphelele futhi ungaweli ezindlebeni, ushaye amanzi ngomsila wawo. Umkhomo wesidoda nawo ungama uqonde emanzini, ikhanda lawo liphume. Amahora ambalwa ngosuku, umkhomo we-sperm whale uyaphumula - ulale, uzulazula eduze kwamanzi.

Isilinganiso sokuphila esidingekayo semikhomo yesidoda asikasungulwa ngokufanele futhi, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, sisukela eminyakeni engama-40 kuye kwengama-80.

Izitha zemvelo zomkhomo wesidoda

Amakhebhu nezinsikazi zomkhomo wesidoda kuhlaselwa yimikhomo ebulala, engabakhipha phakathi noma ibangele amanxeba amakhulu. Kepha ngokuqondene nomhlonyane wesidoda sowesilisa onamandla, akekho noyedwa kwabakhileyo olwandle ongahlula lesi siqhingi sasolwandle.

Ukufa kwemvelo kwemikhomo yesidoda kuhlangene ne-myocardial infarction, isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, isilonda esiswini, ukuhlaselwa kwe-helminthic, i-necrosis yamathambo. Ama-crustaceans kanye nokunamathela kwezinhlanzi, okuhlala emzimbeni namazinyo, akubangeli ukulimala komgogodla wesikhumba.

Usongo olukhulu kakhulu ku-sperm whale kwakuyindoda. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukushaya amakhwela kwakuthandwa kakhulu - eminyakeni engama-50-60s, cishe izilwane ezingama-30,000 zabulawa njalo ngonyaka. Lokhu kuholele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwenani lomkhomo wesidoda, emva kwalokho izilwane zahanjiswa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa futhi zavunyelwa ukuzitholela inani elilinganiselwe kuphela.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-sperm whale:

Ukuthandwa kokushayela ikhwela emhlabeni wonke kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi ama-sperm whales ayengumthombo obalulekile wemikhiqizo elandelayo:

• I-grease ne-blubber ebilukhuni kusuka kuyo, eyayisetshenziselwa ukuthambisa, ngokwesibonelo, ezitolini zokuqala zomphunga, kanye nokukhanyisa. Kungemva kokuba kuphela ukusatshalaliswa okukhulu kwesidingo semikhiqizo kaphethiloli kwe-blubber kunciphile. Kepha ngekhulu lama-20, i-blubber yaqala ukusetshenziswa njenge-lubricant yezinsimbi ezinembile futhi ekukhiqizeni amakhemikhali wasekhaya nawezimboni. Amathani ayishumi nambili we-blubber atholakala ku-sperm whale eyodwa.
• ISpermaceti yinto enamafutha eqhamuka ekhanda lomkhomo wesidoda, uketshezi oluphenduka isisindo esithambile sombala ophuzi. ISpermaceti yayisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwamafutha okugcoba, izindebe zomlomo, ama-suppositories, njenge-lubricant, kwezamakha. Ine-spermaceti enezindawo zokupholisa amanxeba okushiwo.
• I-Ambergris iyinto eqinile grey, efana ne-wax. Kwakusetshenziswa njengempepho futhi kwenziwa amakha. Ungayithola kuphela emathunjini omkhomo wesidoda sowesilisa. Futhi ngaphandle kokushaywa yi-whaling, akuvamile ukutholakala, kugezwe kusuka ogwini lolwandle.
• Amazinyo ayindwangu ebalulekile, ebizayo yokuhlobisa, kanye nama-mammoth tusks ne-walrus fangs. Isetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yamathambo, ubucwebe nezinto zokuhlobisa.
• Inyama kuphela yomkhomo, ngenxa yephunga elinamandla elingathandeki, abantu ababengasebenzisi ekudleni. Kwakungaphansi ndawonye ngamathambo kube inyama nokudla kwethambo, okwakusetshenziswa njengokudla kwezinja nezinye izilwane.
• Ngekhulu lama-20, amalungiselelo ama-hormonal okusetshenziselwa ukwelashwa aqala ukwenziwa kwizitho zangaphakathi zomgogodla wesidoda (i-pancreas, pituitary gland).