1) Izintuthwane ziphila impilo e-oda kakhulu futhi zinesakhiwo esiqinile kakhulu senqubo yazo yokuphila. Intuthane ngayinye iyingxenye yeqembu elinenhloso yalo jikelele ukuhlomisa futhi kwandise ukubekeka phansi kwazo zonke izinqubo ezenzeka kusiqubulo.

2) Ezikoloni zezinyosi, izigaba ezilandelayo zamaqembu ziyahlukaniswa:

I-Uterus. Kwethulwa ngekhophi elilodwa futhi inhloso yalo kuphela ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Emuva kokuvikelwa kwesibeletho, ukusuthisa nokufaka umquba, inqubo yonke yokuhlangana kwezinyosi esidlekeniyini iyakhiwa.

Ukusebenza kwezinyosi. Babambe iqhaza ekuqoqweni kompe, ukuhlola, ukuvikela isidleke, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesisindo sezakhi zomzimba wesibeletho kanye nokwakhiwa kwesidleke.

Drones. Okokuqala, ayadingeka ukufaka umquba esizalweni futhi andise inani lezinyosi ezakha isidleke.

3) Izintuthwane nezinyosi zihlukaniswa njengezinambuzane zenhlalo ngesizathu sokuthi lezi zinambuzane azikwazi ukuhola impilo ehlukile. Njengoba sebephambukile kokuhlangana, basheshe baphelelwe amandla okuphila nokufa. Ibaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem, ngoba inendawo ebalulekile ezinqubweni zamandla nokusakazwa kwezinto zepulasitiki, futhi ihlala niches ehambisanayo yemvelo. Ngaphandle kwabo, ibhalansi yemvelo iyaphazamiseka, okuzoholela ekuguqukeni okungenakuguqulwa ekwakhiweni komkhathi.

Ukuvela kwesintuthwane

Izintuthwane emvelweni zakha i-anthill, zivame ukufinyelela usayizi omkhulu, yize zingafihlwa ngokuphelele emehlweni, ngoba zitholakala ngaphansi komhlaba. Ezakhiweni ezinjalo kunenombolo enkulu yokuhamba namagumbi ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Izintuthwane ezifuywayo azenzi i-anthill, kepha isidleke, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwebhodi lesisekelo nendawo ephakathi nendawo. Lapho zakha indlu enjalo, izinambuzane ziyakwazi ukukhamba zize zingene esikhaleni esincane kunazo zonke, futhi imihlathi enamandla inakekela noma yimuphi umhlaba.

Izintuthwane zizala ngokushesha futhi zikhule zibe amakoloni amakhulu

Lezi zimpawu namakhono kungenxa yesakhiwo salesi sinambuzane, ngoba i-anatomy yayo iye yavumela izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuthi ziphile ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu zomhlaba. Ekoloni, umuntu ngamunye unenhloso, izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zingabasebenzi, banenombolo enkulu kunazo zonke ku-anthill, ngoba banenhloso ebaluleke kakhulu - ukukhiqizwa kokudla nokwakha. Izinsikazi nezinsikazi ezinamaphiko zizama ukudala i-anthill entsha kanye ngonyaka ukusabalalisa izinhlobo zazo.

Ngenqubo yokucwaninga, kungenzeka ukwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukwakheka kwangaphandle kwentuthwane kuyinkimbinkimbi impela, ikakhulukazi lokhu kusebenza ebuchosheni. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobonhlobo zalezinambuzane, kepha-ke, zonke zinesakhiwo esifanayo. Futhi, izisebenzi zihlala zingenamaphiko, kepha abesilisa nabesifazane banamaphiko. Okuvame kakhulu yizintuthwane zegadi nehlathi. Singabheka izici zesakhiwo somuntu uqobo kusibonelo sesinambuzane esisebenzayo, ngoba kunabasebenzi abaningi kunabo bonke.

Umzimba wezintuthwane umbozwe ulwelwesi oluqinile lwangaphandle lwe-chitinous. Ungaqaphela ukuthi umzimba uhlukaniswe ngokuqondile waba izingxenye ezintathu zezimpawu - inhloko, ingxenye ephakathi kanye nesisu. Eyokuqala ingaba nesakhiwo esehlukile, okuncike kakhulu kuhlobo lwesinambuzane. Kukhona amehlo ekhanda, aqukethe amalensi amaningi, kepha intuthwane ayikwazi ukubona izinto, amehlo aqopha ukunyakaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ngamunye unamehlo ongezelelekile, lolu luhlobo lwesikhombi sokukhanya.

Akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zixhumana kanjani, ngenxa yokukhula kwezintuthwane okwase kungamakhulu eminyaka, wakwazi ukufinyelela ezingeni elisha lokuxhumana. Ekhanda kukhona izimpondo zezimpawu, ziyakwazi ukubona ukuhogela, ukunyakaza, imijikelezo yomoya, futhi nokukhulumisana kutholakala ngokuthinta. Ezinye izinhlobo zinokugwazwa ekugcineni komzimba, zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela noma ukuzingela. Intuthwane inemilenze eyisithupha kuphela, munye ngamunye unezinto ezintathu. Emikhawulweni kukhona uzipho olugobekayo lwesigcawu, ngosizo lwazo lesi sinambuzane singahamba kalula lapho sibheke phezulu.

Izinhlobo zentuthuko

Kanye ezinyangeni eziyi-12, izintuthwane ziyakwazi ukuzala, ngenxa yale nqubo, inani elikhulu lezinambuzane ezinamaphiko - abesilisa nabesifazane, bavuka. Inqubo iyafinyeleleka emoyeni, okuwukuthi, ngenkathi indiza. Njengomthetho, ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhwelana, abesilisa bafa, njengoba umsebenzi wabo uphela lapho. Labo abamele abesilisa abangakwazanga ukufaka abesifazane insangu baxoshwa e-anthill noma kubasebenzi bezitha benza okuphindisayo kubo. Izinsikazi ezifaywayo aziphindeli emuva ku-anthill, kodwa zithole indawo yokuzakhela isidleke sazo. Amaqanda okuqala abekwa lapho, inqubo yokuqothuka iqala emva kwamasonto angama-2-3, bese kuthi izisebenzi zokuqala ziqhamuke ngemuva kwamasonto angama-4-6. Lapho-ke izinsikazi zigawula izimpiko zazo.

Ngaphambi kokukhula kwezintuthwane ezisebenza ngokugcwele, insikazi ayidli lutho, kepha ihlinzeka izibungu ngokwazo nokuqukethwe okuvezwa yizindlala ezikhethekile zamafutha. Lapho kuvela izinambuzane ezijwayelekile, ngokushesha ziqhubekela phambili ekusesheni nasekulethweni kwemikhiqizo yokudla ukunikeza isibeletho kanye nezibungu ezintsha nazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo. Kusukela kuleso sikhathi, isibeletho siqala ukukhiqiza amaqanda cishe njalo ngokuqhubekayo, uma izimo ezithandekayo zikhona, khona-ke le nqubo ithatha unyaka wonke, futhi nangesikhathi sobusika futhi, kodwa futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.

Uhlobo lokuthuthuka kwezintuthwane luningi kakhulu. Izintuthwane zalezi zinambuzane ezinomjikelezo ophelele wenguquko, okungukuthi:

• iqanda,
• izibungu,
• unodoli
• umuntu omdala ogcwele ngokugcwele.

Isikimu sesigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwezintuthwane

Kuyo yonke intuthwane yanoma yiziphi izinhlobo, isigaba sokuqala sokukhula seqanda. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda ngesibeletho, azigcinwa ngawodwana, kepha ngamaqembu akhethekile. Ekupheleni kokufakwa, izibungu ziphuma emaqanda, zibukeka zifana nezibungu ezincane. Kodwa-ke, kulesi sigaba, umuntu uqhubeka ngokudla ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukhula ngosayizi ngokushesha. Izibungu, njengamaqanda, nazo ziqukethwe ngamaqembu amancane, ngakho-ke kulula ukuzibheka. Abantu abakhulu emaqenjini athile, futhi abancane kwamanye.

Esinye sezigaba zokukhula kwentuthwane ngunodoli, ngemuva kokuphela kwalesi sikhathi umuntu osekhulile usuvele. Isinambuzane esibuthakathaka asinakudabula izindonga bese sishiya ikhukhunathi sisodwa, ngakho-ke, "ozakwabo esitolo" bazokusiza, okuwukuthi, izihlobo. Isikhathi esithile, intuthwane esanda kuzalwa imhlophe, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ithola umbala ojwayelekile, futhi kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa nje. Kusukela kulo mzuzu izintuthwane azisakhuli. Umjikelezo ophelele wokuthuthuka ukusuka kumuntu omdala kuya entuthweni uthatha cishe inyanga.

Zingaphi izintuthwane ezihlala

Cishe zonke izinhlobo zinezigaba ezifanayo zokukhula kwezintuthwane, ngenkathi uhlelo lubukeka lujwayele ngale ndlela. Abanye abantu behluka ngokuphila kwabo, ngokwezindlela eziningi lokhu kunquma impilo ye-anthill eyodwa kanye nokuthi ikhula kanjani. Enye yezindlela eziphambili yisona isikhathi sokuphila, cabanga ngalesi sikhombisi esibonelweni sezintuthwane ze-pharaonic. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinzuzo eziningi izintuthwane ziletha, isikhathi eside impilo yazo, kepha uma kunendima yesikhathi esisodwa, ngakho-ke akunangqondo ukuba khona kwazo ngemuva kokuqeda ukuthunywa. Bheka isikhathi sokuphila kwelungu ngalinye les koloni ngemininingwane eminingi:

1. I-Uterus. Lo muntu ubaluleke kakhulu ku-anthill, ngaphandle kwawo bekungeke kube khona lutho futhi ngeke kube khona. Ngalesi sizathu, ngisho nezilwane ezithile zingaba nomona wokuphila kwaso isikhathi eside, ngoba endle lesi sikhombiso siyiminyaka eyi-15-17, futhi ekudingisweni abanye abamele baphila iminyaka engama-20, okungahle kungathandeki.
2. Izisebenzi Zifanekisela iqembu eliphambili labasebenzi, laba bantu baletha ukudla koloni, bakuhlanze ukungcola, futhi uma kunesidingo, baba ukuvikelwa kwabahlali ababuthaka. Ngokwesilinganiso, isikhathi sokuphila kwabo yiminyaka engu-3-5, kanti elabhorethri le nkomba inyuka yaba yiminyaka engama-6-7. Umehluko omkhulu kangako phakathi kwezimo zaselaborathri nezemvelo kungenxa yokuthi imvelo yamuva inenqwaba yezitha nezimo ezingezinhle zemvelo.
3. Abesilisa. Njengamahlaya, ochwepheshe bangabiza laba bantu njengabahlaseli, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso impela. Banenhloso eyodwa - ukuvundiswa kwesibeletho. Abesilisa abasebenzisi nhlobo, ababheki ukudla, kodwa futhi abalimazi. Intuthwane enjalo ibona ukusebenza kwayo amahlandla amaningi ngesikhathi sokuphila, bese iyafa. Kuyo yonke impilo yalokhu "ngenhlanhla" kushiya izinsuku eziyi-14-21. Noma ezimweni zelebhu, isikhathi sokuphila siyalondolozwa kulolu phawu, ngoba uma umuntu angafi ngokufa kwakhe, lapho-ke izisebenzi ziyambulala.

Uma ngesizathu esithile isibeletho sifa, khona-ke kubo bonke abanye ngeke kube nomqondo wokuba khona. Abanye abantu bazohamba bayofuna impilo engcono, kanti abanye bazobhekana nomphumela obulalayo wokuvela kondlego nendlala.

Kungakho, lapho kuliwa nezintuthwane, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubhubhisa isibeletho kunamaqanda, kulokhu izinambuzane zizophuma endlini maduze.

Izintuthwane ziyizinambuzane ezihleleke kakhulu futhi ezenhlalo, okuthe ekuthuthukisweni kwazo zifinyelele ezingeni elihle kakhulu, eliboniswa hhayi ebudlelwaneni bazo nezihlobo kuphela, kepha nasendleleni engaphandle kanye nezigaba zentuthuko. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezintuthwane, kepha zonke zihlanganiswa ngobukhona bezimpawu ezijwayelekile nezici. Uma ubheka ezinye zazo, ngokungazelelwe uyazibuza ukuthi zimangalisa kanjani lezi zinambuzane. Izigaba zokuthuthuka kwezintuthwane zenziwa ngokuya ngesimo sokuziphatha sayo yonke inhlobo.

Ukubukeka

Ukwahluka kuhlobana nosayizi womzimba nesisindo. Ezinye izintuthwane ezishisayo zincanyana impela - isisindo sazo asikho ngaphezu kwe-2 mg, futhi usayizi wazo womzimba ucishe ube ngu-2 mm. Kepha kukhona abamele abomndeni abakhulu, lapho umzimba wabantu abasebenzayo ufinyelela ubude obu-3 cm, nesisindo - 90 mg. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwakhiwa komzimba wazo zonke izintuthwane kunezici ezivamile:

• ukuba khona kolwelwesi oluqinile lwe-chitinous ukuze kulondolozwe ukwakheka komzimba nokuvikela izitho zangaphakathi,
• umzimba uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezi-3 eziyinhloko: ikhanda, i-mesosome (isifuba) nesisu,
• ekhanda kukhona i-antennae enobuntu kanye nama-mandibles,
• izixhobo zomlomo ezihehayo
• ukuba khona kwe-petiol - okhalweni oluncane phakathi kwesifuba nesisu. Le ngxenye yomzimba iqukethe izigaba ezi-1-2,
• abesilisa nabesifazane kuphela abazalanayo abanamaphiko kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuzala,
• ukuba khona kokugwaza - i-ovipositor eguquliwe - kubantu abasebenzayo. Isetshenziselwa ukudla nokuvikela umndeni,
• uhlelo lokuphefumula lumelelwa ama-tracheas anezimila ngaphandle,
• uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lumelelwa yinhliziyo - ishubhu yemisipha engxenyeni esemaphakathi yomzimba, ehlakaza igazi elingenawo umbala - hemolymph.

Imvamisa kuba nempikiswano yokuthi imbovane inama-paws amangaki. Abanye abantu benza iphutha ngokukholelwa ukuthi intuthwane iyisihlobo esiseduze sezicabucabu futhi inamabili amane emilenze. Eqinisweni, kungokwesigaba sezinambuzane futhi, njengabo bonke abameleli bayo, inemilenze eyi-6. Ngabe ukuphatha kanjani ukwenza okungaka? Okubalulekile lapha akukhona ukuthi imuthwane inemilenze emingaki, kodwa ukuthi ihlelwe kanjani.

Ngenxa yokuthi imilenze ngayinye inamajoyinti amathathu - ithanga, umlenze ophansi kanye ne-paw yangempela, lesi sinambuzane sinokuhamba okuphezulu. Emikhawulweni yemilenze kukhona uzipho oboshwe, lapho imbovane ingakhuphuka khona lapho ibushelelezi mpo. Kokubili kwemilenze, okungaphandle yikhona okunamandla kakhulu; ubenza naye umsebenzi omkhulu. Kungakho imilenze yembovane inemilenze emingakhi. Into esemqoka ukuthi “unezandla”.

Izinto ezibonakalayo

Akumangazi futhi ukwazi ukuthi izintuthwane zibonani. Njengezinye izinambuzane, zinamehlo anezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, enenqwaba yamalensi. Izintuthwane azikwazi ukwahlukanisa ukwakheka kwento kahle, ngoba umbono wazo unesisombululo esiphansi, kepha zisabela kahle ekunyakazeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda kunezitho ezintathu ezincane zombono, okuthiwa amehlo alula. Bayakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinga lokukhanya futhi banikeze indiza yokuqothuka komoya okhanyayo. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zezimpumputhe ezingadingi mbono, ngoba zihlala ekuqineni kwenhlabathi.

Inhloso yalomuntfu

Futhi ekhanda lezintuthwane kuyinto eyisitho sezinzwa yendawo yonke - izintuthwane. Bayakwazi ukubona ama-molecule wamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, ezwa imisinga yomoya, ukuvevezela nokuthola amasibonakaliso lapho ehlangana nezinto noma ezinye izinambuzane. Ngendlela, thinta, kanye nokushukuma okukhethekile nokukhululwa kwama-pheromones kwakha ulimi lwezintuthwane.

Ukubona imibala ehlukahlukene yephunga kwenzeka ngosizo lwe-flagella ye-antennae. Basiza ukuhlukanisa ukunambitheka. I-lip ephansi ne-maxilla nakho kuhloselwe lokhu - izingxenye zemishini yomlomo. Izintuthwane zingahlukanisa amanzi amsulwa namanzi angcolile, zibona ukungcola kwamaminerali, ushukela oncibilikisiwe kanye nama-asidi.

Okwemizwa ethintekayo, hhayi kuphela i-antennae ekhethekile ekhanda, kepha nezinwele eziningi ezitholakala emzimbeni wonke zinomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngenxa yabo, izinambuzane zizwa ukunyakaza futhi zingabikezela nokuzamazama komhlaba. Imisindo yezintuthwane ayibalulekile kangako, ingakwazi ukuyihlukanisa kuphela uma isenkabeni yephimbo lomsindo.

Imfihlo yamandla

Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi izintuthwane ziqinile kakhulu futhi zingakwazi ukuthwala into enesisindo sayo esikhudlwana izikhathi eziningi kunesazo. Futhi ukuthi imbovane ingaphakamisa kangakanani kuya ngohlobo lwesinambuzane. Amalungu amancane kakhulu omndeni ayakwazi ukuphakamisa umthwalo osindayo izikhathi ezingama-50 kunawo, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezinkulu zingathwala into enesisindo esingamamitha ayi-10 - 20 kunesisindo sayo. Kuyavela ukuthi uma umuntu emncane, uya ngokuba namandla ngokwengeziwe. Amandla alezi zibuko ezisindayo achazwa ngesakhiwo esikhethekile sohlelo lwabo lwemisipha kanye nokuba khona kolwelwesi oluqine kakhulu lwe-chitinous, olwenza imisebenzi yokulinganisa nokuvikela.