IKaluga, njengesihlobo sayo, i-beluga, ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile nokuziqhenya okufanele kweRussia. Indawo okuhlala kuyo kuphela isichibi soMfula i-Amur nezinsizakalo zawo - iSungari, Arguni, Shilka nabanye.
Imigqa emihlanu yamapuleti amathambo idlula emzimbeni weKaluga, kuleyo naleyo kune-keel, ethweswe umqhele ekugcineni ngesigaxa esincane. Le nhlanzi inesikhumba esindayo esinezintaba, sipendiwe ngombala onsundu oluhlaza okotshani emaceleni nasemuva, ngimpunga emhlophe noma ekhanyayo esiswini. Abesilisa abahlukile kwabesifazane ngobukhulu noma ngombala.
IKaluga yinhlanzi e-sturgeon, futhi, njengabo bonke abanye abamele lo mndeni, iphila impilo yokuphinga.
Udla izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, kubandakanya i-pink salmon, i-chum salmon, i-carp ejwayelekile, i-carp yesiliva ne-gudgeon. Lapho i-kaluga ivula umlomo wayo, ifana nepayipi ngokubukeka kwayo. Ngomqondo ophelele walelo gama, lifunca inyamazane yalo kanye namanzi, eliyivula umlomo wayo ngequbuliso.
Le nhlanzi enkulu inesifiso esikhulu sokudla: i-kaluga, engamamitha amathathu ubude, ingaginya kalula i-chum salmon eyi-metres ubude, futhi isisu sayo singakwazi ukuthola izinhlanzi ezingaba yishumi. Ubudlova obunjalo bunomthelela ekutheni i-kaluga ikhula kakhulu. Eminyakeni engu-10 ubudala, ukukhula kwayo ngonyaka kungama-10 cm ubude, futhi inzuzo ingama-10 kg. Abantu abadala bakhula ngo-3-6 cm ngonyaka futhi baba ngama-20 kg ubunzima. Lezi zinhlanzi ziphila isikhathi eside - zifinyelela eminyakeni engama-80. Futhi lawo makhulu weminyaka angakhula kahle aze afinyelele kumamitha angama-6,6 anesisindo esingathi thani.
Ososayensi bathole izinhlobo ezimbili ze-kaluga - kuyizilwane ezihlala emanzini futhi kuzinze. Abamele ifomu lokuqala bathunyelwa ukunqamula emfuleni, futhi abamele besibili bahlala behlala emfuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifomu lesibili lihlala emaqenjini amancane angawodwa. UKaluga ungena eminyakeni yabantu abadala ngonyaka weshumi wokuphila, kepha kwenzeka ukuthi okokuqala, izinhlanzi ziqala ukuvela kuphela eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa.
Lezi zinhlanzi ziba sekupheleni kwentwasahlobo - ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ikhetha indawo eseduze kokhulumela amatshe ngetshezi elinamandla. Ngesinye isikhathi ubeka amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisithupha kuya kwezi ezine. Ngemuva kokusaphaza, insikazi, njengoba ilahlekelwe cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo sayo, ibuyela emfuleni bese yehlela ezansi. Ukuqhekeka okulandelayo kuzokwenzeka kuphela emva kweminyaka emihlanu.
Amaqanda anamathela ematsheni, ngesonto ngemuva kwesikhathi ubambe kubo, ovele ngokushesha kusukela azalwe aqale ukuzingela. Izibungu zezinambuzane nama-invertebrates ziba ukudla kwazo. Ekufikeni kwezinyanga ezingama-2-3, zinobude obungamasentimitha angama-20-25. Ukusuka kulonyaka, aqala ukudla izinhlanzi ezincane. Kepha iKaluga encane nayo iheha izinyamazane, yebo zezinhlobo zazo, futhi zingaba isidlo sakusihlwa somunye umuntu.
IKaluga ingenye yezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso. Ukubanjwa kwakhe kwaqhutshwa ngesivinini esikhulu kangangokuba maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili le nhlanzi yayisengozini yokuqothulwa. Kepha kwathathwa izinyathelo ezifanele zesikhathi esifanele, ngenxa yalokho okwakwazi ukubuyisela inani labantu bakhona. Namuhla, ukubanjwa kweKaluga kulinganiselwe ngokuphelele, kunezindawo lapho kwenqatshelwe ngokomthetho.
Ukubukeka
UKaluga uluhlobo lwe-beluga oluvela emndenini we-sturgeon. Uyisihlobo esiseduzane kakhulu se-beluga - cishe uhlobo lwenhlanzi olukhulu kunazo zonke. Umuntu omkhulu kunabo bonke abavela kubantu abasha abangamanzi amnandi, inhlanzi ye-kaluga (isithombe nencazelo kuphela eqinisekisa leli qiniso) ingafinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-6 futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-1200 kg. Futhi isikhathi sokuphila sale hlobo siyamangaza, ngoba, ngokusho kokucatshangwa kwe-ichthyologists, sekuyiminyaka engama-50.
Inhloko yenhlanzi inesimo esingunxantathu. Ukusuka phezulu kumbozwe ngezihlangu ezincane zamathambo. Umzimba uphakeme. Kuyo kukhona imigqa emihlanu yamapuleti afakwe. Ngayinye inesikhala esicijile onqenqemeni olukhonjwa. Isisu simhlophe kanti ingemuva liluhlaza okotshani. Isikhumba salo mmeleli wale nhlanzi silukhuni futhi sinamafutha. Umlomo uyadlula futhi mkhulu. Ngezansi kwalapho izintuthwane zigcotshwe khona kusukela ezinhlangothini. Yilokhu inhlanzi yaseKaluga ebukeka ngayo, isithombe sayo okungcono kakhulu futhi ibonise ukubukeka kwayo okuhehayo. Inyama ithathwa njengokudla okumnandi. Kukholelwa ukuthi inezindawo eziningi zokwelapha.
Uhlala phi u-kaluga?
Le nhlanzi itholakala ikakhulukazi esitsheni sase-Amur. Kubhekwa njengohlobo lwamanzi acwebile, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala nasogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk Kaluga. Inhlanzi, ikakhulukazi, abantu bayo abasha, itholakala eduze neziqhingi nama-peninsulas afana:
Ngabe kudlani izinhlanzi?
Njengawo wonke ama-sturgeon, kuyinto edla ezinye. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, ulutsha uKaluga luthatha izidalwa ezingama-invertebrate. Ngemuva kwalokho, lapho ikhula, iqala ukudla udoti wezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Abantu abadala bakhetha ukubona ekudleni kwabo:
Lapho ezinye zalezi zinhlobo ziqala ukuvela, zinamathiselwa ezikoleni futhi zigwinye abantu abakhulu beKaluga. Inhlanzi, evula umlomo wayo kakhulu, incela inyamazane kanye namanzi. Isifiso siyamangaza: umuntu ongamamitha amathathu angagwinya kalula isaloni ende eyi-1. Isisu sakhe sibambe izinhlanzi ezimbalwa ezilinganayo ngesizotha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-kaluga ingadla izinhlanzi ezincane, i-shrimp, ngisho nezincane zayo.
Ukuzala
Ikhula ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu: ubude be-10 cm, ikhula isisindo kufika ku-10 kg ngonyaka, nokunye okufika eminyakeni eyi-10. Ngemuva kwalokho ingeza kuze kufike ku-6 cm ngonyaka ekukhuleni, futhi kuze kufike ku-20 kg weKaluga isisindo. Izinhlanzi, noma zesifazane noma zesilisa, zihlala zibukeka njalo. Iba ngukukhula ocansini eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala. Yize kuvame kakhulu ukuvuthwa kulolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi kufike eminyakeni engama-22.
Isikhathi sokuhluma singena ngoMeyi-Julayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ithola indawo efanelekayo yokubeka amaqanda. Lokhu kukhafula ngamatshe ane-flow flow okusheshayo. Endaweni enjalo, iKaluga insikazi ikhiqiza amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-600. Ngendlela, i-caviar yakhe imnyama, futhi ubukhulu bamaqanda ububanzi bungaba ngu-4 mm. Ukuzala kuya ngosayizi sowesifazane. Ngemuva kokuhluma, yehlisa isisindo cishe ingxenye yesithathu bese yehlela emfuleni. Ukuphonswa kwe-caviar okulandelayo kuzokwenzeka kuye ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu kuphela.
Amaqanda agcotshwe ematsheni, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-7 ukuthosi kuzoqandula kuwo. Cishe ngokushesha baqala ukudla izibungu zezinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezahlukahlukene zangaphakathi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, iKaluga encane izoba cishe ngamasentimitha angama-25. Izinhlanzi ngalesi sikhathi ziyashintsha ziyondla izinhlanzi ezincane. Imvamisa, yena uqobo uba ngukudla kwezihlobo zakhe ezindala.
Izinhlanzi zeKaluga ziyidrophicthi eyivelakancane, ngakho-ke kuyiphupho elihle kakhulu lanoma yimuphi umdobi.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi — ukudlula, isigodi sesigodi futhi kukhula ngokushesha iKaluga. Zonke lezi zilwane zivuka ngokusatshalaliswa e-Amur. Kukhona neKaluga yokuhlala - indlela yokuphila "exazululiwe" ibhekwa njengeyingqayizivele - inhlanzi ayikaze yehle esixekweni sase-Amur, futhi ayihambi ngomzila wayo.
Ungakanani u-Kaluga
Ukuvuthwa kwabantu besifazane nabesilisa eKaluga akwenzeki ngasikhathi sinye – abesilisa bavuthwa iminyaka engu-1-2 ngaphambili. Inhlanzi "isilungele" ukukhiqiza kabusha inzalo ngonyaka we-15-17 wokuphila, inqobo nje uma ubukhulu bungafinyelela ku-2m. Ngokusobala, isikhathi sokuphila komuntu ngamunye singaba yiminyaka engama-48-55.
Emuva kokuqukethwe
Ulwazi oluvamile
I-kaluga enkulu kunazo zonke, ebanjwe yizinhlanzi, yayinobude obucishe kube ngu-5 m 60 cm. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi bathi abanye abantu bangafika ubude bamamitha ayi-6 futhi babe nesisindo esingaphezu kwethoni.
Ukubonakala komuntu kunezici eziningana zokuziphatha, okuya ngokuthi ingahlukaniswa kwabanye abamele lolu hlobo:
- Umzimba ukhulu kakhulu futhi u-oblong, uphakeme kancane, ugcotshwe ngaphezulu nangaphansi. Inombala ompunga okhanyayo ngombala ohlaza okotshani. Isisu kwesinye isikhathi simhlophe, okwenza izinhlanzi zibukeke njenge-beluga.
- Ikhanda lifana ne-trapezoid, ephetha ngokuthi kube nesigaxa esenziwe ngesigaxa. Lesi sici ngokubuka okuthile senza umuntu abukeke njengoshaka omncane.
- Umlomo weKaluga mkhulu kakhulu, uhamba kancane phezu kwekhanda futhi utholakala ngaphansi kwesihlosi esikhombe.
- Isici esijabulisayo ukuthi umlomo awunamazinyo.
- Izimpondo ezimbili zitholakala ohlangothini ngalunye lwengxenye ekhonjiwe kakhulu ye-snout. Ngokungafani nabanye abameleli balesi sigaba, izimpondo zeKaluga zilenga zibheke phezulu. Izinhlanzi azikwazi ukuzinyusa ngenxa yobukhulu nobukhulu bodwa.
Unamadevu
Kuyinto amadevu ukuthi abadobi abaningi bahlukanisa phakathi kweKaluga neBeluga. Lababantu bafana kakhulu, futhi kunzima kakhulu kumuntu ongenalwazi ukubona umehluko. Kepha uma uhlolisisa, kungaphawulwa ukuthi izinqubo ezakhiwe ngamaqabunga azikho emgqonyeni we-kaluga. Ngo-beluga kuthiwa, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwabantu bobabili.
Omunye umehluko izinqubo zamathambo ezimboza izinhlangothi zazo zonke izinhlobo zama-sturgeon. Ngo-kaluga, aphinyiselwa kancane, kanti awokuqala kuwo mancane. Izinqubo zamathambo ze-beluga zivezwa ngaphezulu, kanti ezokuqala, eziseduzane nekhanda, zinobukhulu obukhulu kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye.
Kule vidiyo uzofunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlanzi ezinkulu eziyi-10:
Imikhuba yendlela yokuphila
Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi zitholakala kuphi izinhlanzi zakwaKaluga, ngoba zihlangane nazo ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, kusawoti kanye nezidumbu zamanzi amasha. Njengamanje, iningi labamele le nhlobo lihlala emgodini nase-Amur. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inhlanzi ingeyamanzi ahlanzekile, kukhona amacala lapho yabanjwa eLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Abantu bavikelekile, futhi ukubanjwa kwabo kunqunyelwe ngokuqinile.
Izinhlobo zokuphila zomuntu zinezinhlobo ezimbili: i-semi-aisle and yokuhlala, okuyinto kuhluke kancane komunye nomunye:
- I-semi-aisle inegama lesibili - i-estuary, ngoba ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwezinhlanzi izinhlanzi zishiya i-estuary emfudlaneni, bese kuthi ngemuva kokubuya kwayo. Umehluko phakathi kwalezinhlobo ukhula ngesivinini.
- Indawo yokuhlala noma umfula yathola igama layo lesibili, ngoba ngesikhathi sokukhula kwayo ayishiyi imvelo ejwayelekile, kepha inyuka kancane kuphela.
UKaluga uthanda ukuhlala ngamaqembu, yize iqiniso lokuthi inhlanzi enjalo ayidingi ukuvikelwa umhlambi.
Inhlanzi inesikhathi eside sokuphila futhi iphila ngokwesilinganiso okungenani iminyaka engama-50. Kunabantu ababephila iminyaka engaphezu kuka-55.
Yidla ukudla okubukhoma
Izici zamandla
Ummeleli wesigaba sezimpaphe ze-ray-ungowabaphangi futhi uzingela izinhlobo ezincane ngenjabulo. Lesi sici siziveza kubantu cishe kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, lapho ukuthosa kuqala impilo yabo yomjikelezo:
- Amafry aqala ukuzingela amasonto ama-2-3 ngemuva kokuzalwa, kepha ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi izinga lokushisa kwamanzi echibini lilungile ekukhuleni kwawo.
- Isisulu sokuqala yizibungu ezahlukahlukene zezakhamizi zasolwandle, izinambuzane nabamele ama-invertebrates.
- Ngemuva kwesikhashana, izingane zehlela eduze ezansi, lapho zinethuba lokuzingela abamele ama-crustaceans nabanye abantu abancane. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze i-Kaluga encane ibe namandla futhi ikhule isisindo, ngoba ekuzingeleni izakhamuzi ezikhudlwana kuyadingeka ukuwedlula ngosayizi.
- Lapho izinhlanzi zifinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-10-12, amancanyana amancane, imikhomo ebulala abanye abamele idamu liba izisulu zazo.
- Njengoba bekhula futhi bekhula ngosayizi, i-kaluga idla ngokuphelele noma yikuphi ukudla engakuthola.
Le nhlanzi ingaginya kalula inhlanzi yonke
I-Chum, i-pink salmon nabanye abamele i-salmon kubhekwe njengokudla okuthandwayo kwe-Amur Kaluga. Inhlanzi inobuhle obukhulu kangangokuba kube nezikhathi lapho abadobi ababevula khona isisu sabo bathola izinhlanzi ezingaphezu kwesilinganiso esingu-25 kg ezinhlobonhlobo.
Ama-zoologists athi uKaluga angagwinya ngokuphelele izinhlanzi aze afinyelele kuhafu wemitha ubude. Kuke kwaba nezikhathi lapho abantu abadala bedla imifino encane. Ukugwinya okusheshayo kwenyama inyamazane kungenzeka ngenxa yomlomo omkhulu womuntu, ongenamazinyo. Uyayivula futhi adonse amanzi eduze kwesinyamazane. Isisulu asinaso isikhathi sokuphendula ngokumangala futhi singena esiswini seKaluga.
Naphezu kokuhlukahluka kokudla, kukhona futhi iminyaka yendlala lapho ama-salmon enganele ukondla i-kaluga. Kulokhu, abantu abadala bangadla i-kaluga encane ngamanani amakhulu. Yilezi zimo, ngokuhlangana nokuhlaselwa kokuzingela, okuholela kancane kancane ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo.
Kunezindlela eziningi zemisindo yokuzala.
Ukudla kweKaluga
IKaluga iyisilwane esidla ubhedu esivamile, eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kwayo idla umzala omncane nama-invertebrates. Abantu abadala badla izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi zasemfuleni - i-salmon imvamisa iba "intandokazi" yeKaluga.
Esigodini sase-Amur (indawo lapho kuhlala khona iKaluga), i-chum ne-pink salmon iba kukudla okuyinhloko, futhi ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwesibalo sazo zonke izinhlanzi ezentengiselwano ezikhathini zamuva, abantu abaningi kakhulu.
Umlomo wesisulu esisefomini elivulekile ufana nepayipi - lifunca ngokoqobo inyamazane kanye nomfudlana wamanzi. Isifiso senhlanzi sikhulu impela - iKaluga engamamitha amathathu ingaginya kalula isalmon eyi-salmon noma i-pink salmon - isisu sibambe kahle inhlanzi eyishumi nambili. Lokhu kuthambekela kuvumela izinhlobo ukuthi zikhule ngokushesha ngokwanele futhi zifinyelele osayizi abalulekile.
Emuva kokuqukethwe
Izitha zemvelo
Njengoba izinhlanzi zeKaluga ziyisidleke futhi zifinyelela osayizi bemvelo abakhulu kakhulu, azinazo izitha ezinjalo ngokwemvelo. Kepha uKaluga - inhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso - “umcebo” wangempela womdobi - akuyona inyama emnene futhi emnandi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanzi cishe ayinawo amathambo. Yilezi zinzuzo ezenze isilwane saba yinto yokudoba ngokungemthetho.
Abazingeli babamba ngokungemthetho abantu abangazalwa abanesisindo esisukela ku-5 kuye ku-20 kg, okunciphisa ngokwemvelo inani lezinhlobo. Ngenxa yalokhu kubanjwa, inani lezinhlobo lehla ngamashumi ambalwa izikhathi, njengoba kwenza nenkambo yalo yokuqhuma, okuyisizathu sokufaka uhlu lwezinhlanzi zaseKaluga encwadini ebomvu. Kungenzeka nje ukusindisa uhlobo lwenhlobo ekuqothulweni kuphela uma ukubanjwa kwabantu okungokwemvelo nokuzingela sekuyekiwe ngokuphelele futhi ukwenziwa kabusha okufakwayo kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Emuva kokuqukethwe
Inani labantu
Maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, savunyelwa ukubamba iKaluga ngaphandle kwemikhawulo, okwaholela ekuthini kwehle inani labo kancane kancane. Njengamanje, le nhlanzi iyinto ebalulekile yokudoba, kepha ukubanjwa kwamahhala kungavunyelwe ngokuphelele futhi kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngemuva kokuthola imvume ekhethekile.
Inyama yalo muntu inambitheka ngokweqile futhi ibalulekile. IKaluga ibuye ibe ngumthombo we-caviar emnyama - kubiza kakhulu futhi kungenye yezinhlobo ezingandile.
Njengamanje, ososayensi abavela eRussia naseChina benza imizamo yokubuyisela inani labantu. Zavundla i-kaluga ezimweni zokufakelwa futhi zakhululwa zangena e-Amur. Kodwa uma ukuhlasela kokuzingela kungayeki, ngeke kusebenze.
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Kuze kube manje, izinhlanzi zaseKaluga zinikezwe isimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela. Isamba saso silinganiselwa ku-50-55 izinkulungwane zabantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi (abaneminyaka eyi-15 nesisindo esingama-50-60 kg, ubude obuyi-180 cm). kule minyaka embalwa edlule, ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo sezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane kubhekwe, okuhambisana nokuthathwa kokuzingela kwabantu. Uma lokhu kuqhubeka okunye, lapho kuphela lesi sikhathi isibalo seKaluga sizokwehla amahlandla eziyishumi. Futhi ngemuva kwamashumi amaningi eminyaka, inani labantu baseKaluga linganyamalala ngokuphelele.
Emuva kokuqukethwe
Ukubhebhetheka
I-Amur basin endemic: ukusuka esixekeni kuya emaphethelweni aphezulu. Kutholakala e-Ussuri, Sungari, Zeya, Shilke, Argun, Onon, Ingoda, lakes Khanka, Bologna nase Orel. Ulwandle aludluleli ngalé komfula. Kukhona kwi-Amur Liman, kepha ayitholakali eLwandle lwase-Okhotsk futhi ngokuvamile ayihambi ngemikhawulo yamanzi ancishiswe yi-Amur. UKaluga uhlala kwamanye amachibi, ngokwesibonelo, eLake Orel, elingamakhilomitha angama-50 ngenhla kweNikolaevsk. UKaluga waziwa ngasogwini olusenyakatho nentshonalanga yeSakhalin, lapho evela khona engxenyeni esenyakatho yesiqhingi eya eTyk Bay nasedolobheni lase-Aleksandrovsk, kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela emilonyeni yomfula (r.Viaha). E-Amur bakha amafomu amancane (i-estuary) namafomu okuhlala.
Inani lokudoba
Izinhlanzi zomndeni wakwaSturgeon, kufaka phakathi iKaluga, bezilokhu zithathwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amapharamitha athile. Kepha i-caviar ibaluleke ngaphezu kwakho konke kulezi zinhlanzi, ngoba iqukethe inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba ezibalulekile - iodine, i-omega-3 fatty acid, amaminerali, amavithamini kanye namafutha wokugaya kalula, adingeka kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka okhethekile kwesithambo samathambo ngendlela ethile kuthinta ukusetshenziswa kwabantu okuphelele kwale nhlanzi ekudleni - ukungabikho kwamathambo nomgogodla we-cartilaginous kwenza ukuthi kube lula ukusebenzisa cishe 85% womzimba wayo ukupheka izitsha ezivela eKaluga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwezokwelapha, i-cartilage yezinhlanzi yi-chondoprotector yemvelo yemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kubambezela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-arthrosis ne-osteoarthritis.
Ukuncipha okuncane kwesisindo ngemuva kokwelashwa okushisa, inani nezici zendawo yezicubu ze-adipose enhlanzini zeKaluga zenze kube ngumkhiqizo we-gastronomic owuthandwa kakhulu. Yilezi zinto eziba yisisekelo ekubanjweni kwezilwane ngezinga elikhulu futhi "okuyizisusa" eziphambili zokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo.
Emuva kokuqukethwe
I-Kaluga fish - i-Amur enkulu
UKaluga yinhlanzi yomndeni wakwa-sturgeon wohlobo lwe-Beluga. Ihlala emanzini ase-Amur basin. Kubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu njengabantu abasengozini. Kwakunjalo ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zingamanzi amasha. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu abasha batholakala ngasogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, eduze kwesiqhingi saseSakhalin, iHokkaido kanye neNhlonhlo yeKamchatka.
Inhlanzi yeKaluga yinhlanzi enkulu kunayo yonke enamanzi amade, ubude bayo bungafinyelela ku-6 m, futhi ubunzima bayo bungafinyelela ku-1200 kg. Kungashiwo ngokuphephile kwabaseminyakeni eyikhulu. Isikhathi sokuthomba siqala lapho inhlanzi ifinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2 nesisindo esingama-80 kg. Inhlanzi enjalo iba neminyaka eyi-18 kuya kwengama-22. Abesilisa bafika ebusheni ngaphambi kwezinsikazi. AbakwaIchthyologists basikisela ukuthi izinhlanzi zingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwama-55.
Ikhanda leKaluga lingunxantathu ngesimo, embozwe ngezihlangu zamathambo ngaphezulu. Umzimba uphakeme, umbozwe ngamapuleti ossified, atholakala emigqeni eyi-5. Umlomo mkhulu, uyadlula, uwela kancane ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Ngaphansi komlomo kunenqwaba yezimpondo, eziphothwe kamuva. Isisu esimhlophe ne-greenish-grey back. Nakhu, inhlanzi iKaluga. Lesi sithombe simbonisa kahle.
Kusatshalaliswa ekujuleni okungamamitha amathathu kuya kwayi-7 ezigodini ezinamatshe amatshe oMfula i-Amur. Ukunwebeka kwenzeka njalo ngeminyaka engama-3-4, kwenzeka ngoMeyi-Juni futhi kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-5-6. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinhlanzi ze-kaluga zingakhukhula amaqanda afinyelela ezigidini ezine ezithwalwa yilesi samanje. Ekuqaleni, gazinga sidla izibungu zezinambuzane, ama-shrimps amancane. Ikhula ngokushesha, lapho isencane iba ngabaphangi. Cannibalism phakathi kwabo kuyinto ejwayelekile.
Izinhlanzi zeKaluga ziqinile kakhulu; akunakusizathu sokuthi ibizwa ngokuthi ihlosi le-Amur. Ngomsila wakhe, angakwazi ukukhipha ama-rivets kusuka ekuthungatheni kwesikejana. Kepha futhi kunobuthakathaka - ukuguqula inhlanzi ngemuva kwayo, ungenza noma yini ngayo.
Ngokwemvelo, inhlanzi enkulu kangaka iyisisulu. Lapho ama-salmon apinki, ancibilikisa, i-chum salmon, i-herring iya kokukhula, iKaluga inamathele ezikoleni futhi igwinye inhlanzi engamakhilogremu amahlanu, njengenyoni encane iginya izimpukane. Ngezinye izinkathi zonyaka, angadla izinhlanzi ezincane, ulwandle lwasolwandle kanye nezinsizwa zalo.
Umdobi osekhulile waseNikolaevka-on-Amur utshele ukuthi wabamba kanjani i-kaluga ngengozi. Banikezwa amanetha amathathu, lapho izinhlanzi zangena kuwo. Waklebhula amanethiwekhi ama-2, wakhathala, wadideka owesithathu. Umdobi kwadingeka aqashe imoto futhi abambe inethiwekhi ngezintambo zensimbi ukudonsa lolu kolossus osebeni. Imisebenzi bekungeyona eyize. Umgqomo wonke we-caviar ukhishwe enhlanzini.
Ekhuluma nge-caviar. Mnyama, ububanzi beqanda bufika ku-4 mm. Inyama yale nhlanzi iyisibiliboco. Futhi abantu bendawo bathi inezokwelapha. UKaluga ubhekwa njengenye yezinhlanzi ezinhle kakhulu. Njengawo wonke ama-sturgeon, ayinawo amathambo, i-cartilage kuphela, i.e. ingadliwa iphelele. Kuthengiswa, inyama yale nhlanzi cishe ayinakwenzeka ukuhlangana, yize ibhekisa ezinhlanzini ezithengiswayo.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, inani le-kaluga lehle kakhulu. Lokhu bekungenxa yokuzingela ukubamba okungalawulwa, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi endawo. Isikhathi esithile, ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu bekungavunyelwe. I-Catch okwamanje inomkhawulo, ngakho-ke inani labantu liyalulama kancane kancane.
Izinhlanzi zeKaluga zithakazela kakhulu ososayensi ngokufuduka kwabo isikhathi eside, kanye nekhono lokuphila emanzini amasha nasolwandle.
I-Kaluga iyisiphambano esamukelwa kakhulu futhi esingavamile, iphupho lanoma yimuphi umdobi.
Intuthuko
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-embryonic endaweni yokushisa kwamanzi ye-18.3 ° C ihlala cishe amahora angama-108, futhi emazingeni okushisa ayi-9-10 ° C - izinsuku eziyi-15-16. Ubude bokubopha imibungu buyi-11.8 mm. I-larvae ishintshela ekudleni okuhlanganisiwe ezinsukwini eziyi-8 ngemuva kokuqandeka ekushiseni kwamanzi okungu-20,5 ° C kanye nezinsuku eziyi-16 ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emazingeni okushisa ayi-15 ° C ubude obungu-20 mm. Imibungu egandayiwe nezibungu ezine-yolk sac ezingathathwanga zithathwa ziye ezansi nomfula i-Amur. Ekupheleni ekwindla, gazinga ube nobude obungu-20-30 cm nobunzima obungu-17-97 g. Isilinganiso sobude beminyaka yonyaka singama-35 cm, isisindo sawo silingana no-g g. Ukukhula kwama-kalugs kusuka eLyman kudlula kakhulu ukukhula kwama-kalugas kusuka e-Amur uqobo. I-Kaluga evela e-Amur Liman ibonakala ngokukhula okusheshayo kuneKaluga evela e-Amur.
Inani lezomnotho
IKaluga yinhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. ezindaweni eziphansi ezise-Amur, ukubanjwa kwayo kufinyelele kumathani angama-580. Izitokwe zeKaluga zazingasasebenzi kahle ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nele-20. Kuthengwa okusha.
Izinhlobo zifakiwe kwi-IUCN International Red Book.
Izincwadi: 1. Lebedev V.D., Spanovskaya V.D., Savvaitova K.A., Sokolov L.I., Tsepkin E.A. Izinhlanzi zase-USSR. IMoscow, iThando, ngo-1969 2. L. S. Berg. Izinhlanzi ezinamanzi ahlanzekile e-USSR kanye namazwe angomakhelwane. Ingxenye 1. Ushicilelo 4. IMoscow, ngo-1948 3. I-Atlas yezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile aseRussia: Kuma-2 v. T.1. / Umq. Yu.S. I-Reshetnikova. -M.: Nauka, 2003 .-- 379 p .: Ill. 4. Izinhlanzi zokuhweba zaseRussia. Amavolumu amabili / ed. O.F. Gritsenko, A.N. Kotlyara noB.N. Koteneva.- M.: Indlu yokushicilela yeVNIRO. 2006.— 1280 s. (Umqulu 1 - 656 k.).
Uhlala kuphi
Le nhlanzi emangalisayo itholakala kuphela emgodini we-Amur, lapho ihlala khona cishe lonke ubude bomfula kusuka phezulu kuya emlonyeni, kanye nakwezinye izinkantolo zayo - iZee, Selemdzha, Argun, Shilke naseSungari. Inani elincane le-kaluga litholakala olwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abasha babhukuda emifuleni eduzane nase-Amur beyofuna ukudla, kepha abazalanga lapho.
Kubukeka kanjani
IKaluga ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile ezitholakala eRussia. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, iyakwazi ukwanda ngosayizi. Yize iqiniso lokuthi abantu abatholile bebengadluli kumarekhodi angama-382 kg, ngokususelwa esikhathini sokuphila esiphakeme kanye nesisindo sonyaka, ososayensi babala ukuthi ubude be-kaluga bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-6 futhi isisindo somzimba sedlula i-1 ton (ubukhulu cishe ngamakhilogremu ayi-1200). Umzimba wezinhlanzi unesimo esidlule. Ubukhulu bayo obukhulu buwela endaweni etholakala ngemuva kwekhanda likanxantathu omkhulu, ombozwe amapuleti amathambo. Ngezansi kwekhanda kukhona umlomo omkhulu, onesiqingatha. Ngenxa yemikhawulo enesikhumba, iyakwazi ukwanda kakhulu, okuvumela i-kaluga ukugwinya inyamazane enkulu. Ngaphambili komlomo kunezinhlamvana ezincane ezinethafa. Imigqa emihlanu yamapuleti amakhulu amathambo idlula emzimbeni, phakathi kwawo kukhona amapuleti amancane. Umbala uphethwe ngamathoni aluhlaza okotshani: ingemuva liluhlaza okomnyama, isisu siphuzi.
Indlela Yokuphila Nebhayoloji
UKaluga ubhekisa kubazingeli. Isisekelo sokudla kwayo izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi - i-chum, i-pink salmon, i-carp ejwayelekile, i-gudgeon, i-carp yotshani ne-silver carp. Eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila, idla ngentshiseko ama-invertebrates angaphansi (ama-shrimp, ama-crustaceans angama-mysid, nezibungu zezinambuzane) futhi asheshe athole isisindo. Uma iminyaka yobudala engama-20 ingadlula i-100 kg. Isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu sokuphila sohlobo lweminyaka cishe singama-80, kepha ngenxa yokubamba okunamandla kwalesi sikhathi kuphela ukufinyelela kwabambalwa.
Namuhla, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili ze-kaluga - umfula (uhlala endaweni ephakathi ye-Amur, futhi ukhuphuka ezindaweni eziphezulu zokukhiqiza kabusha) kanye ne-estuary (ichitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini asemgodini lapho kuhlangana nomfula olwandle, futhi ikhuphuke inyukele ekuzaleni). Ngenxa yobuningi bokudla komfula womfula, ifomu lesichotho lifinyelela usayizi omkhulu uma liqhathaniswa nomfula. IKaluga iqala ukuvela kancane sekwephuzile - kuphela ngeminyaka engu-18 - 20 (abesilisa kunabangaphambilini kunabesifazane). Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izinhlanzi zihamba ziye phezulu komfula uMfula i-Amur bese zikhetha phansi ngesihlabathi nenhlabathi ebunjiwe ukuze ihlume. UKaluga ubekela amaqanda anamathela cishe ayisigidi, kuthi kuwo aqhamuke ngosuku lwesine kuya kweziyisithupha.
Kungeniswe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, inani le-kaluga lehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-80 futhi lisaqhubeka nokuhla. Isizathu kwakuwukubanjwa okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala kwaso - kusuka ezindaweni ezivulekile zaze zondliwa. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, lapho kwakukhona ingozi yokunyamalala ngokuphelele kwe-kaluga, kwavunyelwa ukwenqatshelwa kokubanjwa kwayo e-USSR. Lokhu kusivumele ukugcina umbono kuze kube manje. Kodwa-ke, manje isibalo esikhulayo kancane se-kaluga sisongelwa ezinye izinto - ukungcoliswa kwamanzi e-Amur kanye nokuzingela ngabadobi eChina. Imizamo ehlanganyelwe yaseRussia neyaseChinese okuhloswe ngayo ukukhawulela ukukhiqizwa nokwakha i-nursery ekhethekile yokutshala i-kaluga ezimweni zokufakelwa izovumela ukuthi igcinelwe izizukulwane ezizayo.
Kuyathakazelisa
Eminye yemithombo ebalulekile yokudla eKaluga yisalmon eseMpumalanga Ekude, lapho phakathi nesikhathi sokufuduka iya eMfuleni i-Amur ukuyovela. Kodwa-ke, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, inani lama-salmon lehlisiwe kakhulu ngenxa yokudoba okuningi, okubuye kwaba nomthelela omubi inani le-kaluga. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla, i-cannibalism yaqala ukubonwa phakathi kwamaKaluga - abantu abadala badla abamele abancane bezinhlobo zabo.
Ukudla
UKaluga ungummeleli wokweyisa we-ichthyofauna. Unyaka wokuqala wokuphila, izingane zondla izidalwa ezingenamsoco. Ama-kalugates asekhulile asebenzisa ukuthosa kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ekudleni. Abantu abadala bathanda ukudla izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi zomndeni we-salmon.
Isisekelo sokudla kweKaluga yi-chum ne-pink salmon. Njengamanje, inani labantu base-salmon lehlile kakhulu, umphumela walokhu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-cannibalism ezikoleni zaseKaluga. Kepha lokhu akusebenzi ezinhlotsheni zokuhlala ze-kaluga, ngoba idla izinhlanzi ezihlala ezansi kwendawo yokugcina, inani lazo elihlala njalo.
Umsoco
I-kaluga yabantu abadala idla kakhulu izinhlanzi, ezinkulu - i-chum, i-pink salmon, i-carp, i-carp yotshani, i-carp. Esigodini sase-Amur, ngaphezu kwesalmon efudukayo kanye nesibani, kudla i-shrimp, i-herring, smelt, i-whitefish kanye ne-young saffron flounder ne-flounder, futhi kudle nokwayo izingane zayo ezincane ngaphambi kokuqala kwesalmon ebomvana. Ebusika, ukudla akuyeki. Encane - yama-gudgeon, i-lamprey, i-ide, njll, i-fry - yama-mabuzi omiyane, izimfanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile, izimiso zamanzi, njll. Ama-kalugates amancane adla izimbotshana, amahhashi amancane, ihlosi ngisho nokubulala imikhomo.
