U-Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) ungowomndeni wakwaSkopina (Pandionidae). Ungomunye wabamele bakhe bamanje. I-osprey empumalanga (i-Pandion cristatus) ihlala e-Australia naseziqhingini zase-Oceania; kubhekwa ngabosomatekisi abaningi njengezinkampani zayo ezingaphansi kwayo. Igama lesiLatini lale nyoni edla inyama livela egameni le-mythical Pandion, owayehlala eGrisi yasendulo.

Yena, eyinkosi yase-Athene, wahlangana ngomusa noDionysus, unkulunkulu wokudla, futhi wayengowokuqala kubantu base-Athene ukufunda ukwenza iziphuzo ezihlukahlukene zotshwala. Ngokuya ngenganekwane, inkosi yasenkingeni ngemuva kwelinye iqembu ephuza yaphenduka idlozi yabe isindizela endaweni engaziwa.

U-Osprey uwuphawu olusemthethweni lwesifundazwe saseCanada saseNova Scotia kanye nesifundazwe saseSwedd saseSödermanland.

Ukusatshalaliswa

Indawo le ihlanganisa wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Ama-Osprey ahlala eYurophu, e-Asia, e-Australia, eNyakatho, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika. Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho Melika zibhabhela ubusika ziye eSouth America, kanye neningi labantu baseYurophu nabaseNyakatho Asia baye e-Afrika naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Izinyoni eziningi ebusika eNdiya.

I-Feathered, ehlala iningi le-Afrika, eMelika Ephakathi naseziqhingini zaseCaribbean zihlala phansi.

Iningi leziza ezidlekayo zitholakala enyakatho hemisphere ezindaweni ezisendaweni engezansi kwesimo sezulu kuya kwesimo sezulu. Ama-Osprey adla imifula egeleza eduze noma imizimba yamanzi egxilile enenhlanzi eningi. Bathanda izindawo ezinezihlahla ezinde, amaxhaphozi noma iziqhingi ezingenamuntu lapho kungekho zidlova.

Izinyoni zihlala zombili ogwini lolwandle, eduze kwamanzi acwebile nezidumbu zamanzi ezixubile noma ezixhaphozini. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, zihlala emahlathini emvula asabekayo.

Kunezindawo ezingaphansi ezi-4. Ukuxhaswa okuqokiwe kuvame esifundeni sonke sePalearctic.

Ukuziphatha

Ama-Ospreys ahlukile kwezinye izidlo ezinemibala ezinesikhathi sasemini eziningi. Iminwe yabo inobude obufanayo, nezikhafu ziyindilinga. Kuzo, njengezikhova, umunwe wangaphandle uyasebenza, okuvumela ukuthi ubambe isisulu ngeminwe emibili ngaphambili neminye emibili ngemuva. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi lapho ubamba izinhlanzi ezishelelayo.

Izinyoni ziyasebenza kulo lonke usuku lasemini kusuka ekuntweleni kuze kube sekushoneni. Eholidini, bayakwazi ukuhlala amahora amaningi eziqongweni zezihlahla noma izinsika ezifile.

Ngesikhathi sokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, ama-ospreys angakwazi ukubutha emihlanjini emincane yabantu abangafika kwabayi-10, kepha kaningi athuthela yedwa. Emoyeni, izinyoni zindizela endaweni enezimpawu ezinamaphiko akhuphukile, zikhula ngesivinini esingama-30-60 km / h.

U-Osprey angakwazi ukubhukuda futhi abhukuda isikhashana ngamaphiko atholwe. Ukundiza, uphakamisela amaphiko akhe ngaphezulu kwamanzi, ebambe ukubanjwa kwakhe ezihlathini zayo. Ngaphambi kokujikijela, inyamazane idlulisela imilenze yayo phambili bese ibamba izinhlanzi ngenhlaka ezinde, ezacile futhi ezibukhali. Uthatha inyamazane esidlekeni noma endaweni ekhethekile futhi ayidle kancane.

Inyoni inamahloni kakhulu futhi imvamisile ukumkhumbula umuntu. Akuyona indawo futhi ayinayo indawo yokuhlala yaphakade, ihamba njengoba kudingeka izinhlanzi ezifudukayo. Izindiza zansuku zonke eziya ezindaweni zokuphaka zenzeka ibanga elingama-8-14 km.

Izindawo zemibhangqwana engafani azigcwali futhi zihlala endaweni engaba amakhilomitha angama-5 ukuya kwangu-10 ukusuka esidlekeni. Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, amakoloni amancane akhiwa ngababili abakha izidleke eziyi-100-500 m ukusuka komunye nomunye.

Imvamisa, ondlunkulu, ama-swallows, nezinye izinyoni ezincane izidleke emihlathini engezansi yehlathi ngaphansi kwezidleke ze-ospreys, zivikelekile.

Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo emoyeni ziyizinkozi ezinamalebe (i-Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nezikhova eziyizintombi nto (Bubo virginianus), nasemanzini izingwenya zaseNayile (uCrocodylus niloticus) kanye nama-caimans (iCaiman crocodilus). Emhlabeni, ingozi enkulu yamachwane namaqanda imelelwa yimivimbo ye-raccoon (Procyon lotor).

Umsoco

Ama-Ospreys adla kunoma yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasemanzini nezamanzi amnandi akwazi ukubamba. Ezimweni ezihlukile kuphela lapho baphanga khona izinyamazane ezincane, izilwane zasendle nezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo.

Ekuqaleni kokuzingela, bavame ukuba nesikhathi sokubuka, bese kuthi ngemuva kokuhlola okwenziwe kuqala kwezindawo zokuzingela bandize bazungeze indawo yokugcina endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-20-30. Lapho sebethole inyamazane engaba khona, abahlaseli behla ngetshe, bayibambe ngezihlakala zayo bese indiza nayo ivela ebusweni bamanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi balengisa isikhashana endaweni eyodwa, bephithizela njengamaphiko kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).

Emoyeni, i-osprey ibambe inyamazane yayo iqonde emzimbeni. Isisindo sokubamba singama-150-300 g, ama-2 kg aphezulu.

Ngesikhathi sokudoba, inyoni ingangena ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi ifike kumamitha ayi-3. Izimpaphe zayo zigqotshwe ngemisebe yomkhovu obilisiwe, onempahla engaphenduki emanzini.

Ukuzala

Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba yiminyaka emithathu. Ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona ama-osprey, isikhathi sokuzala sivame ukudlula ngoDisemba kuya ku-Mashi, nasendaweni eshisayo ukusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Meyi. Ngenkathi, izinyoni zizalela kanye kuphela.

Bakha amabhangqa agxekayo, athambekele ekuqhubekeni impilo yonke. Ngemuva kobusika, abesilisa baba ngabokuqala ukubuyela ezidlekeni. Cishe isonto kamuva, abesifazane bafika.

Isidleke sivame ukusetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana, silungiswa minyaka yonke bese sigcwaliswa ngabashadikazi. Izinto zokwakha zingamahlumela kanye ne-brawwood. Ngaphakathi esidlekeni kufakwe ngotshani nezitshalo zasemanzini.

Lapho sekuqediwe ukwakhiwa, owesilisa wondla insikazi alethe inhlanzi kowesifazane. Ngemuva kwalokho ukubhanqa kwenzeka, okuthatha imizuzwana embalwa. Insikazi ibekela 2 kuya ku-5, ngamaqanda ayi-7.

Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-35-42. Bobabili abashadikazi basebenzise ubumbano ngokuhlukile. Ukubamba kuqala kuqala ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lokuqala. Amabhikawozi aqhekeka ngokuhamba kwezinsuku eziyi-1-2, ngakho-ke ayahlukahluka ngosayizi.

Amachwane amakhulu makhulu aphumelela ukusinda, athola ukudla okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokuphoqelelwa kokudla. Owesilisa wondla inzalo emavikini amabili okuqala, bese insikazi ijoyina.

Amakati azalwa ene-fluff emhlophe, kepha asadinga ukushiswa ukushisa komzimba kanina. Amapayipi amancanyana aqala ukukhula eneminyaka eyi-10. Emavikini la-5 budzala, amachwane afinyelela cishe ama-80% esisindo sabazali bawo. Ngezinsuku ezingama-50-60 baba namaphiko futhi ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngabazali bafunda ukuzitholela ukudla.

Eminyakeni eyi-10 amasonto ayi-10, osprey abasebasha badlulela ekubeni nokuzimela. Akukho ngaphezu kwe-20% okusindayo ekufikeni kokuthomba kusuka ekukhuleni.

Incazelo

Ubude bomzimba obungu-55-58 cm, amaphiko ama-cm angama-110-170 cm.Isisindo esingu-1300-2000 g .Izinsikazi zikhulu futhi zikhulu kunabesilisa. I-dimorphism yezocansi ngombala ayikho. Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo bancane kunabantu babo bezizwe ezisenyakatho.

Amapheya emuva, amaphiko kanye nomsila onsundu. Izimpaphe zomuntu ngamunye kuzo zimhlophe noma ziphuzi. I-undercoat emhlophe enemisho emnyama edlulayo. Ikhanda, i-nape, umphimbo, isifuba nesisu kupendwe okumhlophe noma ukhilimu.

Imilenze imbozwe ngethala ngamaphaphu ngokwawo. Iminwe iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umlomo kanye nozipho kumnyama noma kucishe kumnyama.

Izinsizwa zinamabala amaningi emhlane nasemaphikweni azo kunezinyoni ezindala. Zinamehlo ansundu abomvu o-orenji aba aphuzi njengoba ekhula. I-plumage yabantu abadala ivela ezinyangeni eziyi-18.

U-Osprey unesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka engama-20-25 endle.

Ezentela

Incazelo njengokubuka I-Buteo comb yakhishwa ngonyaka we-1816 ngudokotela wamazinyo waseFrance uLouis Vieillot, owaziwa ngokuthi amasayithi noma izinhlanga zezinhlobo zezilwane. Epithet ikamu kuvela "Latinst" yesiLatini kubhekiswa kuyo inqwaba yezinsiba zezimpaphe ezisuka ngemuva kwekhanda. Ukwelashwa okuningana I-Pandion haliaetus comb hlukanisa i-crest kwamanye ama-subspecies P. haliaetus , igama elathathwa esiGrekini sasendulo ama-haliaietos "ukhozi lwasolwandle".

Ababhali bakamuva bachaza inani lesifunda njengezinhlobo ezihlukile Pandiona leucocephalus Gould, J. 1838 ne Pandion gouldi Kaup, JJ 1847 noma ku-subspecies- I-Pandion haliaetus australis I-Burmeister, i-KHK 1850 ne I-Pandion haliaetus melvillensis UMathews, incazelo ka-GM 1912. UGould wakhomba izici eziningana ezimenza wahluka kuleyo entsha I-Pandion haliaetus kususelwa kumasampula aqoqwe eTasmania, Rottnest Island eNtshonalanga nasePort Essington, isisejana esilandelanayo esibonisa uhlobo olushicilelwe ku I-Synopsis (1838) kuya Izinyoni zase-Australia -Ubulawa ngu-Elizabeth Gould. Ezinye iziphathimandla zisekela ukwelashwa kwabantu base-osprey basempumalanga njengenye yezindawo ezine ezingaphansi I-Pandion haliaetus , okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezisindayo zohlobo nomndeni. Ngenkathi amasampula nokubukwa kwabantu abasha kushicilelwa ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ababhali abaningi bazichaza njengezinhlobo ezintsha, izinguquko ezenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye zaqala ukusikisela ukuthi isimo njengenhlobo ephelele siphelele.

Ikhathalogu yezilwane zase-Australia ibona ukwelashwa okuphelele kwezinhlobo zezilwane, icaphuna ukubuyekezwa konyaka we-2008, yaphawula ibanga lofuzo eliqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu I-Hieraeetus futhi Akila (hlanganisa, futhi isb ., 2004) kanye nokwehluka okuncane kepha okungaguquki ku-morphology ne-plumage yemibala. Ukwehlukahlukana kokuziphatha phakathi kwalezi zimpikiswano ezintathu kufaka le mvume yokuhlala endaweni yasolwandle, kuyilapho eNyakatho Melika abantu bebanjwa bezalanisa futhi behlangana nezindawo eziseduzane namanzi amnandi.

IPandion Okuchazwa yisazi sezilwane saseFrance uJules César Savigny ngonyaka ka-1809, okuwukuphela kohlobo lomndeni wakwaPandionidae, oluqanjwa ngegama lomlingisi wamaGreki owaziwa ngokuthi yiPandion. Ezinye izindlela zokuyibeka eduze kwama-hawks nezinkozi emndenini we-hawk - Yikuphi uqobo lwayo okungabhekwa njengokufaka ingxenye eyinhloko ye-oda le-hawk-like noma ihlanganyele neSokolina ku-falconform. I-Sibl-Ahlquist taxonomy yambeka kanye nezinye izibankwa ezi-diurnal ku-Ciconiiformes enwetshiwe kakhulu, kepha lokhu kuholela ekuhlukanisweni okungeyona kwemvelo kweparaphyletic.

Baziwa ngegama elijwayelekile elithi osprey, noma bahlukaniswe njenge-osprey esempumalanga; amanye amagama afaka i-osprey ne-osprey enamakhanda amhlophe. UGould waphawula ukuthi kwakusetshenziswe kanjani ngemuva kokuhlala kwe-Australia, "Little Fish-Hawk" eNew South Wales kanye ne "Fish-Hawk" ebhaliswe koloni loMfula iSwan uJohn Gilbert, igama elafika kithi kwakungu I-Joor-jout ePort Essington nelinye elaseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia, ukuhumusha kusuka olimini lwesiNyungar, leli gama lokugcina linikezwa ukusetshenziselwa jikelele eningizimu-ntshonalanga Australia njengoba yoondoordo [kushiwo yoon'doordaw].

Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendawo yokuhlala

Ezifundeni nasezindaweni zase-Australia, lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zibhalwe khona kwenzeka eNtshonalanga Australia, eNyakatho neTerritory, eQueensland, eSouth Australia naseTasmania, umugqa uyinqaba emincane ogwini naseziqhingini ezisogwini, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala ezinhlelweni zemifula nasemathafeni amade. Ukuvakasha ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kusuka enyakatho ngenkathi yezimvula kungaba khona ngeminyaka yemvula enkulu. Kuleli lizwekazi, ikakhulukazi indlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi, engafuduki, ngokungafani nezinye izikhala zabantu I-Pandion haliaetus . Zenzeka ngokungalingani ogwini lolwandle, yize lokhu kungeyona isivakashi esikhethiwe empumalanga yeVictoria neTasmania. Kukhona igebe elingamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane (620 mi) elihambisana nogu lweNullarbor, phakathi kwendawo yakhona yokusentshonalanga eSouth Australia nezindawo eziseduze zokuzalela eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia. Lezi zinhlobo kuvezwe njengezinqabile eningizimu mpumalanga ye-Australia.

Ezinye izifunda ezakhiwe yiPhilippines, i-Indonesia neNew Guinea. Izivakashi zesizini yakwaSulawesi zifika zivela eningizimu, kanti kufanele zisuke zisuka enyakatho ne-Australia.

Umuthi okhethwe njengesiza se-roost noma esidlekeni e-Australia yi-eucalyptus enkulu. Zingabonakala zindiza ezindaweni ezahlukene ezenzeka phakathi kokuhlala kwazo nokuzingela kwamanzi.

Ukuzingela

Ukudla ngokuvamile kuyizinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasendaweni, noma ilitshe eliyintandokazi lase-Australia, njengoba wazi, yi-mullet, uma ikhona. Okufakiwe okuhlukile kunikezwa ezinye izinyoka zasolwandle ezisongela impilo, izinyoni kanye nama-crustaceans ezinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinambuzane, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ziyaziwa ngokuthwebula izinyoni zasolwandle endizeni.

U-Osantha unombono oguqulwa kahle ukuze kutholakale izinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi emoyeni. Ukudla kuqala kuqashelwa lapho i-osprey esempumalanga ingamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-40 ngaphezulu kwamanzi, emva kwalokho inyoni inyukela okwesikhashana bese idonsa imilenze yayo kuqala ngamaphiko iphakanyisiwe, kube nokwanda okukhulu lapho ingena emanzini. Ukwehla kokukhishwa kwabo kungenziwa ngezigaba eziningana, futhi bakwazi ukungena ekujuleni kwemitha eyi-1. Ngemuva kokubamba umgomo wabo, basebenzisa imivimbo emikhulu yokuphakama ebusweni bamanzi, baphinde basebenze njalo nenhlanzi kube eyokuqala ukuba idonswe olwandle. Inyamazane “yajikijela izifutho zemodamo” ngonyawo oluholayo ngemuva kwekhanda, nolunye olubambe umkhuba wokulinganisa kuwo kwehlukanisa IPandion kusuka ekunciphiseni ngokunganaki inyamazane yezinkozi zokudoba. Isisulu sazo esikhulu asizange sigwinywe khona lapho, esikhundleni sokuba sibunjiwe sibe yingxenye ye-perch noma indawo yokudlela ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzalela.

Umusa IPandion inezinto ezahlukahlukene ezihambelana nendlela yayo yokudlela yezinhlanzi, ifaka phakathi iminwe eguqukayo yangaphandle, ama-spicule abukhali angaphansi kwezinzwane, okokuvala umlomo ukuphuma kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuntywiliselwa, kanye nothingo oluhlehlela emuva ezinhlafunweni ezisebenza njengamabhagi asize ukugcina ukubanjwa kwakhe. I-osprey inephunga eliminyene elinamafutha futhi livimbela izimpaphe zalo ukuba zingangeni emanzini.

Ukuzala

Amatshe asendaweni engaphandle kolwandle asetshenziswa eRottnest Island ngasogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Australia, lapho kunezindawo zokudlela eziyi-14 noma zisetshenziswe khona ezinjengezingu-6: 55 unyaka owodwa. Iningi lazo livuselelwa njalo ngesizini, kanti ezinye zazo zisetshenziswe iminyaka engama-70. Lesi sidleke siyinqwaba enkulu yezinkuni, imishayo, noma ufudu olusuka kusolwandle, oluvame ukwakhelwa imfoloko yesihlahla noma isibambo esifile, sibuye sisebenzise ubuso obunamadwala. izihlahla, amadwala ngaphandle, izinsika, amapulatifomu okwenziwa noma iziqhingi zolwandle. Izakhi zokwakha izindlu ezihlala njalo zingafinyelela kumamitha amabili ukuphakama. Izidleke zingaba njengamamitha ayi-2 futhi zibe nesisindo esingama-135 kg.

Njengomthetho, ama-ospreys asempumalanga afinyelela ekukhulelweni futhi aqala ukuzala eneminyaka engaba mithathu kuya kwemine.

Ama-ospreys aseMpumalanga ajwayele ukushada impilo yonke, yize kuye kwabikwa kaningi nge-polyandry. Isikhathi sokufuya siyehluka ngokuya ngezinkathi zasendaweni: kuqala phakathi kukaSepthemba no-Okthoba eningizimu ye-Australia, ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJulayi enyakatho ye-Australia, futhi kusuka ngoJuni kuze kube ngu-Agasti eningizimu yeQueensland. Entwasahlobo, lo mbhangqwana uqala isikhathi sokubambisana izinyanga ezinhlanu ukuthuthukisa ubusha bazo. Ubukhulu be-clutch buvama amaqanda amabili ukuya amathathu, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike kwabane, futhi anokukwazi ukuqunjelwa kabili ngesizini. Zibekelwe inyanga, futhi kuya ngosayizi wesidleke ukuze kufudumale. Amagobolondo amaqanda amhlophe noma amateur anezindawo ezinamafutha nendawo ebomvu ngokubomvu, kwesinye isikhathi kube mnyama njengokuthi amabala amnyama, onsomi noma amnyama angabonakala ngaphansi kobumba lwegobolondo. Iqanda likala cishe yi-62 x 45 mm futhi inesisindo esingu-65 amagremu. Amaqanda afukelwe izinsuku ezingama-35 kuya kwezingu-32 ngaphambi kokubekwa.

Amathoyizi asanda kunyathelwa anesisindo kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-60 amagremu nesibambiso kumaviki ayi-8 kuye kwayi-10. Ucwaningo olwenziwe esiQhingini saseKangaroo lwalunesikhathi esimaphakathi sezinsuku ezingama-69 phakathi kokuqanjwa ngamapayipi nangaphezulu. Ucwaningo olufanayo lukhombise isilinganiso sentsha egcwele eneminyaka engama-0.66 ngonyaka kule ndawo okuhlalwa kuyo, kanye nezinsizwa ezingama-0,92 ezelwe ngokugcwele ngonyaka ngesidleke esisebenzayo. Cishe i-22% yabantu abasha abasindile bahlala esiqhingini noma babuyela ekuvuthweni ukuze bahlanganyele nabantu abazalanayo. Lapho kunokudla okwanele, amaphuphu okuqala okubopha angaphila. Isikhathi sokuphila esijwayelekile siyiminyaka engama-7-10, yize kungenqabile ukuthi abantu bakhule babe yiminyaka engama-20-25.

Isidleke sibhekwa ngonyaka we-1902 satholakala amathambo ezinhlanzi emaphethelweni kanye nefektri yolwandle "redo face" ( Mesembryanthemum ) ekukhuleni okugcwele.

Isimo Nokuvikelwa

Kunobufakazi bokwehla kwesifunda eSouth Australia, lapho izindawo zangaphambili ezindaweni eziseSpencer Bay naphaya koMfula iMurray zingasebenzi iminyaka eminingi. Izindawo zokubekwa endaweni yase-Eyre Peninsula naseKangaroo Island zisengozini yokuzijabulisa okungalawulwa kogu kanye nokungena ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha.

ENew South Wales, i-osprey luhlobo oluvikelwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isidleke se-osprey esivela ekukhanyiseni kwesobunxele komshoshaphansi weCentral Coast yenkundla ngeke siqhubeke nokulondolozwa kwemvelo.

Isimo esivikelekile eNtshonalanga Australia njengokuthi “ayisongeli”, imvamisa eNyakatho futhi ivame ukuqoshwa eningizimu. Umbiko wango-1902 ka-Alexander Milligan wezindawo zokuzalela esifundeni esiseningizimu ntshonalanga washicilelwa UMOYA kanye nencazelo yesidleke esinamaqanda amabili atholakala eCape Mentelle esathwethwe isithombe eminyakeni eyishumi nanye edlule e-AJ Campbell. Iqanda elilodwa lamukelwa njengediphozi eMoneyigan State Museum kwathi, kanye nomphathi wesikhungo sokugcina umlando, uBH Woodward, wathuma umbonisi wohlelo lomhume ngokuvikelwa kwendawo.

Uhlobo lolu aluvamile eVictoria futhi manje alukho eTasmania.