ISouth Atlantic Ocean esentshonalanga - kusuka ogwini oluseningizimu yeBrazil kuye e-Argentina. Imikhawulo yezwe yebanga - ukusuka kuma-19 degrees. N kufika kuma-degrees angama-53 N, futhi kusuka kuma-degrees angama-68. w.d. kufika kuma-38 degrees w.d.
Ikhetha amanzi afudumele, inhlabathi ethambile, evumela ukufihla umzimba ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ngokuvamile kutholakala ekujuleni kusuka ku-50 kuye ku-400 m.

Ukubukeka

Imvamisa yezingelosi oshaka. I-Antennae encane, enamanzi. Imvuthuluka yesikhumba emakhaleni ayisuliwe, ayabelwe okuningi. Izihluza zikhulu, ubukhulu besikhathi samehlo bungama-2,5. Kukhona izikhala ekhanda. Ephakathi nendawo emuva, izinhlonze zincane, cishe azithambeki.

Umbala womzimba onsundu noma onsundu ngombala, uhlangothi lwe-ventral lukhanya. Amabala amaningi amnyama amnyama asakazeka emzimbeni ophezulu.
I-lobe engezansi ye-caudal fin yinde kuneyaphezulu; i-anal fin ayikho. Amaphisi e-Dorsal aguqukele emuva emzimbeni.

IHering shark ibonwe e-Argentina

Ngolunye usuku, isishoshovu sase-Argentina esikebhe, esasihamba ngomkhumbi waso ngasogwini lwePacific yezwe lakubo, sakwazi ukufakaza iqiniso elibonakala lilijwayelekile, kepha empeleni laliyivelakancane kakhulu.

Emi emphemeni wesikebhe sakhe u-Cesar Morales, kungazelelwe wabona endaweni engamamitha angamashumi amahlanu ukusuka emkhunjini amaphiko amaningana, okude nobude obufana namapheya oshaka. Njengomuntu othanda futhi onolwazi ngezilwane zasolwandle, uCesar wacosha ama-binoculars futhi akazange ashiye emphemeni amahora amaningi, ebuka umhlambi walezi zilwane, ezazisondela noma zihamba kude nomkhumbi. Ekuqaleni, waphakamisa ukuthi babengama-shark shark, okungenzeka ukuthi akhona engxenyeni esenyakatho yogu lwe-Atlantic lwase-Melika elaseNingizimu Melika, kodwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi lolu uhlobo oluhlukile ngokuphelele loshaka, okungukuthi ushaka wase-Atlantic.

Usheya oshisayo ogwini lwase-Argentina.

“Kuqala, lapho ngibona amaphiko ekhoneni leso lami, ngacabanga ukuthi kwakuyizihlengethwa, kwathi ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa ngabanaka kakhulu futhi ngabona umehluko othile. Ngabe sengiqala ukubabuka kakhulu, ngashiya ezinye izinto ukuba zenze, kodwa nangaleso sikhathi angizange ngibone ngokushesha ukuthi lokhu kwakuwushaka wasemanzini wase-Atlantic, nganquma ukuthi ngihlangane no-mako. ” - kusho uCesar Morales.

Uma sibheka inani nosayizi wamaphinifa, kwakukhona oshaka abathathu. Enye yazo yayinkulu, kanti ezinye ezimbili zazincane. Ngeshwa, i-yachtsman yase-Argentina yehlulekile ukwenza ukubonwa okunembe ngokwengeziwe, kepha uma ngabe kwakungu-herring shark, khona-ke lo mcimbi ungabhekwa njengengavamile kakhulu.

“Ngiyaxolisa kakhulu ukuthi angiphathanga igiya le-scuba, engalilungisa emasontweni amabili edlule, kodwa owanquma ukungangiphathi nalo, ngicabanga ukuthi bekungeke kube wusizo kimi. Angizange ngithathe ikhamera yevidiyo. Ngatithela ngaphezulu kwesisodwa nge-scuba diving, ngibhukuda eceleni nangoshaka futhi ngikwazi ukubhekisisa ukuthi hlobo luni lolo shark, kodwa ngeshwa, aluhlali lukhona njengoba bengingathanda. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili yokuzilibazisa kwama-yachts, usuvele wabona izinto eziningi kakhulu kangangokuba awusazi ukubheka kunoma yini ekhethekile, ikakhulukazi njengokuqabukela kula manzi njenge-herring shark. - Kungezwe uCesar. "Ukube bengingenandaba kangako, bengingaziqhenya bese ngisebenzisa i-scuba gear ngalezi zinhloso." Ngingathanda ukuphinde ngihlangane nabo ngolunye usuku. ”

Iqiniso ngukuthi u-Atlantic herark shark uhlala ikakhulu endaweni esenyakatho, kanti eningizimu ingatholakala kuphela emanzini oLwandle lwaseNdiya nolwePacific. Kuze kube manje, eningizimu yeHaiti, ushaka we-Atlantic herark awukaze ubonwe, manje-ke kusahlala ukuqagela kuphela ukuthi yini eyenze lesi silwane saya kude kangako eningizimu ezindaweni esasihlala kuzo, okungamanzi aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic. Kodwa-ke, singafunga ukuthi ngasizathu simbe basuka eSouth Pacific bedlulisa iDrake Channel.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Umnotho

Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwesayensi kwe-Atlantic herark shark kwenziwa yisazi semvelo saseFrance uPierre Joseph Bonnaterre ngonyaka we-1788 ngesisekelo sombiko wangaphambilini owahlanganiswa ngo-1769 ngusosayensi wemvelo waseWales uThomas Pennant. I-Bonnaterre yabiza uhlobo olusha I-squalus nasus (kusuka kuLat squalus - "ushaka" noLat. nasus - "ikhala"). Ngo-1816, isazi semvelo saseFrance uGeorges Cuvier sithi ushaka wasolwandle wase-Atlantic wawusebenzisa eseceleni elingaphandle, kamuva elabizwa ngokuthi uhlobo oluzimele.

I-Etymology yegama lesiNgisi le-Atlantic herring shark I-porbeagle ayikacaciswa kahle. Kukholakala ukuthi kuyinhlanganisela yamagama esiNgisi. i-porpoise - "porpoise" i-beagle - "i-beagle", echazwa ukwakheka komzimba wale shark kanye nemikhuba yayo yokuzingela. Ngokusho kwenye i-hypothesis, livela kumagama weCorn i-porpoise - "itheku", "ichweba" kanye i-bugel "Umalusi." I-Oxford English Dictionary ithi leli gama kungenzeka ukuthi lalibolekwe olimini lwesiCornish, noma lisuselwa egameni leCornish elisho ukuthi "ichweba" negama lesiNgisi elithi "beagle", nokho, alikho igama elihlongozwayo elakha izimpande zolimi lwesiCrish. Isichazamazwi siphawule ukuthi abukho ubufakazi bokuxhunyaniswa kwamagama kaFr. i-porc - "ingulube" noma isiNgisi. i-porpoise.

I-Phylogenesis nokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Izifundo eziningana ze-phylogenetic ezisuselwa kuzinimpawu zokuziphatha kanye nokulandelana kwe-mitochondrial ye-DNA kuveze ubudlelwane obusondelene phakathi kwe-Atlantic herring shark ne-salmon shark, ebamba i-niche efanayo yemvelo eNyakatho Pacific. Uhlobo lwe-herring shark luvele eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65-45 edlule. Akukaziwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezikhona zahlukaniswa nini, yize kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwasekelwa ukwakheka kwekholar ku-Arctic Ocean, eyayihlukanisa inyakatho yabasubathi baseNyakatho Atlantic.

Izinsalela zezimbaza zezimbaza e-Atlantic ezatholakala eBelgium naseNetherlands zibuyela emuva eLate Miocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7.2 edlule), amafosili atholakala eBelgium, Spain naseChile abuyela emuva ePliocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-5.3-2.6 eyedlule) ), kanye nenye amaminerali amaDashi - kuyi-Pleistocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2,6 eyedlule - iminyaka engu-12000 BC). Kodwa-ke, amazinyo okugcina okwenziwe ngabasiki be-herring shark, afana kakhulu namazinyo woshaka be-Atlantic abatholakala ngasogwini lwe-Antarctic Peninsula, ehlehlela emuva enkathini ye-Middle or Late Eocene (iminyaka engama-50- 34 million eyedlule). Ukuhlukaniswa koshaka abangapheli be-herring kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwe-morphology yamazinyo abo.

Indawo

Oshaka be-Atlantic bande emanzini afudumele; awatholakali olwandle olushisayo. Bahlala niche yemvelo efana niche of salmon oshaka eNyakatho Pacific. Indawo ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Esokuqala sitholakala enyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean (ukusuka eNyakatho Afrika kanye nolwandle iMedithera eningizimu kuya ogwini lweScandinavia naseGreenland enyakatho), kubandakanya iBarents kanye neWhite Sea (phakathi kuka-30 ° no-70 ° N). AmaShark angabantu baseNyakatho ye-Atlantic ngezikhathi ezithile abhukuda kuphela ogwini lwaseNingizimu Carolina naseGulf of Guinea, nokho, izinsikazi ezikhulelwe ezihlala entshonalanga yeNyakatho ye-Atlantic ziletha inzalo eLwandle lweSargasso ngisho nasemanzini aseHaiti. Ingxenye yesibili yobubanzi yibhendi eseSouthern Hemisphere ephakathi cishe kuka-30 ° no-50 ° S. w. (amanzi egeza ugu oluseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika, i-Australia neNew Zealand). Kukhona umbono wokuthi oshaka be-Atlantic herpark bahlala endaweni engaseningizimu ngesikhathi sokuqothuka, okwaqala eQuaternary (kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-2,6 edlule), lapho indawo yesimo sezulu esishisayo ibimincane kakhulu kunanamuhla.

Oshaka be-Atlantic bathanda ukuhlala olwandle oluvulekile emabhange angaphansi komhlaba agcwele inyamazane, yize zitholakala zombili ngaphandle kogu emanzini angajulile futhi ziba ngaphezu kwe-1360 m. Bahlala kulo lonke ubukhulu bamanzi. Kunobufakazi obuqhamukayo bokuthi kukhona oshaka be-herring base-Atlantic abangabonakali emanzini angenamikhawulo weMar Chiquita ru en, E-Argentina. Ukumaka omaka abaseBritish Isles kusize ekuboneni umehluko obonakalayo ekuhambeni kwesikhashana kwalesi zinhlobo. Ukufuduka okume mpo kukhuphuka ngokujula futhi kuncike ekushintsheni kwamanzi okushisa; emanzini angaxutshwe nalutho, oshaka benza ukunyakaza okuguqukayo, bachitha usuku emanzini angajulile futhi behlela ekujuleni ebusuku. Emanzini ajikeleziwe ajulile, oshaka benza ukufuduka okujwayelekile, bachitha usuku ngaphansi kovalo olushisayo futhi bavuka ebusuku baye phezulu. Oshaka be-Atlantic bakhetha amazinga okushisa wamanzi ukusuka ku-5 ° C kuye ku-10 ° C, yize izinga labo lokushisa lisuka ku-1 ° C liye ku-23 ° C.

Amapulangwe oshaka base-Atlantic abahlala koseNyakatho naseSouthern hemispheres ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele komunye nomunye. ENyakatho Nenkabazwe, kunezihlokwana ezimbili - empumalanga nentshonalanga, ezingafane zihlangane. Munye kuphela ushaka owaziwayo, owanqamula i-Atlantic usuka e-Ireland uye eCanada, usuhlanganise ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-4,260. Kukhona futhi okuhlukanisayo okuhlukile kule hemisphere eseNingizimu. Oshaka balolu hlobo eNyakatho Atlantic baba nokuhlukaniswa ngokobukhulu nangokobulili, naseSouthern Hemisphere, okungenani ngosayizi. Ukwenza isibonelo, inani labesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abasogwini lwaseSpain liyi-2: 1, eScotland kunabesifazane abangamaphesenti angama-30 ngaphezulu kwabesilisa, kanti abesilisa abangamakhambekazi bahlala eGulf of Bristol. Oshaka abakhulu abakhulu batholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nabancane.

Oshaka be-Atlantic herring benza ukufuduka kwesizini ngezikhathi zombili eNyakatho naseSouthern Hemispheres. ENyakatho ne-Atlantic esentshonalanga, iningi labantu lihlala entwasahlobo emanzini ajulile eshalofini leNova Scotia, kanti ngasekupheleni kwehlobo libhukuda liye enyakatho libanga elingamakhilomitha angama-500-100 emanzini angajulile weGreat Newfoundland Bank naseSt. Lawrence Bay. NgoDisemba, izinsikazi ezinkulu zithuthela ngaseningizimu ibanga elingaphezu kuka-2 000 km ukuya oLwandle iSargasso, lapho zizala khona izingane, zihlala ekujuleni okungaphezulu kuka-600 m phakathi nosuku futhi zikhuphuke ziye kuma-200 m ebusuku ukuze zihlale emanzini apholile ngaphansi kweGulf Stream. Empumalanga esenyakatho ye-Atlantic, oshaka be-Atlantic bachitha ehlobo emanzini angajulile eshalofini yezwekazi, futhi ebusika basakazekela enyakatho olwandle oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, oshaka bangemboza amabanga afike ku-2300 km, noma kunjalo, sebefinyelele umgomo wokuhamba, bakhetha ukuhlala endaweni encishisiwe. Inani labantu baseSouthern Hemisphere ebusika liqhubekela enyakatho ngenhla kuka-30 ° S. w. emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, futhi entwasahlobo ibuyela eningizimu ngaphansi kuka-35 ° S. n., lapho zivame ukutholakala eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba.

I-Anatomy nokubukeka

Oshaka base-Atlantic banomzimba omnyama, onothile we-fusiform. Ikhanda elide le-conical liphela nge-snout ekhombe, esekelwa yi-cartilage eyikhulisiwe, ebalwe kahle i-rostral. Amehlo makhulu, amnyama, ijwabu leso lesithathu alikho. Amakhala amade amise okomzimba ongu-S ngaphambili futhi ngaphansi kwamehlo. Umlomo mkhulu, ugobile impela, imihlathi iphuma kancane. Oshaka baseNyakatho ye-Atlantic banamazinyo aphakeme angama-28-29 nama-26-27, kanti oshaka baseSouthern Hemisphere banama-30-31 aphezulu nangama-27-29 aphansi. Amazinyo aqonde ngqo, kepha ngesisekelo esigobeke ngokuqinile, anephoyinti eliyindilinga elimise okwe-awl kanye namazinyo amancane asemuva, athuthukiswe kangcono kunase-Pacific herring shark (akakho kubo bonke abanye abamele banamuhla bomndeni kaLamnidae). Amazinyo angaphambili acishe afane, amazinyo angemuva aqanjwa emuva. Amabhuzu ama-5 wezikhala ezinde ze-gill ezibekwe phambi kwama-pectoral fins.

Amaphiko we-pectoral mide futhi mncane. I-dorsal fin yokuqala mude futhi mikhulu, i-apex iyindilinga, isisekelo sisekhona kwama-pectoral fins. Ama-dorsal fins ama-ventral, anal nelesibili mancane. Ezinhlangothini zesisekelo se-caudal esivikela i-lateral carinae. Ngaphansi kwezimbambo eziyinhloko zezinsimbi kukhona i-pair yezinkinobho ezifinqiwe zesibili. I-Crescent eyenziwe ngesimo se-caudal fin; ephansi ye-caudal ephansi icishe ilingane nobude kuya phezulu. Esisekelo se-caudal fin khona kukhona notch dorsal ne-ventral precaudal notch. I-notral ye-ventral itholakala emaphethelweni we-lobe engenhla ye-caudal fin. Isikhumba esithambile simbozwe izikali ezincane ze-placoid ezakha indawo enhle. I-Flake ngayinye ithwala imidwebo emithathu evundlile ephela i-prong.

Umhlane ungwevu noma ungwevu (kuze kube mnyama), isisu simhlophe. Umbala omnyama we-dorsolateral udlulela kumaphinifa we-pectoral. Ukuphela kwamahhala kwe-dorsal fin yokuqala ngombala grey noma omhlophe, okuyisici esibonakalayo salolu hlobo. Ngokucatshangelwa okuvela eningizimu hemisphere, ingaphansi lekhanda limnyama nesisu siyabonakala. Oshaka be-herring base-Atlantic bafinyelela kubude obuyi-3 m, imininingwane ephathelene nabantu abakhulu (cishe ama-3.7 m) kungenzeka ibe yiphutha futhi isebenza kwezinye izinhlobo zabasiki be-herring. Ubude obujwayelekile bungama-2,5 m. ENyakatho ye-Atlantic, izinsikazi zikhulu kunezabesilisa - ubude oburekhodiwe obuphezulu ukusuka empompini we-snout kuya kumfoloko we-caudal fin buyi-2,5 m kwabesilisa namamitha ama-3 kwabesifazane. Oshizi be-herring base-Atlantic abahlala eningizimu hemisphere, ezincane, izinsikazi nezinsikazi cishe zilingana ngosayizi, zifinyelela ku-2.1 m no-2 m, ngokulandelana (ukusuka empini yesiphundu kuya kumfoloko wenhlawulo ye-caudal). Isisindo sabaningi oshaka be-Atlantic asidluli ku-135 kg. Isisindo esirekhodwe kakhulu esingu-230 kg (umuntu owabanjwa ngo-1993 ogwini lweCaithness, eScotland).

I-Biology kanye ne-Ecology

Oshaka be-herring asheshayo futhi anamandla atholakala bobabili ngamaqembu futhi benganeme. Imizimba yabo enjengemphebezo emise okomzimba, isiqu esilinganiselwe se-caudal kanye ne-crescent-shaud caudal esime ngendlela ekhethekile. Ngokwesimo, zifana ne-tuna, izinqolobane nezinye izinhlanzi ezingabhukuda ngokushesha. Oshaka be-Atlantic herark shark kanye nosalton shark banomzimba omningi kakhulu phakathi kwabamele umndeni we-herring shark (isilinganiso sobude nobukhulu bungango-4,5), ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kwabo akunakuvumelana nezimo: bahambisa umsila wabo ohlangothini, kuyilapho umzimba ucishe awugobi. Lesi sitayela sokubhukuda sibanikeza amandla okuqhubela phambili kanye namandla aphezulu okulimaza i-maneuverability. Isifunda esikhulu se-gill sinikeza izicubu zangaphakathi ngenani elikhulu le-oxygen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinhlangothini zinomucu omfushane we- “a redobic” izicubu ”ezibomvu, ezincishiswa ngamandla amancane kungakhathalekile ukuthi" imisipha emhlophe "ejwayelekile, ekhulisa ukukhuthazela.

Oshaka be-Atlantic abasebenza ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa zezinhlanzi ezingakhombisa ukusebenza kwegeyimu. Ngasogwini lweCornwall, kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi labaswazi bawa kanjani futhi baphenduka kaningi ijikelezi layo elisezincekeni ze-algae ezinde eduze kwamanzi. Mhlawumbe ngale ndlela oshaka bayazijabulisa, bondla izilwane ezincane ezihlala e-algae, noma bazame ukuqeda izinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sabukela oshaka base-Atlantic bexosha omunye nomunye, bebuthene emhlanjini. Kunemibiko yokuthi badlala ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ezintantayo emanzini: ukusunduza, ukuxhawula noma ukuluma izingcezu zamaflethi okudotshwa nezinhlanzi.

Oshaka abamhlophe nemikhomo yokubulala kungenzeka bathathe inyamazane ku-Atlantic herring shark. Isinambuzane esincane sabanjwa ogwini lwase-Argentina sinamamaki okulimaza kusuka koshaka onamachashaza amancanyana noma ofanayo, kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi lokhu bekungukuzingela noma ukubonakalisa ulaka. Kula mashark tapeworms parasize I-Dinobothrium septaria futhi Hepatoxylon trichiuri nama-Copepods Dinemoura producta , Laminifera doello-juradoi futhi I-Pandarus floridanus . Izinga lokufa kwabantu lonyaka liphansi kanti entshonalanga yeNyakatho ye-Atlantic liyi-10% kubantu abangagugile, ama-15% kubantu besilisa abadala kuthi abangama-20% kubantu besifazane abadala.

Umsoco

Ama-herring shark adla inyama ikakhulukazi ngezinhlanzi ezincane nezincane. Izinhlanzi ezi-pelagic, ezinjenge-Alepizaurus ru en, zifakiwe ekudleni kwazo., ama-mackerel, ama-sardine, i-herring ne-saury, kanye nezinhlanzi ezingezansi ezinjenge-cod, hake, inhlanzi emhlophe, i-sunflower, ama-gerbils, ama-pinagors nama-flounders. Ama-Cephalopods, ikakhulukazi ama-squid, nawo angumthombo wokudla obalulekile, kanti oshaka abancane abanjenge-soup shark noma oshaka abambalwa abanamaqabunga avamile okuba inyamazane yabo. Ucwaningo lokuqukethwe esiswini soshaka be-Atlantic herring lukhombisa ukuthi nazo zizondla ngama-mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms nezinye i-invertebrates, ezingagwinywa ngethuba kanye nezinto ezingangeneki (udoti, izimpaphe namatshe).

Enyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Atlantic, oshaka base-Atlantic oshaka entwasahlobo bondla ikakhulu izinhlanzi ze-pelagic kanye ne-squid, kanti ekwindla, izinhlanzi ezingaphansi. Lokhu kungenxa yokufuduka kwesizini kwentwasahlobo nasekwindla kusuka emanzini ajulile kuya kumanzi angajulile kanye okuphambene nalokho. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwedlozi luyisisulu esivumelana nezimo kalula ngaphandle kokuthandwa okukhethekile kokudla. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo eLwandle lweCeltic emaphethelweni angaphandle kweshalofu laseScotland ru en la oshaka baqoqana ngaphambili kwendawo ezishisayo okwakhiwa yi-ebb nokugeleza komoya ukuyozingela izinhlanzi ezihehwa ukuqongelela okukhulu kwe-zooplankton. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, oshaka bantshontsha ebusweni bamanzi baye ezansi baphinde bavuke ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa. Mhlawumbe ukufuduka okume mpo kubasize ukuba bazihambise ngokwabo ngokuhogela. Ngonyaka owodwa ubudala i-Atlantic herring shark 1 m ubude yondliwa yi-krill ne-polychaetes.

Umjikelezo wempilo nokuzala

Isikhathi sokujikeleza kokuzala koshaka be-Atlantic ayijwayelekile ngoba ziyafana kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres futhi azishintshi izinyanga eziyisithupha. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amahora okushisa nawasemini awakuthinti kakhulu ukuzala kwawo ngenxa yobungqabavu bobuciko be-endothermic balezi zinhlanzi. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka kakhulu kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuLwezi. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa baluma izinsikazi futhi babambe amazinyo abo ngamaphinifa we-pectoral esifundeni senhlangano nasezinhlangothini. Izindawo ezimbili ziyaziwa entshonalanga North Atlantic lapho i-Atlantic herring shark mate - enye eNewfoundland enye eMaine Bay. Izinsikazi ezindala zine-ovary eyodwa esebenzayo (kwesokudla) nama-oviducts amabili asebenzayo. Cishe ziletha inzalo minyaka yonke. Ku-udoti kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5 amawundlu, imvamisa ku-4. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8-9.

Njengamanye amalungu omndeni waso, oshaka base-Atlantic abazalwa ngohlobo lokuzalwa lwe-oophagy, okuwukuthi, lo mbungu udla ikakhulukazi amaqanda angenazithelo. Engxenyeni yokuqala yokukhulelwa, umzimba kamama ukhiqiza inamba enkulu yamaqanda anjalo, afakwe ku-capsule efinyelela ku-7.5 cm. Amaqanda angena kuma-oviducts. Umbungu uqala ukondla nge-yolk sac kanye nezibambo ezisuka kwikhompiyutha yayo, ifinyelele kubude obuyi-3.2-4.2 cm. Ngalesi sikhathi, amagilebhisi ayo angaphandle ne-spiral intestinal valve sezivele zakhekile kahle. Ngobude be-umbungu obungu-4,2-9,2 cm, i-yolk sac ayinalutho, umbungu uphulukana nezifo zawo ezingaphandle, kepha awukakwazi ukondla amaqanda angenazithelo, ngoba awukwazi ukuwavula. Embungwini obude obuyi-10 cm, kuphuma “ama-fangs” agobile emhlathini ophansi kanye nama-clove amabili amancane emhlathini ongenhla, ngosizo lawo liwashebe amakhabethe amaqanda. Uqala ukondla nge-yolk bese isisu sakhe seluliwe kakhulu: izicubu zesisu zihlukaniswe phakathi, isikhumba seluliwe kakhulu.

Ekubangeni okungu-20-21, umbungu uthola umbala opinki ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-pigmentation, amehlo kuphela ahlala emnyama. Ikhanda kanye nama-gill ezinhlangothini kukhula kakhulu bese kuba yi-gelatinous. Isisindo sesisu esigcwaliswe nge-yolk singafinyelela ku-81% wesisindo esiphelele se-umbungu ubude obungu-30-42 cm. Umbungu uyaba mnyama, ufike kubude obungamasentimitha angama-34- 38. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda kuyama kanti isikhuphasha esinqwabelene esiswini siba ngumthombo wezakhi zomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbungu uyaqhubeka nokudla amaqanda abekiwe, ukubhoboza nokuphuza okuqukethwe kwabo, noma ukugwinya kuphelele. Kancane kancane, isisu siyayeka ukuba yindawo yokugcina amandla futhi sinciphe ngosayizi, isibindi esikhulisiwe siqala ukwenza lo msebenzi. Ngobude obungamasentimitha angama-40, umbungu usuvele unemibala ngokuphelele, futhi uma ubude bawo bungama-58 cm, buba njengangaphandle koshaka osanda kuzalwa. Imisipha yesisu ihamba ndawonye, ​​yakha lokho okubizwa nge- "umbilical scar" noma "scar from the yolk sac" (womabili la magama awalungile). Kuvela amazinyo amancane kuyo yomibili imihlathi, ehlala ibucayi futhi ingasebenzi kuze kube yilapho idilihwa.

Ubukhulu bezingane ezisanda kuzalwa buyahluka phakathi kuka-60 no-75 cm (69-80 cm eSouth Pacific), futhi isisindo asidluli kuma-5 kg. Isisindo sesibindi sikhuphukela ku-10% wesisindo esiphelele, yize inani elincane le-yolk lihlala esiswini, elisekela osemusha aze afunde ukudla. Ukukhula kwenyanga kungama-7-8 cm. Kwesinye isikhathi ikubalo elilodwa kudoti lincane kakhulu kunelinye, okungeyona into engahambelani. “Amamfudlana” anjalo azalwa ngenxa yokuba khona kombungu ovelele eduze komthombo wokudla, othola amaqanda amaningi, noma ngenxa yokuthi umama angakwazi ukunikeza yonke imibungu ukudla. Ukubeletha kwenzeka kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba, eNyakatho Atlantic inani eliphakeme lenzeka ngo-Ephreli nangoMeyi, naseSouthern Hemisphere ngoJuni nangoJulayi. Enyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Atlantic, izinsana zizalwa olwandle lweSargasso ekujuleni okungaba ngu-500 m.

Ngaphambi kokufuduka, abesilisa nabesilisa bakhula ngesilinganiso esifanayo, yize ngokuvamile izinsikazi zifinyelela ngosayizi omkhulu futhi kamuva zivuthwe. Iminyaka emine yokuqala yokuphila, oshaka bengeza ama-16-20 cm ngonyaka kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres. Kamuva, oshaka abahlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific (Southern Hemisphere) bakhula kancane kunabahlobo beNorth Atlantic. Abesilisa bafika esikhathini sokuthomba ngobude obungu-1,6-1,8 m ukusuka esiqongweni sekhaleni kuya kumfoloko womsila, okuhambelana nobudala beminyaka eyi-6-11, kanye nezinsikazi ezineminyaka engu-2-2,2 no-12-18 ngokulandelana. E-Southern Hemisphere, abesilisa bavuthwa ngobude obuyi-1.4-1,5 m, abaneminyaka eyi-8-11, kanye nabesifazane ababalelwa ku-1.7-1.8 m no-15-18 ubudala, ngokulandelana. Isilinganiso sokuphila esirekhodiwe iminyaka engama-26, sabhalwa kushaka ongu-2.6 metres ubude. Ngokwe-theory, isikhathi sokuphila koshaka be-Atlantic herring singaba yiminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40 ku-Atlantic size sifike eminyakeni engama-65 eSouth Hemisphere.

I-Thermoregulation

Njengamanye amalungu omndeni wayo, oshaka be-Atlantic herring bayakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakeme kuqhathaniswa nemvelo. Isebenzela lokhu Rete mirabile ru en (kusuka esiLatini kuhunyushwa ngokuthi "inethiwekhi emangalisayo"). Le yinkimbinkimbi eminyene ehlanganisa imithambo nemithambo yegazi egijima ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine ukushisa ngenxa yokuqothuka, ukufudumeza igazi elibandayo elinemizwa ngemisipha evuthayo, evuthayo. Ngale ndlela, oshaka bagcina amazinga okushisa aphezulu kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, ikakhulukazi esiswini. Oshaka be-Atlantic herring bane vumela mirabile: i-orbital, ukufudumeza amehlo nobuchopho, ukusika kwe-lateral, ngokufinyelela kwimisipha yokubhukuda, i-suprahepatic kanye ne-renal.

Oshaka be-herring base-Atlantic basebenza okwesibili kuphela oshaka besalmon emandleni abo okuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Imisipha yabo ebomvu, etholakala ekujuleni komzimba, inamathiselwe emgogodleni, futhi inethiwekhi yakamuva inama-artery amancane angaphezu kuka-4000 aqoqwe emabintini emithambo. Ukushisa kwangaphakathi koshaka be-Atlantic herring kungadlula izinga lokushisa kwamanzi azungezile ngo-8-10 ° C. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme livumela lezi zinhlanzi ukuba zigcinwe ngesivinini esikhulu sokuhamba, zizingela isikhathi eside ekujuleni okukhulu futhi zibhukuda ebusika ziye ezinqabeni eziphakeme, lapho okukhona khona inyamazane kungafinyeleleki kwezinye. I-Orbital vumela mirabile yenyusa izinga lokushisa kwengqondo namehlo e-Atlantic herring shark ngo-3-6 ° C futhi, kunalokho, isebenza ukudala ukuvikelwa kwale ndawo enozwela kusuka kumazinga okushisa okuphezulu ahambisana nokujula okujulile olwandle, mhlawumbe lesi sakhiwo sithuthukisa ukubonwa okujwayelekile nesivinini sokuphendula.

Ukusebenzisana kwabantu

Yize oshaka be-Atlantic bebhekwa njengengozi ebantwini, akuvamile ukuba bahlasele abantu noma izikebhe. Kuhlu Lwamanye Amazwe AseShark Attack on Humans ru en babhalise ukuhlaselwa okubili kuphela. Amanye amarekhodi asho ukuthi "ushaka we-herring uluma kanjani umuntu," kepha oshaka be-Atlantic bahlangana kalula nama-mako noma oshaka abamhlophe. Kwenziwe i-video ekhombisa ukuthi imbala i-Atlantic herark shark ihlasela kanjani umuntu osebenza endaweni yesikhulumi sikawoyela kuLwandle Olubomvu aze ayilume ngaphandle kokonakala. Kodwa-ke, kuyabonakala ukuthi akazingeli futhi indlela aziphatha ngayo ibangelwe yilukuluku lokufuna ukwazi noma lokuzivikela.

Ngesinye isikhathi, oshaka base-Atlantic kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kulimaza ukudoba ngokulimaza ukudotshwa kwamagiya okudoba inyamazane encane nokudla izinhlanzi ezibanjwe izingwegwe ezinde. Lolu hlobo lubhekwa kakhulu ngabangeneleli e-Ireland, e-UK nase-USA. Njengoba ziboshwe, laba shaka bamelana ngentshiseko, noma kunjalo, ngokungafani no-shaka baka-shaka, abaphumi emanzini. Wabasaqalayo bavame ukudida oshaka be-Atlantic herring noshaka shark.

Ukudoba kwezentengiso

Ama-herring shark abaluleke kakhulu inyama namaphiko, ngakho-ke, le nhlobo ibilokhu izingelwa isikhathi eside. Inyama iyaqhubeka nokuthengiswa kwifomu elisha, elibandisiwe nelifakwe usawoti. Ngo-1997-1998, intengo ethe xaxa yenyama yalaba oshaka yayingu-5-7 € ngekhilogremu, ephindwe izikhathi ezine kunentengo yenyama eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. EYurophu, iyadingeka kakhulu, i-United States neJapan nawo angabangenisi. Amaphinifa athunyelwa eSoutheast Asia, lapho enza isobho. Izinsalela zesidumbu zilahlwa ukukhiqiza isikhumba, amanoni kanye nokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi. Ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba kwenyama yama-Atlantic herring shark kubalulekile, kepha idatha eqondile ayitholakali, ngoba imikhiqizo etholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningana zikashaka ingabandakanyeka. Oshaka be-Atlantic ikakhulukazi babanjwa besebenzisa ama-longlines, kanye namanetha we-gill, amanetha okudonsa kanye nemicibisholo. Inyama yalaba oshaka ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba igcinwa ngisho nangokudotshwa okungafanele, lapho ibanjwa njengokubanjiswa. Uma kungenazimo zokugcina, izinkungu zazo ziyanqunywa, isidumbu siphonswe ngaphezulu.

Ukudoba kakhulu oshaka be-Atlantic kuqale ngeminyaka yama-30s ye-XX, lapho iNorway futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, iDenmark yaqala ukusebenza ngemikhumbi emide eNyakatho Atlantic. ENorway, ukubanjwa kwaminyaka yonke kwakhuphuka kusuka kumathani angama-279 ngonyaka we-1926 kuya kumathani angama-3 884 ngo-1933 kwathi ngo-1947, afinyelela kumathani ayi-6,000. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, izimayini zaqala kabusha. Ngokushesha, inani loshaka laqala ukwehla: eNorway, ukubanjwa kwaminyaka yonke kwakwehla ngokuqinile kusuka kumathani ayi-1200 kuya ku-1953 kuya ku-1960 kuye kumathoni angama-160 ukuya kwangama-300 ekuqaleni kwama-70s kuya kumathani angama-10 kuya kwangama-80s ngasekupheleni kwama-80s nasekuqalekeni kwama-90s iminyaka. Ngokufanayo, eDenmark ukubanjwa kwaminyaka yonke kwehla kusuka kumathani ayi-1,500 ekuqaleni kwama-50s kuya ngaphansi kwamathani ayi-100 kuma-90s. Njengamanje, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, kubandakanya iNorway, iDenmark, iFrance neSpain, ayaqhubeka nokuzingela oshaka be-Atlantic empumalanga yeNorth Atlantic. I-France neSpain yaqala ukudoba le nhlobo ngama-70s we-XX century. Abadobi baseFrance badla ikakhulukazi olwandle i-Celtic kanye ne-Bay of Biscay futhi babona ukwehla kokubanjwa minyaka yonke kusuka kumathani angaphezu kuka-1000 ngonyaka we-1979 kuya kumathani angama-300-400 ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90s. Izinga lokukhiqizwa kwemikhumbi yokudoba yaseSpain lisuka ezinkombeni ezingasho lutho liye ekubanjweni kwamathani angaphezu kuka-4000 ngonyaka, okubonisa ushintsho emzamweni wokudoba ungene emanzini angakaze asizakale.

Kusukela oshaka be-Atlantic bekungasho ukuthi baye bafika empumalanga yeNyakatho ye-Atlantic ngeminyaka yama-60s ye-XX, umkhumbi wokudoba waseNorway usuthuthele entshonalanga - emanzini aseNew England naseNewfoundland. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, imikhumbi emide evela eziqhingini zaseFarae yajoyina. Ukubanjwa kwaminyaka yonke kwamaNorway kukhuphuke kusuka kumathani ayi-1900 ngonyaka we-1961 kuya kumathani angaphezu kuka-9000 ngonyaka we-1965. Ama-prey shark athunyelwa e-Italy, lapho inyama yawo (ital. Smergliosmerglio) ithandwa kakhulu. Eminyakeni engu-6 nje kuphela, inani labasakazi laphinde lehla ngokushesha: ngawo-1970s, iNorway yayikhiqiza amathani angaphansi kuka-1000 ngonyaka, abadobi baseFrance babuka umkhuba ofanayo. Ngemuva kokushabalala koshaka, izinkampani eziningi zokudoba zashintshela kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Eminyakeni engama-25 eyalandela, inani labashaka labuya kancane kancane labuyela ku-30% wezinga elibonwe ngaphambi kokuqala kokudoba. Ngo-1995, iCanada yasungula indawo ekhethekile yezomnotho futhi yaba isisulu esikhulu sabasakazi be-Atlantic esifundeni. Phakathi konyaka we-1994 nowe-1998, izikebhe zokudoba zaseCanada zazingamathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane nezingu-2000, ngonyaka, okwaholela ekunciphiseni kwabantu ukufika ku-11-17% wezinga ngaphambi kokuloba. Ukulawulwa kwamashumi amathathu kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwezilinganiso zokubamba ngonyaka ka-2000 kunciphisa ijubane lokwehla, noma kunjalo, kuzothatha amashumi eminyaka ukululama ngenxa yobuchopho obuphansi balaba oshaka. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukukhetha okwenziwe ngabadobi kuholele ekubuyiseni kokukhula okuhlanganayo ru, okungukuthi, ekukhuleni okusheshayo kanye nokuvuthwa koshaka.

E-Southern Hemisphere, akukho ukudoba okuthengiswayo kwabashushi be-Atlantic okurekhodiwe. Inani elikhulu labasakazi libanjwa ngengozi yokudoba i-pelagic longline yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu, njenge -fishfish, i-tuna yase-Australia (Thunnus maccoyii) kanye nePatagonian izinhlanzi ngemikhumbi yokudoba yaseJapan, Uruguay, Argentina, South Africa kanye naseNew Zealand. Ukukhiqizwa koshaka be-Atlantic okwenziwa yi-Uruguayan Tunline Longline Fleet kwafinyeleleka ngo-1984 futhi kwaba ngamathani ayi-150. Ukulinganiselwa kokubanjwa kwemizamo yokudoba kukhombise ukwehla okungamaphesenti angama-90 ukukhiqizwa kusuka ngo-1988 kuya ku-1998, yize kungaziwa, kukhombisa ukwehla kwangempela kwesibalo sabantu noma ushintsho ezimweni zokudoba. INew Zealand ibike ukubanjwa minyaka yonke kwamathani angama-150-300 ukusuka ngonyaka we-1998 kuya ku-2003, iningi lawo okungabantu abangakavuthwa.

Izindlela Zokulondolozwa

Ukuwa okusheshayo kwenani labasakazi be-Atlantic herring kuzo zombili izingxenye zeNyakatho ye-Atlantic kuyisibonelo esijwayelekile sokuqothuka nokuwa kwezindawo eziningi zokudoba oshaka. Izici ezinjengokudonsa okuncane, ukuvuthwa okuningana nokubanjwa kwabantu abaneminyaka ehlukahlukene zenza ukuthi oshaka babukeke kakhulu ekushayeni ngokweqile. I-International Union for Conservation ofvelo inikeze le nhlobo isimo sokulondolozwa komhlaba wonke "Ezisengozini", imiphakathi engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNorth Atlantic - "Izinhlobo ezisengozini" kanye "Nezinhlobo Ezisengozini" ngabantu abasempumalanga yeNyakatho Atlantic nolwandle iMedithera.

Oshaka be-Atlantic basebenza kuhlu lweSithasiselo I se-UN Convention on the Law of the Sea kanye nakuSithasiselo I seBonn Convention. ECanada, e-USA, eBrazil, e-Australia, nase-European Union, kwenqatshelwe ukusika amapinaphi oshaka be-Atlantic ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isidumbu.

Ukuphela komkhawulo ku-Southern Hemisphere yisibalo sokudoba osokishini be-Atlantic herring eyethulwa ngo-2004 ngenani lamathani angama-249 ngonyaka. Empumalanga esenyakatho ye-Atlantic, ukukhiqizwa akukaze kube nomkhawulo, naphezu kokuncipha komlando ngobukhulu besibalo sabantu. Kusukela ngo-1985, umkhumbi wokudoba waseNorway kanye nowaseForte Islands uthole isilinganiso sokubanjwa minyaka yonke emanzini amazwe ase-European Union ngenani lamathani angama-200 nangu-125, ngokulandelana. Yize lezi zilinganiso zingaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso sokuqala konyaka we-1982 (amathani angama-500 aseNorway kanye nama-300 esiQhingini saseForte), asadlula umkhawulo waminyaka yonke wokubanjwa koshaka be-Atlantic esifundeni futhi ngenxa yalokho awunamphumela owusizo.

KuLwandle iMedithera, oshaka be-Atlantic abasezandleni zokuqothulwa; kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inani labantu lehlile ngo-99.99%. Ibanga labo lehliselwe ekugeziseni kwamanzi i-Apennine peninsula, lapho kutholakala khona izithombo zemvelo zemvelo. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, akusekho abantu abambalwa abambalwa abashiwo ngemibiko yesayensi ababanjwe yenetha, bafakwa ku-handfish nezinduku zokudoba zabasubathi.

Isibalo soshaka be-Atlantic oshaka abahlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNorth Atlantic sinamathuba amaningi ngokwengeziwe uma siqhathanisa nezihlobo zaso ezisempumalanga. Kusukela ngonyaka we-1995, ukudoba kwabo kulawulwa emanzini aseCanada, inani laminyaka yonke lamathani ayi-1,500 selisunguliwe, isikhathi sokudoba, isikhala nohlobo lwegiya elisetshenziselwa imikhumbi yezentengiso lilinganiselwe, kanti nokudotshwa kwezemidlalo nakho kubhekelwe. Isibonelo sokuthuthuka kwesibalo sakhiwe, lapho inani lonyaka lamathani angama-200-250 lizovumela inani labantu ukuthi likhule, ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2002-2007, leyo mikhawulo yamukelwa. Isiza semithombo yezingane yemvelo engasogwini lwaseNewfoundland kuthiwa siyindawo yokubhuka. Isilinganiso samanzi ase-US amathani angama-95 (imikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe) ngonyaka.