I-Ecology Esetshenzisiwe (I-PE) isiyalo esifundisisa izindlela zokubhujiswa kwabantu komkhathi, izindlela zokuvimbela lokhu kubhujiswa futhi sithuthukise imigomo yokuphathwa kwezemvelo okunengqondo ngaphandle kokonakaliswa kwemvelo.

I-ecology esetshenzisiwe isuselwa ohlelweni lwemigomo, imithetho kanye nemithetho yokuphathwa kwezemvelo kanye nemvelo. Ngokuya ngezindlela zokufunda, lezi zindawo ezilandelayo ziyahlukaniswa:

imvelo yezimboni - ifunda umthelela wamabhizinisi wezimboni kwimvelo nezindlela zokunciphisa lo mphumela ngokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinsiza zokwelapha,

kwezemvelo yezolimo - Kuthuthukisa izindlela zokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yezolimo ngaphandle kokudonswa kwezinsiza zomhlaba nezindlela zokukhiqiza imikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo,

i-ecology yezokwelapha - ifunda izifo zabantu ezihambisana nokungcoliswa kwemvelo nezindlela zokwelashwa kwazo,

imvelo yasemadolobheni - ifunda izindlela zokwenza ngcono imvelo yabantu edolobheni,

kwemvelo kwamakhemikhali - Kuthuthukisa izindlela zokunqunywa kwezinto ezingcolisayo, izindlela zokuhlanza amakhemikhali, ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza,

i-ecology yezibalo - amamodeli izinqubo zezemvelo, i.e. ukuphambuka emvelweni okuzovela ngenxa yezinguquko kumingcele yemvelo,

i-ecology yezomnotho - Uthuthukisa izindlela zezomnotho zokulawulwa kwemvelo,

i-ecology yezomthetho - Uthuthukisa uhlelo lwemithetho okuhloswe ngalo ukuvikela imvelo,

Izinhlobo ze-Applied Ecology

I-Ecology isebenza ngokubambisana nezeluleko eziningi. Kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-ecology kanye ne-economics, psychology kanye nemithi. Ngokulawula izinto ezithile, unganquma ukuthi yini okudingeka yenziwe ukuthuthukisa imvelo.

p, blockquote 2.0,0,0,0 ->

Kusetshenziswe ucwaningo lwe-ecology ngokunembile lezo zindlela kanye nezinkinga ezonakalisa imvelo. Izindlela namathuluzi kuyakhiwa okuzosiza ukunciphisa umthelela omubi womuntu emvelweni. Futhi, lesi siyalo sakha ubuchwepheshe nezinqubomgomo zokusebenzisa ngokunengqondo izinsizakusebenza zomhlaba.

p, blockquote 3,1,0,0,0 ->

Ubunzima bemvelo esetshenzisiwe ifaka lezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->

• i-ecology yezomnotho
• yezimboni
• kwezokwelapha
• ukwakha imvelo
• amakhemikhali
• ubunjiniyela
• ezolimo
• i-ecology yezomthetho
• emadolobheni.

Ukubhaliswa ngakunye kokumvelo okusetshenziswayo kunesihloko sayo kanye nezinto ezitadishelwa, imisebenzi nezindlela. Ngenxa yendlela yesayensi, imigomo nemithetho iyakhiwa, ngokusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukulawula imisebenzi yabantu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomnotho. Yonke imithetho nezincomo zincike ekucacisweni komsebenzi.

p, blockquote 5,0,0,1,0 ->

p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->

Inhloso Yokusebenza Kwezendalo

Imvelo esetshenzisiwe inganciphisa umthelela omubi wabantu emvelweni. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi imodeli yokubala. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uqaphele imvelo futhi unqume isimo sayo. Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlaziya izokwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwezinkinga zemvelo, ezizayo kuba yisisekelo sangempela sokushintsha umsebenzi wezinto ezithile. Isibonelo, izinkomba zesimo samanzi nomoya zizophoqa amabhizinisi ukuthi asebenzise izihlungi zokuhlanza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi siyalo sizonciphisa umthwalo emvelweni. Futhi, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukubuyiselwa nokulungiswa kabusha kwemvelo, okuzogcina imvelo, ngaphambi kokuba kudale kakhulu.

Ukuphilisana kwezenhlalo

I-ecology yezenhlalo iyingxenye ye-ecology ecwaninga ubudlelwane phakathi komphakathi wesintu nendawo ezungezile yendawo, imvelo yenhlalo namasiko, imiphumela eqondile kanye emibi yemisebenzi yokukhiqiza ekwakhiweni nasezakhiweni zemvelo, umthelela wezemvelo wezinto ezibangelwa yimpilo yempilo yabantu kanye ne-gene echibini labantu. Ngaphakathi kwemvelo yokuhlalisana kwabantu, bahlukanisa: i-ecology yomuntu, i-ecology yesiko, i-ethnoecology, njll. Ngakho-ke, i-ecology yesiko ibandakanyeka kulondolozo nasekubuyiselweni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene zemvelo yamasiko eyakhiwe yisintu kuwo wonke umlando wayo (izikhumbuzo zezakhiwo, amapaki, iminyuziyamu, njll.). I-ethnoecology ifunda ngobudlelwano babantu bendawo kanye nendawo ezakha iqembu lobuhlanga phakathi kwenqubo yomlando. I-Popology ye-Popology icubungula ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinqubo ezenzeka kubantu abangaphansi kwethonya lesimo esishintshashintshashintshashintshi bemvelo yezenhlalo nakwezomnotho esikhathini esifushane sokuphumula [1, p. 34].

I-ecology yesintu (i-anthropoecology) yisayensi eyinkimbinkimbi (ingxenye yokuphilisana kwezenhlalo) efunda ukusebenzisana komuntu njengesidalwa se-biosocial esinezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba ozungezile, nendawo yokuhlala eyinkimbinkimbi. Umsebenzi wawo obaluleke kakhulu ukudalulwa kwemithetho yezokukhiqiza nezomnotho, ukuthuthukiswa okuhlosiwe kanye nokuguqulwa kwezindawo zemvelo ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi wabantu. Leli gama lethulwe ngu-Amer. ososayensi uR. Park no-E. Burgess (1921) [3, k. 65].

I-Globalology yemvelo isiyalo esiyinkimbinkimbi yesayense ecwaninga ngemithetho eyisisekelo yentuthuko yemvelo yonke, kanye nezinguquko zayo ezingenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi womuntu. I-ecology yemvelo yakhelwe ukutadisha ubudlelwane besintu nendawo ezungezwe iplanethi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imiphumela emibi yemvelo yomphumela wethonya lezinto ze-anthropogenic ku-biology yoMhlaba ivele.

I-ecology yezenhlalo iyisayense yesayensi ebheka ubudlelwane bomphakathi nendawo ezungezile, ezenhlalo nezamasiko, i.e. nemvelo ezungeze umuntu. Imiphakathi yabantu maqondana nemvelo yabo inenhlangano yezenhlalo ebabazekayo (amazinga kusuka emaqenjini ezenhlalo aphansi aze afike ebuntwini bebonke ayabhekwa). Umlando wokuqhamuka komphakathi kudala wafundwa ngabezazi zezomnotho nososayensi bezenhlalo, ososayensi bezenhlalo. I-Anthropology yisayensi yokuhlukahluka ngaphakathi kohlobo, izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zomndeni wasekhaya. I-Anthropology isebenzisa idatha kusuka ku-biology, i-molecology biology, i-genetics, i-paleogenetics yamakhemikhali, i-paleogeography, i-archaeology, i-geology, njll. Kubandakanya ukufundwa kwezici ze-biological (morphological and physiological) ze-Homo sapiens namadlozi ayo asendulo futhi ithatha indawo ekhethekile ohlelweni lwesayensi yemvelo neyenhlalo ngomuntu [2, p.23].

Izinkinga zezimo zomlando nezenhlalo yomsuka womuntu kanye nomnotho wento yohlobo Homo usezintweni zawo. Phakathi kososayensi, hhayi ama-anthropologists nababhali bama-paleogeedia kuphela, akukho ukuvumelana ngesikhathi sokuqala komuntu noma kokhokho bakhe. Ngokombono webhayoloji, lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezikuhlobo lwe-primates.

KwiLate Miocene (11-12 Ma), umugqa we-anthropoid ohlukaniswe i-genera Australiopithecus neHomo (W. Grant). Uhlobo Homo luwukuphela kwesixhumanisi sokugcina kulelo gatsha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kozimele obuphakeme, okuwukuthi, bebonke bakha umndeni wasekhaya. Lo mndeni njengegatsha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwathi, emva kokwehlukana kwawo, kwaholela kumuntu wanamuhla.

Umuntu njengesidalwa semvelo wayezobhujiswa. Izifiso zakhe azikhuliswanga kahle. Indoda yayingagxili ngokwanele emvelweni futhi yafa uma ingenayo i-tenacity ethile, ngenxa yokuba khona kwesizathu nekhono lokufunda. Umuntu walingisa izilwane ngokungazi, ezazingabekwa phansi ngokwemvelo, kodwa kwaba amandla akhe okusindisa.

Phakathi komuntu kanye namaqiniso okuba kwakhe isikhala esikhulu kuye kwavela. Kwakukhona uhlobo lokuphindwa okungokoqobo, olwalukhonjiswa emkhakheni wokucabanga, ukwazi. Lesi sikhala singabizwa ngokuthi isiko lapho kwembulwa khona amandla okudala omuntu. Ukuvela komuntu emandleni akhe okunqoba izinhlobo zemikhawulo yakhe. Isici esinezinhlangothi ezintathu yisimo sokuqala sokuthuthuka kwengqondo okuqhubekayo, isimo sesibili ngukubakho kwezandla, isimo sesithathu isimo senhlalo yempilo nohlelo lwekhompyutha yesayensi, olwenziwa ngale kwengqondo njengokunwetshwa kwalo. Amanani, isipiliyoni, ukudluliselwa kwawo kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuye kwesinye sezici ezinqumayo esimweni senhlalo futhi, kanye nokukhethwa kwemvelo, kwanikeza ifomu elihle kuHomo sapiens emzabalazweni wokuba khona. W. Grant (1991) ukholelwa ukuthi umehluko onqumayo phakathi kwabantu nezilwane usiko. Umuntu uyisidalwa esinikezwe isiko. Asikho isilwane esidale imvelo yaso yesibili. Lokhu kungumbono womuntu, lesi yisithelo sokuvela kwesiko lakhe.

Ucwaningo lofuzo lwezinhlanga zabantu (i-Negroid, iMongoloid, i-European, i-Australia kanye ne-American) luveze ukuthi ama-97% ezinhlobo ezifanayo. Lokhu kufakazela ubunye obukhulu nokuqamba kobuntu. Umqondo womjaho-umsebenzi wesimo sezulu nendawo yokuhlala yabantu abathile. Ukwehlukaniswa izinhlanga bekungasho lutho ngombono.

Umzimba womuntu ukhula ngokungalingani, ngokuya ngomugqa wesikhathi wakhe othize, ohambelana nokufakwa kwenombolo yezinombolo zeFibonacci. Imvamisa empilweni yomuntu isobala. Iminyaka ebuhlungu ihambelana nochungechunge olulandelayo: 1,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89. Ubuntwana buze bube unyaka, i-1-8-yobuntwana, ubuntwana obungu-8-13, ubusha obungu-13- 21, ubuntwana obungu-21- 34, ubusha, 34-55-ukuvuthwa, iminyaka engama-55-89. Imvamisa yeminyaka yabesifazane (uchungechunge lukaLuc): 1,3,4,7,11,18,29,47,76,123. Ubuntwana - kuze kube unyaka, iminyaka yobudala engu-1-7, ebuntwaneni, ebusheni obungu-7-11-yobusha, iminyaka eyi-11-18-yobusha, engu-18- 29-yintsha, yobudala engama-29- 47, yobudala engama-47 kuya kweyi-13. Abesifazane baneminyaka engu-6-8 iminyaka ngaphambili kunabesilisa.

Inhloso yaphakade yomuntu, isu lempilo yakhe kwakuwukuzibusa ngaphandle kwemvelo, okuvezwa yisifiso sesilwane ukuzivikela. Ngokwemvelo, njengoba ukuvela kwesiko kwakhula, kwasiza umuntu ukuthi aqinise ukuzimela kwakhe. Ukusebenza bekulokhu futhi kungumsebenzi owazi umuntu, futhi umuntu uyindaba yabasebenzi. Kunohlangothi lokuzalwa kumuntu uqobo. Ukucaciswa kohlelo lwesakhi sofuzo lomuntu ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, abantu abahlukahlukene bazalwa ubuntu babo kanye nefomu lokuziphatha komphakathi kuncike emsebenzini wezinhlobo eziningi zofuzo. Leli chibi lesakhi sofuzo lithathwa njengokuqukethwe okuhlanganisiwe kofuzo kohlanga oluthile. Ukuhlaziywa kwenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonise ukuthi ukuzivelela kwezinto eziphilayo akuphelanga ngokuvela komuntu futhi ngeke kuyeke lapho. Namuhla, isayensi yanamuhla - lolu uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lolwazi lomuntu - ihlukaniswe ngokwahlukaniselana ngamaqembu ama-3: isayensi yemvelo, yezenhlalo neyebuchwepheshe. Kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabili, ukwahluka kwesayensi kuchazwa ngesidingo sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ulwazi lwemininingwane ethile, ngaphandle kwalolo cwaningo akunakwenzeka.

Ekuqaleni, izinhlobo ezimbili zezidingo zazivela kumuntu njengendalo yezenhlalo: eziphilayo (ezomzimba) nezenhlalo (ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya). Abanye banelisekile ngenxa yezindleko zabasebenzi zokukhiqiza ukudla, izinto ezibonakalayo nezokomoya, ezinye zisetshenziselwa ukwanelisa abantu mahhala, lezi yizidingo zamanzi, zomoya, zamandla elanga, njll. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi ezokugcina ezemvelo, kanye nezidingo zakudala zenhlalo nomnotho. Umphakathi wesintu awunqabe ukusebenzisa imithombo yezemvelo. Bekulokhu njalo futhi kuzoba yisisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo zokukhiqiza, okushiwo okuguqukela ekuguqulweni kwemithombo yemvelo ehlukahlukene ibe yimpahla yabathengi. Udaba lokusetshenziswa kwe "greening" lungasondela emibonweni eyehlukene: ngokomzimba, ngokuziphatha, kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho. Kuwo wonke umphakathi, ukuphatha ukuqondiswa kokubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kungomunye wemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yezenhlalo. Njengamanje, impucuko ibhekene nesikhathi esibucayi sokuba khona kwayo, lapho imidwebo evamile ihlelwayo, lapho kuziwa ekuqondeni ukuthi izicelo ezingenakubalwa zomuntu wanamuhla zingena ngokungqubuzana nomgomo oyisisekelo wezidingo zawo wonke umuntu - ukulondolozwa kwendawo yokuphila enempilo. Ubunzima obubangelwa ukuthuthuka kwempucuko, ukuwohloka okukhulayo kwemvelo yemvelo kanye nokuwohloka kwezimo zokuphila kwabantu kwenza kube nesidingo sokwenza okuthile, ukufuna imiqondo emisha yokuthuthuka komphakathi.

I-Ecology Esetshenzisiwe

I-Ecology Esetshenzisiwe - ifunda izindlela zokubhujiswa komkhathi ngumuntu, izindlela zokuvimbela le nqubo futhi zithuthukise imigomo yokusebenzisa ngokunengqondo imithombo yemvelo. Isisekelo sesayensi uhlelo lwemithetho ejwayelekile yemvelo, imithetho kanye nemigomo.

I-Ecology esetshenzisiwe ”icelwe ukuba ixazulule izinkinga ezithile zokuphathwa kwemvelo, ukuthola imithwalo yemvelo evumelekile, ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokulawula izinhlelo zemvelo (imvelo) nezindlela“ zokuluhlaza ”izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemisebenzi yabantu.

Izinkinga eziphambili ezisetshenzisiwe ukuthi imvelo kufanele ixazulule njengamanje yilezi ezilandelayo:

ukubikezela nokuhlola imiphumela emibi engahle ibe khona emvelweni ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi womuntu,

ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yendawo yemvelo,

ukongiwa, ukuzala kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yezemvelo.

ukwenziwa ngcono kobunjiniyela, ezomnotho, zenhlangano, ezomthetho, ezenhlalo kanye nezinye izixazululo zokuqinisekisa ukuthuthuka okusimeme kwezemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezonakaliswe kakhulu yimvelo.

I-ecology esetshenzisiwe iyisigaba semvelo yemvelo, imiphumela yocwaningo yayo okuhloswe ngayo ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisebenzayo zemvelo (ukuvikelwa ekungcolisweni kwemvelo ngababhemayo, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yemvelo, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe emikhakheni ehlukene yomnotho, njll.). Njengamanje, ekusetshenzisweni kwemvelo esetshenziswayo, lezi zindawo ezilandelayo zithuthuka ngempumelelo: yezimboni (ezobunjiniyela), ezobuchwepheshe, ezolimo, ezokwelapha, zamakhemikhali, zokuzijabulisa, njll.

Imininingwane

• Kukhishwe uNombolo 1 ka-2020.
  
• I-XV All-Russian Isayensi neNgqungquthela Esebenzisekayo Ngokuzibandakanya Kwamanye Amazwe "Imvelo yezwe lomdabu: izinkinga nezisombululo" kuzokwenzeka Meyi 18 ngefomethi ye-inthanethi. Iya ku
  
• Ngo-Ephreli 18 e-Institute of Chemistry and Ecology of Vyatka State University wabamba ibanga le-Olympiad kumakhemikhali we-organic wezitshudeni ezikoleni nasezikoleni zomsebenzi eKirov kanye nasesifundeni saseKirov. Bekuhanjelwe izingane zesikole ezingama-90 ezivela ku-KOGOBU Lyceum No. 9 weSlobodsky, "uKirov Cadet Corps oqanjwe ngemuva kweHero of the Soviet Union A.Ya. Oparin", MOAU "Lyceum No 21", MKOU "Center for Educationgama. A. Nekrasov ”, KOGOAU LEN, MBOU secondary school UIOP No 30, KOGOBU secondary school Village. I-Arbazh, KOGOBU SSH ngesigodi se-UIOP. I-Kilmez, Isikhungo Sokufunda seMoscow State "I-Lyceum enamakilasi weCadet aqanjwe ngoG. S. Shpagin", Vyatskiye Polyany, Isifunda saseKirov, MOAU isikole samabanga aphansi ne-UIOP No. 37, isikole samabanga aphansi i-KOGOBOU Falenki, KOBU isikole samabanga aphansi ne-UIOP No 1 Kotelnich. njll. Futhi futhi abafundi abangama-24 abavela kwi-ACT yaseKirov - KOGPOBU "Kirov Medical College", Kirov College of Music eqanjwe ngemuva I. V. Kazenin, KOGPOBU "Vyatka Automobile kanye neZimboni College". I-Institute of Chemistry and Ecology izwakalisa ukubonga okujulile kubafundisi nothisha abalungiselela izingane ukuba zibambe iqhaza kwi-Olimpiyadi esikhathini esinzima kangaka sokuzehlukanisa izwe lonke.
  Abaphumelele: UKasimova Alina Kasymovna, KOGOBU Lyceum №9 weSlobodsky noVinokurov Egor Alekseevich, "uKirov Cadet Corps uqanjwe ngemuva kweHero of the Soviet Union A.Ya. Oparin"
  
• Ababhali abathandekayo babhala izindatshana ku ngesiNgisi ulimi. Sincoma ukuthi unamathisele inguqulo yesi-Russian yendatshana njengefayela elingeziwe ku-akhawunti yakho.
  
• Ababhali abathandekayo nabafundi balo magazini!
  Siphuthuma ukukwazisa ukuthi iphephabhuku elithi "Theoretical and Applied Ecology" selokhu lafika ku-2019 lifake umnyombo wepulatifomu le-Science of Science Core Collection - Emerging Source Cation Index (ESCI), kanye ne-Biological Abstracts kanye ne-BIOSIS Previews yolwazi. Izinkinga ezivela ku-2017 zizolayishwa emniningwaneni wolwazi.
  
• Ngemibuzo ngomsebenzi wesiza kanye ne-akhawunti yakho, bhala kuphela nge-imeyili: [email protected]. Kwamanye amakheli e-imeyili ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe engaphenduli.
  

Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo

I-Industrial ecology iyingxenye yemvelo esetshenziswayo ecwaninga ukusebenzisana kwezimboni nemvelo futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthelela wezemvelo emsebenzini wamabhizinisi kanye ne-technologies. Ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-ecology yezimboni, izindlela nazo ziyafundwa ukunciphisa umthelela omubi wemboni ku-biology ngokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, izindawo zokwelapha, imigomo yokulungiswa kwemfucuza, njll.

Ezolimo kwezolimo kungumkhakha wemvelo esetshenzisiwe obhekelela izinkinga zemvelo ezibangelwa ukulima. Ososayensi abasebenza kulo mkhakha bazama ukwakha izindlela ezingasiza ukunciphisa umthelela omubi emvelweni ngenkathi bethola imikhiqizo yezolimo esezingeni eliphakeme. Ohlelweni lwale misebenzi, kuyadingeka ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi kusetshenziswa kanjani umanyolo wamakhemikhali nowokuzalwa, ukubuyiswa kabusha kwenhlabathi, nokudla kwemfuyo kwenzeka.

Ubunjiniyela bemvelo njengegatsha lezemvelo esetshenzisiwe buvele muva nje, bufunda ngendlela imvelo nobuchwepheshe obuxhumana ngayo. Ososayensi abasebenza kulo mkhakha bafunda imigomo yokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zemvelo-ezobuchwepheshe, bacubungula izindlela ezingasetshenziswa zokuphatha lezo zinhlelo, bacabangele ukuphepha kwemvelo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wobunjiniyela bezemvelo ukwenza izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezindaweni zezimboni ezinobungani bemvelo.

I-ecology yezokwelapha iyingxenye yemvelo esetshenziswayo esifundisa umthelela wemvelo kwimpilo yabantu. Isisekelo se-ecology yezokwelapha sakhiwa isayensi efana ne-toxology, i-epidemiology, i-biochemistry, i-chemistry. Abezemvelo emkhakheni wezokwelapha bahlaziya ukuxhumana phakathi kwezifo zabantu nezinguquko zemvelo. Ngokusho kwe-WHO, ama-45% ezempilo yabantu ancike ezimweni zemvelo. I-ecology yezokwelapha inquma ubungozi bomthwalo we-anthropogenic, inquma ukuthi iphephe kangakanani ngokwemvelo le ndawo noma leya ndawo, ihlonza futhi iphathe izifo ezivelayo ngenxa yezimo ezingezinhle zemvelo.

I-Chemical ecology iyingxenye ye-ecology esetshenziswayo ecwaninga ukuthi amakhemikhali angena emvelweni ayithinta kanjani, indlela yokunciphisa ukuphuma kwamakhemikhali emvelweni, nokuthi ungakunciphisa kanjani ukulimala kwawo. Njengomphumela wamakhemikhali angena emvelweni, umkhathi, amanzi nenhlabathi kuyatheleleka. Kanye emanzini, enhlabathini nasemoyeni, wonke la makhemikhali ayingozi anobuthi ezinambuzaneni zezinto eziphilayo, futhi ikakhulukazi kubantu.

I-Urban ecology iyingxenye yemvelo esetshenziswayo ecwaninga ukusebenzisana kwendawo yasemadolobheni kanye nemvelo yemvelo. Imvelo yasemadolobheni ifaka uhlelo lwezenhlalo, lobuchwepheshe. Into okufanele ifundwe ngemvelo yasemadolobheni yizinhlelo zasemadolobheni zezinto eziphilayo nezinto ezithinta imvelo.

I-Mathematics ecology iyingxenye yemvelo esetshenziswayo esombulula izinkinga zemvelo ngokusebenzisa amamodeli nezindlela zezibalo. Isibonelo, i-ecology yezibalo icubungula ukuguquguquka kwabantu. Ohlelweni lwalesi siyalo kunenkolelo-mbalo yemibono yamandla abantu. Kule mbono, amandla wezinhlobo zezinhlobo uvezwa ngendlela yokwakheka kwezibalo nokulingana okuhlukile.

I-ecology yezomnotho ingumkhakha we-ecology esetshenzisiwe ofunda ukusebenzisana kwezinto zezemvelo ezungezile ngezinto zezomnotho. I-ecology yezomnotho ihlose ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komkhathi, inhlabathi kanye namanzi, ukusiza ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo ngenkathi kugcinwa umgomo wokwanelisa izidingo zabantu.

I-ecology yezomthetho iyisigaba semvelo esetshenziswayo esebenza ekwakhiweni kohlaka lomthetho lokuvikelwa kwemvelo. I-ecology yezomthetho ihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo futhi iqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemvelo kubantu.

Izindlela Zokusebenza Ze-Ecology

Izindlela eziphambili zemvelo esetshenzisiwe zibandakanya:

• indlela yesistimu
• indlela yokubheka yemvelo
• indlela yokuhlola
• indlela yokumodela
• indlela yokubhalisa neyokuhlola
• ukuqapha
• indlela yokulinganisa izidalwa, izindlela zokuhlola i-biomass nokukhiqiza
• ucwaningo lwe-cybernetic kanye nezindlela zokulinganisa zezibalo

Indlela yezinhlelo iyingxenye enkulu yocwaningo lwezemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi cishe noma iyiphi into yocwaningo lwezemvelo inohlelo. Ngendlela ehlelekile, zombili izimiso zokuhlaziya nezokwenziwa ziyahlangana.

Eyokuqala ocwaningweni lwezemvelo ukusebenzisa indlela yokubhalisa nokuhlola, imvamisa ngiyisebenzisa ukuqapha isimo semvelo. Izibonelo zendlela yokulinganisa yilezi:

• ukukalwa kokushisa komoya, amanzi,
• isilinganiso somswakama
• Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali komoya, amanzi, kwenhlabathi,
• ukukalwa kwenkambu ye-radioactive,
• Umfutho wokucindezela komoya:
• ukuzimisela kwezinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi, komoya, kwenhlabathi.

Enye yezindlela eziphambili zemvelo esetshenzisiwe ukuqapha isimo semvelo, okungukuthi, ukubheka izinga lamanzi, umoya, isimo senhlabathi.

Isisekelo sokufundwa kwemiphakathi yemvelo izindlela zokubala imali ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezindlela zokuhlola i-biomass nokukhiqiza. Ukuze kulawulwe isimo semvelo, ukuvimbela ukufa kwezilwane nezitshalo, abantu babalwa ezindaweni ezithile, ukubanjwa kubaliwe, futhi izinombolo zibhekwe kusetshenziswa i-telemetry.

Ukuhlola kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha umthelela wezinto zezemvelo ezintweni eziphilayo. Ezimweni zaselebhu, izimo zenziwa lapho enye yezici zemvelo ithonywa into ephilayo, khona-ke ososayensi bafinyelela iziphetho ngokuya ngemiphumela etholakalayo maqondana nokuthi yiziphi izimo zokuphila ezilungile futhi ezingekho.

Izindlela ze-cybernetic nezezibalo emvelweni ziyasiza ekwakheni imvelo. Imvamisa, izazi zemvelo kufanele zibhekane nezinkinga ezingekho emalangeni amaningi, ngakho ososayensi kufanele basebenzise izindlela zokulingisa. Isisekelo sale ndlela ubuchwepheshe besimanje bamakhompyutha.

Ngenxa yentuthuko yesoftware, amakhompyutha namuhla nawo aseqalile ukusetshenziswa ekuxazululeni izinkinga zemvelo. Ikakhulu lezi zindlela zilungele kahle ukuxazulula izinkinga zomhlaba kusetshenziswa izindlela zomhlaba zokumodela. Lezi zindlela zingasiza ukubikezela intuthuko emhlabeni jikelele.

Imephu Yokushicilela

Abasunguli balo magazini: I-LLC Publishing House Kamerton, IVyatka State University

Umshicileli: Inkampani Engabekelwa Izikweletu O-Brief

Ukushicilelwa kubhaliswe yi-Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology kanye ne-Mass Communications.
Inombolo yokubhalisa nosuku lwesinqumo sokubhaliswa: Uchungechunge lwe-PI No. FS77-74434 kaNovemba 23, 2018

Imibhalo iyabuyekezwa. Ukuphrinta kabusha ngaphandle kwemvume yomshicileli kuyenqatshiwe, izinkomba kwijenali ziyadingeka lapho kukhulunywa. Abahleli abaphethe ngokunemba kwemininingwane equkethwe ezikhangisweni.