Isikweletu se-marten sishubile, simbozwe uboya, sikhulu impela, masithi alingana ngobude nomzimba. Umsila ugcwalisa hhayi kuphela indima yokuhlobisa, kepha futhi usebenza kakhulu - ukuyisebenzisa, i-marten ilonda ukulingana ngesikhathi sokugxuma noma ukuhambisa amagatsha ezihlahla.
Izinkuni zomlilo zesilwane zimfushane, ngesikhathi samakhaza ebusika ziba ngoboya obuningi. Lokhu kuvumela isilwane ukuba siphuthume lapho kuhlangana khona iqhwa noma iqhwa ngaphandle kobunzima. Iwashi ngalinye liphela ngeminwe emihlanu ngezinzipho ezigobile ezingasetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwengxenye yosayizi.
Ubuso be-pine marten bude futhi bubanzi, lesi silwane sinomhlathi oqinile namazinyo abukhali kakhulu. Izindlebe zomhlaseli zingunxantathu ngesimo, esikhundleni sokuhlangana esikhulu. Esipopweni ziyindilinga, ukuhlangana kunombala ophuzi ophuzi.
Ikhala lomfela limnyama, likhombe. Amehlo amnyama, ngenkathi amadlelo ethatha umbala omncane wethusi. Uma ubukwa kusuka phezulu kwesithombe sesilwane, ungathola imizwa emihle kakhulu. Ngokwalo imbumbulu ibukeka inothando futhi ingenangozi, ukubheka kwayo kulungile. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe kuboya bezilwane ezisezingeni eliphakeme nombala omangalisayo.
Umbala wengubo yoboya besilwane ungahluka ngokusebenzisa isifuba namabala ansundu, aphuzi. Ngasemuva, emilengeni nasekhanda, uboya buvame ukuba nomthunzi omnyama kunokuthola esiswini nasezinhlangothini. Umsila ekugcineni kaningi (kumnyama.
Isici sangaphandle sokweba kwe-pine marten kusuka kwabanye abameleli bohlobo ngumthunzi wewolintshi osentanyeni, okunye kugeleza kahle emabunzini. Kusuka lapha ukuthi i-beret inegama layo, elinye igama lesilwane - isidalwa esiphuzi.
Ngokuya ngosayizi, umfela uqhathaniswa nekati elikhulu. Ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela amasentimitha angama-55, kanti nomsila uvame ukuba ngamasentimitha angama-26. Uma uqhathaniswa nowesilisa osekhulile, uPhiri ungoyesithathu.
Habitat
Cishe kuze kube manje, amahlathi ase-Yurobiya anabantu abaningi abaphila ngamaphayipayini. Lezi zilwane zihlala endaweni ebanzi: ukusuka eCaucasus nase-Iran, entshonalanga yeSiberia neCorsica, ngaphambi kwasemazweni amazwe ase-Asia Minor naseSisily, kuya eziqhingini zaseMedithera naseSardinia.
Amancanyana ahlala ekhetha indawo ehlala emahlathini nezihlahla ezinamandla, ngezikhathi ezithile amahlathi axubekile. Kukaningi kakhulu zitholakala ezindaweni ezibucayi ze-coniferous. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, uphayini we-pine manten ungadla imifino ezintabeni eziphakeme, kepha kuphela lapho izihlahla zikhona.
Indawo ekahle yokuhlala kuyo (izinhlobo zezilwane yizindawo zamahlathi lapho kukhona khona izihlahla ezinomgodi. Ngaphezulu, izindawo ezinobubanzi nezindawo ezivulekile, ama-marten aphuma kuphela ngenhloso yokuzingela. I-rocketodrome, lapho indawo enamadwala khona khona, ayifanele izilwane.
Lesi silwane asizihlomisi nge-lair ehlukile futhi ehlala njalo. Imvamisa, i-yellowhead izitholela imisele, izidleke ezindala, iziqhwaga zomoya ezishiywe ngama-squirrels, zikhethe izindawo eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-5-6. Lapha ufel 'ukholo uyama ukuze usebenzise isikhathi sokuphumula ntambama.
Ngemuva kokwenza mangaki kusihlwa nobusuku, umhlaseli onomusa uyaphuma ayobheka ukudla, abese eya endaweni elandelayo ukuyophumula. Kodwa-ke, uma iqhwa elinamandla lifika emfeleni, isivumokholo singashintsha. Kulokhu, isilwane isikhathi eside sihlala endaweni yokukhosela, sisebenzisa lokho esikulungiselele ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukudla. Intombazane enombala ophuzi ithanda izindawo ezikude nabantu nezindawo zokuhlala.
Isiko loboya bezilwane linquma ukuthi i-marten kaphayini luhlobo lokuhweba olubaluleke kakhulu kunazo zonke zohlobo lwe-marten. Ngakho-ke, isidalwa esiphuzi sithola ubunzima obanele ngokuzala nokusinda. Okuncane okufaka isandla kulokhu: ongafundile ungukuncipha nje kwezindawo ezinamahlathi ezilungele ukuhlala isilwane, kodwa ukwanda kwesibalo sabazingeli abafuna ukungena ngaphansi kwezindleko ezibizayo.
Izici zomlingiswa
Umfeli akesabi nhlobo izihloko zezihlahla, othandekayo angakwazi ukusuka egatsheni aye kwelinye igatsha, futhi ibanga eliphakeme lokugxuma kwesilwane lingafinyelela kumamitha amane. Yize phezu kobuso bomhlaba angakwazi nokwenza ukugxuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-marten ingumbhukudi omuhle kakhulu, futhi ingangena emanzini ezimweni ezihlukile.
I-pine marten ihlukaniswa nge-agility, dexterity kanye nesivinini. Isilo singanqoba amabanga amakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane. Baningi abanye abahlaseli bezinyawo bayoba nomona wakhe obukhali, ukuzwa kanye nokunuka, okumnikeza okuhle enkambisweni yokuzingela. Isidalwa esiphuzi simnandi ngokwanele, sihle futhi sinelukuluku. Emhlambini wazo, ama-martens akhuluma esebenzisa imisindo kubuso obubodwa nge-snarl noma nge-purr. Amawundlu alezi zilwane enza imisindo efana ne-twitter.
Iningi lalezi zilwane lithanda ukuhlala lodwa, ngaphandle kwabanye abamele le nhlobo. Isilwane ngasinye sinezinhloso zaso ezizenzele sona. I-marten icekela insimu yayo, isebenzisa amamaki akhethekile ephunga, atholakala ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamakha anephunga avela ezilwaneni zezitho. Isifebe singathola indawo engamahektare angama-5000. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izinsikazi zinesiza esincanyana izikhathi eziningana kunabesilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo ingahle inciphe ngokuqala kwenkathi ebandayo.
Abesilisa bavikela ngenkuthalo insimu yabo ngokusebenzisa ezinye izilwane zalolu ubulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izintokazi nabesilisa, “isabelo” singasehlukanisa. Futhi, uma abesilisa ababili behlangana ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokubeletha, khona-ke lokhu ngokuvamile akuhambisani nokuqina nokukhombisa ulaka.
Kunodla amaphinifa kaphayini
Lesi silwane sibonisa ukuzithoba ekudleni, siyisidlakudla esimangazayo. Umthamo we-pine marten unqunywe ngokuphelele futhi ngokuphelele yisikhathi sehlobo, uhla lwendawo yayo nekhono lokuthola okunye ukudla okufanayo. Kodwa-ke, noma kunjalo, isakhi esiyisisekelo sokuphakelwa kwayo kungukudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane. Ama-squirrel ajwayelekile yi-delicacy eyintandokazi yama-marten pine.
Yazi ukuthi kwenzeka ukuthi umzingeli ukwazile ukubamba squirrel ngokuqinile ngaphakathi kwesibaya. Kodwa-ke, uma lokhu kungenzeki, umfelokazi angaxosha impango isikhathi eside, ahambe ngemuva kwayo egatsheni lezihlahla. Yilokho kuphela kunohlu oluhlaba umxhwele lwezilwane ezincane ezahlukahlukene, ezilandelwa yi-marten lapho ziyovula ngenhliziyo yakhe ukuzingela okungenamusa. Zingahunyushwa kuphela ngokuthi zombili iminenke ejwayelekile nama hares asendle kanye nama-hedgehogs. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nomhlaseli ubulala izisulu zakhe, alimaze okungalunganga entanyeni yakhe. Isilwane asilokothi sikuthathe isidumbu.
Ekuqaleni kwehlobo nasekwindla, i-patch marten isebenza ngokuzikhandla ekwenzeni kabusha umzimba wayo ngamavithamini adingekayo. I-Sympathy idla amantongomane, amajikijolo asendle, izithelo ezikhula ezihlahleni, nokunye ukudla okugcwele izakhi zomkhondo. Inani elingangabazeki lokudla okufihlwa i -fishfish yangakusasa lapho lifakwe khona. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lesi silwane sithanda ukudla amajikijolo ama-rowan noma amajikijolo.
Isikhathi sokuphila nokuphindaphinda
Ehlobo ehlobo, isikhathi sokukhula siqala e-pine marten. Owesilisa osemdala osekhulile ukhetha insikazi eyodwa noma ezimbili zokuzalela. Kuyamangaza ukuthi lapho kuqala ubusika, isikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi sokufundisa okungamanga singafika ezinkingeni. Kulokhu, bona-ke, bakhombisa ukukhathazeka, ubudlova kanye nempi, kepha lokhu akuholeli ekuthini kuqale ukukhula.
Ngemuva kokukhulelwa kwezingane, i-Pele iyakuthwala izinsuku ezingama-236-274. Ngobusuku bokuthi kuzalwa kanjani amawundlu, othandekayo uhlanganyela ekuhlelweni kwekhaya lakhe, kumenze umphathi wezimpawu. Kulapho ehlala khona kuze kube umzuzu kuze kube ((lokhu ngeke kubelethe izingane. Ngokuvamile, insikazi eyodwa izalwa yinde. Imbovane. Inamawundlu ayisishiyagalombili. Umzimba wengane ngayinye umbozwe ngoboya obungajwayelekile futhi obufushane, inzalo ngokwayo iyisithulu futhi iyimpumputhe ekuqaleni.
Kungemva kwamaviki amancane nje angaphezu kwamathathu, izingane ziqala ukuzwa imisindo, kuthi ngosuku lwama-28 amabele avulwe. Uma insikazi idinga ukuzingela, ingayishiya inzalo isikhashana. Ezimweni zethi cha, cha, futhi yebo, usengozini, umama wakhe ubayisa kwenye indawo, indawo ephephile ephephile.
Lapho zifika ezinyangeni ezine, izilwane ezincane ezivuthiwe zingakhombisa ukuzimela futhi zizitholele ukudla kwazo, kepha okwamanje isikhathi esithile bezihlala eduze kukamama wazo. Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-pine marten silinganiso sokwanda kweshumi, kepha endaweni enhle kakhulu singafika eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu.
Okokusebenza
I-pine marten inzima impela ukuyizalela endaweni eyenziwe ngayo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, amaqembu amaningi alezi zilwane ahlala ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane eziseJalimane nase-Austria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abalandeli babahlaseli abahlekisayo babagcina ezweni labo. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi akwaziwa ukuthi umfelikazi uzosabela kanjani kumuntu ezimeni ezifuywayo. Abanye abameleli bazoba nothando futhi babe mnene, abanye bazosabela lapho kudilizwa, kanti abanye bazoqala ukukhombisa ukuxabana.
Naphezu kokuqagela kwabo, amanye ama-pine marten ayeka ukuba namahloni nokwesaba. Ngesikhathi sokwethuka, babanjwa, futhi kwenzeka ngokuzamazama okuqinile, kwezinye izikhathi, ngokuquleka. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, lesi silwane siyabanda. Imvamisa idlula ngaphandle kokulandela umkhondo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi iphetha ngokufa komfelwa.
I-yellow corpus luteum ingaba yingozi impela, hhayi kwezinye izilwane kuphela, kepha nakubantu. UMarten ungaba umgadli wamarabi, amagciwane nezibungu, nesifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaselwa kwabasolwa emifwini yenkukhu kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Uhlu lwezitha zalesi silwane kukhona ezinye izinyamazane. Lokhu kufaka impisi, i-lynx noma isikhova sokhozi, impungushe nezinye izinyoni, ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lempi noma ukhozi lwegolide. Ezinyokeni zomhlaba, umfela anganyamalala ngempumelelo ezihlahleni ezinde. Imvamisa kwenzeka, futhi abazingeli bezilwane ezinkulu babulala izidalwa eziphuzi, ezingakufanele ukudla, futhi zisuse umuntu oncintisana naye ngqo kwi-trophic chain.
Okwamanje, inani lomhlaba wonke wepine martens linokuthile okuzungezile amakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200. Futhi, kuyamangaza ukuthi isidalwa esiphuzi singakwazi ukuphinda kabili nabamele izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinempilo. Kulokhu, i-hybrid ngaleyondlela iyinyumba, ibizwa ngokuthi i-Kindus.
I-Forest marten. Indlela yokuphila yamahlaya yendawo yokuhlala
Isilwane esifuyayo esinoboya obude obude obuvela emndenini we-marten kanye ne-genus marten sibizwa ngokuthi yi-pine marten. Ngenye indlela, ibizwa nangokuthi i-yellowfish. Pine marten oblong futhi unomusa.
Umsila wakhe obalulekile futhi muhle we-fluffy unobukhulu obungaphezu kwengxenye yobude bomzimba. Umsila awusebenzi kuphela njengokuhlobisa kwalesi silo, ngosizo lwalo marten ukuphatha ukulinganisela lapho ugxuma futhi ngenkathi ugibela izihlahla.
Imilenze yayo emifushane ibonakala ngokuthi izinyawo zazo zimbozwe ngoboya ukufika kwamakhaza ebusika, okusiza isilwane ukuba sihambisane kalula neqhwa neqhwa. Kule imilenze emine kuneminwe eyisihlanu, enemacaba egobile.
Zingadonswa ngesigamu. Isibalo somfela sibanzi futhi siphakeme. Isilwane sinomhlathi onamandla namazinyo abukhali e-mega. Izindlebe zomfelokazi zinxantathu, zilingana uma zihlobene nesiqalo. Ngaphezulu ziyindilinga futhi ngokuhlanganiswa okuphuzi.
Ikhala libukhali, limnyama. Amehlo amnyama; ebusuku umbala wawo uphenduka ubomvu. I-Forest marten esithombeni kushiya okuvelayo okuhle. Kubukeka njengesidalwa esimnene nesingenangozi ngokubukeka okungenacala. Umbala omuhle nekhwalithi yoboya be-marten buyamangaza.
Kusuka esifubeni esikhanyayo nge-yellowness kuya ku-brown. Endaweni engemuva, ekhanda nasemilenzeni, izinwele zihlala zimnyama ukwedlula endaweni yesisu nezinhlangothi. Isihloko somsila wesilwane cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi simnyama.
Isici esiyingqayizivele marten kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo marten umbala umbala ophuzi noma owolintshi endaweni yentamo, edlulela ngale kwemilenze yangaphambili. Kulokhu kwavela igama lesibili lomfel 'ukholo - isidalwa esiphuzi.
Amapharamitha wesisulu esifana nekati elikhulu. Ubude bomzimba 34-57 cm.Umsila ubude be-17-16 cm. Abesifazane bavame ukuba ngama-30% ngaphansi kwabesilisa.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala kaphayiwe marten
Yonke indawo ehlathini ye-Eurasia inabantu abaningi kakhulu abamele lolu hlobo. AmaMartens ahlala ehlathini ensimini enkulu. Zitholakala ezindaweni ezisukela eGreat Britain futhi ziphela ngeNtshonalanga yeSiberia, iCaucasus kanye neziqhingi zaseMedithera, iCorsica, iSisily, iSardinia, i-Iran kanye ne-Asia Minor.
Isilwane sithanda uhlobo lwamahlathi axubile futhi aqobayo, okuvame ukuba ngama-conifers. Kuyaqabukela, imbumbulu kwesinye isikhathi ihlala phezulu ezintabeni, kodwa kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho kukhona izihlahla.
Isilwane sithanda izindawo ezinezihlahla ezinezimbobo. Endaweni evulekile kungaphuma kuphela ukuzingela. Izindawo ezinamadwala omfela ziyindawo engafanele; uyazigwema.
Akukho ndawo ezinzile enganeni ephuzi. Uphephela ezihlahleni eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-6, emigodini yama-squirrels, ezidlekeni ezilahliwe, emifantwini nasezivunguvungwini zomoya. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, isilwane siyama ukuphumula kosuku.
Ngokufika kokuhlwa, umhlaseli uqala ukuzingela, futhi emva kokuba esephephele kwenye indawo. Kepha ngokuqala kwesithwathwa esinzima, isimo sempilo yakhe singashintsha, umfelazi isikhathi eside uhlala endaweni yokukhosela, edla ukudla okugcinwe ngaphambilini. U-pine marten uzama ukuhlala kude nabantu.
Izithombe zikaMarten baphoqeleka ukuthi bayibuke ngamehlo nemizwa kanye nesifiso esithile esingenakuphikwa sokuthatha isilwane ngezandla bayishaye. Lapho abazingela ngokwengeziwe bethola ubisi obalulekile lwalezi zilwane futhi luncane indawo yehlathi enezimo ezinhle zomfelisi, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe kubo ukuba baphile futhi bazale. UMarten eRussia ngisabheka uhlobo lokuhweba olubalulekile ngenxa yenani loboya balo.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
I-pine marten ithanda ukuhlala nokuzingela izihlahla ukwedlula bonke abanye abamele uhlobo lwayo. Ukhuphuka kalula iziqu zabo. Umsila wakhe uyamsiza ukuthi akwazi ukubhekana nalokhu, usebenza njengemfela, isondo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ipharashute, sibonga kuye ukuthi isilwane sigxumela phansi ngaphandle kwemiphumela.
Iziqongo zezihlahla ze-marten empeleni azesabeki, zihamba kalula ukusuka kwelinye igatsha ziye kwelinye futhi zingagxuma amamitha amane. Emhlabeni, naye uyagxuma. Ubhukuda ngobuchule, kepha akwenzi kuyaqabukela.
Esithombeni imfinya kaphayini kugoba
Lesi isilwane esikhohlisayo futhi esisheshayo. Kungasibekela ngokushesha ibanga elide. Umqondo wakhe wephunga, umbono nokuzwa usezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, elisiza kakhulu ekushiseni. Ngokwemvelo yayo, iyisilwane esihlekisayo nesinelukuluku. Phakathi kwabo, ama-martens axhumana nabahlanza kanye nama-gerls, futhi umsindo ofana ne-twitter uvela ezinganeni.
Umsoco
Lesi silwane esimangalisayo asikuhlazi kahle ukudla. Umfelokazi udla, kuya ngenkathi, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokutholakala kokuphakelayo. Kepha ukhetha nokho ukudla kwezilwane. Isisulu esithandeka kakhulu somfelokazi ngama-squirrels.
Imvamisa, inyamazane ibamba i-squirrel endaweni yayo uqobo, kepha uma lokhu kungenzeki, izoyizingela isikhathi eside futhi iphikelele, igxuma igatsha isiya egatsheni. Kukhona uhla olukhulu lwabamele umhlaba wezilwane eziwela kubhasikidi we-marten's.
Kusukela ezinhlangeni ezincane, kuphele ngama-hares kanye nama-hedgehogs. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-pine marten bathi ubulala isisulu sakhe ngokuziluma esisodwa ngemuva kwekhanda. Umhlaseli wenqabile futhi wawa.
Isilwane sisebenzisa ihlobo nekwindla ukuze sibuyisele umzimba waso ngamavithamini. Amajikijolo, amantongomane, izithelo, konke okucebile ngama-microelements awusizo asetshenzisiwe. Umfel 'ukholo uthola ezinye zazo ngekusasa futhi zilondolozela endaweni engenalutho. Ubumnandi obuthandwa kakhulu bama-yellowheads ama-blueberries nomlotha wentaba.
Ukuzala kanye nokulindelwa kokuphila kwephaphu marten
Ehlobo, lezi zilwane ziqala ukushesha. Owesilisa oyedwa owesilisa nowesifazane oyedwa noma ababili. Ebusika, ngokuvamile marten kuyinto kukhwelana zamanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, baziphatha kabi, baba njengempi futhi benyuka, kepha ukukhula kwemvelo akwenzeki.
Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-236-274. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa, yena enakekela indawo yokufihla ikhanda kanye luhlala khona kuze kube izingane. 3-8 amawundlu azalwa. Yize zimbozwe ngoboya obuncane, izingane azimpumputhe futhi azizwa.
Isithombe abasha zikaphayini marten
Ukuzwa futhi kusikeka kuphela ngosuku lwe-23, futhi amehlo aqala ukubona ngosuku lwe-28. Owesifazane angazishiya izingane isikhathi sokuzingela. Lapho kungenzeka ingozi iletha ukuba ube yindawo ephephile.
Ezinyangeni ezine ubudala, izilwane sezingahlala zodwa, kepha isikhathi esithile zihlala nonina. Imbongi ihlala iminyaka eyi-10, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, isikhathi sayo sokuphila siyiminyaka eyi-15.
Ukuvela futhi Ukuklanywa komzimba
I-pine marten inomzimba omude, oguqukayo futhi othambile. Umsila we-fluffy ngosayizi udlula isigamu sobude bomzimba. umsebenzi Its main - ukuba silinganisele lapho ukweqa nalapho ekhuphuka ezihlahleni.
Ummbila unama-paws amafushane amane, izinyawo zawo zimbozwe ngoboya ebusika. Ngenxa yalokhu, indawo yabo esekelayo iyanda, nokuhamba kwesilwane eqhweni kuba lula. On the izinyawo has izinzwane ezinhlanu nge izimpiko agobile ekwazi ukuba nengxenye wadonsa.
Ngasemuva kwesisu sombala ophuzi kukhona indlala ekhethekile efihla imfihlo esetshenziswa yisilobo ukulebhelisha. Abesifazane banezindlala ezimbili ezincelisayo.
Nomlomo zikaphayini marten ezibanzi, side nge emihlathini eqinile namazinyo abukhali. Izindlebe zinxantathu ngesimo ngamathiphu oyindilinga mikhulu kakhulu futhi zinonxantathu ophuzi. Ikhala elikhonjisiwe limnyama. Amehlo kakhulu ebumnyameni ebusuku babonakala coppery abomvu.
Umbala nezici zoboya
Umbala woboya be-pine marten ungahluka kusuka ku-chestnut ekhanyayo nge-tint ephuzi ibe nsundu. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona izinwele ezimpunga. Umhlane, ikhanda nemilenze kumnyama ngaphezu kwesisu nezinhlangothi. Ekupheleni komsila, izinwele zicishe zimnyama.
On emphinjeni nasesifubeni marten elise kahle imakwe ukuphaphatheka ophuzi noma orange indawo unyembezi ukuma, isizinda imilenze front. Ngakho-ke, ibizwa ngokuthi i-yellowfish.
Izici ze-pine marten fur ziyahlukahluka nonyaka. Ebusika yinde, elithambile silky nge undercoat ukukhanya futhi ucwebezela phezulu elingenamikhono. Ehlobo, i-integument iba lukhuni, ifushane futhi idulile. Njalo ngonyaka, entwasahlobo, i-marten iqala ukuncibilika, ihlale kuze kube uSepthemba.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Marten isakazeke ezonini ihlathi zaleli zwekazi Eurasia. Uhla lwayo lusuka e-UK luye e-Western Siberia, eningizimu lunqunyelwe eCaucasus naseziqhingini zaseMedithera, kufaka phakathi iCorsica, iSicily, iSardinia njalonjalo. Futhi, lesi silwane sitholakala e-Iran nase-Asia Minor. Ngo-Iceland futhi inhlonhlo zaseScandinavia, akusiyo.
Habitat
I-pine marten ihlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini axubile futhi aqobayo, okuvame kakhulu ukuba yi-coniferous (spruce, fir). Kwesinye isikhathi ihlala ezintabeni, kepha kuphela lapho izihlahla zikhula khona.
Lesi silwane sikhetha ezindaweni izihlahla nomgodi Deadwood. Iphuma ingene esivulekile kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Kepha izindawo ezinamadwala zidlula.
Zheltodushki abanalo ikhaya laphakade. Ensimini yakhe, uzihlelela izindawo zokukhosela eziningana, ebakhethela imisele ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-5, izindlu zesikwele, izidleke ezinkulu ezilahliwe, imigwaqo, iziqeshana zomoya nokunye. Lapho, ukholo luphumula phakathi nosuku. Uma sekuhwalala eyaphi ukuzingela ekuseni, kuthatha ikhaya ezahlukene. Kepha emqandeni obunzima, isilwane kungenzeka singakhiphi umgodi isikhathi eside, sidle kokuthengiwe. Isilwane siyazulazula ngesiza saso, ngaphandle kokushiya imingcele yaso iminyaka eminingana ngokulandelana.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngokungafani itshe marten luhlala nabantu kakhulu kuyaqabukela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo
AbakwaMartens bahlala bodwa. Umuntu ngamunye unesakhiwo sakhe siqu. Border indawo ekhethelwe izilwane nge izimpawu olfactory okubangelwa ukwabiwa uketshezi ukuwakhipha bendunu. Indawo "yokwabiwa" ihluka kusuka kumakhilomitha skwele amathathu kuya kwangama-50. Abesifazane baneziza ezimbalwa kunabesilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubheka ubungako bawo kuyehla ngenkathi ezibandayo.
Abesilisa bavikela izindawo zabo kubantu bobulili obuhlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "ukwabiwa" kwabesilisa nabesifazane kwesinye isikhathi kuyadlula. Umhlangano amabili owesilisa kokuzalela isizini is hhayi ephelezelwa ukubonakaliswa ngobudlova.
Izici zokuziphatha
I-pine marten kungenzeka kakhulu kunezihlobo zayo ukuhlala ezihlahleni: ayihlali nje kuphela emigodini yayo, kodwa futhi iyazingela, ihamba kanye namagatsha. Isakhiwo esikhethekile somzimba sisiza isilwane ukukhuphuka iziqu zemithi - izinyawo zayo ziphenduka ama-degrees angama-180. umsila Amafushane uba isigwedlo, futhi, uma kunesidingo, futhi parachute ngawo zheltodushka kungaba sifinyelele phansi usuka endaweni ephakeme kakhulu ngaphandle nemiphumela emibi.
I-pine marten ihamba kalula isuka egatsheni iye kwelinye noma egatsheni eliphezulu lezihlahla. Kokugxuma okukodwa, angahlanganisa ibanga elingaba ngamamitha amane. Enhlabathini njengoba isilwane uhamba ukweqa. Imbongi iyakwazi ukubhukuda, kepha kuyaqabukela kakhulu.
Lesi sidlakela esidukisayo, esiguquguqukayo futhi eshesha kakhulu, esinomqondo omuhle wokuhogela, ukubuka nokuzwa, sizingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku ngaphakathi kwendawo yaso, kuthi phakathi nosuku siphumule endaweni yokukhosela.
Ubunjalo zikaphayini marten ukudlala futhi ezinelukuluku. Ekhulumisana phakathi kwabo, izilwane zingakhala noma purr, futhi izingane zenze imisindo efanayo ne-twitter.
Emvelweni, ama-martens aphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine, kepha abanye abantu bayakwazi ukufinyelela iminyaka eyishumi nanye. In ekuthunjweni bahlala ukuba iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala.
Izitha
Ingozi ku-yellowfish imelelwa izimpungushe, izimpisi, izindunduma, kanye nezinyoni ezinkulu: oklebe, izikhova okokhozi nezinkozi zegolide. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyamazane azihlali zimbulala ngokudla. Kwezinye izimo, baye umane uqede okuncintiswana abathi ukudla kwabo. Ezitheni isilwane siyabaleka, sicashe ezihlahleni.
Kubukeka kanjani ama-martens?
Lokhu izilwane ezidla ezinye isilinganiso usayizi: umzimba obuphelele kuncike kwezilwane 30 kuya 75 cm, umsila obuphelele - 12-45 cm, isisindo - 0.5-6 kg. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zohlobo, abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane.
Umfel'omzimba unomzimba omile ngokulingana, isizungxozamlomo esiyi-sphenoid nezindlebe eziyindilinga, zikhulu kunalezo ezilingana nabo - imisuka nasesitebhisini. umsila Amafushane, okuyinto wenza umsebenzi we-rocker futhi ngezidladla enkulu nge amathe noboya-embozwe ukuziqonda izimpiko ukunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu poludrevesnym lezi zilwane - kalula siziphonse phansi sisuka egatsheni ukuba igatsha. Izinyo, njengoba lifanela inyamazane, libukhali kakhulu.
Esithombeni, umfelokazi ukhombisa amazinyo akhe.
noboya Marten uthambile futhi obukhulu, ensundu, mnyama umsila nasemilenzeni. Kukhona indawo ekhanyayo emphinjeni, akuvamile ukuba nebala elimnyama.
Badlani?
Martens udle ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyoni, nezinhlanzi, izinambuzane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izithelo. Bonke bangabazingeli abangakhathali, abaphenya ngokungakhathali futhi baphishekela inyamazane, akunandaba ukuthi bekufihlwa kuphi. Amaxoxo amahle anobuthi futhi angabamba izinyoni nama-squirrel khona kanye ezindlekeni zawo. Ukuze sisinde yokuntuleka okungenzeka ifolishi, izilwane ukucinga ukudla kakhulu ngezikhathi lapho eziningi. Babulala inyamazane abanayo ngangokunokwenzeka, kwesinye isikhathi okuningi kakhulu kunalokho abangakudla.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Ngokuya ngobubanzi, izici zangaphandle zamaphayini wephayini, okungukuthi, umbala nezici zoboya bazo, kanye nosayizi womzimba, zishintsha impela. Ngokuqondene nalokhu yiminyaka ezindawo isilwane izinhlanga:
- I-Martes Martes Martes iyi-marten ejwayelekile e-brown enobukhulu obukhulu enendawo ebunjiwe yomphimbo. Ihlala enyakatho yeRussia nase Ntshonalanga Yurophu.
- Martes M. Borealis - izimpilo engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia.
- UMartes M. Latinorum - usatshalaliswa esiqhingini sase-Sardinia sase-Italy.
- UMartes M. Lorenzi - uhlala eCaucasus, uhlukaniswa ngosayizi wawo omkhulu noboya obomvu obomvana nge-tint grey.
- Martes M. Minoricensis - yawo engokwemvelo iyona Mediterranean esiqhingini Minorca, okuqondene Spain.
- UMartes M. Notialis - uhlala eningizimu ye-Italy.
- UMartes M. Ruthena - ohlala ezifundeni eziphakathi nengxenye yeYurophu yaseRussia, ubonakala ngezinwele ezinombala onsundu, eziba mnyama ebusika.
- Martes M. Sabaneevi - lalikhona le Pechora ehlathini (Russia).
- UMartes M. Uralensis - uhlala e-Urals (Russia).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emvelweni kukhona i-hybrid etholakele ngenxa yokuzalanisa i-yellowfish ne-sable. Igama lalesi kidusom isilwane. Ikhudlwana kancane kune-pine marten ejwayelekile. Inendawo ekhanyayo esifubeni nomsila omude we-fluffy. Fur kusukela kidusa baqinisa amakhanda kunokuba lo Sable. Lesi silwane asikwazi ukunikeza inzalo.
I-Forest marten nomuntu
Fur zikaphayini marten kubhekwa awusizo kakhulu cishe njengoba Sable. Ezikhathini zasendulo, isikhumba salesi silwane sasisetshenziswa njengeyunithi yemali. Ngesikhathi sikaKievan Rus, enye yezinhlamvu zemali yabizwa ngokuthi i-kuna. Namuhla, yena lowo okuthiwa iyunithi malini Croatia, futhi zemali lokhu Balkan imibukiso izwe marten.
Sekuyisikhathi eside kukhona ukuzingela okusebenzayo ku-yellowfish. Phambilini, abazingeli babexosha isilo esibalekela imiqhele yezihlahla. Kulezi zinsuku, ngoba bamba wakhe ngokwethukela kusetshenziswa izicupho, futhi ilayisensi liyadingeka okuzingela.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, inani lama-martens belincipha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: ngenxa yokuzingela, futhi futhi ngenxa yokwehla kwendawo yamahlathi anempilo. Nokho, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi usongo lokuqothulwa kwalesi silwane etholakalayo. Namuhla, kunabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili emhlabeni wonke.
Ezimweni zokufakelwa, i-yellowbird ayizalwa kahle. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke iqembu zakhona zihlala eziqiwini emadolobheni Hankensbüttel (eJalimane) kanye Innsbruck (Austria).
Abanye abathandi bezilwane babegcina ama-martens ekhaya. AmaMartens aboshwe ekuziphatheni aziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Ezinye zibambene kumuntu futhi show uthando, abanye abanandaba nazo, ezinye zinolaka. Kunezilwane ezinamahloni kakhulu, zihlaselwa yizinzwa, zihambisana nokukhishwa inyumbazane, bese zilulazula ngaphandle kokunyakaza. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kuyanyamalala, kepha kungaholela ekufeni kwesilwane.
Marten kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umuntu njengento ukuhweba noboya, ikakhulukazi eYurophu eyayiyingxenye Russia kanye Urals. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi silwane esidliwayo sidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yesimo sehlathi: silawula inani lamagundane nezinambuzane.
Kodwa-ke, i-pine marten iba yingozi engaba khona kubantu nakwezinye izilwane, ngoba ingaba ngumthwali wamarabi, isifo sohlupho kanye namagciwane angaphakathi. Futhi-ke uyakwazi ukuhlasela coops inkukhu, kodwa kwenzeka kakhulu kuyaqabukela.
Kuma-martens, njengasezilwaneni eziningi zasendle, izinhlobo eziningi zezikelemu zokuhlanza ziyanda:
- trematode (Euparyphium melis),
- nematodes (Capillaria mucronata, Capillaria mustelorum, Capillaria putorii, Trichinella spiralis, Thominx aerophilus, Molineus patens, Crenosoma vulpis, Ascaris columnaris),
- ama-cestode (iTenia mustelae, Sparganum spirometra erinacei, Mesocestoides lineatus),
- ikhanda-prickly (Centrorhynchus sp).
I esiyingozi kakhulu kukhona Filaroides martis (yisinanakazana emaphashini) kanye Skrjabingylus petrowi - izimuncagazi umbala obomvu, kuze 4 cm (izinambuzane sinuses frontal, ibe imbangela ehlambulula amathambo ngokuqondile, lezi izimuncagazi kungaholela ekufeni sesilwane).
Ukuchazwa kweMarten
Lesi isilwane esikhulu kakhulu. Isikhathi esiningi izindawo marten amahlathi coniferous kanye okuxubile, okuyinto eziningi ezanele imithi eziyize ubudala futhi amahlozi abangenakudlula ehlathini. Kukulezo zindawo lapho umfelokazi angathola khona kalula ukudla futhi athole nendawo yokukhosela, lapho ihlela khona izimbobo eziphakeme.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Izimbaza zingagibela ngokushesha izihlahla futhi zize zigxume zisuka kwelinye igatsha ziye kwelinye, zisebenzisa umsila wazo obabazekayo njengeparachute. Kuyinto aphinde abhukude abuyele kakhulu futhi ugijimela (kuhlanganise ehlathini seqhwa njengoba onqenqemeni obukhulu izinyawo akuvumeli isilwane ukuba sizike sijule iqhwa).
Ngenxa yejubane layo, amandla nobuchopho, lesi silwane singumzingeli omuhle kakhulu. Izilwane ezincane, izinyoni kanye nama-amphibians zivame ukuba yizisulu sazo, futhi ekuphishekeleni squirrel, umfelokazi uyakwazi ukwenza ukugxuma okukhulu egatsheni lezihlahla. Marten ngokuvamile abachitha inyoni izidleke. Hhayi izinyoni zomhlaba kuphela ezihlupheka ngokuhlaselwa kwazo, kodwa futhi, zakha izidleke zazo, eziphakeme ezihlahleni. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi i-pine marten isiza umuntu ngokulawula inani lamagundane endaweni yalo yokuhlala.
Ukubukeka
Marten has noboya aluhlaza futhi enhle, okuyinto ebusika kuba silkiness okuningi kuka ehlobo. Umbala wayo ungaba nemibala ehlukene onsundu (ushokoledi, isifuba, onsundu). Ngemuva kwesilwane kunombala onsundu ngombala, futhi izinhlangothi zaso zilula kakhulu. On the lwebele yilona kuyabonakala round ibala elikhanyayo umbala ophuzi, okuyinto licace okuningi kuka ehlobo kuka ebusika.
Amawashi omfela amfushane impela, eneminwe emihlanu lapho kukhona uzipho olubukhali. I-muzzle ikhonjisiwe, ngezindlebe ezimfishane ezingunxantathu, i-pubescent eceleni kwemiphetho ngobo obuphuzi. Marten ezimfushane umzimba futhi ine ijamo side futhi ubukhulu abadala nguhhafu imitha. Isisindo sabantu besilisa sikhulu kunabesifazane futhi kuyaqabukela seqa amakhilogremu amabili.
Umfel 'ukholo waseMelika
Lena zezinyoni ezingavamile futhi eyaziwa kahle kwezilwane. Ngaphandle, imbumbulu yaseMelika injengendunduma yasehlathini. Umbala wayo ungahlukahluka kusuka ephuzi kuya kweshokolethi. Wamabele uba nombala ukukhanya yellow, imilente kungaba cishe abamnyama. Imikhuba yalommeleli womndeni we-marten okwamanje ayikafundwa ngokugcwele, ngoba umfelikazi waseMelika ukhetha ukuzingela kuphela ebusuku futhi ngazo zonke izindlela ezingafani nabantu.
Ilka
Abaningana impela zinhlobo enkulu marten. Ubude bomzimba wakhe kanye nomsila kwabanye abantu kufinyelela kumitha owodwa, nesisindo - ama-4 kilos. Ijazi limnyama, iningi nsundu. Summer noboya kuyinto ngempela kanzima, kodwa ebusika ethambile futhi isikhathi eside, kubonakala esiliva yizicukuthwane tide. U-Ilka uzingela ama-squirrels, hares, amagundane, izingulule zezinkuni nezinyoni. Ithanda ukudla izithelo namajikijolo. Lezi abameleli musteline can inyamazane kalula jaha hhayi komhlaba kuphela, kodwa futhi high in the izihlahla.
Itshe ukholo
Indawo enkulu yokusatshalaliswa kwayo insimu yaseYurophu. Amatshe amatshe ngokuvamile ahlala kude nasendaweni yokuhlala abantu, okuyinto engakhethi kakhulu kubamele abamele umndeni we-marten. I noboya lokhu kwezilwane akulula, umbala grey ansundu. Entanyeni yakhe kunendawo ekhanyayo. Izici zesici se-marten yamatshe ziyikhala elikhanyayo nezinyawo, ezinqunyelwe onqenqemeni. I inyamazane main kwalesi silwane ezincane namagundane, amaxoxo, izibankwa, izinyoni nezinambuzane. Ehlobo, bangadla ukudla kwezitshalo. Zingahlasela izinkukhu ezifuywayo nonogwaja. Kuyinto lolu hlobo kunamathuba amaningi okuthi abe yisisulu ukuzingela isizinda fur ezibalulekile.
Harza
Lo omele umndeni wakwaKunih awujwayelekile ngombala kangangokuba abaningi bahlukanisa lesi silwane njengohlobo oluzimele. Hartha - isilwane ngokwanele ezinkulu. Ubude bomzimba (ngomsila) kwesinye isikhathi budlula imitha eyodwa, futhi isisindo sezinto ezibonakalayo zingaba amakhilogremu ayi-6. Ijazi line-sheen enhle. Usizakala ikakhulu amaprotheni, Sable, Chipmunk, raccoon izinja, onogwaja, izinyoni kanye namagundane. Ingakwazi ukwehluka ekudleni ngenxa yezinambuzane noma amasele. Kube nezigameko zokuhlaselwa kwe-charza kuma-moose, ezinyamazane nasezinhlanzini zasendle. Futhi udla nati, izithelo kanye noju lwezinyosi zasendle.
Nilgir Harza
Kakhulu omele umndeni. ubude bayo ufinyelela imitha elilodwa, kanye nesisindo - kuze kufinyelele 2.5 amakhilogremu. Imikhuba nendlela yokuphila yakwaNilgir Kharza kufundelwa kabi. Kukholelwa ukuthi lesi silwane sithanda indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke futhi siphila ikakhulukazi ezihlahleni. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi nokuzingela isilwane uwela phansi, kanye nezinye izinhlobo Martens. Abanye abazibonele bathi bakubonile ukuzingela kwalesi silwane izinyoni nama-squirrel.
Zingaki izimpilo marten
marten Ihlala Isikhathi Esingakanani I ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle ongafinyelela iminyaka engu-15, kodwa endle bahlala ingasaphathwa. Lesi silwane has a lot of umncintiswano maqondana ukukhiqizwa kokudla - zonke medium and enkulu okuzingela ihlathi izakhamuzi. Nokho, izitha, posing ibe usongo olukhulu labantu Martens ngokwemvelo.
Ezindaweni ezithile, inani izilwane incike izikhukhula entwasahlobo (lapho ingxenye enkulu namagundane befa, okuyinto ungomunye yezingxenye ezinkulu ekudleni marten) nokususa isiteshi njalo (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ubudala kungaholela ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwalezi zilwane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi).
Habitat, izindawo
ukuphila Marten kuhlobene eduze ehlathini. Ngokuvamile-ke ingatholakala sonwele zikaphayini noma ezinye amahlathi coniferous. Endaweni enyakatho - kuyinto sonwele noma fir, futhi eningizimu - sonwele noma amahlathi okuxubile.
Ukuze yokuhlala unomphela ekhetha ihlathi windbreak ocebile, ubudala izihlahla okusezingeni eliphezulu, ezivulekile esikhulu emasimini inala underbrush abasha.
Marten fancy angabuza ukuthi emathafeni futhi emahlathini asezintabeni lapho uhlala esigodini kwemifula emikhulu kanye ukusakaza. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-lesi silwane uthanda izindawo ezinamatshe nodaka rock Ukusakaza. Eziningi zalezi abameleli kwendawo marten ngizama ukugwema abantu. Ukukhethwa iyona marten itshe, okungase axazulule ngqo eduze wezokuHlaliswa kwaBantu.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ngokungafani namanye amalungu omkhaya, ezifana Sable (wathola kuphela eSiberia), ukusabalala marten phezu cishe yonke insimu European kuze kube Urals noMfula ob.
Ukudla marten
Martens yizilwane omnivorous, kodwa izinto eziyinhloko ukuzingela kuyinto izilwane ezincane (amaprotheni, amagundane zasendle). Ngezenzo abadlala amagundane, okuyinto namakati amaningi ozama Gwema ngenxa yobukhulu bawo enkulu. Kungonakalisa inyoni izidleke kanye kwabathakathi ngoba ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Ngezinye izikhathi abavuma badle ingcuba. Phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, marten izithelo ukukuxoxela, amantongomane, amajikijolo, ikakhulukazi Rowan.
Sekuyophela ihlobo lonke ukuwa marten ukwenza izinqolobane, ozokusiza ukuba baqhubeke ebusika. Ukudla Marten incike isikhathi abandayo isizini, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo, okuyinto zihambisana ezahlukene sub-zezilwane, izinyoni kanye nezitshalo. Nakuba leso silwane uhamba kakhulu ngokusebenzisa amagatsha emithi, ukusuthisa ikakhulukazi phansi. Esikhathini enyakatho nasenkabeni ERussia kukhona main amaprotheni ukudla, grouse grouse ptarmigan, amaqanda abo futhi amatshwele.
Ngesikhathi marten itshe ogomekile inezindosi lezinyosi neminyovu ngakho marten ngezinye izikhathi abangemuva kwezidleke zezinyosi noma lacquer uju izinyosi zasendle. Ngezikhathi ezithile bangena inkukhu coops noma ezinye izindlu yenkukhu. Simoni bethukile izinyoni ukuvusa kubo elisheshayo lokhu nomzingeli ngokuyenga ngokubulala zonke engaba inyamazane, ngisho nalokho abakwazi ukudla.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Isibalo Martens bushintsha kancane unyaka nonyaka, okuyinto wachaza isilwane omnivorous. Ukuntula okuphakelayo isilwane kungenzeka kuphenduke ngenye. Ngezelela noma ukwehla labantu babo kungenxa ngokweqile noma ukushoda okuphakelayo iminyaka eminingi ilandelana, kodwa ushintsho olunjalo awavamile. Okuningi namandla ngenani Martens endaweni ethile kuthinta indoda ukudoba kule noboya.
Martens ukufinyelela izinga lokuzala emva kweminyaka emithathu zokuphila. yokukhwelana kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Young amabhere zesifazane izinyanga 7-9. nezikhathi ezinjalo eside abahlangene khona Isikhathi se-fetus okuqhubekayo isikhathi ukukhula okuyinto entwasahlobo iyaqala kuphela.
Ngokushesha izinsikazi avela 2 kuya ku-8 namazinyane azo. Bezalwa zíze futhi abayizimpumputhe (umbono livela kuphela ngemva kwenyanga) balinganise kungekho angaphezu kuka-30 grams. Ngemva kwenkathi kancane ngesikhathi teething yabo kanye Umama uqala ubaphe ukudla isilwane. Jump futhi sikhuphukela izihlahla marten abasha baqale ngo 3-4 izinyanga, futhi azingele bebodwa - ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala, nabesifazane ugcine isisindo esilisa nokugcina lo mehluko phezu esaphila.
Ngu ubusika zibe nkulu ngokufanele izilwane omdala futhi Nzalo amakhefu. Eyokuqala isikhathi inyamazane abasha esifubeni ndawo, bese ucala kutfutfukisa izindawo lutho ukuthi zimbi kakhulu futhi babe ezindaweni abangaphansi kuka-balufunda. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni yokudoba bakha ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi inyamazane ukuzingela.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Uhlala iningi Eurasia. Le ndawo kwendawo yayo elula esuka izintaba zasePyrenees ukuze zaseHimalaya. Inani lonke insimu impela high nokuzingela marten kuvunyelwe. Kwezinye izifundazwe, North American marten ngokukhethekile Kwalethwa ezifuywa uboya ukuzingela.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Marten - kummeleli umndeni enkulukazi Martens. Kuyinto esibalulekile izilwane noboya-ebizwa, futhi has a zikanokusho obunsundu noma uboya aphuzi ansundu.
Indlela Yokuphila, ukuzala
Martens ezihamba ebusuku. Ebusuku ziyofuna ukudla onganqoba umhlaseli amakhilomitha ambalwa. Emini niphele isilo besilala yokukhosela, lawo angawasebenzisa ukukhonza njengephayona eziyize, imigodi emadwaleni, izidleke izingwejeje noma izinyoni, njll
Martens lingama ngedwa. Ngesikhathi benomhlangano nezithunywa izihlobo, zingabantu nobutha, futhi phakathi nenkathi yokuzalela kuphela kuza kuthula yesikhashana phakathi kobulili. Ziyakwazi esithenjini, okungukuthi, minyaka yonke ukuze baqale umndeni nabalingani ezahlukene.
Kokuzalela inkathi ngokuvamile ngasekupheleni kwehlobo (kuphela yamantongomane - kwentwasahlobo). Iningi enyakatho zinhlobo sokukhulelwa ihlala izinyanga 8-9, kuhlanganise ngenyanga-6-7 ukubambezeleka yenzeka.
Spring zesifazane kuphakamisa kusuka 1 kuya ku 5 namazinyane azo. Izingane zizalwa abayizimpumputhe, abayizithulu, embozwe uboya kwaphela. ubisi lukamama, bayadla ngezinyanga ezimbili, futhi aqale ukuhlasela bebodwa e 3-4 izinyanga.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwezinhlobo eziningi zeminyaka 10-15.
Ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izinhlobo Martens, sables futhi yamantongomane ikakhulukazi, kukhona noboya eyigugu, cindezela ukuzingela nge nezibhamu kanye izicupho ku labantu babo sasinamandla kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi. Le ngcindezi, ngokuhlanganiswa ekubhujisweni kwendawo yazo - amahlathi coniferous kanye okuxubile - uye eyabangela ukuncipha okukhulu ngo izinombolo kwenani elithile. Nokho, kuphela marten Nilgiri abahlala South India, kubhekwa lwezilwane ezisengozini.
UTyra
Taira useduze marten, kodwa kungokwalabo bohlobo ezahlukene (Eira). It ahluke ngobukhulu emikhulu, ngaphansi ukuma oblong yomzimba, nemilenze amade. Uhlala e-US amahlathi kusuka eMexico kuya e-Argentina nase esiqhingini Trinidad.
Tyra udla izinyoni, nezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo kanye izithelo, ngokuvamile abangela umonakalo ngokuthi emasimini banana.
Kuyathunyelwa
It uhlala lonke ehlathini isiRashiya ababevela Urals ePacific Ocean. Native endlini Sable - amnyama coniferous ehlathini cluttering.
Ubude umzimba sesilwane 35-55 cm, isisindo 0.5-2 kg. Fur coloration kuhluka ukukhanya obunsundu, aphuzi emphinjeni patch.
Marten Japanese
Habitat Japanese maqembu Sable kulezi ziqhingi-Japanese of Tsushima, Kyushu, Shikoku futhi Honshu.
Ubude emzimbeni waleli nomzingeli 30-45 cm, mass ingeqi 1.5 kg. It is zihlukaniswa umbala, okungase kube kusuka ophuzi ukuze obunsundu nge uphawu ukukhanya phezu nape. Throat ibala elimhlophe noma ukhilimu umbala.
Sable American
It uhlala ezindaweni eziseNyakatho eNyakatho neMelika.
Ubukhulu balesi zinhlobo kufana Sable-Japanese. Umbala kuhluka golden obunsundu. indawo Throat kusukela ukhilimu orange.
Isikhathi sokuphila
In ekuthunjweni, marten Iyasinda ngokungathandi futhi ngezindlela ezahlukene - noma iba ekhaya, noma ngokuba nolaka. Nge umphumela omuhle kungaba aphila iminyaka engaba ngu-15 noma ngaphezulu. Ngo imvelo, nomzingeli esibalulekile bangaphila iminyaka 11-13, kodwa empeleni kuyaqabukela ukuphila ngokuvumelana kulonyaka. Isilwane usengozini yizilwanyana eziwuhlupho bese izifo ukuthi ekufeni kwakhe.
Futhi endle nezinye zasehlathini ubone marten kanye esincintisana futhi kungenzeka kwakusihlwa. izitha zayo kunazo asebenzayo we impungushe, impisi kanye ama-lynx, kanye inyoni beshesha - isikhova, i-golden eagle futhi uklebe.
Kodwa imbangela enkulu nolokubhujiswa isilwane - indoda. noboya marten njalo abiza kakhulu. Ngisho zilwane ezivamile, ezifana marten itshe noma zheltodushka, akaze eshibhile.
Abazingela marten
Marten - a izilwane ezibalulekile kwezohwebo. Ukuzingela isizini iqala ngo-November futhi ihlala kuze kube nguMashi, kuze noboya isilwane aminyene futhi Fluffy. Entwasahlobo ka luphola isikhumba kanye luphola, bese kuphela njengoba izinambuzane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezibulawe (ngokuvamile marten itshe, okuyinto sihlushwa nabalimi). Cishe catch marten izingibe samolovami.
Nilgiri marten kanye marten Japanese ivikelwe umthetho. Abazingela marten noma iyiphi yalezi zinhlobo esiyingqayizivele bohlobo lwe-Mustelidae akuvumelekile. Ngakolunye izilwane ezidla ezinye ukuzingela uvunyelwe ebukhoneni ilayisensi olulodwa, izindleko zazo kuncike uhlobo isilwane. Lapho ekubambeni ukuzingela marten ngaphandle kwale dokhumenti kubhekwa ukuzingela ngokungemthetho futhi ezephula umthetho.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Umbuzo Lokudabuka marten kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engaqondakali. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thina kwadingeka achithe yonke umphenyi, ukuthola zonke izinhlobo ezikhona:
- Sable.
- I-Forest marten.
- Stone marten.
- Ussuriensis marten (marten).
- Kidus (ingxube Sable lezigodo marten).
Lezi zinhlobo basonta Martens bohlobo futhi eziseduze le minks bohlobo, ochakide, namagundane, wolverines, amaqaqa, kusaladi, izimbila, uLwandle futhi umfula imithini. Lezi zilwane kahle ngiyijwayele impilo on wonke amazwekazi ukuthi abantu bahlala kuphi ngokukhululekile. Abakwazi ukuhlangabezana ehlathini, e-Europe, i-Afrika, eNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika, futhi ngempela kuyo yonke indawo.
Zenzeka zisuka kukhokho oyedwa ukuthi cishe wahlala iminyaka emashumi ayizigidi ezingu-35 edlule. Lezi zilwane ezibalwe ngenhla emndenini weasel futhi ihlobene umndeni izinja, raccoon, amabhere namakati. Kunzima ukukucabanga, kodwa babefana ngempela komunye nomunye, ngoba emelelwa oda Carnivora.
Ukubukeka ngaphezulu ongaqondakali ezivamile ukhokho miacidae abahlala kuyo yonke iplanethi ewuMhlaba iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-50 edlule! Kusolwa ukuthi ukhokho wabo bonke izilwane ezidla ezinye mammalian ezaziwayo. Yena wayengumbulali encane, nezimo, ne umsila omude nobuchopho ezinkulu, okubonisa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi biko. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-15 million, amanye amalungu waqala ukuthola izici Martens, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ngomlando wabo.
Uhlalwe marten?
Photo: marten
Marten kungatholakala e-Europe, esisenyakatho ye-Asia ne eCaucasus. Ensimini ka ezihlala ehlathini kwemithi esise-Ural, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia. Ngezinye izikhathi ingatholakala amapaki edolobheni eMoscow: Tsaritsyno kanye Sparrow Hills. Kancane kancane Sable ifike waxosha yakhe esuka endaweni River ob, ngaphambi kokuba vodilas lapho eliningi eyanele.
Sable wathatha phezu insimu enkulu: eSiberia, esenyakatho-mpumalanga China, Korea, enyakatho yeJapane, Mongolia, ingxenye Ekude. Ngokungafani marten uphayini, uncamela ukusebenzisa emhlabathini, hhayi ukukhuphuka izihlahla, uthanda ukuba bukhoma emahlathini coniferous kanye lezihlahla akuzona. Lezi Zverkov sedentary akuvamile yokushintsha indawo ukuthunyelwa, kuphela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu: imililo, zintula ukudla noma uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi glut.
Kidas indlalifa marten uphayini Sable, uhlala empambana kwalezi zinhlobo zezilwane inyamazane njengoba. Ngokusho ofakazi, kaningi Pechora soMfula, phezu Trans-Urals, esise-Ural, Urals enyakatho. Njengoba Sable, uthanda khona eliwumhlaba.
Marten, izihlobo ngokungafani othanda sezulu ukufudumala kanye ezimpilweni kuya eningizimu. Habitat nesembozo cishe lonke i-Eurasia yayigcwele futhi elula esuka izintaba zasePyrenees ukuze emaqeleni isiMongolia futhi zibe zaseHimalaya. Uyazithanda zone asemaqeleni nge nezihlahla eziningi. Ezinye imiphakathi zizizwe ezinhle endaweni engamamitha 4000 amamitha, okuyiwona wathola igama lakhe.
Marten ukhetha sezulu esishisayo futhi uhlala ngaphezulu kuya eningizimu ngaphandle marten. Its pretty okuningi ku-Hindustan, emathafeni Chinese iziqhingi. Itholakala Malaysia, kanye lase-Amur esifundeni, Primorsky naseKhabarovsk Territory. Ezinye izakhamuzi Amur esifundeni futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuba abhekane marten, kodwa kancane njalo.
I udla civet?
Izithombe: I marten isilwane
omnivores Marten. Hunt, okungcono ebusuku, phezu izingwejeje, onogwaja, izimvukuzane, izinyoni kanye amaqanda abo. Ngezinye izikhathi adle iminenke, amaxoxo, izinambuzane kanye ingcuba. Amapaki nedolobha besesibelethweni amagundane amanzi muskrats. Ukukuxoxela izithelo ekwindla, amantongomane amajikijolo. Fish nezinambuzane ezincane. Ngezinye izikhathi ehlasela onogwaja. Ekupheleni kuka kwentwasahlobo ihlobo uvuna ukudla ebusika.
Sable njengoba kidas yakhe hybrid liveza nokuthi ihlathi at bay. Kodwa, ngokungafani marten uphayini, unika igunya ku-hunt phansi, yingakho ekudleni ubuswa chipmunks futhi nezimvukuzane. abesilisa elikhulu bangambulala unogwaja. Phakathi ukuzingelwa inyoni owandile ondlunkulu, partridges futhi grouse - amathuba okusinda emhlanganweni zingabantu zero.
Ku-Thriller yangempela uphendulela ababezingela izingwejeje - Sable isisulu ayeshushiswa zezihlahla, ngezinye izikhathi jumping ukuze 7 metres ubude.
Itshe marten futhi abazingeli yemvelo, kanye emehlweni kakhulu, ukuzwa kanye lokuhogela. Ngakho ukuthi bayakwazi ukulandelela phansi noma yisiphi isilwane ukuthi ubonakala kubo ezidliwayo. abameleli ezedlule umndeni weasel kuhluke isibindi nonya: faka ijuba nge ngehhoko inkukhu, okuyinto ukubhubhisa yonke impango.
umzingeli Marten linamandla omkhaya. Ngokushesha ukusebenzisa bagxume at ibanga 4 amamitha. Usizakala namagundane, izinyoni, futhi izintethe ngisho eya. Kaningi-ke olandela sables. Ukudla amantongomane amajikijolo esincane ukuze silondoloze ezingeni elifanele amavithamini emzimbeni. Uthanda ukudla musk.
Izitha zemvelo marten
Photo: Weasel Jumping
Kungakhathaliseki amasosha jikelele babe marten zikaphayini - endle ku nomzingeli ngamunye has nomzingeli lalo. izitha eziyingozi kukhona oklebe futhi izinkozi segolide - ngokumelene nabo ayikwazi ukulondolozwa imvelo yemvelo, okusho ukuthi izihlahla. Ebusuku, esikhathini ukuzingela ingozi sibanjwa isikhova. Futhi phansi elinde izimpungushe, nezimpisi lynx. Martens ukuhlasela kaningi ngaphezu not ngenxa yokudla, nokususa abancintisana naye.
Sable ungakwazi ukubamba bear, impisi kanye impungushe. Kodwa uphatha kubo kukalutshwana kakhulu. Ingozi enkulu ivela ummeleli uchakide - Harzé. Futhi uma kungenzeka ungakwazi ukuhlasela ukhozi noma ukhozi elimhlophe-Tailed. Izimbangi kukhona izimbodla, grouse hazel grouse grouse emnyama ptarmigan kanye nezinye izinyoni ezidla amajikijolo, okuyinto izifunzo ku Sable.
Stone Martens akuzona ngempela izitha ayingozi. Ngezinye izikhathi, wolverines, izimpungushe, izingwe nezimpisi zisizakala ngezinyamazane kubo, kodwa jaha kuyinto emincanyana ngakho futhi isilwane okusheshayo kuyinkinga. izinkinga Okuningi kungenzeka nge izinyoni: izinkozi, izinkozi, oklebe kanye izikhova ukhozi ngokuvamile.
Marten - wangempela ukubulala umshini, uyakwazi withstanding ezizingelayo, kusukela lapho lonke abameleli uchakide ungathanda ukuba abaleke. Futhi labo bayakwazi ukubamba ke ngempela, musa ukukwenza ngenxa nephunga engavamile inyama, okuyinto ngabanengekayo ngempela. Kodwa black bear kanye Tigers ngezinye izikhathi ukubulala lezi zilwane.