Kuhlolisisa izingcezwana zeMurchison meteorite, eyawa ngoSepthemba 1969 e-Australia, ososayensi bathola izinhlayiya zestardust, ezakheka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5000 edlule futhi ziyinto endala kakhulu eqinile eyatholakala eMhlabeni. Ukutholwa okumangazayo kubikwa ephephandabeni i-Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

“Lesi ngesinye sezifundo ezijabulisa kakhulu engake ngasebenza kuzo. Sikwazile ukuthola ama-solids amadala kunawo wonke emhlabeni wethu ositshela ukuthi izinkanyezi zazalwa kanjani kwi-Galaxy yethu, ”kusho uPhilip Heck, umlobi ohola lolu cwaningo e-University of Chicago, e-USA.

Indlela yokuphila yazo zonke izinkanyezi icishe ifane. Akhiwa kusuka ezinhlayiyeni zothuli negesi ezintantayo endaweni, ezitholana, zinamathele ndawonye futhi zishise. Ngemuva kwalokho bashisa kusuka ezigidini ziye ezigidini zeminyaka futhi bafa, baphonsa ku-cosmos amabhlokhi esakhiwo asanda kwakhiwa emimoyeni yabo ezinkanyezini ezizayo, amaplanethi, iziphuphutheki, ama-asteroids - uthuli lwenkanyezi.

Ngenhlanhla, ezinye zalezi okusanhlamvu okusengaphambili, okungukuthi, izinhlayiya eziqinile ezakheka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kweLanga, zabhajwa eMurchison meteorite, lapho zahlala zingashintshiwe izinyanga eziyizigidi futhi zagcina "zithunyelwa" eMhlabeni.

Ukuthola izinhlayiya ezincane zokugcwala ezingcebeni zezivakashi kusuka endaweni yangaphandle kungumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ngoba kuyaqabukela futhi kutholakala ngamaphesenti amahlanu kuphela e-meteorites.

"Konke kuqala ngokuchotshozwa izingcezu ze-meteorite zibe yi-powder, okuphumela kuhlobo lokunamathisela iphunga elicijile lebhotela lepani eliphelelwe yisikhathi. Lapho-ke lesi sinhlayiya sincibilika ku-asidi kuze kusala okusanhlamvu okukuphela. Kufana nokushisa isitishi ukuthola inalithi, ”kuchaza uPhilip Heck.

Ngemuva kokuba uthuli lwe-stellar seluhlukanisiwe, ososayensi baqala ukuthola ubudala bawo nohlobo lwenkanyezi eyabamba. Kulokhu basizwa yimisebe ye-cosmic, okuyizinhlayiya ezinamandla amakhulu, ibaleka ngomthala wethu futhi ingena ezindabeni. Ezinye zazo zihlangana nalutho futhi zakha izinto ezintsha, bese kuthi isikhathi eside izinhlayiya zothuli zihlale zivulekile, kulapho ezinye izinto zidalwa khona. Ngokulinganisa inani labo okusanhlamvu okusobala, ososayensi bangabona ukuthi sekuyisikhathi esingakanani kuvezwa imisebe ye-cosmic futhi babone ubudala bayo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ezinye zezinhlayiya eziseMurchison meteorite isampulo zazindala kunazo zonke ezake zatholakala: iningi lamabele lisukela eminyakeni engama-4,6 kuya kwayi-4,9 billion, kanti amanye aneminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyisi-5,5 ubudala.

Kodwa iminyaka yobudala bokudla okusanhlamvu ingeminye nje yezinto ezitholakele. Njengoba zakha lapho kufa inkanyezi, lezi zinhlayiya zingatshela okuningi ngomlando wokudalwa kwenkanyezi eMilky Way. Futhi eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa eyedlule edlule ku-Galaxy yethu, ngokunokwenzeka, kwakukhona uhlobo lwe-boom yengane.

“Sithole okusanhlamvu okuncane kakhulu kunalokho ebesikulindele. Leli ngenye yamaphuzu abalulekile. Uthi ijubane lokwakhiwa kwezinkanyezi eMilky Way liyahlukahluka, futhi likhombisa ijubane elikhulayo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa edlule. Lolu lwazi luzosiza ukulingisa umjikelezo we-Galaxy yethu futhi uveze okwedlule, ”kuphetha uPhilip Heck.

Umuntu ophilayo omdala kunabo bonke

Umuntu omdala kunabo bonke eMhlabeni njengamanje ungumhlali waseJapan, uKane Tanaka. Ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva evela kwiGuinness Book of Record, lona wesifazane ungowokuhlala emhlabeni. Iminyaka yakhe isivele idlule iminyaka eyi-117, kwathi ngoJanuwari 2, 2021 kufanele abe neminyaka eyi-118.

Kane Tanaka

Impilo kaKane Tanaka ingubufakazi obucacile bokuthi akufanele udikibale noma kunini.Ku-103, watholakala ukuthi unomdlavuza (umdlavuza wekoloni,), kepha lo wesifazane wasinqoba ngempumelelo lesi sifo futhi uyaqhubeka nokujabulela impilo. Uqinisekile ukuthi imfihlo yokuphila isikhathi eside ilele ethembeni, ukusekelwa komndeni, ukudla okufanele nokulala.

Umgcini werekhodi owaphila isikhathi eside, uNabi Tajima, waphila iminyaka eyi-117 nezinsuku ezingama-260, waphinde washona ngo-2018.

Futhi isihloko somuntu osemdala kunabo bonke emhlabeni kusukela emadodeni aphilayo ngoFebhuwari 2020, yize kungenasimilo, sidluliselwe eBritish Robert Waighton. Usuku lakhe lokuzalwa olubhalwe phansi zingama-Mashi 29, 1908, futhi kungekudala uzobe egubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwe-112. Cabanga nje ukuthi ngonyaka azalwa ngawo, uTheodore Roosevelt wayengumongameli wase-United States, i-Tunguska meteorite yawa eSiberia, kanti iTitanic ayikaze iqale ukwakha.

URobert waiton

Ngesinye isikhathi, u-Waiton wakwazi ukusebenza njengonjiniyela nothisha, wavakashela iTaiwan, Japan neCanada, futhi manje uhlala ekhaya lasebekhulile edolobheni lase-Alton. Unamadodana amabili, indodakazi, abazukulu abayi-10 kanye nabazukulu abangu-25. Isibindi eside uqobo siyothenga izitolo, futhi kubagibeli bakhe isibonakaliso esiqhoshayo - 111. Uphuza utshwala kuphela ezimweni ezikhethekile, akabhemi futhi angadli nyama ebomvu mayelana. Ngokuqondene nokudla okukhethekile, uRobert Waighton akanakho.

“Angenzanga lutho olungifanele noma ukufinyelela le minyaka. Ngingomunye wabanenhlanhla, ”kusho indoda endala endala eMhlabeni. Futhi wancoma kulabo abafuna ukuthi baphile kuze kube iminyaka yakhe eyodwa kuphela. Ungafi!

URobert waiton

Ngaphambi kwakhe, umuntu omdala kunabo bonke emhlabeni kwakunguMasazo Nonaka, isakhamuzi saseHokkaido, oshone ngo-2019 eneminyaka eyi-113.

Masazo Nonaka

U-Little akafinyelelanga unyaka wakhe wokuzalwa ka-Chitetsu Watanabe, othi ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka athole ngokusemthethweni isihloko sendoda endala kunayo yonke emhlabeni kusukela kuGuinness Book of Record. Ushonile muva nje, ngoFebhuwari 23, 2020, eneminyaka eyi-112, izinsuku ezingama-355. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uWatanabe wathi imfihlo yokuphila isikhathi eside ilele ekubeni ungathukutheli futhi umamatheke kakhulu.

Ufuna ukwazi konke

Ososayensi babamba iNyakatho Atlantic insimbi eyazalwa, ngokusho kokunye ukulinganisa, ngo-1505. Lapho bebona iminyaka yezinhlanzi besebenzisa ukuhlaziya i-radiocarbon, bamemezela ukuthi lo "mama osekhulile" angaba ngumgcini werekhodi ophelele wokuphila isikhathi eside phakathi kwezilwane ezizimele.

Lo shaka ungowezinhlobo zaseGreenland, noma oshaka, abakhula impilo yabo yonke, banezela cishe 1 cm ngonyaka. Iqiniso lokuthi ezinye zazo zifinyelela kubukhulu obungaphezu kwamamitha amahlanu libonisa isikhathi esikhulu salezi zinhlanzi. Kepha sikwazile ukukuqinisekisa lokhu manje.

Sifunde ukuthi singanquma kanjani iminyaka yabashaka besebenzisa i-radiocarbon dating. Ososayensi bahlola ukuhlaziya kwe-radiocarbon kwe-nucleus ye-lens yeso labapapa.

Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle uJulius Nielsen wase-University of Copenhagen uthole ukuthi ushaka onguGreenland ongamamitha ayi-5.4 iqembu lakhe elalifunda lalineminyaka okungenani engama-272 kunalokho obekulindelekile. Usuneminyaka engaphezu kuka-512 ubudala.

Lesi silwane satholakala ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Iminyaka yobudala boshaka yasungulwa ocwaningweni olwenziwe yi-Arctic University yaseNorway, eyakhishwa ephephabhukwini iSayensi. Ushaka ungazalwa ngonyaka ka-1505, okungukuthi, mdala kunoShakespeare. Ososayensi bahlola abanye oshaka abangu-28 balolu hlobo, bonke futhi bangaba yimililo emide.

Lezi zidlakela ezinkulu, ezihamba kancane zihlala emanzini abandayo oLwandle i-Arctic nasenyakatho ye-Atlantic. Bafinyelela ebusheni “esemncane” yeminyaka eyi-150.

Ososayensi bathi isikhathi eside saloluhlobo loshaka sinokudla okulula kakhulu, kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi izindawo ezibandayo zingasiza ekunciphiseni ukuguga, futhi laba oshaka abasemakhulu eminyaka ngokuqinisekile bayakuqinisekisa lokhu.

Kulezi zidalwa eziphawuleka kakhulu, isikhathi eside singabiza: loluhlobo luvame ukuhlaselwa yizimbungulu ezikhipha umoya emehlweni.

Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu okubangelwa oshaka baseGreenland kuyaqabukela.Bahlala emanzini abandayo, lapho cishe kungenzeki khona ukuhlangana nomuntu. Kodwa-ke, kwaqoshwa icala lapho eseGulf of St Lawrence oshaka obuseGreenland kulandela umkhumbi. Omunye ushaka waxosha iqembu labaphambukeli futhi wabaphoqa ukuthi bakhuphukele phezulu kwamanzi.

Abanye abadobi bakholelwa ukuthi oshaka baseGreenland osaphaza ukonakalisa lokhu kubamba futhi bacekele phansi izinhlanzi, futhi bazibheke njengezinambuzane. Ngakho-ke, lapho zibanjwa, zinquma umsila wokugcina oshaka bese zibaphonsa ngaphezulu. Lapho zibanjwa, oshaka baseGreenland abapheki.

Lawa ma-khulu we-Arctic luhlobo lwe- “time capsule”, futhi isifundo sawo singasiza ukuqonda ubungako bethonya lempucuko yabantu olwandle.

Nawa amanye amakhulukhulu eminyaka weplanethi yethu

Isilinganiso sokuphila komuntu wesimanje sikhulu impela - iminyaka engama-71.4. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbungulu zabantu abadala ezihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu engu-5, inani leli liyisimangaliso. Kepha kukhona izilwane eMhlabeni, lapho impilo yazo zonke izizukulwane zabantu izobonakala idlula khona. Sizokhuluma ngabo namhlanje.
Thatha izipanji, ngokwesibonelo. "Abantu bavame ukukhohlwa ukuthi izipanji yizilwane, futhi eziningi zazo zingabadlali abade," kusho uMara Hardt, umlobi wezocansi eLwandle. Ngokusho kolunye ucwaningo olushicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Aging Research Reviews, isiponji esijulile esivela ezinhlotsheni iMonorhaphis Chini sesihlale emhlabeni iminyaka eyi-11,000.

Umlingisi obizwa ngokuthi i-mollusk ogama lakhe linguMing washona eneminyaka engama-507, lapho abacwaningi beqoqa izimbumbulu zabo ezansi kwamachibi ase-Iceland. Lokhu kungukubamba irekhodi okuyiqiniso phakathi kwezihlobo zalo - isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuphila kwama-mollusks aneminyaka engama-225.

Ezinye izinhlanzi zasolwandle olujulile, njenge-hoplostet, ziyakwazi ukuphila iminyaka eyi-175. Kepha izilwane ezincelisayo, lapha imikhomo ye-bowhead idonswa phambili, isikhathi sayo sokuphila singaba yiminyaka engama-200. Le ndlela yayo inamaphethini: Izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala emanzini abandayo zine-metabolism ehamba kancane. Ngakho-ke, imizimba yabo igqoka kancane. By the way, ngokusho kweNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), umkhomo wekhothamo yisilwane esinomlomo omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi impilo yasolwandle lapha ingabanqobi ngokuphelele, phakathi kwezidalwa zomhlaba nazo zingabaphathi abade. Ngakho-ke, iminyaka yobudala kaJonathan, ufudu omkhulu kunabo bonke, uneminyaka engu-183. Indoda endala ehlonishwayo ihlala endaweni yezakhiwo zombusi esiqhingini saseSt. Helena.

U-Ara Parrot ogama lakhe nguCharlie. UCharlie wazalwa ngonyaka we-1899, iminyaka yakhe iyiminyaka engama-119. Umnikazi wale nyoni, uPeter Oram, wathenga uCharlie ngo-1965 esitolo sakhe sezilwane. Kamuva, uPeter Oram wayisa le nyoni ekhaya, ngoba uCharlie wayenyanyeka - wayethanda ukufunga. Kukhona inguqulo ethi ngawo-1930s, uCharlie wayengowakwaWinston Churchill, futhi kwaba nguyena owayefundisa impi yepherothi. Ngo-2004, indodakazi kaChurchill yaphika le mininingwane: uNdunankulu waseBrithani wayephethe inyoni efanayo, kodwa, ngokusho kwakhe, hhayi uCharlie.

I-lobster egama linguGeorge. Ngo-2009, uGeorge waqashelwa njenge-lobster yakudala kunabo bonke emhlabeni, ngaleso sikhathi uGeorge wayeneminyaka eyi-140.

I-lobster enkulu yabanjwa ekugcineni kuka-2008 eCanada. Ekuqaleni, i-lobster yayithengiswa endaweni yokudlela yasendaweni, kepha i-PETA (inhlangano enkulu yamalungelo ezilwane emhlabeni) yangenelela kulesi simo futhi yafuna ukuthi uGeorge abuyele endaweni yakhe yemvelo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10, kwenzeka isimangaliso, kwathi uGeorge wadedelwa endle.

I-Alligator Mooja. I-alligator yafika eSerbia Zoo ngo-1937 njengowesilisa osekhulile. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, lesi silwane sineminyaka engaphezu kwengama-80 ubudala. NgeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iBelgrade yathola ukushaywa komoya okunamandla, ngenxa yokuthi cishe zonke izilwane ze-zoo zabulawa. Kepha uMooja, kubonakala sengathi, wazalelwa ihembe: i-alligator yasinda ezikhathini ezinzima futhi yahlala ingavikelekile.

Indlovu yaseNdiya uLin Wong. Lesi silwane sitholakala eGuinness Book of Record: U-Lin Wong waqashelwa njengendlovu endala kunayo yonke eyake yaphila emhlabeni.Ngeshwa, uLin Wong akasakwazi ukubonwa ngamehlo akhe: indlovu yashona ngo-2003 ineminyaka engama-86. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2016, kwavela imininingwane yokuthi kwase kuyisikhathi sokunikeza lowo owayesemhlanganweni omusha. Enye impilo ende - indlovu yaseDakshayani - impahla yomphakathi wenkolo yamaNdiya iTravancore Devaswom Board. Abasebenzi bakwa-TDB baphendukela eNcwadini yamaRekhodi ngesidingo sokubona iDakshayani njengendlovu endala kunayo yonke emhlabeni, kodwa ayizange ibanikeze ubufakazi obalulekile.

Ibhendi enezinwele ezimfushane evela eSiberia. Uhlobo lwesikhathi eside lophawu lobusuku bukaBrandt lwatholakala ngo-1964. Ngemuva kwalokho ososayensi bamaka ubusuku babuyela endaweni yemvelo. Kepha ngo-2005, i-bat yaphinde yatholakala ngabacwaningi! Owesilisa wamangala kakhulu ososayensi: iqiniso ukuthi izibani zasebusuku aziphili iminyaka engama-20.

I-Albatross Wizdom inyoni endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Indaba ye-albatross iyefana nesiphetho sebhe laseSiberia. Baqale bathola iWizdom ngo-1956, khona-ke le nyoni yayineminyaka engaba ngu-5-6. Ngo-2002, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-46, iWizdom yaphinde yatholakala ngabaphenyi. Ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi iWizdom iyanda ngokumangazayo: insikazi ikwazile ukuzala encane engama-39. Manje le nyoni ineminyaka engaba ngu-67 ubudala.

Umkhankayi ongumbulala ogama lakhe nguGogo. Ugogo wazalwa ngo-1911, uhlala ePacific ezimweni zemvelo. Umkhomo wokubulala waqala ukutholwa ngo-1967 ePuget Bay, eWashington. Njengoba uGogo wayephume eminyakeni yobudala bokuzala, lesi silwane sibuyiselwe endaweni yaso yemvelo. Ugogo akanalo ukumaka, kepha kulula ukubona isici sasesilinganisweni semifino. Ngeshwa, kunethuba lokuthi i-whale engumbulali isivele yafa: okokugcina uGogo wabonwa ngo-Okthoba 2016.

Ekhuluma ngokuhlala isikhathi eside kwezihlahla, sivame ukukhumbula ama-oki nama-baobab, kepha emncintiswaneni kukhona ama-conifers. Iminyaka ye-Old Tiikko spruce, ekhula eNtabeni Fulu eSweden, ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-9560! Kuyiqiniso, isiqu saso sincane kakhulu, futhi uhlelo lwezimpande lwakudala lwaphila ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, okuthe ngalo, ngemuva kokufa kwesiqu esinye, kukhule okusha okufana nokwakheka kofuzo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi i-spruce ikhuliswe ngokulengiswa lapho igatsha ligobile emhlabathini likhula futhi lazala isitshalo esisha. Ngokuvamile, i-Old Tiikko yisihlahla esiyindilinga, futhi izihlahla zezihlahla zemvelo ezixhunywe izimpande zingaba khona ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka.

Umbangi oyinhloko werekhodi ngalinye futhi uvela kumaConifers. Lesi siphakathi nendawo sepine spinous (iPinus longaeva), esikhula phezulu ezintabeni zaseNyakatho Melika. Ubudala - iminyaka engama-5666. Imbewu yezitshalo ingaphila isikhathi eside! Ososayensi baseRussia bahlume imbewu ye-salsa encane-leve (Silene stenophylla), ebilokhu ilele ngaphansi kwengqimba ye-permafrost iminyaka engama-32,000.

Noma ngaphandle kokwenza izinhlamvu, ama-bacteria angaphila isikhathi eside ngokumangazayo. Ama-Microorganisms ahlala ngaphansi kophahla lolwandle ekujuleni kwama-700 m abekezelela ukucindezelwa okukhulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphakeme (cishe ama-100 degrees), futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, aphila iminyaka eyi-10,000 - ukusuka ekuhlukaniseni kuya ekuhlukaniseni. AmaSuperlonger atholakala kumasampula enhlabathi atholakala ngesikhathi kuklanywa kwasolwandle kusuka emkhunjini wesayensi we-JOIDES.

Ngokusobala, le mpilo yasendulo ikhona iminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyikhulu - lesi yisikhathi sezikhathi lapho amasampula athathwe khona.

Ukungafi komcabango yinto eyodwa, enye kuphawulwa ngokuphila kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-250 ubudala! Ngo-2000, kwashicilelwa iphepha abathi abacwaningi baseMelika bakwazile ukuvusa ukuvinjezelwa kwezimvume zeBacillus ezitholakala kumadiphozi kasawoti (New Mexico) ekubambeni umoya. Yonke le nkathi yeminyaka eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane, i-bacilli yayikhona ngohlobo lwama-spores, ngaphakathi lapho izinqubo ze-metabolic zazima khona. Uma lokhu kutholwa okumangazayo kuthola ubufakazi obusha, sizokwazi nakanjani ukuthi ama-bacterium awanabancintisana ngokuya ngokuphila isikhathi eside.

UJellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ngongafi. Ngokucacile, uyakwazi ukuphila phakade. Le yindlela ejwayelekile yohlobo lwe-jellyfish. Isigaba sokuqala sokukhula komzimba kusuka kumaseli womanyolo yi-polyp (njengaleyo eyakha izixhobo zamakhorali).Kwesigaba esithile, i-polyp izala i-jellyfish. Futhi yena, ngokufika ebusheni, uhlanganyela ekukhiqizweni futhi uyafa. I-jellyfish evuthiwe ayikwazi ukubuyela esigabeni se-polyp. Kepha hhayi iTurritopsis dohrnii - inamathela endaweni ethile ekuqaleni kwezimo ezingezinhle, futhi amaseli ayo ayaguquka, kube sengathi abuyela esigabeni "sezingane". Ngemuva kwalokho i-polyp iphinde ikhiqize i-jellyfish ... Futhi kubonakala sengathi ayikho indawo yokufa ngokuxoshwa kwalezi metamorphoses. Kuze kube yizigidi ezingama-250.

Cishe wonke umuntu uyizwile inganekwane yeTower Ravens, aseyiphile iminyaka engama-300. Inganekwane yinhle, kepha isayensi ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa into enjengale. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngesikhathi sokufa, amagwababa ayehlala eMbhoshongweni impilo ende kunazo zonke wayeneminyaka engama-44 ubudala. Kepha eqinisweni, u-Greater, i-pink flamingo (i-Phoenicopterus roseus) evela ku-Adelaide Zoo (Australia), waba ngumgcini wamarekhodi omhlophe wokuphila isikhathi eside. Ushone ngo-2014 eneminyaka engama-83. Izimbangi ezihlala isikhathi eside ziyaziwa phakathi kwama-condors kanye nama-parrots amakhulu njenge-cockatoo noma i-macaw. Onke amarekhodi wokuphila isikhathi eside aphawulwa ekudingisweni. Emvelweni, izihlobo zalezi zinyoni ziphila okuncane kakhulu, ngoba ukuguga kukude nokuphela kwento eholela ekufeni komzimba. Lokhu kuphathelene ne-jellyfish “engapheli”.

Kungabonakala kwabanye ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo (futhi nathi phakathi kwazo) zicasulwe imvelo. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokuphila sesitho simane nje siyisu elibekwe ekukhetheni inani labantu. Futhi noma ngabe amabhu wosuku olulodwa aqhubeka nokuphila, ande, futhi ande, khona-ke isu selisungulwe ngendlela efanele, futhi ikusasa lomuntu, njengoba izazi zebhayoloji lisho, akunandaba nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Konke okungafi isikhathi eside kungokwasendulo noma kuholela 'empilweni' ethintekile. Futhi akekho noyedwa kithi ongathanda ukuba yi-bacterium noma i-jellyfish.

Futhi nayi icala elisha elithandekayo.

Ngo-2006, i-Ocean-Venus (Arctica Islandica) eyabanjwa ngokujulile yolwandle yavela ekujuleni kolwandle eduze nase-Iceland. Ososayensi banesasasa kakhulu kulokhu abakutholile.

Lesi sikhungo eBangor, esise-UK, ngokushesha saqala ukusifunda.

Iminyaka yama-mollusks inqunywa, njengasezihlahleni - izindandatho zibalwa, lapho igobolondo lesilwane lifakwa khona. Kepha lezi izindandatho zikhona lapho womabili amaphiko evala khona. Ososayensi babelangazelela ukuthi i-mollusk ivule igobolondo.

Ukucabanga, ukucabanga nokucabanga phezulu - kubeke esiqandisini. Lapho isilwane saphela izinsuku zaso. Ukuphila isikhathi eside kwavela ngenxa yobudedengu be-Aesculapius.

Ekuqaleni, iminyaka yemollusk yayinqunywa eminyakeni engama-405. Kepha isayensi ayime. Ubuchwepheshe obusha nangaphezulu buyakhiwa. Ngo-2013 kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kabusha, nokwatholakala ukuthi lesi silwane sineminyaka engama-507 ubudala. Wayephila isikhathi esingakanani, esingasoze sazi.

Omunye wakhumbula ukuthi ngonyaka we-1499, lapho i-venus yolwandle izalwa, iMing Dynasty yabusa. I-clam yanikezwa igama elithi Min. Futhi lapha iChina, angiqondi, kepha kwakungaphansi kwalelo gama lapho isilwane sangena kwiGuinness Book of Record.

Eqenjini lamiI-VKontaktefuthi kuthakazelisa kakhulu. Ngena ngaphakathi!

Ngabe ama-meteorites asiza kanjani ekufundeni izimfihlakalo zomlando weMars?

Abaphenyi e-University of Arizona bafunde amaMeteorites eMartian ukuze bafundwe kabanzi ngomlando womakhelwane bethu. Bathola imiphumela ethokozisayo impela: ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi iMars yasendulo yayingenalo olwandle lomhlaba lwe-magma.

Esintendeni kaJessica Barnes kukhona i mosaic yasendulo equkethe ingilazi, amaminerali namatshe. Le yingxenye yeMetean meteorite eyaziwa ngeNWA 7034 noma “uBlack Beauty”. Yakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya ezahlukahlukene zokuqothuka kweMartian nenhlabathi ngokushayisana okuqinile.

UJessica Barnes unguprofesa osizayo weplanethi yemvelo e-University of Arizona's Moon kanye nePlanethi Yezindlu. Yena nethimba lakhe baziwa ngokucwaninga nge-meteorite ye-ALH 84001 - okuyilona lapho kutholakala khona izinhlayiya ezinjenge microscopic ezifana namagciwane anesihluku ngeminyaka yama-90s yekhulu lama-20.Manje uBarnes ubandakanyeka ocwaningweni lweBlack Buhle, uzama ukukhipha kwinani ledatha ethile imininingwane ethile ngomlando we-Mars nobukhona bamanzi ku-Red Planet.

Ukuhlaziywa kweqembu likaBarnes kwashicilelwa njengencwadi yesayensi kwiphephabhuku i-Nature Geoscience. Lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi iMars kungenzeka yathuthukiswa ngamanzi emithonjeni emibili ehluke ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuma-Mars, ngokungafani noMhlaba neNyanga, awukaze ube nolwandle lwama-magma olusibekela ngokuphelele iplanethi. Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kungenzeka uma kwenzeka ukushayisana kwamaplanethi enezinto ezihlukile zamanzi ekwakhekeni kwazo. NgokukaJessica:

Le mithombo emibili ezimele yamanzi ingasitshela okuthile ngaleyo mizimba ye-cosmic lapho amaplanethi abumba khona engxenyeni engaphakathi yesimiso sonozungezilanga. Kulomongo, ukuhlolwa kokuhlalwa phansi kweMars esikhathini esidlule nakho kubalulekile kakhulu.

Abantu abaningi bazama ukulandelela umlando wamanzi kuMars. Wayevelaphi? Isikhathi eside kangakanani ku-crust noma ebusweni? Yini engasitshelwa ngamanzi ngezinqubo zokwenziwa kweRed Planet?

UBarnes nethimba lakhe bathola isithombe esiphelele kakhulu somlando wamanzi ku-Mars, besebenzisa i-hydrogen isotopes njengesiqondiso. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo kwe-hydrogen isotopes - protium - kuqukethe iproton eyodwa kuyi-nucleus yayo. I-isotope enzima ibizwa ngokuthi yi-deuterium, ngaphezu kweproton, i-nucleus yayo iqukethe i-neutron eyodwa. Ukulinganiswa kwalezi isotopes ezimbili kukhombisa usosayensi weplanethi mayelana nezinqubo kanye nemvelaphi yamanzi emadwaleni kanye namaminerali lapho lawo ma-isotopes atholakala khona.

Abaphenyi baqophe isilinganiso se-hydrogen isotopes kuma-meteorites iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Kwakunedatha eningi, futhi kwakubonakala sengathi ukuthambekela okungasho lutho kuyabonakala kubo.

Amanzi aqukethe amadwala asemhlabeni awafani kakhulu nolwandle: isilinganiso se-deuterium / protium ekuyo cishe silingana no-1: 6420. Emkhathini weMars, lesi simo sehlukile - imvamisa, amadolobha ase-deuterium akhona lapho, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi i-protium yathathwa emhlabeni yomoya.

Ithimba laseBarnes linqume isilinganiso sama-hydrogen isotopes enkabeni yeMartha, lafunda amasampula ama-meteorites ALH 84001 kanye ne-NWA 7034. Lesi sakamuva sasilusizo kakhulu, ngoba bekungukuqoqwa kwamadwala avela emikhakheni eyahlukene yomlando wejograge we-Mars.

Izilinganiso ze-hydrogen isotopes kulezi zimo meteorites ezimbili zaziphakathi kokulinganiswa edwaleni komhlaba kanye naseMartian emkhathini. Kubukeka sengathi ubudlelwane obufanayo bukhona kuwo wonke umlando wejograge we-Mars: lokhu kufakazelwa yimiphumela yolunye ucwaningo, kanye nangezilinganiso zeNASA Curiosity rover.

Kubaphenyi, kwabonakala kumangalisa kancane ukuthi isilinganiso sama-isotopes emoyeni we-Mars sashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanti ngenkathi kuqweqwana kwahlala cishe njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathokoziswa yiqiniso lokuthi izingoma zokuqothuka kweMartian nengubo kaMartian yayihlukile.

Ngakho-ke, ngeke kwenzeke ukuchaza isilinganiso esihlala sikhona se-hydrogen isotopes ekuqhekekeni kweRed Planet ngezinqubo ezithile zasemkhathini. Kepha Siyazi ukuthi ukuqunjelwa komhlaba kwenzeka kanjani - kwakhiwa kusuka kwincibilikisi encibilikisiwe yamathumbu aplanethi, aqine ebusweni.

I-hypothesis yokuqala, eyabekwa ngaphambili nangaphambi kwalomsebenzi, ukuthi engxenyeni engaphakathi ye-Mars isilinganiso se-hydrogen isotopes sifana nesomhlaba (sasicishe sibe njalo) futhi izinguquko kulesi silinganiso zingadalwa ngamaphutha kuphela lapho kukalwa, noma ngokuxhumana nomoya .

Umqondo wokuthi izinto zangaphakathi kweRed Planet zifana nezasemhlabeni zavela ngenxa yokufunda ngesimo sezulu, okwakucatshangelwa ukuthi, sasiqukethe into yengubo kaMartian. Kepha uBarnes uthi:

Martian meteorites angakha noma kuphi emhlabeni. Ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi i-meteorite ethile iyingxenye yengubo kaMartian bekulokhu kuyinselele. Iqiniso lokuthi idatha yethu ku-cortex yahluka kangaka yasishukumisela ukuba sifunde izincwadi zesayensi kanye nocwaningo olwengeziwe.

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zamatshe aseMartian mlilo - ezicebile futhi zapheleliswa iShergottites - ziqukethe amanzi ngezilinganiso ezihlukile ze-hydrogen isotopes. Ama-Shergottites athuthukisiwe aqukethe i-deuterium engaphezu kokuphelelwa amandla, efana kakhulu namatshe asemhlabeni.

Kwavela ukuthi inani eliphakathi kwesilinganiso se-hydrogen isotopes engxenyeni yalezi zidwala linikeza lawo makhono iqembu leBarnes elitholile ngokuqothuka kweMartian. Yena nozakwabo bakholelwa ukuthi abakwaShergottites bangamamaki emithombo emibili ehlukene yamanzi eMars. Umehluko obukhali ubakhombisa ukuthi amanzi kungenzeka afike kuMars evela emthonjeni owodwa. Futhi ukuthi iRed Planet ayikaze ibe nolwandle lwe-magma olwandle. isixhumanisi | umthombo

Uphenyo lweNASA Voyager 2 luhlala “lushiywe kumadivayisi alo” esikhaleni kuze kube ngo-2021

IVoyager 2 spacecraft ye-NASA (iVoyager 2) izosala yodwa endaweni eyisikhala ezinyangeni eziyi-11 ezizayo.

Njengamanje i-NASA yathuthukisa i-antenna yomsakazo e-Australia engamamitha angama-70, iqembu le-Voyager eliyisebenzisayo ukuxhumana ne-spacecraft, eyasungulwa ngonyaka we-1977 futhi yafinyelela esikhaleni sezindlela ezinhlobonhlobo ngoNovemba 2018. I-Voyager 2 izosala “ingeyami kuwe ”kuze kube umsebenzi uqediwe, kepha ugcina amandla okudlulisa imininingwane yesayensi eMhlabeni. Ukuqedwa kokwakhiwa kabusha kwemibhoshongo yomsakazo kuhlelwe ngoJanuwari 2021.

Kodwa-ke, ungakhathazeki ngeVoyager 2 - "ibekezelela kalula isizungu," kusho amalungu eqembu le-mission.

"Siphinde sibeke lo mshini kwimodi lapho izovikeleka khona isikhathi eside kuze kube kuqeda umsebenzi owenziwa ngophathi beziteshi zomsakazo," kusho uSusan Dodd, umphathi wephrojekthi yeVoyager esitatimendeni ngoLwesithathu olwedlule, ngoMashi 4.

"Uma kuvela isimo esiphuthumayo - esingahle senzeke, ikakhulukazi ngohlelo lwe-Voyager - uhlelo olusetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukwehluleka luzosebenza," kusho yena.

Izinkimbinkimbi zalezi zinsizwa zomsakazo zase-Australia ziyingxenye ye-Deep Space Network (DSN), esetshenziswa yi-NASA ukuxhumana nabantu abaningi abasemkhathini. Inethiwekhi ifaka izinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu zezintandokazi zomsakazo eziseCalifornia, Spain nase-Australia - nokho, amarensi omsakazo akhele eSpain naseCalifornia awakwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukuthumela imiyalo ku-Voyager 2 probe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwemishini yase-Australia, ngoba le divayisi isendaweni yangaphandle kusuka ngezansi ngokuqondene Indiza yokujikeleza komhlaba, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayibonakali ivela hemisphere yasenyakatho.

IVoyager 2 ibuyela ekuqoqweni kwedatha yesayensi ngemuva kokungasebenzi kahle

Zonke lezi zixhobo ezinhlanu ezisetshenziswayo ze-NASA's veteran spacecraft Voyager 2 (Voyager 2) zibuyela ekuqoqweni kwemininingwane yesayensi ngemuva kokuba imisebenzi yesayensi iphoqelelwe ukuthi iphazanyiswe ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari ngenxa yokudlula kwamandla.

I-NASA imemezele lokhu ngosuku olwedlule izolo, Mashi 3, inyanga ngemuva kwalesi sigameko. Ukuxazulula inkinga ebhodini lolu mkhathi kuthatha isikhathi esiningi, ngoba kutholakala kude noMhlaba, imiyalo edluliswa kusuka kwiplanethi yethu ifinyelela kuma-spacecraft kuphela ngemuva kwamahora ayi-17, futhi impendulo ithatha isikhathi esiningi.

"IVoyager 2 ibuyele ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwesayensi ngemuva kwe-anomaly eyenzeka ngoJanuwari 25, 2020," kusho izikhulu zeNASA esitatimendeni. "Zonke izinsimbi ezinhlanu zesayensi ezazikhutshazwe uhlelo lokuvikela ukulayisha kakhulu zivulwe futhi zenze imisebenzi yesayensi ngemodi ejwayelekile."

IVoyager 2, kanye ne-Voyager yamawele, yethulwa ngo-Agasti 1977, futhi kusukela lapho ibilokhu ihlola ngokuqhubekayo isikhala sangaphandle. Ukuhlala isikhathi eside endaweni kuholela ekuvinjelweni okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini yesayensi yezinto zokusebenza: onjiniyela badinga ukusabalalisa ngobunono i-resseting energy of probe energy ukuze bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi edingekayo, baqoqe idatha yesayensi futhi baqinisekise ukudluliselwa kwabo eMhlabeni.

Inkinga eyaqhamuka ngoJanuwari ukuthi i-Voyager 2 yaphuthelwa umshini odingekayo ukuze ulinganise i-onometerometer.Ngenxa yalokhu kusebenza okungafanele, izinhlelo ezimbili ezisebenzisa amandla kagesi abalulekile zavulwa ngasikhathi sinye, ikhompyutha ese-board of the spacecraft yakhomba isimo njengeyingozi futhi yaqala imodi ephephile efakwe ngaphambilini kwimodi ezenzakalelayo.

Ochwepheshe beNASA bakwazile ukubuyisela uVoyager 2 empilweni

Kuningi okungahamba kabi uma ungahambisa endaweni yangaphandle ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ezigidigidi avela eMhlabeni, uthola amandla avela kugesi owodwa we-radioisotope thermoelectric, futhi sekudlule iminyaka engama-43 selokhu kwavela lapho kungalungiswa khona. Lokhu yikho kanye okwenzekile ngesonto eledlule lapho i-Voyager 2 spacecraft izenzekela ngokuzenzakalelayo kwimodi ephephile ngenxa yokubambezeleka okungacaciswanga ekusebenziseni imiyalo ngesikhathi sokuqondisa ukubala eyodwa yamathuluzi esayensi asebusweni. Lokhu kubambezeleka kudale ukuthi amasayithi amancane anamandla asebenze endaweni eyodwa ngesikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwawo okwedlula amandla wamanje womthombo wamandla we-spacecraft.

Ukuthola izizathu zalokho okwenzekile nokuthola izindlela zokuxazulula lesi simo bekuy inqubo ethatha isikhathi impela, njengoba kuthatha amahora angama-17 ukuthola isinali lomsakazo ukumboza ibanga phakathi koMhlaba neVoyager 2 manje. Futhi, ngemuva kokuthumela iqoqo elilandelayo lemiyalo kudivayisi, udinga ukulinda cishe amahora angama-34 ukuze uthole ukuthi ngabe lo msebenzi unamandla.

Manje, ochwepheshe be-NASA bakwazile ukufaka amanye amathuluzi wesayensi wezinto ezisetshenziswayo zeVoyager 2, eziqale kabusha ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yesayensi. Izakhi ezisele namathuluzi edivaysi asacutshungulwa, ikhompyutha esebhodini yenza kancane kancane izinhlelo zokuzihlola ezilandiwe kuyo, idatha ezonquma ukuthi la mathuluzi angavulwa nini futhi.

Inkinga enkulu yezimoto eziwuchungechunge iVoyager ezafakwa emkhathini ngo-1977 zingumthombo wazo wamandla we-radioisotope, umthamo wazo ugcwele ngamabala amancane amancane we-radioactive plutonium oxide. Ekuqaleni, lo mthombo wawukwazi ukukhiqiza ama-watts angama-470 wamandla. Kepha ngenxa yokuthi i-plutonium inempilo encane kakhulu (iminyaka engama-87,7), inani lokuwohloka kwama-athomu alesi sici lihlala lincipha futhi umthombo wezinto zokusebenza zeVoyager 2 ulahlekelwa amandla ngesivinini esingu-4 watts ngonyaka.

Maphakathi no-2019, amandla kagesi ajwayelekile edivayisi yeVoyager 2 ayengama-280 watts futhi ochwepheshe beNASA bathatha isinqumo sokucima into eyodwa yokushisa egcina izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngaphakathi kohlelo. Ngenhlanhla, izinsiza zedivayisi zaqhubeka nokusebenza, naphezu kokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa ngaphansi kwephuzu lapho lihlolwe khona eMhlabeni. Manje i-Voyager 2 yedivayisi idlulisela eMhlabeni imininingwane eqoqwe amathuluzi angama-5 asayensi asebekedeni futhi, ungasho, ukuthi akekho noyedwa wethimba lasekuqaleni ongabethemba.

Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sizofika lapho ugesi wamandla kagesi ususiyoma ngokwanele ukufudumeza izintambo zikaphethiloli, ngemuva kwalokho i-Voyager 2 izolahlekelwa amandla okuqondisa futhi ihluleke ukukhomba i-antenna yayo eya eMhlabeni. Yonke imishini yesayensi ngaleso sikhathi izobe icishiwe, kepha ucingo uqobo luzondiza isikhathi eside kakhulu emakhazeni esikhala sangaphakathi, njengofakazi buthule bokuqonda komuntu.

Isiphuphutheki seMeteor "Meteor-M" 2-2 sishayisana ne-micrometeorite

Ngemuva kwalokho washintsha indlela yakhe yokujikeleza futhi elahlekelwa okwesikhashana, ngokusho kweRussian Space Agency.

Isigameko senzeka ngoDisemba 18, ngemuva kwesimo esiphuthumayo i-satellite zacisha amandla azo zonke izinhlelo ngaphambi kokungena ekubonakaleni kwemishini yokulandela yaseRussia.

"Ngemuva kwalokho, umsebenzi uqalile ukubuyisela amandla awo okusebenza - ukumanzisa imithamo ye-angular, kudluliselwa kokujwayelekile, kutholwa ngocingo kanye nolwazi oluqondisiwe," kusho inkampani yenhlangano.

Manje ukuxhumeka sekubuyiselwe, kwenziwa amaseshini wokulawula ejwayelekile ngokutholwa kwemininingwane ye-telemetric kanye nemininingwane evela kumishini ekhonjiwe.

Imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yalokho okwenzekile:

Ngokusho kwewebhusayithi ekhethekile ye-US Air Force space-track org, ngobusuku bangoDisemba 17-18 (phakathi kuka-23: 08 no-6: 06 isikhathi saseMoscow), i-orbit yaseMeteora-M 2-2 yehlile: ukuphakama okuncane kwehle ngamakhilomitha ayi-2.4 (ukusuka kumakhilomitha angama-806.5 kuya ku-804.1), okuphezulu - ngo-0,1 (kusuka ku-821.8 kuya ku-821.7).

Ku-site space track-track org, amabutho ase-US asakaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yimigqa emibili ezintweni zezikhala, futhi noma ngubani ofuna ukubhalisa ngosizo lwe-software etholakalayo angakwazi ukubala womabili amapharamitha we-satellite's orbit kanye nesikhundla sawo esihlobene.

I-satellite yethulwa isuka eVostochny ngoJulayi yimoto eyayiqala ngoSoyuz-2.1b nge-Frigate booster. Phambilini abakwaRoskosmos babike ukuthi ngemuva kokuphothulwa kokuhlolwa kwezindiza ngoDisemba 7, kwenziwa umkhathi.

I-Russia inama-satellite amathathu e-Meteor-M anezinombolo 1, 2 no 2-2 ku-orbit. Ngasikhathi sinye, okokusebenza kwe-meteorological kwelitshe akusebenzi ngokuphelele kwiMeteor-M No. 1, kodwa imishini eyengeziwe yesayensi iyasebenza. Umthombo wayo olinganiselwa uphelelwe isikhathi ngo-2014.

Inombolo 2 yeMeteor-M nayo isebenza ngaphandle kwesikhathi sewaranti. Inombolo yedivayisi ye-Meteor-M engu-2-1 ngonyaka we-2017 ilahlekile ngenxa yokuqalwa kokuphuthumayo.

Ukwethulwa kwama-satellite e-Meteor-M 2-3 no-2-4 kuhlelwe unyaka ka-2020 no-2021.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-40: IVoyager-2 idlulise imininingwane yokuqala isuka emkhathini we-interstellar

Isikhala somkhathi iVoyager-2 sidlulise imininingwane yokuqala sisuka endaweni engama-40 ngemuva kokwethulwa.

Lokhu kuvezwe yi-ejensi yaseMelika yeNASA space. IVoyager-2 yandiza amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-18 ukusuka eMhlabeni futhi yangena esikhaleni se-interstellar ngoNovemba 2018. Manje imininingwane edluliselwe emhlabeni isifikile eMhlabeni futhi isetshenziswe obala ngochwepheshe, kubika i Russia 24.

Ngosuku olwandulela umagazini i-Nature Astronomy, kwashicilelwa izindatshana ezi-5. Ngamunye wabo uchaza imiphumela kusuka kwesinye sezikhali ezinhlanu zedivayisi. Ngokubambisana bazosiza ukudweba isithombe somugqa wasogwini we-cosmic - indawo lapho uhlelo lwangalelanga luphela khona nendawo yesikhala se-interstellar iqala.

Izicaphuno ezivela kuma-akhawunti wokuzibonela weTunguska meteorite.

Ehlobo lika-1962, ngosizo lweKomidi le-meteorites le-Academy of Science of the USSR, ngenza ucwaningo ngofakazi bokuzibonela beTeteuska meteorite ka-1908 ababehlala esifundeni saseKatangsky esifundeni sase-Irkutsk. Ngezansi kunemininingwane ethakazelisa kakhulu etholwe phakathi nalo msebenzi.

1. UFarkov Feofan Samuilovich, owazalwa ngo-1897, isakhamuzi saseTura, eRussia. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni. I-Erbogachen. “Ngezwa kubhonga futhi ngabheka eningizimu i-Erbogachen. Ngabona isithungu somlilo sindiza esibhakabhakeni. Uyiphawule lapho isiseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Erbogachen. Isithungu somlilo sandiza sisuka kwesobunxele siye kwesokudla, isb., Siye entshonalanga. Windiza ngokushesha, kepha ngakwazi ukubona ukuthi kwase kuhambile, ikhanda lakhe laba mnyama, kwabe sekuqubuka ilangabi ngemuva kwalo. Lapho indiza, kwakungekho mzila osele esibhakabhakeni. Ngemuva kokunyamalala ngaphesheya komkhathi (walo mzimba), angibonanga langabi. Amawindi amile. Lapho-ke wonke umuntu wethuka wathi: "Usuku lokuphela!"

2. U-Balakshin Ivan Vasilyevich, owazalwa ngo-1897, waseRussia, uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Erbogachen. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseZhdanova, esifundeni saseKatanga. “Ngabheka entshonalanga ngabona ukuthi amalangabi aqhuma, cishe ukuphakama kwesihlahla, kwaqhuma intuthu, eyayikhuphuka ilangabi futhi yanyamalala ngokushesha. Ngikhumbula kahle ukuqhuma kathathu. Ingilazi yancipha ngenxa yokubhonga kwezindlu. ”

3. I-Permyakov Stepan, i-Dormidontovich, ngokusho kwemibhalo yonyaka wokuzalwa we-1891, empeleni i-1887, isiRussia, isakhamuzi sasemzaneni. I-Erbogachen. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni lase-Preobrazhenka. “Ekuseni ngahambisa umquba. Isimo sezulu sasicacile, sizolile. Ngiye ngasogwini ngibona isithungu somlilo esindizayo. Isithungu somlilo sandiza sisuka eningizimu-mpumalanga siye enyakatho-ntshonalanga sidlula edolobhaneni lase-Preobrazhenka saya e-Ambarchik, (azimuth 285 °). Ngenkathi endiza phezu kwe-Preobrazhenka, kwakungekho rumble, kepha umsindo othile wezwakala, umsindo. Lapho isithungu somlilo sehla ngaphezu komkhathi, kwaqhuma ilangabi lomlilo laphaya, kwabe sekuqhuma intuthu, eyayibonakala isikhathi eside.Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kwemizuzu ecishe ibe ngu-3-4, kuzwakale “isibhamu” ezintathu, ezimbili zokuqala zazingenamandla, kanti owesithathu wokugcina wawunomsindo omkhulu. ”

4. USalatkin Varnava Pavlovich, owazalwa ngo-1890, ongumhlali wakuleli dolobhana. I-Erbogachen, Evenk. “Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni. Nepa. Ngenyanga kaJuni 1908, ngangizingela ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zoMfula i-Ichora nge-Evenk P.R. ESalatkin Morning silale ebusuku futhi kungazelelwe sizwa ukuqhuma kathathu. Usuku lwalucacile, isimo sezulu besithule, futhi sasizibuza ukuthi: ukuduma kwavelaphi? Ngemuva kwalokho sabe sesithi: lolu wusuku lwembubhiso! ”

5. US Safyannikov Semen Egorovich, owazalwa ngo-1891, waseRussia, uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Erbogachen. “Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseMoga. Ngabona i-meteorite njengoba yehlela phezulu. Ngiyavuma ukuthi wawa esuka esigodini saseMoga ngqo entshonalanga. Ngakhumbula ukuthi i-meteorite yayisimo ngendlela, nekhala layo libukhali, bese kuba nokuqina. Lapho i-meteorite inyamalala ngale ndawo, angizange ngilibone ilangabi, kodwa ngabona kahle ukuthi sekukhuphukile intuthu kuleyo ndawo, ethathe imizuzu eyi-10. ”

6. US Safyannikov Prokopiy Egorovich, owazalwa ngo-1882, waseRussia, ongumhlali wase-Erbogachen. Ngo-1908 wayehlala esigodini saseMoga. “Ngenyanga kaJuni, ngasebenza ekwakheni isibani. Ngabona ibhola eshisayo esindizayo enomsila ovuthayo. Ngemuva kokudlula kwayo, kwasala isibhakabhaka esibhakabhaka esibhakabhakeni. Ngenkathi leli bhola lomlilo liwela phezulu entshonalanga kweMog, khona-ke ngokushesha, ngemuva kwemizuzu eyi-10, wezwa ukuqhuma kathathu, kufana ne-canon. Ukudubula kwakuyilandelana, ngemuva komzuzwana owodwa noma emibili. Ukusuka lapho, lapho i-meteorite yawa khona, kwahamba intuthu, engahlali isikhathi eside. "

7. UBokovinov Innokenty Pavlovich, owazalwa ngo-1888, waseRussia, uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Erbogachen. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseBokovikova. “Ngibone isithungu somlilo sindiza sibheke ngaseningizimu-empumalanga kuye enyakatho nentshonalanga. Kwabonakala kimi ukuthi ubedabula esigodini saseVerkhne-Kalinina noMfula iMelnichnaya, ophakathi kwamadolobhana aseBokovikova naseYuryeva. "Isithungu somlilo sindiza saya enyakatho nedolobhana laseBokovikova, njengoba bengibheke enyakatho, kanti i-meteorite yandiza isuka kwesokudla iye kwesobunxele."

8. U-Yuryev Nikolay Ivanovich, owazalwa ngo-1894, waseRussia, ongumhlali wase-Erbogachen. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobheni laseSimenga, elingamakhilomitha angama-200 enyakatho ye-Erbogachen emugqeni oqondile. “Ekuseni ngizwe kukhala sengathi kuqhume ukuqhuma kweziqhumane. Imisindo yayiqhamuka eningizimu, kodwa ibheke entshonalanga. ” U-Yuriev udwebe umdwebo ngokusho ukunquma kwe-azimuth ye-195 ° -200 °.

9. UFarkov Egor Semenovich, owazalwa ngo-1896, waseRussia, uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Erbogachen. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseLuzhki. “Lapho ebona isithungu somlilo esindizayo, ubuso bakhe babubheke eningizimu. Umlilo wandiza usuka kwesobunxele uye ngakwesokunxele ngasentshonalanga. Ubaba wathi: goduka! Usuku lwembubhiso! Sagijimela endlini, sahlala imizuzu eyisihlanu, akusekho okunye, okwathi emva kwalokho kwaqala ukuzamazama komhlaba, kwathunyelwa izinto ezimisiwe. Ngikukhumbula kahle ukuqhuma kathathu, amabili okuqala abekade ekhala kakhulu, kanti elesithathu libuthakathaka. "

10. UFarkova Maria Silovna, owazalwa ngo-1891, waseRussia, ohlala edolobhaneni i-Erbogachen. “Ngo-1908, ngahlala edolobhaneni. Moga. Kwenzekile ekuseni ehlobo futhi ethule. Ekuqaleni ngezwa umsindo. Waqala ukubheka wabona isithungu somlilo esindizayo. Kuvela amaqembu amathathu kuye, engawakhumbula kahle: ophuzi, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokugqekeza. Lapho isithungu somlilo sicasha ngale komkhathi, ngasentshonalanga ngasendaweni yaseMoga, ukuqhuma kwezwakala ngokushesha. Imisindo emibili yokuqala yayinamandla, kanti eyesithathu yayibuthakathaka, yayisalindile, kepha akusazwakali eminye imisindo. UMeteorite wayenekhala elibukhali, i-wedge. "

11. U-Ineshin Sergey Rodionovich, owazalwa ngo-1892, ohlala e-Erbogachen, eRussia. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni. Nepa. “Ngaphambi kosuku lweholide uPetrov ekuseni, ngangisemgwaqweni ngabona ibhola lomlilo lindiza. ENepa, abantu abaningi bambona, futhi wonke umuntu wethuka. Lapho ngibona ibhola lomlilo, ubuso bami babusenyakatho-mpumalanga. Ibhola lomlilo lindiza lisuka kwesobunxele liye kwesobunxele, liwele uLower Tunguska enyakatho yeNepa lanyamalala laphaya. ” Ngokuya kwe-S.P. I-azimuth yephoyinti elisezingeni eliphezulu linqunywa ku-330 °. UFarkov. UMikhail Nikolaevich, owazalwa ngo-1887, uhlala e-Erbogachen, eRussia. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseYerema. "Kwakuyihlobo ekuseni ekuseni cishe ngehora leshumi. Ngayixosha inyongo. Isimo sezulu sasicacile, sizolile.Angizange ngibone i-meteorite uqobo, kodwa ngezwa ukuqhuma okukhulu kwamandla amakhulu, futhi kwezwa ezinye izakhamizi zaseYerema. Konke kwakunyakaziswa yilezi zibhamu. Abantu bethuka. Imisindo yokuqhuma kwezibhamu yaqhamuka endaweni ebheke ngasentshonalanga, kodwa kancane eningizimu yedolobhana laseYerema.

13. UFarkov Gavriil Danilovich, owazalwa ngo-1895, isakhamuzi sase-Erbogachen. “Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseLuzhki. Angizange ngibone i-meteorite indiza, kodwa ngezwa kuphela ukuqhuma okuvela ohlangothini olusentshonalanga, lapho kuvela khona ukukhanya futhi kwaqhuma intuthu. Ingilazi yathuthumela yazamazama umhlaba. ”

14. UVerkhoturov u-Ivan Ivanovich, owazalwa ngo-1896, uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Erbogachen. Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseDotkon, emfuleni iNepa, amakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka edolobhaneni laseNepa. “Ehlobo ngashayela umquba ngabona isithungu somlilo sindiza ngokushesha esibhakabhakeni. Bengibheke enyakatho, futhi isithungu somlilo sandiza sisuka kwesokudla siye kwesokunxele ngaphesheya. Ukubona lesi sithungu somlilo, sajaha ukugijimela ekhaya. Ngemuva kwemizuzu emihlanu, kungabe kusabonakala, ngizwe kunqonqoza oqinile ovela ohlangothini olusenyakatho, kodwa kancane uye entshonalanga. " I-azimuth ye-320 ° inqunywa ngokuya ngohlelo oludonsekile.

15. UBokovikov Innokenty Andreevich, owazalwa ngo-1896, waseRussia, ohlala e-Erbogachen. “Ngo-1908, ngahlala edolobhaneni laseBokovikova. Ngayixosha inyongo ngangena endlini. Ngokuphazima kweso ngizwa, kumemeza: Kuvutha, kuyasha! Sagxumela emphemeni futhi ngabona ilangabi lomlilo lindiza isibhakabhaka. Ubuso bami babubheke enyakatho-empumalanga, umlilo undize usuka kwesobunxele uye kwesokunxele, ubheke enyakatho nentshonalanga. Kubukeka kimi sengathi umlilo ucishe wadlula edolobhaneni laseVerkhne-Kalinina futhi lawela entshonalanga nedolobha lasePreobrazhenki. " I-azimuth ye-335 ° inqunywa ngokuya kweshadi elidwetshiwe.

16. UKonenkin Innokenty Dmitrievich, owazalwa ngonyaka we-1893, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Preobrazhenka, isiRussia. “Ngikhumbula kahle ukuthi ehlobo lika-1908 kwashona i-fireball edlula esigodini sasePreobrazhenka yanyamalala ngaleyondawo kule ndawo (i-azimuth ka-300 ° yayinqunywa). Yize lo mlilo undize ngokushesha okukhulu, kodwa ngikwazile ukukhipha ukuthi ubuyindilinga. Icala le-hay libonakala likhulu. Konke kushisa, nezinhlansi zindiza zivela ngemuva. Lapho ibhola lomlilo licasha ngaphesheya, ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-2-2 ukusuka ohlangothini lapho ibhola liwele khona, kwezwakala ukuqhuma okufana nokuqhuma kombhalo. Amasosha amadala athi: "Impi!" Lapho ibhola lomlilo lindiza, kwakungekho bhuthi futhi ingilazi lingathuthumeli, nengilazi yaqala ukuthuthumela kuphela ngenxa yokuqhuma. Ngaleso sikhathi, umuntu owayedingisiwe ogama lakhe kwakunguSherilenko, owayebizwa ngokuthi isazi sezinkanyezi, wayehlala e-Preobrazhenka. Uthe iplanethi iyawa. ”

17. U-Yuryev Kapiton Egorovich, owazalwa ngo-1897, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Preobrazhenka, isiRussia. "Ukuphela kwento engiyikhumbulayo nge-meteorite ukuthi indiza ye-Preobrazhenka isuka ohlangothini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga futhi ifihle ngemuva kwendawo eqonde ngasenyakatho." Ngokuya ngohlelo oludonselwayo, i-azimuth yendawo ethe xaxa inqunywa, ilingana no-300 °.

18. UStepan Ivanovich Safyannikov, owazalwa ngo-1890, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni laseMoga. “Bengihleli endlini enamawindi abheke entshonalanga. Ekuseni, ilanga belingakwazi ukukhipha imisebe ngamawindi, ngibe sengibona ilanga lisuka efasiteleni eliphakathi. Umhlabathi wanyikima futhi kwezwakala ukuqhuma kwezibhamu. Ukuqhuma kuzwakale cishe umzuzu noma emibili ngemuva kokukhanya. Njengoba kuqhuma, kuqhuma intuthu. Phuma lapho. ” I-azimuth ye-300 ° inqunywe.

19. US Safyannikova Elena Ivanovna, owazalwa ngo-1898, isakhamuzi saseMoga, eMekk. “Ngo-1908, ngangihlala ngaphansi kwedolobhana lase-Erbogachen edolobheni laseLavrushka, ngaleso sikhathi okwakukhona ukuxhumana kuphela. Ngabona kahle ibhola elibomvu lindiza lisuka kwesobunxele liye kwesokudla ohlangothini oluseningizimu. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzwakale ukudutshulwa. Wonke umuntu wayethukile, abantu abadala bakwa-evenki babegqoke izingubo ezinhle kakhulu, belungiselela ukufa, kepha ukufa abufikanga. ”

20. US Safyannikov Onufriy Nikolaevich, owazalwa ngo-189l, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni laseMoga, lapho ayekhona ngo-1908. "Ngenyanga kaJuni, safaka amafulethi ophahleni lwendlu. Kungazelelwe sibona ibhola lomlilo lindiza futhi licashe ngemuva komkhathazi kuleyo ndawo (azimuth 270 °), entshonalanga nedolobhana. Ukusuka lapho kwaqhuma ilangabi, futhi kungekudala, kungakapheli nemizuzu eyi-10, kwezwakala ukuqhuma, kwabe sekuqhuma nezinye. ”

21.US Safyannikov Nikolay Silych, owazalwa ngo-1888, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni laseMoga. "Ngo-1908, i-meteorite yehla ngqo entshonalanga. Lapho ewa, kwaqhamuka ilangabi nentuthu evela lapho. Ngemuva kwemizuzu emibili noma emithathu, kuzwakale ukuqhuma kwezibhamu, kubonakala sengathi kwakukhona ezimbili zazo. Umhlaba wazamazama. ”

22. USafyannikova Evdokia Mikhailovna, owazalwa ngo-1893, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni laseMoga. "Kuwele phansi isizulu entshonalanga nedolobhana laseMoga. "Kungekudala ngemuva kokunyamalala kwezulu phezu komkhathi, kuzwakala ukuqhuma, umhlaba uyavevezela, izingilazi ziyaqhekeka, izinkomishi ezazetafuleni zazaphuka."

23. US Safyannikov Prokopy Mikhailovich, owazalwa ngo-1895, waseRussia, ohlala edolobhaneni. I-Preobrazhenka. “Ngo-1908, ngangineminyaka engu-13 ubudala. Bengihlala esigodini saseMoga futhi ngiqhuba umquba ngenyanga kaJuni. Mina ngokwami ​​angizange ngibone i-meteorite indiza, kodwa ngezwa ukushaya, ngabheka entshonalanga futhi ngabona intuthu inyuka emakilabhini evela esigodini saseMoga, cishe impela nentshonalanga. Ukusuka ekuzamazeni komhlaba, isigaxa sokulengisa salengiswa endlini eyayixhonywa kusuka ezipikili odongeni. Angikhumbuli ukuthi mangaki amagalelo obe khona, kepha ngiyakhumbula ukuthi ukushaya bekungacacile, kepha bekuyisithulu, kuhlale isikhathi eside. ”

24. UJarygin Vitaliy Ivanovich, owazalwa ngo-1900, owaseRussia, uhlala edolobhaneni. I-Preobrazhenka. “Ngo-1908, bengihlala edolobhaneni lase-Olontsovo, 35 km ukusuka edolobheni laseKirensk ekhuphuka neLena. Sagibela insimu ngalolo suku. Ekuqaleni bezwa ukubhonga okuqinile, ngakho-ke amahhashi ayeka. Babona ubumnyama esibhakabhakeni, ngemuva kwalomnyama kukhona imisila evuthayo, bese kuba nenkungu yombala omnyama. Ilanga lanyamalala, ubumnyama bawa. Ukusuka ebumnyameni kwaqubuka ilangabi lomlilo lisuka eningizimu liye enyakatho. ”

25. UVolozhin Innokenty Mitrofanovich, owazalwa ngo-1892, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni. Ukuguqulwa isimo. “Ngenyanga kaJuni ngashayela umquba. Ngabona ukuthi i-meteorite yawela kanjani emkhathizwe (azimuth 285 °). Ngasohlangothini lapho i-meteorite iwele khona, kwaqubuka ilangabi kwikholamu okungenani izihlahla ezimbili eziphakeme, ngemuva kwalokho kwaqhuma intuthu, eyayikhuphuka kakhulu kunelangabi. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engaba ngu-5-6, kwezwakala ukububula okunamandla, yebo nehhashi lawa ngamadolo. Umhlaba wanyikima, ingilazi emafasiteleni yafiphala, izitsha ezisezibhekeni zafiphala. ”

26. UGrachev Gerasim Borisovich, owazalwa ngo-1896, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni laseYerema. “Uma ubheka eningizimu, khona-ke imeteorite yandiza isuka kwesobunxele iye kwesokudla, iye enyakatho-nentshonalanga. Ngemuva kokudlula kwalomlilo, kuzwakale ukuqhuma okuqinile ezintathu. "

27. UFarkov Innokenty Lvovich, owazalwa ngo-1892, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni laseYereme. Wezwa kuphela imisindo efana nezibhamu. Ukholelwa ukuthi bekuneziqhumane ezingaphezu kwesithathu. Inkomba esuka lapho kuqhume khona iqhuma ilingana ne-azimuth ye-270 °.

28. UZhdanov Egor Mikhailovich, owazalwa ngo-1893, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni laseZhdanova. Angizange ngibone i-meteorite flyby, kodwa ngiyakhumbula lapho ngezwa khona umsindo wokuqhuma (azimuth 320 °).

29. UVerkhoturov Pavel Egorovich, owazalwa ngo-1892, waseRussia, ohlala edolobhaneni laseVerkhne-Kalinina. “Ngo-1908 wayehlala edolobhaneni laseFedorova, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-8 eningizimu yePreobrazhenka. Angibonanga ukuthi indiza iwela kanjani isibhakabhaka, kepha ngabona ukuthi ilangabi liphuma kanjani laphaya egqumeni futhi intuthu yavela kulolo hlangothi (i-azimuth ye-285 ° inqunywe kwikhampasi). Ngemuva kwalokho umhlaba waqala phansi wazamazama futhi kwezwakala ukudubula okubili okuqinile, kwathi kwesithathu kwaba buthakathaka. "

30. UBoyarshin Yegor Konovich, owazalwa ngo-1879, uNeverk, uhlala edolobhaneni laseVerkhne-Kalinina. Ngabona isithungu somlilo sindizela eningizimu ye-Erbogachen isuka empumalanga iye entshonalanga. Izindiza zezulu zindizela phansi. Umhlanga ukhombise i-angle of inclence of the trajectory ye-meteorite, elingana no-20 ° -25 °. Uma ubheka u-Erbogachen, i-meteorite yawa entshonalanga ntambama phezu kogibe (azimuth 205 °). Ngemuva kokuwa, kuqhume iziqhumane ezimbili ezinamandla, kwathi elesithathu lalingabuthakathaka, kwabe sekubonakala okunye okuqhuma, kodwa kwathula.

31. UKonenkin Grigory Fedorovich, owazalwa ngo-1889, ongowakwa-Evenk, uhlala edolobhaneni laseVerkhne-Kalinina. “Ehlobo lika-1908 wayehlala emfuleni iMoga ngaseGerendaul. Angizange ngibone i-meteorite evuthayo indiza, kodwa ngezwa ukuqhuma okuqhamuka kolunye uhlangothi (azimuth 300 ° kusuka edolobhaneni laseV.-Kalinina). Umsindo wokuqala wawunamandla kakhulu. Bese kuthi eyesibili neyesithathu. Bese kuthi imisindo ibe buthaka. UNonki wayehlala eceleni komfula iChaika ngaleso sikhathi. Bezwile ukuthi sebezwile ukubhonga okuqinile, nokuthi inhlupho yabo inyikinyekile. ”

32.UZyryanov Nikolay Konstantinovich, owazalwa ngo-1895, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni. Ukuguqulwa isimo. “NgoJuni 1908, ngezithuba zabo-10 a.m, mina nomfowethu sashayela umquba enkundleni, sabona isithungu somlilo esindiza. Kuvela kuye, ubude obuphindwe amahlandla ayisishiyagalombili kunekhanda, umsila onjengomlilo wawubonakala ngokucacile, okuyiwona ekuqaleni owawubukhulu, bese uthepha kwisigaxa. Undize, ngokubona kwami, eningizimu encane nasentshonalanga ye-Preobrazhenka ohlangothini olusuka eningizimu-mpumalanga kuye enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kwabonakala ngathi uwele ngemuva kwe-tundra ebondeni ngaphandle kwaleyo ndlela (azimuth 300 °). Ngqo uhlangothi oluwele lapho lo mlilo womlilo uwele khona, ngemuva kokuzwakala ukuqhuma kwemizuzu engaba ngu-10-15, njengokuqhuma kwezibhamu. Kuqala, lezi zinkomba bezithule nje, kwabe sekuzwakala ngokuqinile kakhulu. "

33. UKonenkina Nadezhda Alekseevna, owazalwa ngo-1890, waseRussia, wazalwa futhi uhlala edolobhaneni. Ukuguqulwa isimo. "Ehlobo lika-1908, ekuseni ngaphuma ngaya emphemeni wale ndlu (ukusuka lapho izinhlangothi ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga, enyakatho nezasempumalanga zibona kahle) futhi ngiyabona ukuthi isithungu somlilo esikhulu siwela phezu kwehlathi. Umlilo wawulokhu uyindilinga, ngemuva kwawo uyamenyezela. Kwakungekho ntuthu eyashiya izinhlansi. Lapho lo mlilo uwela ngaphezu komkhathi, kuleya ndawo (azimuth ka-285 °), kwavela njengensika yomlilo futhi kwenyuka intuthu (“isibhakabhaka savela ngalolo hlaka sigqekeza”). Intuthu yakhuphuka yaze yafika phezulu kwezihlahla ezinhlanu. Ngokushesha, kwaqala ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi kwezwakala amandla amakhulu. Ngangesaba kakhulu futhi ngagula isikhathi eside ngenxa yokwesaba. Ngaleso sikhathi, abathunjiwe bezepolitiki babehlala e-Preobrazhenka, bethi umhlaba uwile. ”

34. Encwadini evela eDarya Ivanovna Alksnis, owazalwa ngo-1892, wayehlala eRiga ku-Sl Sliee Street 76. Edolobhaneni lasePreobrazhenka ngoJuni 1908, sahlanganisa amazambane. Isimo sezulu sasizolile, sicacile, sifudumele. Kungazelelwe sizwa ukuqhuma okuqinile nokubhonga. Sibheke - phezu kwehlathi elibhekise ezigodini (azimuth 285 °) amatshe amakhulu ashisayo andiza, futhi leyo ndawo yayimbozwe ngomucu womlilo. Ngemuva kwalokho kuqale ukuvutha isikhathi eside. ”

Enye yama-akhawunti adume ngokuzibonela ngumbiko kaSemyon Semyonov, isakhamuzi saseVanavar post, esendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-70 eningizimu mpumalanga ye-epicenter yalokhu kuqhuma:

“Kungazelelwe, enyakatho, isibhakabhaka sagcwala, kwavela umlilo omkhulu futhi uphakeme ngaphezu kwehlathi, owamboza yonke ingxenye esenyakatho yesibhakabhaka. Ngaleso sikhashana ngezwa ngishisa impela, kwangathi ihembe lingibambe umlilo. Bengifuna ukuklebhula ngilahle ihembe lami, kepha isibhakabhaka selishonile, kwaba nokushayeka okukhulu. Ngaphonswa kusukela kumpheme yi-fathoms emithathu. Ngemuva kokushaya, kube nokungqongqoza okunjengokungathi amatshe awele ezulwini noma adutshulwe ngezibhamu, umhlaba uyathuthumela, kwathi lapho ngilala phansi emhlabeni ngacindezela ikhanda lami, ngesaba ukuthi amatshe ngeke angiphule ikhanda. Ngaleso sikhashana, lapho izulu livuleka, kuvunguza umoya oshisayo usuka enyakatho, ufane nomquba, owashiya amathrekhi emhlabathini ngendlela yezindlela. Ngemuva kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi ingilazi eminingi emafasiteleni idilizwe, kanti ithebhu lensimbi lokukhiya umnyango beliphuliwe esibayeni. ”

Umfowethu u-evenki u-Chuchancha no-Chekaren bohlobo lwe-Shan-uzito, izingane ze-Tungus Podygi, ngaleso sikhathi senhlekelele isifo esasihlasele ukusuka endaweni eyayihlala khona kunase-Akulina. Isifo sabo sisebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-40 ukusuka endaweni okuqhume kuyo ukuqhuma. Ngokusho kuka-I.M.Suslov (1967), abafowethu batshele okulandelayo:

"Isifo sethu sabe sesimi osebeni lwe-Avarkitta. Ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga, mina no Chekaren saqhamuka emfuleni iDilyushma, lapho sahlala khona no-Ivan no-Akulina. Silale kamnandi. Kungazelelwe, bobabili bavuka ngasikhathi sinye - othile wayesicindezela. Sezwa ikhwela futhi sezwa umoya onamandla. UChekaren uphinde wangimemeza: “Uyayizwa ukuthi mangaki ama-gogol flies noma ama-merganser?” Sasesisesisishayo futhi asikwazanga ukubona ukuthi kwenzekani ehlathini. Ngokuphazima kweso umuntu waphinda wangiphindisela, kanzima kangangokuba ngashaya ikhanda lami esigxotsheni sesifo wabe esewa ngamalahle avuthayo ezindlebeni. Ngangesaba. UChekaren naye wethukile, wabamba isigxobo. Saqala ukumemeza ubaba, umama, umfowethu, kodwa akekho owaphendula. Kwakukhona uhlobo oluthile lomsindo ngemuva kwenhlupho; umuntu wayezwa izinkuni ziwe. Mina no Chekaren siphume ezikhwameni futhi sesivele sifuna ukuphuma esibhicini, kodwa ngokuzuma ukuduma kwezwakala kakhulu. Lokhu kwaba ukushaya kokuqala.Umhlaba waqala ukuntengantenga washukuma, isivunguvungu somoya sishaya isivunguvungu sethu saze sawela phansi. Ngachotshozwa izigxobo ngokuqinile, kepha ikhanda lami lalingafakwanga, ngoba waphakamisa uHelluin. Ngabe sengibona isimangaliso esibi: izinkuni ziyawa, izinaliti zivutha phezu kwazo, umhlaba owomile emhlabathini uyavutha, i-deer moss iyasha. Intuthu, amehlo alimaze, kushisa, kushisa kakhulu, ungashisa.

Kungazelelwe, phezu kwentaba, lapho ihlathi lase liwile, kwakhanya kakhulu, futhi, njengokungathi ngikutshele ukuthi ilanga lesibili seliphumile, abaseRussia babethi: “ngokungazelelwe kukhanye,” amehlo ami abuhlungu, ngaze ngawavalela. Kwabonakala sengathi amaRussia abiza "umbani." Futhi ngokushesha kwaba khona i-agdillan, ukuduma okunamandla. Lokhu kwaba ukushaya kwesibili. Ukusa bekushonile, bekungekho amafu, ilanga lethu likhanya bhá, njengakuqala, bese kuvela ilanga lesibili!

Ngemuva kwalokho, sabona, kungathi ngenhla, kodwa kwenye indawo ehlukile, yaqhuma futhi, futhi kwaba nokuduma okukhulu. Lokhu kwaba ukushaya kwesithathu. Umoya wasindizela phezu kwethu, wangqongqoza, washaya ihlathi elaliqothuliwe. Sibuke izihlahla eziwayo, sabona ukuthi iziqongo zazo zephuka kanjani, zabheka umlilo. Kungazelelwe uChekaren wamemeza: "Bheka" - wakhombisa ngesandla. Ngabheka lapho ngabona umbani futhi, wagqama futhi washaya futhi, i-Agdilyan yenze ... "

Iqiniso lokuqala libonisa ukuthi sisebenzelana nemoto kagesi, okungukuthi i-meteorite enkulu futhi ekhanyayo, ukubukeka kwayo okuhambisana nemisindo. Isimo sale misindo asikacaci ngokuphelele. Bayakwazi ukubezwa ebangeni eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-400 ukusuka kumgwaqo wendiza we-meteorite. Kwesinye isikhathi ziyezwakala kuze kube yilapho imeteorite uqobo. Umsindo usikhumbuza lokhu: ukushaya ikhwela, ukugqwala, umsindo wamakhanoni ashaqekile nemikhuba, isivunguvungu ehlathini, ukubiliswa kwe-teapot, isitimela esisondelayo, ukuqhekeka kwento edwenguliwe, umsindo wegatsha lesihlahla esaphukile. Kuyamangaza ukuthi le misindo ayisho emoyeni, izalwa ngumhlaba. Imbangela engakanani ukuphuma kukagesi ezintweni zezinto zasemhlabeni. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-meteorite inecala likagesi futhi umthwalo wayo "wezwa" umhlaba.

Futhi iqiniso lesibili ngenkani libonisa ukuthi umthombo wemisebe yenhlekelele yaseTunguska nawo uxhumeke ngandlela thile ngogesi, noma, ngokhonkolo kagesi.

I-I.M.Suslov nayo yaqopha enye indaba ethokozisayo ngathi yamaTungus ewele endaweni ethintekile. Isifo sabo sasiqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 ukusuka endaweni ebabazekayo kunesifo sabazalwane. Indoda endala u-Ulkigo, indodana kaLuruman, ovela emndenini wakwaShananyagir, uchaze konke okwenzeka ngesikhathi senhlekelele nomndeni wakhe kanjalo.

"Inhlupheko kababa uLuruman yema osebeni lomfula iChamba, hhayi kude nomlomo wayo. Ubaba wami wayehlala kulesi sifo, mina nomkami nezingane zethu ezine. Ngokushesha izinja zakhala, izingane zakhala. Umkami, mina nendoda endala savuka sabona isimanga, ukuthi silalele insimbi, othile waqala ukungqongqoza phansi ngaphansi kwethu, wapha lesi sifo. Ngagxuma ngiphuma esikhwameni futhi ngaqala ukugqoka, kungazelelwe othile wasunduzela phansi kanzima. Ngawa ngakhala, abafana bakhala, bakhala, bagxuma baphuma ezikhwameni zokulala. wabe esedubula kanzima ephethe izibhamu. Indoda endala uLurbuman ithe yize kunjalo, idwala lawa eduze komthombo weChugrim. kunjengomuntu oshaye phansi, wangqongqoza kanzima, kwangena ikhesi lethusi esigxotsheni, futhi othile wenza i-hangar yokuduma, ngagqoka ngokushesha futhi ngaphuma esosizini. Kwakuyilanga elingenafu, elinamafu, elishisayo! ngiqale ukubheka phezulu INtaba iLakuru, Ngokuphazima kweso, isibhakabhaka saqubuka ngamandla kakhulu, nokuduma kwezulu, ngethuka ngawa. Ngabuka, umoya wezinkuni wehla, umlilo wawushisa phansi.Ngizwe umsindo endaweni ethile.Ngagxumela ezinyaweni zami, ngabona abantu ababili ithole nezinyamazane ezimbili. Kwaba ukwethuka, ngaya enhluphekweni yami. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Uchir (isiphepho. - I.S.) wandizela, wabamba indlwabu <покрышка чума.="" —="" и.="" с.)="" и="" бросил="" к="" речке,="" остался="" только="" дюкча="" (остов.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" около="" него="" сидели="" на="" поваленной="" лесине="" мой="" старик,="" жена="" моя="" и="" челядишки="" (ребятишки.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" смотрим="" мы="" в="" ту="" сторону,="" где="" солнце="" спит="" (то="" есть="" на="" север.="" —="" и.="" с.).="" там="" диво="" какое-то="" делается,="" кто-то="" там="" опять="" будто="" стучит.="" в="" стороне="" речки="" кимчу="" —="" дым="" большой,="" тайга="" горит,="" жар="" оттуда="" идет="" сильный.="" вдруг="" где-то="" далеко,="" где="" речка="" чункукан,="" в="" той="" стороне="" опять="" гром="" сильно="" стукнул,="" и="" там="" поднялся="">

Ngahamba ngabona uhlangothi oluvela lapho izilwane zibalekele khona nokushisa bekukhona. Lapho, ngabona isimanga esibi. I-taiga yonke yawa, izinkuni eziningi emhlabathini zashiswa, utshani bomile, izinkizi zazivutha, amaqabunga ehlathini wonke omile. Kwakushisa impela, umusi omningi, umusi udonsa amehlo ami, kwakunzima ukubuka. Ngangesaba ngokuphelele ngabalekela kuChamba, esiwombeni sethu. Ngatshela ubaba konke engikubonile, wethuka wafa. Ngalo lolo suku, samngcwaba ngokokholo lwethu lwaseTunguska. "

Bangakanani meteorites, bavelaphi, bangakanani.Amaqiniso athakazelisayo avela empilweni yamatshe asezulwini.

Phambilini, abantu babenamahloni, futhi noma iliphi itshe elehla livela ezulwini ekhanda lakhe laphatheka kabi. Banencazelo engaqondakali kulo mcimbi, noma basesha, bathola nezimangaliso kulezi zingcezu. Kwakukhonzwa amatshe asezulwini, futhi ayethatha njengezipho zonkulunkulu. Abantu banamuhla, bancishwa umcabango okhukhulisayo wokhokho babo, bahlobana namatshe asezulwini ngaphandle kwenhlonipho, futhi muva nje, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwenzalo: kahle, yawa futhi yawa. Namuhla, ososayensi banentshisekelo kakhulu kuma-meteorites.

Nakhu okuthize mayelana nalabafokazi abavela esikhaleni esingaphandle.

I-Wredefort Crater NASA Photo

- izingcezwana zama-protoplanets, noma abafokazi abavela kuma-asteroid amakhulu, amaplanethi amancane, iMercury, iMars neNyanga - achondrites,

- "Umkhiqizo ophelewe ngomhlaba" weplanethi, i-hodgepodge yezinto zokuqala zeplanethi - ama-chondrites.

* Ngosuku, amathani ama-meteorite angama-5-6 awela eMhlabeni.

* Ngo-2018, bekutholakale ngaphezu kwe-59,200 okubhalwe phansi ama-meteorite.

* Ngo-2016, ngaphezu kwama-240 meteorite meteorites ayaziwa.

* Ngo-2017, ama-meteorites ayi-105 aqinisekisiwe avela kuMars ayaziwa.

* Iminyaka engama-30% yemizimba yasezulwini etholakele ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa.

* Ama-meteorites amadala kunawo onke (futhi ngokuvamile izidumbu zesimiso sonozungezilanga) I-Allende (iSpanishi: Allende): ukutholakala kwayo okuvela ku-calcium ne-aluminium oxides cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4,567 edlule.

I-Allende yi-meteorite enkulu kakhulu ye-carbonaceous etholakala Emhlabeni. Kubhekwa njenge-meteorite efundwe kakhulu. Isamba sisonke silinganiselwa kumathani ayi-5, cishe amathani ama-3 aqoqiwe futhi aseminyuziyamu ehlukahlukene nasezikhungweni zomhlaba.

* I-meteorite yakudala endala kakhulu eyaziwa - yabhalwa ngo-3200 BC. Izingcwecwe zensimbi zeMeteorite ezitholakala enyakatho yeGibhithe - ubuhlalu obuncane abayi-9.

* Ukuwa okudala kakhulu, okukholelwe ngokuqondile meteorite kwakunguMeyi 19, 861 eNugata Japan.

* Izimpophoma ezimbili zakudala ezirekhodiwe eziseYurophu yi-meteorites Elbogen (1400) ne-Ensisheim (1492 g).

* I-meteoroid ingena emkhathini woMhlaba ngejubane lika-11.2 kuya ku-72 km / s.

* Uma isilinganiso sokungena emkhathini singaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-25 / s, ngenxa yokushiswa nokuqothula izinhlayiya zento ye-meteoroid kusuka emashumini namakhulu amathani esisindo sokuqala, ama-kilogremu ambalwa noma amagremu ezinto kuphela azofika phezulu.

* Ukushayisana koMhlaba ngemizimba yaphezulu kukhulu kune-10 m kwenzeka cishe njalo eminyakeni eyikhulu, futhi ngezinto ezinkulu kakusekho ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyikhulu nanye

* Ama-Meteorites anesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ayi-1000 empeleni awabambezelwa ngumkhathi woMhlaba. Lesi ngesinye sezimo ezithandeka kakhulu zosuku lokuphela komhlaba.

* Isimo sezulu esikhulu kunazo zonke kulabo abatholakala okuthiwa iGoba. Isisindo sayo singamathani angama-60

Le yingxenye enkulu yensimbi eMhlabeni yemvelo.

* Izindaba ezinhle: ngokusho kochwepheshe beNASA, ubungozi bokushayisana nama-asteroid amakhulu eminyakeni eyikhulu ezayo bungaphansi kuka-0,01%

* Amaphazili ahlotshaniswa nama-meteorites amakhulu (izicishamlilo) afaka nomphumela wababizi bezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi. Kulokhu, umuntu obona ukudlula komzimba omncane we-cosmic esibhakabhakeni uzwa ukugqwala okuthile okuvela emotweni

Izindawo lapho ama-meteorites nama-asteroid awela khona emhlabeni. I-infographics

* Amazinga okushisa e-meteorite angawa abe ngu-1800 ° lapho ewa

* Ukuhlaziywa okokuqala kwamakhemikhali nge-meteorite kwenziwa nguN.G. Nordenskjöld ngo-1821.

* Izakhi ekwakhekeni kweMeteorite ziyefana nasemhlabeni.

* Izinto zeMeteorite zilula impela, eziningi zazo zakhiwa ngezinto eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela: O, Mg, Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Na, P. Kuvela kubo ukuthi amaminerali ajwayelekile kakhulu we-meteorite akhiwa

* Lo nyaka, ngokokuqala ngqa, kwatholakala into ethile kuma-meteorite ukuthi eMhlabeni ayiveli ezimweni zemvelo, kodwa ivela kuphela esimweni sokuncibilikisa i-iron iron.

* AmaMeteorites awavamisile ukuma ngesimo.

* Izimpawu eziphambili zangaphandle ze-meteorite yilezi: uqweqwe oluncibilikayo, ama-regmaglipts (dents) kanye nozibuthe.

* Ngaphezu kwalokho, hhayi insimbi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezivakashi zasezulwini zamatshe zinezakhiwo zikazibuthe.Lokhu kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi kuma-meteorites amaningi amatshe kukhona okufakwe insimbi ye-nickel.

* Uma i-meteorite inkulu, khona-ke ukuwa kwayo kuyalingana nokuqhuma kwebhomu elinamandla.

* Ngokusho kokuqagela kokuqala, amandla akhishwe ngesikhathi kubhujiswa i-Chelyabinsk meteorite yayilingana no-300 ct we-TNT, cishe amandla ka-20 we-uranium “Kid” elahlekile kuHiroshima.

* Amandla okuqhuma kweTunguska meteorite alinganiselwa kuma-40-50 megatons, ahambelana namandla webhomu le-hydrogen elinamandla kakhulu aqhuma. Ngokuya kwezinye izilinganiso, amandla okuqhuma ahambelana nama-megatons ayi-10-15.

* Iningi lama-meteorite nengxenye yamadwala endaweni yokuthinteka iyaphuma, bese kwakheka umkhumbi oyindilinga, ophindaphindwe kaningi kune-meteorite ewile.

* Idwala elikhuhla ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa okukhulu nezinguquko zengcindezi. Kwesinye isikhathi iphenduka idayimane, i-coesite futhi ibe stish.

* Emhlabeni, kutholakala cishe ama-crater ama-meteorite angama-150.

* AMA-CRATER AYESIBILI AYESIBILI:

I-Wredefort South Africa, Isifundazwe saseFree State sineminyaka engama-300km sineminyaka engama-2020 million

ISudbury Canada, Ontario 250 km ubudala 1850 Ma

IChicxulub Mexico, Yucatan 170 km yobudala i-65 Ma

IManicouagan Canada, eQuebec iminyaka eyi-100 km yeminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-214

I-Popigai Russia, Yakutia kanye neKrasnoyarsk Territory 100 km engu-35.7 wezigidi zeminyaka

I-Akraman Australia, i-90 km yobudala i-590 Ma

Chesapeake Bay United States, 90 km iminyaka engu-35,5 wezigidi zeminyaka

Puchezh-Katunsky Russia, Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni 80 km iminyaka yobudala 167 million

IManicuagan Crater eCanada. Iminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-215. Kukhona amanye ama-craki ama-5 ngaphezulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi zakhiwa ngenxa yezicucu ze-asteroid eyodwa, ezaqhekeka zaba izingxenye. I-crater yayigcwele amanzi eLake Manikuagan, adala uhlobo lwendandatho yamanzi, ibonakala kahle emkhathini.

* NgoJanuwari 2018, kwatholakala amanzi amanzana kuma-meteorites eneminyaka engu-4,5 ubudala, kanye nezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-prebiotic, ezingaba yizici zokuphila.

* Ku-meteorite ye-ALH84001 eyatholakala e-Antarctica ngonyaka we-1984, kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu sokuthwebula i-elektrron, kwatholakala izakhiwo ezifana nezimbumbulu zamagciwane,

okuthiwa "Izinto ezihleliwe" - ukwakheka kwama-microscopic (ama-5-50 microns) "unicellular", kuvame ukuba nezindonga eziphindwe kabili, ama-pores, ama-spikes, njll.

Lezi zinhlobo zinesilinganiso esiphakeme senhlangano, esivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuphila. Azikho izinhlobo ezinjalo Emhlabeni.

Ngokomqondo, itshe laqhekeka ebusweni beMars ngenxa yokushayisana kwale planethi ngomzimba omkhulu womhlaba cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine eyedlule, ngemuva kwalokho yahlala emhlabeni. Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-15 eyedlule, ngenxa yokushaqeka okusha, yagcina isemkhathini, kwathi kuphela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-13 eyedlule yawela emkhakheni wamandla oMhlaba yawela kuyo. Le mininingwane yasungulwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziningi zokuthandana, kufaka phakathi i-samarium ne neodymium, strontium, i-potometum-argon radiometry, ukuhlaziywa kwe-radiocarbon

* Lapho i-meteorite enkulu iwela phansi emoyeni futhi izicucu ziwela phansi, le nto ibizwa ngokuthi i-meteor eshawa, (imvula yensimbi, imvula yamatshe, imvula yomlilo).

* Insimu enkulu ye-crater ngemuva kokugeza kwe-meteor ihlanganisa indawo eyi-3 nge-18.5 km. Inemikhumbi engama-26, enkulu kunazo zonke engama-115 by 91 m

Iminyaka yama-craters ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engu-4000-55000.

* AmaMeteorites ayathengisa futhi athenge. Futhi muva nje, babuye babe ngamanga (noma cha) ngobuciko.

* Amanani entengo yeMeteorite aqala ku- $ 2 - $ 3 ngegramu.

* I-meteorite evela kwi-pallasite, ibiza ama- $ 200 nge-1 g,

I-pallasite meteorite enesisindo esingama-419,57 kg ilinganiswe ngochwepheshe ku- $ 2 million.

(277/366) IVoyager 1 yethulwe ngoSepthemba 05

Iminyaka engu-42, le skein yensimbi nama-microchips alima isikhala se-interplanetary. Okwamanje, lo mzulazi usevele ungaphandle kwe-heliosphere yesistimu yelanga ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-22 ezigidi ukusuka ekudalweni kwakhe. Uneminyaka engaba ngu-40,000 ukundizela izinkanyezi eziseduze. Ebhodini kukhona ipuleti legolide nezixhumanisi zomhlaba, ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekile isitha esingaba khona, njengabafokazi abanobungane ukuze afike futhi bathunjiwe wanikeza ubuchwepheshe obusha. Lapha ungabona ngesikhathi sangempela, yini icala ngedivayisi. Izolo, ngesikhathi ngilungiselela lo msebenzi, ngithole iqiniso elingenakucatshangwa - ngoNovemba 28, 2017, izinjini zokuhlola ezine zokulungisa i-trajectory zavulwa, ezingavulwa kusukela ngoNovemba 8, 1980. Damn, izinjini ezingazange zivulwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-37 zethulwe ngempumelelo kuma-millisecond angama-10!

Okushisiwe: Izazi zezinkanyezi azikayiboni i-asteroid eyi-100 metres

NgoLwesine, Julayi 25, sihamba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-24 ngomzuzwana, i-asteroid engu-259 efanele idlule emhlabeni ibangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-70,000 kuphela - lokhu kusondele amahlandla ayisihlanu kuneNyanga. Ububanzi be-asteroid bulinganiselwa kumamitha angama-60-130.

Izazi zezinkanyezi ziqaphele into amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba iphuthe umhlaba wethu.

Ukubhekisisa: i-meteorite ebhubhise ama-dinosaurs ifinyelele ku-10 km ubukhulu, ne-Chelyabinsk meteorite - amamitha ayi-15 kuphela.

Uma kwenzeka ukushayisana kungenzeka nomhlaba nokuhlangana okungaxakile kwezimo - uma kungawela endaweni enabantu abaningi - inani lezisulu zabantu lingafinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane.

Dmitry Sadilenko - Imininingwane evamile mayelana nama-meteorites

Yini ama-meteorites? Yiziphi izimpawu ezingafani nokwehlukaniswa kwamatshe asemhlabeni kanye ne-slag eyenziwe umuntu? Ukwenza kanjani ukugqwala meteorites futhi zingaba nesakhiwo esimnandi? Yini ama-regmaglipts namagxolo ancibilikayo, futhi abukeka kanjani? Ingabe umlilo ungavela endaweni yomthelela we-meteorite? Uyini unyaka we-meteorites? Ngabe bamelela liphi isayensi, futhi kufanele ngiye kuphi uma uthola itshe elibukeka njenge-meteorite?

Kusho uDmitry Sadilenko, Umcwaningi weJunior, iLaborator of Meteorics, GEOCHI RAS.

Ama-satellite ama "Voyager" kanye ne "Pioneers" ashiya uhlelo lonozungezilanga

Ukushiya isistimu yelanga nokundizela ezinkanyezini kunzima kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, njengoba uchithe uphethiloli omningi, kuyadingeka ukundiza ngaphezulu koMhlaba ungene emkhathini. Ngaso leso sikhathi, isihlobo sakho esisheshayo kuMhlaba singabonakala sifinyelele ku-zero, kepha uma uthathe isikhathi futhi usiya endaweni efanele, khona-ke uzindiza nesihlobo soMhlaba esiya eLangeni, ngesivinini saso esijikelezayo esiqonde elangeni elingu-30 km / s.
Ukuvula injini eyengeziwe ngesikhathi futhi ikhuphule ijubane ngomunye umhlobo wamakhilomitha ayi-17 kuMhlaba, okuhlobene neLanga, uzothola ijubane lama-30 + 17 = 47 km / s, elibizwa ngokuthi indawo yesithathu. Kwanele ukushiya ngokungaguquki uhlelo lonozungezilanga. Kepha uphethiloli wejezi elingamakhilomitha angama-17 / s kuyabiza ukuletha umgibeli, futhi asikho isikhala esisodwa somoya esake sakha indawo yesikhala yesithathu futhi sashiya uhlelo lonozungezilanga ngale ndlela. Isikhala esisheshayo esisheshayo, iNew Horizons, sandiza saya ePluto, saqala injini eyengeziwe ekuzungezeni komhlaba, kodwa safika ngejubane elingu-16,3 km / s kuphela.
Indlela eshibhile yokushiya uhlelo lonozungezilanga ukusheshisa ngezindleko zamaplanethi, isondela kuwo, iwasebenzise njengamabhande futhi kancane kancane ijubane eduze ngakunye. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga okuthile. ukumiswa kwamaplanethi - ngokuvunguza - ukuze kuthi, uma uhlukana nenye iplanethi, undize ngokulandelayo. Ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kwe-Uranus neNeptune ekude kakhulu, ukucushwa okunjalo akuvamile ukwenzeka, cishe kanye eminyakeni eyi-170. Okokugcina lapho uJupiter, uSaturn, u-Uranus noNeptune bahlangana ngokuvunguza ngeminyaka yo-1970. Ososayensi baseMelika basebenzise lokhu kwakhiwa kweplanethi futhi bathumela ama-spacecraft ngaphezu kwemikhawulo ye-Solar System: I-Pioneer 10 (Iphayona 10, yethulwa ngoMashi 3, 1972), I-Pioneer 11 (I-Pioneer 11, yethulwa ngo-Ephreli 6, 1973), iVoyager 2 "(Voyager 2, yethulwa ngomhlaka 20 Agasti 1977) kanye neVoyager 1" (Voyager 1, eyethulwe ngoSepthemba 5, 1977).
Ekuqaleni kuka-2015, wonke ama-apparatuse amane asukile eLangeni aya emngceleni weSolar System. "I-Pioneer-10" inejubane elingu-12 km / s isihlobo iLanga futhi itholakala kude ne-113 a. e. (amayunithi ezazi zezinkanyezi, amabanga amaphakathi ukusuka eLangeni kuya eMhlabeni), cishe amakhilomitha ayizigidigidi eziyi-17. Iphayona 11 - ngesivinini sika-11.4 km / s ebangeni le-92 AU, noma le-13.8 billion yamakhilomitha.IVoyager-1 - ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-17 / s ebangeni elingaba ngu-130.3 AU, noma amakhilomitha ayizigidigidi eziyi-19,5 (le yinto ekude kakhulu eyenziwe ngabantu abavela eMhlabeni naseLangeni). IVoyager 2 - ngejubane eli-15 km / s ebangeni eli-107 a. e „noma 16 billion wamakhilomitha. Kepha lawa madivayisi asekude kakhulu nezinkanyezi: inkanyezi engomakhelwane yeProxima Centauri ingamakhilomitha angama-2 000 kude neVoyager-1. Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi izinkanyezi zincanyana, futhi amabanga phakathi kwawo makhulu. Ngakho-ke, wonke amadivayisi awethulwanga ngokuqondile izinkanyezi ezithile (futhi awekho okwamanje) akunakwenzeka ukuthi abuke ukundiza eduze kwezinkanyezi nhlobo. Kuyiqiniso, ngamazinga wesikhala, "ukuqhekeka" kungabhekwa: ukundiza kwe- "Pioneer 10" ngemuva kweminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili ngokuzayo ebangeni leminyaka elikhanyayo ezimbalwa ukusuka enkanyezini i-Aldebaran, "Voyager-1" - ngemuva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 ngokuzayo ebangeni leminyaka lesibili lokukhanya kusuka Izinkanyezi ze-AC + 79 3888 emgodini we-constellation Gira kanye neVoyager 2 - ngemuva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 ngokuzayo ibanga leminyaka emibili ekhanyayo kusuka enkanyezini Ross 248.
Kubalulekile ukwazi:
Isivalo sesithathu se-cosmic yisona velocity esincane okumele sinikezwe entweni eseduzane noMhlaba ukuze ushiye uhlelo lwelanga. Si-17 km / s isihlobo soMhlaba futhi si-47 km / s isihlobo iLanga.
Umoya wonozungezilanga ungumugqa wamaphroteni anamandla, ama-elektroni kanye nezinye izinhlayiya ezivela eLangeni zingene esikhaleni esingaphandle.
I-heliosphere yisifunda sendawo esiseduze kweLanga lapho umoya wonozungezilanga, ohamba ngejubane le-300 km / s, uyisakhi esinamandla kakhulu sendawo yesikhala.
Konke esikwaziyo mayelana nesikhala esingaphandle kozungezilanga, sifunda ngokuhlaziya imisebe (ukukhanya) namandla adonsela phansi asendaweni. Kodwa-ke, imicabango eminingi kufanele yenziwe. Isibonelo, sinquma isisindo somgodi omnyama, sicabangela inqwaba yezinkanyezi ezungeza izungeza. Sicabanga inqwaba yabo, sibheka ukuthi lezi zinkanyezi ziyefana neLanga.
“Amaphayona” kanye ne- “Voyager” okuwukuphela kwezivivinyo ngaphandle kokucabanga esihlelile emaphethelweni (futhi ngokuzayo - ngaphesheya) kohlelo lonozungezilanga. Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele! Siyabazi ubuningi balamadivayisi - siwenzile, ngakho-ke sibala ngokunembile isisindo sanoma yini ethinta amadivayisi. Uzosho ukuthi: "Azikho, i-spacecraft fly fly in interplanetary and interstellar emptiness." Kepha kwavela ukuthi lesi akusona izeyidi: ngisho nezinhlayiya zothuli ezingqongqoza namadivayisi zishintsha kakhulu i-trajectory yazo. Kuhlala kunemfihlakalo eminingi ocwaningweni oluhlukile; futhi kugcwele emlandweni we "Pioneers" ne "Voyager".
Umkhuba wokuqala: Ngo-Agasti 15, 1977, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwamadivayisi akude kakhulu, isibonakaliso somsakazo esiyimfihlakalo kunazo zonke esithi "Wow!" Sabanjwa. Mhlawumbe, ngosizo lwalo, njengabafokazi bazana ngomcimbi obalulekile - ukusukela kwabantu okuzayo ngaphandle kohlelo lwelanga?
Ngabe baphumelela ini uVoyager noPioneer lapho beya emaphethelweni ohlelo lwelanga
Endleleni eya emaphethelweni eSolar System, i-Pioneer 10 yahlola ama-asteroid futhi yaba yithuluzi lokuqala ukundiza iJupiter. Futhi wavele wadida ososayensi: amandla akhonjwe nguJupiter emkhathini aphindaphindwe kathathu kunamandla amukelwe nguJupiter evela eLangeni. Futhi izinyanga ezinkulu kakhulu zeJupiter zenziwa zakhiwa hhayi ngamatshe, kodwa ikakhulukazi yiqhwa. Ngemuva kuka-2003, ukuxhumana nePioneer 10 kwaphela. I-Pioneer 11 ibuye yahlola iJupiter, yabe isiphenduka umkhathi wokuqala ukuhlola iSaturn. Ngo-1995, ukuxhumana nePioneer 11 kwaphela.
Amadivaysi eVoyager asasebenza futhi azise ososayensi ngesikhala sendawo ezungezile. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-37 yokundiza! Lokhu kungabukwa nangokuthi yimfihlakalo, ngoba akekho noyedwa owabalwa umsebenzi omude kangako: kuze kwadingeka ukuthi baphinde babeke isikhathi sokubala isikhathi ngaphakathi kwamakhompiyutha e-Voyager - awakhelwanga izinsuku zangonyaka ka-2007. Ngaphakathi kwensiza, amandla akhiqizwa ngabakhiqizi berediyo ngokusebenzisa ukuwohloka kwenyukliya kwe-plutonium-238 - njengasezitshalweni zamandla enuzi. La mandla kufanele abe anele amashumi eminyaka.
Okokusebenza okukhulu kwakuthembeke kakhulu kunalokho okwakudaliwe ngabadali.Inkinga enkulu ukusabalala kokuxhumana komsakazo ngokususwa kwamadivayisi. Manje isinali elisuka ezimotweni liye eMhlabeni liya (ngejubane lokukhanya) isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ayi-16! Kepha ama-antennas wokuxhumana nebanga elide amabanga, amapuleti "amakhulu" acishe abe ngosayizi wenkundla yebhola, ayakwazi ukubamba amasiginali amaVoyager. Amandla we-Voyager transmitter angama-28 W, acishe abe namandla ayi-100 kuneselula. Futhi amandla esiginali anciphisa ngokulingana nesikwele sebanga. Kulula ukubala ukuthi ukuzwa isiginali yeVoyager kufana nokuzwa ifoni ephathekayo evela kuSaturn (ngaphandle kweziteshi zeselula!).
Endleleni eya emaphethelweni eSolar System, abakwaVoyager bandiza ngeJupiter neSaturn futhi bathola izithombe ezinemininingwane yesiphuphutheki sabo. IVoyager 2 nayo indiza i-Uranus neNeptune edlule, yaba yithuluzi lokuqala nokuwukuphela kwalo lokuvakashela la maplanethi. AbakwaVoyager baqinisekisile ukuthi amaphazili atholwe amaPioneers: izinyanga eziningi zaseJupiter naseSaturn azitholanga nje ukuthi ziyakhithika nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokusobala ziqukethe amadamu ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Umngcele wesistimu yelanga
Umngcele wesistimu yelanga ungachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. Umngcele wegagasi udlula lapho ukuheha kweLanga kulinganiswe ngokuhehwa yiGlass - ebangeni elingaba ngu-0.5 parsecs, noma i-100,000 AU kusuka elangeni. Kepha ushintsho luqala eduze kakhulu. Siyazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ngalé kweNeptune awekho amaplanethi amakhulu, kepha maningi amancanyana, kanye nama-comets neminye imizimba emincane yesimiso sonozungezilanga, equkethe ikakhulu iqhwa. Ngokusobala, ebangeni le-1000 kuya ku-100,000 AU kusuka eLangeni, uhlelo lwonozungezilanga luzungezwe izinhlangothi zonke ngesithwathwa seqhwa, ama-kufika - okubizwa nge-Oort Cloud. Mhlawumbe ifinyelela ezinkanyezini ezingomakhelwane. Ngokuvamile, ama-snowflake, izinhlayiya zothuli namagesi, i-hydrogen ne-helium, kungenzeka ukuthi ziyizici ezijwayelekile zaphakathi nendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi phakathi kwezinkanyezi - hhayi ezingenalutho!
Kubalulekile ukwazi:
Umngcele wegagasi lokushiswa ungaphezulu komngcele ngaphakathi kwe-heliosphere kude neLanga, lapho kunokudonswa khona komoya okuqinile kwelanga ngenxa yokushayisana kwayo naphakathi nendawo.
I-Heliopause ngumngcele lapho umoya welanga uvinjelwe ngokuphelele ngumoya we-galactic stellar kanye nezinye izakhi zaphakathi nendawo.
Umoya we-galactic stellar (imisebe ye-cosmic) - efana nemisinga yomoya elanga yezinhlayiya ezinamandla (ama-protoni, ama-elektroni nabanye) ezenzeka ezinkanyezi futhi zingene kwi-Galaxy yethu.

Omunye umngcele unqunywa umoya wonozungezilanga, ukuhamba kwezinhlayiya ezinamandla ezivela eLangeni: isifunda lapho sibusa khona sibizwa ngokuthi yi-heliosphere. Ezinye izinkanyezi zibuye zidale umoya onjalo, ngakho-ke endaweni ethile ezungeza umoya welanga kufanele zihlangane nomoya ohlanganisiwe wezinkanyezi ze-Galaxy - umoya we-galactic stellar noma ngenye imisebe ye-cosmic - okwenzeka ohlelweni lwamandla elanga. Ngokushayisana nomoya we-galactic stellar, i-solar iyabola futhi ilahlekelwe amandla. Ukuthi uyaphi akucaci ngokuphelele. Kulesi simo sokushayisana komoya, kumele kuqubuke imfihlakalo engaqondakali kahle, okuyinto izinhlelo zeVoyager ezisanda kuhlangabezana nazo eminyakeni yamuva.
Njengoba ososayensi babelindele, ebangeni elithile ukusuka eLangeni, umoya wonozungezilanga waqala ukuncipha - lokhu kungumngcele okuthiwa yi-wave wave, umngcele we-heliosphere. Uhlelo lokusebenza lweVoyager-1 lwayiwela kaningana, ngoba wayedidekile kakhulu. NgoDisemba 2010, ebangeni eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingama-17,4 ukusuka eLangeni ngeVoyager 1, umoya wonozungezilanga wawusushonile ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni salokho, umoya onamandla we-interstellar, umoya we-galactic wazwakala: ngonyaka we-2012, inani lama-elektroni eshayisana nedivaysi evela ohlangothini lwendawo ye-interstellar yayikhuphuke izikhathi eziyi-100. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, kwaqhamuka amandla kagesi anamandla kagesi namandla kazibuthe adalwe yiwo. Ngokusobala, i-Voyager 1 yafinyelela ku-heliopause. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nokulindelekile, izinto zokusebenza azitholi umngcele ocacile phakathi kokugeleza kwezinhlayiyana ezimbili okushayisana, kodwa inqwaba yezinxushunxushu zamabhamu amakhulu. Ukusakazwa kwezinhlayiya ebusweni bazo kwakha imisinga enamandla kagesi anamandla kazibuthe.
I-"Voyager" ne "Pioneer" - imiyalezo eya kubafokazi
Onke amadivayisi ashiwo athatha imiyalezo yabafokazi.Ebhodini amaPioneers kukhona izingcwecwe zensimbi ezihleliwe ezikhonjwe ngesikimu ngokwazo: insiza uqobo lwayo, ngesilinganiso esifanayo - owesilisa nowesifazane, ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen njengesilinganiso sesikhathi nobude, iLanga namaplanethi (kufaka nePluto), umucingo wodivayisi ovela eMhlabeni owedlule weJupiter nemephu yesikhala eyingqayizivele ekhombisa izinkomba ezisuka eMhlabeni, ama-pulsars ayi-14 kanye nendawo ephakathi ye-Galaxy. Ama-pulsars, izinkanyezi ze-neutron ezihamba ngokushesha, azivamile kwi-Galaxy, futhi imvamisa yemisebe yazo iyisici esiyingqayizivele, uhlobo lwe- "passport" yalowo nalowo wabo. Lokhu kuvame ukufakwa ku-Pioneers plate. Ngakho-ke, imephu yesikhala enama-pulsars izokhombisa ngokungenabuntu njengabafokazi lapho uhlelo lonozungezilanga lutholakala khona kumthala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi, imvamisa ye-pulsar ishintsha ngokuphelele ngokwemvelo, futhi ngokubheka imvamisa yamanje kusuka kulokho okukhonjisiwe kumephu, abafokazi bazokwazi ukubona ukuthi sesidlulile isikhathi esingakanani selokhu kwethulwe insiza yePioneer abayitholile.
Ebhodini amadivaysi eVoyager afakwa amapuleti egolide ezimweni. Umsindo woMhlaba (umoya, ukuduma, amakhebuli, izinyoni, isitimela, ugandaganda, njll.), Imikhonzo ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene (ngesiRussia “Sawubona, uyamukele”), umculo (Bach, Chuck Berry, Mozart, Louis I-Armstrong, i-Beethoven, i-Stravinsky ne-folklore) kanye nezithombe eziyi-122 (kuzibalo, i-physics, i-chemistry, amaplanethi, i-anatomy yabantu, impilo yomuntu, njll.) - uhlu oluphelele lungatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-NASA. irekhodi lekhadi - isithombe okufakwe kuso: ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen wezinga lesikhathi nobude s, efanayo ibalazwe isikhala nge pulsars futhi ngencazelo ukuthi nokuzala imisindo nezithombe.
Ama-Anomaly "Amaphayona"
Ngo-1997, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokunyamalala kwesiginali yePioneer 11, omunye wososayensi, ehlaziya imininingwane, wagxuma esihlalweni sakhe ekhala: "Asivunyelwe ngaphandle kweSolar System!" Uthole ukuwohloka kwensiza ngemuva kokuwela umgwaqo ujikele weJupiter. Amadivayisi we-Pioneer 10 ne-Ulysses neGalileo afinyelela kuJupiter athola ukungavinjelwa okufanayo. Kuphela amaVoyager awatholanga braking, ngoba ekuphambukeni okuncane kakhulu ohlelweni lwendiza basheshiswa ngezinjini. Ukuvuka okuyisipesheli kokuqothuka kwamaPioneers kuphakama lapho kwenzeka ukuthi lilingana nezikhathi zeHubble njalo isivinini sokukhanya. Kuyavela ukuthi amadivaysi alahlekelwa amandla (ancishisiwe) ngendlela efanayo nezinhlayiya zemisebe (izithombe). Futhi inombolo yenguqulo 1: uma izithombe zilahlekelwa amandla ngenxa yokwanda kwe-Universe, khona-ke “Amaphayona” ngesizathu esifanayo. Ezinye izincazelo: 2) ososayensi abaze babheka omunye umthombo wokulahleka kwamandla ngokuphelele (kodwa-ke, ukuhlangana kweHubble njalo nje kuhleliwe) noma i-3) i-Universal igcwele into ethatha amandla lapho idlula kuwo wonke ama- “Pioneers” kanye izithombe.
Ngamazinga we-cosmic, "I-Pioneer braking" inani elincane kakhulu: 1/1 LLC LLC LLC m / s2. Nsuku zonke, insiza indiza amakhilomitha ayi-1.5 ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayisigidi adingekayo! Ukuchaza lokhu, ososayensi beminyaka engu-15 bazamile ukubheka konke okunye ukulahleka kwamandla nezinto, wonke amabutho asebenza kulolu hlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa ukusesha kwencazelo No. 2 kwehlulekile. Kuyiqiniso, usosayensi waseMelika uSirava Turishchev uthole ukuthi ukushisa kuhlakazwa ngamadivayisi ikakhulukazi kude neLanga, isb. emthunzini - lokhu kuyimbangela eqondile yokuqothulwa kwama- "Pioneers". Inhlayiya yemisebe eshisayo (i-Photon) inethonya, ngakho-ke, ishiya into, imisebe idala ukujikisa okusebenzayo endaweni ehlukile (lokhu kuyisisekelo samaphrojekthi wezinjini zokubhujiswa kwama-photon for rockets). Kepha imfihlakalo ihlala YINI ngempela eyenza amadivaysi ehlukanise ukushisa ngale ndlela? Futhi okubaluleke - amadivaysi emiklamo ehlukahlukene!
Ukuhlaziya lokho izinsiza kusebenza ezihlangana nakho endaweni ebonakala ingenalutho, ososayensi bathole ukuthi izinhlayiya zothuli neqhwa zihlangana kakhulu nazo njalo. Izinsimbi zikwazile ukunquma ukuthi zihamba kuphi futhi ziqine kangakanani kulokhu kuhlaselwa.Kwavela ukuthi uhlelo lonozungezilanga luvunyelwe yizinhlayiya ezincane eziqinile zezinhlobo ezimbili: ezinye zindizela eLangeni, ezinye zindizela eLangeni zivela amabanga amaphakathi. Kuyinto yokugcina eyehlisa umkhathi we-spacecraft. Lapho umthelela ungema, amandla e-kinetic wenhlayiya yothuli iba ngaphakathi, okungukuthi, ukushisa. Uma ucezwana lothuli lumiswa yidivaysi (enengqondo), khona-ke konke ukuthunyelwa kwayo kudluliselwa kudivayisi. Futhi amandla akhe ahlanekezelwe ekuqondeni kokufika kwakhe, i.e. endaweni eya elangeni. Amadivaysi abhalise imivimbo eminingi ngezintuli ezinkulu zothuli - cishe ama-microns ayi-10. Futhi ukuchaza ukuboshwa kwe- “Pioneers”, kwanele ukuba bangqongqoze kulezo zinhlayiya zothuli ngokwesilinganiso njalo kumakhilomitha ayi-10 wendlela. Yilesi sikhala sothuli esikhaleni esiphakathi nendawo esabonwa yizibonakude zanamuhla.
Ngokuvamile, izifunda zangaphandle zesistimu yonozungezilanga (ngale kweSaturn) zaphenduka izintuli, zineqhwa futhi zagcwala kakhulu kunalokho okungaphakathi. Eduze kweLanga, izinhlayiya zothuli, iziqhwa zeqhwa kanye negesi kanye zahlangana ndawonye kumaplanethi, iziphuphutheki namadwala asteroids. Indaba eziningi yaxazululeka elangeni. Kepha iningi lezinhlayiya zothuli, izinhlayiya ze-ice kanye nama-athomu kagesi axoshwe yiLanga emngceleni wohlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthuli lwangaphakathi nolungena luqonde emngceleni wethafa, elizalwa ngamagobolondo ezinye izinkanyezi. Ngakho-ke, ngale kweNeptune futhi nangaphezulu endaweni ephakathi nendawo kanye ne-intergalactic kufanele kube nezinhlayiya eziningi zothuli, izintaba zeqhwa kanye negesi. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-interstellar medium, ngokufana igcwalisa i-Universe, ngempela ithatha amandla kokubili kusuka ku-spacecraft kanye naku-photons. Indima enkulu idlalwa izinhlayiya ezinkulu (eziyi-10) zothuli neqhwa, kanye nama-molecule e-hydrogen, angazivezi ngenye indlela.

Hhayi okwami. Ngayithanda i-athikili, nganquma ukuyifunda.

Umuntu omdala kunabo bonke owake waphila

Ngo-Agasti 4, 1997, uJoan Kalman washonela ekhaya lasebekhulile eFrance. Impela iGrim Reaper izosizamela sonke, kepha wazinika isikhathi sakhe kuNkk Kalman. Washona eneminyaka eyi-122 kanye nezinsuku eziyi-164, ebeka irekhodi elisemthethweni lokuphila komuntu isikhathi eside.

Jeanne Kalman

Ngaphambi kwakhe, isihloko esithi "umuntu omdala kunabo bonke emhlabeni", ngokusho kweGuinness Book of Records, sasigqokwa umSigetie Izumi waseJapan, owazalwa ngoJuni 29, 1865 futhi washona ngoFebhuwari 21, 1986, eneminyaka engama-120 nezinsuku ezingama-237. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi bobabili uKalman no-Izumi abenqabanga ukuphuza noma ukubhema.

Futhi ngokungafanele, umuntu omdala eMhlabeni kwakuyi-Chinese Li Qingyun, mhlawumbe (ngoba ayikho imibhalo eqinisekisa lokhu), owazalwa ngo-1736 futhi washona ngo-1933. Eminye imithombo ibiza unyaka we-1677 njengosuku lokuzalwa kukaQingyun. Lokho wukuthi, ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-256 ubudala.

Li Qingyun

Isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwakhe, le ndoda yayihlanganyela ekuqoqeni amakhambi okwelapha ezintabeni zaseSichuan, nasekuqondeni izimfihlo zokuphila isikhathi eside. Lapho uLee ebuzwa ngemfihlo yempilo yakhe ende emnandi, waphendula wathi: "thula inhliziyo yakho, hlala phansi ufana nehobhe, hamba uphaphame njengejuba futhi ulale njengenja." Wenze nemidlalo yokuzivocavoca ye-qigong futhi waphuza ukumfaka amakhambi, okuyiresiphi yawo elahlekile.

Uhlu lwezakhamuzi zakudala zomhlaba

Nakhu okubukeka njengekhulu leminyaka eyi-Earth eqinisekisiwe, njengamanje eliphilayo futhi eselishiyile lomhlaba.

1. UZhanna Kalman - waphila iminyaka eyi-122.
2. USara Knauss - waphila iminyaka eyi-119.
3. ULucy Hannah - waphila iminyaka eyi-117.
4. UNabi Tajima - waphila iminyaka eyi-117.
5. UMaria Louise Meyer - waphila iminyaka eyi-117.
6. UViolet Brown - waphila iminyaka eyi-117.
7. U-Emma Morano - waphila iminyaka eyi-117.
8. UMisao Okawa - waphila iminyaka eyi-117.
9. UKane Tanaka - oneminyaka engu-117, uyaphila.
10. UChiyo Miyako - waphila iminyaka eyi-117.

Akunamadoda kuma-centenarians aphezulu ayi-10, ngoba indala kunabo bonke yamakhulu eminyaka aqinisekisiwe (uJiroemon Kimura) yaphila iminyaka eyi-116 nezinsuku ezingama-54.

Umuntu angahlala isikhathi esingakanani emcabangweni

Ngokwebhayibheli, umuntu angaphila iminyaka ye-Methusela - iminyaka engama-969. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uLi Qingyun, ungaphila ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-250.

Kepha isazi sokuguga eNew York College of Medicine u-Albert Einstein, uJan Wij, akungabazi ukuthi sizophinde sibabone abaminyaka eyikhulu abanjengoJeanne Kalman.Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule, isikhathi sokuphila kwabantu sesikhuphukile. Kepha manje, i-Vij iyakholelwa, sesifinyelele umkhawulo ophezulu wobude bempilo yabantu futhi abantu ngeke bawele umkhawulo weminyaka eyi-115.

UDkt Vidge kanye nabafundi bakhe abathweswe iziqu bashicilela ubufakazi balokhu kubikezela okungenathemba kumagazini i-Nature ngonyaka we-2016.

Ososayensi bahlaziya ukuthi bangaki abantu beminyaka ehlukene ababephila ngonyaka othile. Bese beqhathanisa izinombolo unyaka nonyaka ukubala ukuthi inani labantu likhula ngokushesha kangakanani ebangeni ngalinye. Ingxenye ekhula ngokushesha yomphakathi abantu asebekhulile. Isibonelo, eFrance ngawo-1920s, iqembu elalikhula ngokushesha kakhulu lalingabesifazane abaneminyaka engama-85 ubudala. Futhi ngeminyaka yama-1990s, iqembu elalikhula ngokushesha kakhulu labesifazane baseFrance lase lifinyelele eminyakeni engu-102 ubudala. Uma lo mkhuba uqhubeka, iqembu elikhula ngokushesha kakhulu namuhla lingaba nabantu abaneminyaka engu-110 ubudala. Esikhundleni salokho, ukukhula kunciphile futhi kubonakala sengathi sekuyekile.

UDkt Vidge kanye nabafundi bakhe bahlole idatha evela emazweni angama-40 futhi bathola umkhuba ofanayo. Ososayensi babona sengathi isizathu ukuthi abantu ekugcineni sebefinyelele umkhawulo ophezulu wokuphila kwabo okude.

Ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, njengoNkk Kalman, abantu abaphili ukuthi babe neminyaka eyi-115. Lolu “donga” lubonakala kubantu abaphila isikhathi eside emhlabeni. "Uma ubheka umlimi wesibili osezingeni eliphezulu, bese kuthi owesithathu, owesine nelesihlanu, lo mkhuba uhlale ufana," kusho uDkt Vij. Eshadini labacwaningi, uNkk Kalman ungumuntu ongathandeki. Iqembu likaVija labala ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi othile akwazi ukusinda, anikezwe isimo samanje. Isigwebo: cishe akekho.