Omunye wemikhakha emikhulu kagesi namandla eyimboni.

Ngisho nangesikhathi se-USSR, iRussia yaba ngumholi owaziwayo emkhakheni wezimayini zamalahle nokusebenza kuwo. Lapha, imali yamalahle ifaka cishe i-1/3 yezindawo ezigcinwe emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi ansundu, namalahle, kanye nama-anthracites.

IRussian Federation iklelisithupha emhlabeni ngokwemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza amalahle, 2/3 esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla nokushisa, 1/3 - embonini yamakhemikhali, ingxenye encane ithunyelwa eJapan naseNingizimu Korea. Ngokwesilinganiso, amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 ngonyaka afakwa ezimbizeni zamalahle zaseRussia.

Isimo Sensimu

Uma ubheka imephu yaseRussia, lapho-ke imali engaphezu kwama-90% ebekwe engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe, ikakhulukazi eSiberia.

Uma siqhathanisa ivolumu yamalahle avinjelwe, inani laso, izimo zobuchwepheshe nezendawo, okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo kungabizwa ngokuthi yi-Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk basin, Tunguska, Pechora ne-Irkutsk-Cheremkhov.

Kuzbass

Idiphozithi ye-Kuznetsk, ngaphandle kwalokho i-Kuzbass, iyisikebhe samalahle esikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia, futhi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Itholakala eNtshonalanga yeSiberia endaweni ebanzi engashoni. Ingxenye enkulu yesikebhe ingeyomhlaba wesifunda saseKemerovo.

Ubuncane obukhulu ibanga lendawo ukusuka kubathengi abaphambili bakagesi - Kamchatka, Sakhalin, izifunda eziphakathi nezwe. Ikhiqiza amalahle angama-56% futhi cishe ama-80% wamalahle e-coke, cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-200 ngonyaka. Uhlobo lwezimayini luvulekile.

Amadiphozi omhlaba wonke

Isamba esikhulu samalahle simbiwa e-USA ngamadiphozi aseKentucky nasePennsylvania, e-Illinois nase-Alabama, eColorado, eWyoming naseTexas. Ikhiqiza amalahle kanye ne-lignite, kanye ne-anthracite. Indawo yesibili ekukhiselweni kwalezi zimbiwa ihlalwa yiRussia.

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Umkhiqizi wamalahle omkhulu wesithathu yiChina. Izitolo ezinkulu kakhulu zaseChina zitholakala emgodini wamalahle wase Shanxin, eGreat Plain of China, Datong, Yangtze nezinye. Amalahle amaningi aqhutshwa kanye nase-Australia - ezifundeni zaseQueensland naseNew South Wales, eduzane naseNewcastle. I-India ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wamalahle futhi amadiphozithi asenyakatho-nasempumalanga yezwe.

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Amalahle namalahle ansundu asetshenziselwe ukumbiwa emadolobheni aseSaar naseSaxony, eRhine-Westphalia naseBrandenburg eJalimane iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150. E-Ukraine kunezindawo ezintathu zamalahle: iDnieper, IDonetsk, Lviv-Volynsky. I-anthracite, amalahle wegesi kanye nekona lokufakelwa amayini lapha. Kudingeka idiphozi lamasheya amakhulu eCanada nase-Uzbekistan, eColombia naseTurkey, eNyakatho Korea naseThailand, Kazakhstan nasePoland, Czech Republic naseNingizimu Afrika.

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Isitsha samalahle saseKansk-Achinsk

Sisakazeka eduze kweTrans-Siberian Railway eduze kwendawo yeKrasasarsarsk Territory, Kemerovo kanye ne-Irkutsk. U-12% wawo wonke amalahle ansundu aseRussia angawalesi besele, ngonyaka ka-2012 inani lawo lafika kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-42.

Ngokolwazi olunikezwe ukuhlola kwe-geological ngo-1979, ingqikithi yemithombo yamalahle ingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-638.

Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi amalahle endawo yiwona ashibhile kakhulu maqondana nezimbiwa zawo ezivulekile, anokuthwala okungatheni futhi asetshenziselwa ukunikeza amandla amabhizinisi endawo.

Imali yamalahle eRussia

Ingxenye yesithathu yemithombo yamalahle emhlabeni itholakala kwiRussian Federation. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-deposithi atholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe, eSiberia. Idiphozithi enkulu yamalahle yaseRussia imi ngalendlela elandelayo:

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• I-Kuznetsk - ingxenye ebalulekile yesikebhe ilele esifundeni saseKemerovo, lapho cishe ama-80% wamalahle afanayo kanye nama-56% wamalahle,
• Isigaxa sakwaKansk-Achinsk - 12% wamalahle ansundu amayini,
• I-Tunguska basin - etholakala engxenyeni ye-Eastern Siberia, anthracites, brown kanye namalahle, amaminerali,
• I-Pechora basin - enothile ngamalahle e-coking,
• Isikebhe i-Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - singumthombo wamalahle wamabhizinisi akwa-Irkutsk.

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Izimayini zamalahle ziyimboni ethembisa kakhulu namuhla. Ochwepheshe bathi isintu sisebenzisa kakhulu amalahle, ngakho-ke kunengozi yokuthi izindawo ezisetshenziselwa ukonga umhlaba zisheshe zisetshenziswe, kepha kwamanye amazwe kunezindawo ezibalulekile ezikhona zezimbiwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwaso kuncike kwisicelo, futhi uma unciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle, kuzohlala isikhathi eside.

Isikebhe samalahle saseTunguska

Enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu nezethembisayo eRussia, ithatha indawo yeYakutia, iKrasnoyarsk Territory kanye ne-Irkutsk.

Uma ubheka imephu, ungabona ukuthi lokhu kungaphezu kwengxenye yeMpumalanga yeSiberia.

Amalahle endawo asendaweni angaba ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2345. Lapha kulele amalahle namalahle ansundu, inani elincane le-anthracite.

Njengamanje, umsebenzi kubheseni awunampilo (ngenxa yokuhlolwa kabi kwenkambu kanye nesimo sezulu esibuhlungu). Cishe amathani abalelwa ezigidini ezingama-35.3 akhishwa ngaphansi komhlaba endaweni yokubeka amalahle eTunguska ngonyaka.

Isitsha se-Pechora

Itholakala emthambekeni osentshonalanga wePai-Khoi Ridge, iyingxenye yeNenets Autonomous Okrug kanye neRiphabhlikhi yaseKomi. Amadiphozithi ayinhloko yiVorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, Intinskoye.

Amadiphozi ikakhulukazi amelelwa amalahle aphezulu e-coking, abangelwa yizimayini kuphela ngendlela yemayini.

Amathani ayizigidi eziyi-12,6 zamalahle ahlanganiswa ngonyaka, okuyi-4% isiyonke. Abathengi be-Pechora uphethiloli oqinile bangamabhizinisi engxenyeni esenyakatho ne-Europe yeRussia, ikakhulukazi i-Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.

Isitsha sase-Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky

Isuka ngase-Upper Sayan isuka eNizhneudinsk iye eLake Baikal. Ihlukaniswe ngamagatsha e-Pribaikalskaya namaPrisayanskaya. Inani lokukhiqiza liyi-3.4%, indlela yokukhiqiza ivulekile. Idiphozithi ikude nabathengi abakhulu, ukulethwa kunzima, ngakho-ke, amalahle endawo asetshenziswa ikakhulukazi kumabhizinisi e-Irkutsk. Isitoko cishe ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-7.5 wamalahle.

Izinselelo zezimboni

Namuhla, izimayini zamalahle ezisebenzayo zenziwa e-Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Pechora nase-Irkutsk-Cheremkhov, kuhlelwa ukuthuthukiswa komgodi waseTunguska. Indlela enkulu yezokumbiwa phansi ivulekile, lolu khetho kungenxa yokuthi kushibhile nokuphepha kubasebenzi. Okubi ngale ndlela ukuthi ikhwalithi yamalahle ihlushwa kakhulu.

Inkinga enkulu ukuthi izimbotshana ezichazwe ngenhla zibhekene nobunzima bokuletha uphethiloli ezindaweni ezikude; kulokhu, kulungiswa ngojantshi baseSiberia kuyadingeka. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, imboni yamalahle ingenye yemikhakha ethembisayo kakhulu emnothweni waseRussia (ngokwesilinganiso sokulinganisa, imali yamalahle waseRussia kufanele ibe ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-500).

(1 izilinganiso, isilinganiso: 3,00 kwezingu-5)

Amasheya amakhulu kunawo wonke eRussia nasemhlabeni

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi namuhla eminye imithombo yamandla isetshenziswa kakhulu, ukukhishwa kwamalahle kuyindawo engokoqobo yezimboni. Enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwamafutha umsebenzi wezitshalo zamandla. Imali yamalahle itholakala emazweni ahlukahlukene omhlaba, kanti angama-50 awo ayasebenza.

Isamba esikhulu samalahle simbiwa e-USA ngamadiphozi aseKentucky nasePennsylvania, e-Illinois nase-Alabama, eColorado, eWyoming naseTexas. Ikhiqiza amalahle kanye ne-lignite, kanye ne-anthracite. Indawo yesibili ekukhiselweni kwalezi zimbiwa ihlalwa yiRussia.

Umkhiqizi wamalahle omkhulu wesithathu yiChina. Izitolo ezinkulu kakhulu zaseChina zitholakala emgodini wamalahle waseShanxin, eGreat Plain of China, Datong, Yangtze nakwamanye. Iningi lamalahle lakhiwa nase-Australia - ezifundeni zaseQueensland naseNew South Wales, eduzane naseNewcastle. I-India ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wamalahle futhi amadiphozithi asenyakatho-nasempumalanga yezwe.

Amalahle namalahle ansundu asetshenziselwe ukumbiwa emadolobheni aseSaar naseSaxony, eRhine-Westphalia naseBrandenburg eJalimane iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150. E-Ukraine kunezindawo ezintathu zamalahle: iDnieper, IDonetsk, Lviv-Volynsky.

I-anthracite, amalahle wegesi kanye nekona lokufakelwa amayini lapha. Kudingeka idiphozi lamasheya amakhulu eCanada nase-Uzbekistan, eColombia naseTurkey, eNyakatho Korea naseThailand, Kazakhstan nasePoland, Czech Republic naseNingizimu Afrika.

Ingxenye yesithathu yemithombo yamalahle emhlabeni itholakala kwiRussian Federation. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-deposithi atholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe, eSiberia. Idiphozithi enkulu yamalahle yaseRussia imi ngalendlela elandelayo:

• I-Kuznetsk - ingxenye ebalulekile yesikebhe ilele esifundeni saseKemerovo, lapho cishe ama-80% wamalahle afanayo kanye nama-56% wamalahle,
• Isigaxa sakwaKansk-Achinsk - 12% wamalahle ansundu amayini,
• I-Tunguska basin - etholakala engxenyeni ye-Eastern Siberia, anthracites, brown kanye namalahle, amaminerali,
• I-Pechora basin - enothile ngamalahle e-coking,
• Isikebhe i-Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - singumthombo wamalahle wamabhizinisi akwa-Irkutsk.

Izimayini zamalahle ziyimboni ethembisa kakhulu namuhla.

Ochwepheshe bathi isintu sisebenzisa kakhulu amalahle, ngakho-ke kunengozi yokuthi izindawo ezisetshenziselwa ukonga umhlaba zisheshe zisetshenziswe, kepha kwamanye amazwe kunezindawo ezibalulekile ezikhona zezimbiwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwaso kuncike kwisicelo, futhi uma unciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle, kuzohlala isikhathi eside.

Amanani aphezulu aphezulu ayi-10 emhlabeni

I-Russia inama-amana amaningi okugcina, kepha imvamisa atholakala ezindaweni ezikude, okwenza kube nzima ukuzithuthukisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuwona wonke ama-deposits atholakalayo ngezizathu zokuma komhlaba.

Sikulethela ukunaka kwakho izilinganiso zamasheya omhlaba, zizithele ngokwazo imithombo yemvelo eningi, eminingi yayo ezosala emathunjini omhlaba ngaphandle kokudonswa phansi.

Isikebhe saseTunguska, eRussia (imithombo yamalahle - amathani ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingama-2,2)

Ubuholi bomhlaba obungenakuphikiswa ngokugxila kwenani lokufakwa kwamalahle kungokwesikebhe saseRussia Tunguska, esihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha skwele angaphezu kwesigidi futhi ihlanganisa indawo yesifunda sase-Irkutsk, Yakutia kanye neKrasnoyarsk Territory.

Izindawo ezivinjelwe leli bhulokhi zihlanganisa amathani angama-2.299 ezigidi zamalahle namalahle ansundu. Kungaphambi kwesikhathi ukuthi sikhulume ngentuthuko ephelele yempahla ebekiwe, ngoba izindawo eziningi zokukhiqiza azisafundwa kahle ngenxa yendawo yazo ezindaweni ezikude.

Kulezo zindawo esezihloliwe, izimayini zenziwa ngezindlela ezivulekile nangaphansi komhlaba.

Imayini yamalahle yaseKayerkan, eKrasnoyarsk Territory

Isitsha saseLensky, eRussia (amathani ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingama-1,64

E-Yakutia futhi ngokwengxenye eTrasasnaarsk Territory, kutholakala indawo yesibili yamabhasi amalahle amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - iLensky - enamathani ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingama-1,647 zamalahle ansundu futhi aqinile. Ingxenye enkulu yalesi sikhala itholakala esigodini somfula i-Lena, eSifundeni i-Central Yakut.

Indawo yomgodi wamalahle ifinyelela kumakhilomitha skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-750. Njengebhishi laseTunguska, ibhulokhi yeLensky alifundiswanga kahle ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwesifunda. Izimayini zenziwa ezimayini nasemigodini evulekile.

Emayini iSangarsky, eyavalwa ngo-1998, ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, kwaqubuka umlilo, ongakacishwa.

Imayini elahliwe "Sangarskaya", Yakutia

Isitsha saseKansk-Achinsk, eRussia (amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-638)

Isikhundla sesithathu ohlwini lwamabhlogo wamalahle amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni saya kubheshu laseKansk-Achinsk, izinqolobane zalo ezingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-638 zamalahle, iningi linsundu. Ubude besikebhe bungamakhilomitha angama-800 eceleni kwe-Trans-Siberian Railway.

Ibhlokhi litholakala Ezifundeni ZaseKrasnoyarsk, e-Irkutsk naseKemerovo. Cishe sekutholwe imali engaba yishumi nambili endaweni yayo. Isitsha sibonisa izimo ezijwayelekile ze-geological development.

Ngenxa yokuvela okungaxutshwa kwezingqimba, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo kwenzeka ngendlela yomsebenzi.

Imayini yamalahle i-Borodinsky, iKrasnoyarsk Territory

I-Illinois Basin, e-USA (amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-365)

Isitoreji samalahle esikhulu sesihlanu emhlabeni yi-Illinois basin enendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane eziyi-122, asesifundeni segama elifanayo, nasezindaweni zezifunda ezingomakhelwane - iKentucky ne-Indiana.

Izindawo zokugcina amalahle zendawo zifinyelela kumathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-365, kuwo amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-18 atholakala ezimayini ezivulekile. Ukujula okujwayelekile kwezimayini kungamamitha ayi-150. Kufika kuma-90% emalahle avutshiwe akhiqizwa kuphela yimisamu emibili eyisishiyagalolunye etholakalayo - iHarrisburg neHerrin.

Cishe inani elilinganayo lamalahle liya kuzidingo zomkhakha wokushisa nowamandla, amavolumu asele ayavinjwa.

Imayini yamalahle eCrown III, e-Illinois, e-USA

I-Ruhr basin, eJalimane (amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-287)

Ibhlokhi yaseGermany eyaziwa ngokuthi iRuhr ibekwe esisekelweni somfula segama elifanayo, okuyinkokhiso efanele yaseRhine. Lesi ngesinye seziza zakudala zezimayini zamalahle, ezaziwa kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nane. Izindawo zokulondolozwa kwamalahle zimboni zisendaweni eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha.

amakhilomitha skwele, ekujuleni okufika kumakhilomitha amabili, nokho, ngokuvamile, umugqa wendalo, osisindo sawo siphakathi kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-287, afinyelela kumakhilomitha ayisithupha. Cishe i-65% yediphozithi ibamba amalahle. Izimayini zenziwa kuphela ngaphansi komhlaba.

Ukujula okuphezulu kwamamayini endaweni yokudoba ngamamitha ayi-940 (umgodi weHugo).

Abasebenzi BaseMayini yamalahle u-Auguste Victoria, Marl, Germany

Isikebhe se-Appalachian, e-USA (amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-284)

Empumalanga ye-United States, ezifundeni zasePennsylvania, eMaryland, e-Ohio, eWest Virginia, eKentucky nase-Alabama, kutholakala umgodi wamalahle wase-Appalachian onamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-284 kaphethiloli. Indawo eyisisekelo ifinyelela izinkulungwane ezingama-180.

amakhilomitha skwele. Kukhona izindawo ezingaba ngamakhulu amathathu ezimayini zamalahle kule block. E-Appalachians, ama-95% ezimayini zezwe ayagxila, kanye cishe ne-85% yezimayini. Emabhizinisini ezimayini zamalahle, abaqashi abangama-78% abaqashiwe.

Ukukhishwa kwamalahle ka-45% kwenziwa ngendlela evulekile.

Ukususa iziqongo zeNtaba Zezimayini zamalahle, eWest Virginia, e-USA

Isigaxa seTaimyr, eRussia (amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-217)

Elinye ibhulokhi lamalahle laseRussia selingene kwabayishumi abahamba phambili emhlabeni - iTaimyr basin, etholakala enhlonhlweni yegama elifanayo futhi ihlanganisa indawo yamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-80.

Ukwakheka kwalezi seams kuyinkimbinkimbi, ingxenye yamadiphozi amalahle ilungele ukufuqa, futhi iningi lezindawo ezibekiwe zingama-brand brand. Naphezu kwesilinganiso esibalulekile sokugcinwa kukaphethiloli - amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-217 - njengamanje, imali ebekiwe ayikakhiwa.

Amathemba wokuthuthukiswa kwebhulokhi awacaci ngenxa yokude kwawo kubathengi abangaba khona.

Izendlahla zamalahle osebeni olungakwesokunxele loMfula iShrenk, iTaimyr Peninsula

IDonbass - i-Ukraine, iRussia Federation, i-DPR ne-LPR (amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-141)

Ivala ukukalwa kwezindawo ezinkulu zamalahle zaseDonbass ngenani lamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-141, okuhlanganisa indawo yesifunda saseRussia Rostov kanye nezifunda ezithile zase-Ukraine.

Ngasohlangothini lwase-Ukraine, ingxenye yendawo yezokuphatha endaweni eyisisekelo imbozwe izingxabano ezihlomile, ayilawulwa yiziphathimandla zaseKiev, ngenkathi ilawulwa yizazi ezingeyona eyaziwayo - i-DPR ne-LPR esifundeni saseDonetsk naseLugansk, ngokulandelana. Indawo eyisisekelo ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60.

Ibhlokhi liqukethe yonke imikhiqizo esemqoka yamalahle. UDonbass unolwazi olunzulu isikhathi eside - kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.

Imayini "Obukhovskaya", g.

IZverevo, Isifunda saseRostov

Ukulinganisa okungenhla akubonisi nganoma iyiphi indlela isimo sangempela nezinkomba zokuthuthuka zediphozithi, kepha kukhombisa kuphela isilinganiso sezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zemvelo emhlabeni ngaphandle kokubheka amazinga wangempela wokuhlola nokukhipha izinsiza zezimbiwa ezweni elithile. Isamba semali egciniwe ebekiwe kuyo yonke imali efakwe ezifundweni ezingabaholi embonini yezimayini zamalahle incane kakhulu kunenani lokufakwa komhlaba noma kubheseni elilodwa elikhulu.

Ukusuka kumdwebo ongenhla kuyacaca ukuthi akukho ukuhlangana okukhona hhayi kuphela phakathi kwenani lezindawo ezifakazelwe nezisisekelo sezindawo zokuhlala.

Akukho futhi nobudlelwano phakathi kwesilinganiso sezikebhe ezinkulu kakhulu kanye nenani lamalahle aqinisekisiwe emazweni akhiwe kuwo.

Isibonelo, ngaphandle kokuthi iRussia inezinsika ezine ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, izwe liphansi ebuholini baseMelika ngokuya ngezinqolobane ezifakiwe.

Ukulinganisa kukhombisa ingcebo yokuqothuka kweRussia, kepha akukhona nhlobo ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhula kwabo. Futhi, amanani okukhiqiza ancike kwezinye izici. Ukwenza isibonelo, sikhumbula ukuthi i- "Phedra" yabhala phambilini ukuthi iRussia ngonyaka ka-2017 izokwengeza ukuthunyelwa kwamalahle ngaphandle.

Izinqumo zalolu hlobo zenziwa kucatshangelwa izimo eziningi ezizimele ngevolthi yamasheya. Sikhuluma ngobunzima bokusebenza emasimini, ubuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe, ukwenzeka kwezomnotho, inqubomgomo yeziphathimandla kanye nezikhundla zabasebenza embonini.

Ukufakwa kwamalahle amakhulu eRussia, akubalulekile ezweni lethu kuphela, kodwa nakumhlaba wonke

Omunye wemikhakha emikhulu kagesi namandla eyimboni.

Ngisho nangesikhathi se-USSR, iRussia yaba ngumholi owaziwayo emkhakheni wezimayini zamalahle nokusebenza kuwo. Lapha, imali yamalahle ifaka cishe i-1/3 yezindawo ezigcinwe emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi ansundu, namalahle, kanye nama-anthracites.

IRussian Federation iklelisithupha emhlabeni ngokwemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza amalahle, 2/3 esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla nokushisa, 1/3 - embonini yamakhemikhali, ingxenye encane ithunyelwa eJapan naseNingizimu Korea. Ngokwesilinganiso, amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 ngonyaka afakwa ezimbizeni zamalahle zaseRussia.

Amalahle

Amalahle ibizwa ngokuthi i-sedimentary rock, yakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubunjelwa kokungcola kwesitshalo (ama-ferns esihlahla, ama-horsetails kanye ne-grouse, kanye nezindawo zokuvivinya umzimba zokuqala).

Izindawo ezinkulu zamalahle ezivinjwe njengamanje zakhiwa ngesikhathi sePaleozoic, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-300 ukuya ku-300 edlule. Amalahle sekumbiwa amakhulu eminyaka futhi kungenye yamaminerali abaluleke kakhulu.

Kusetshenziswa njengamafutha aqinile.

Amalahle aqukethe inhlanganisela yezinhlanganisela eziphakeme zamangqamuzana aphezulu (ikakhulukazi i-carbon), kanye namanzi nezinto eziguqukayo ngenani elincane lokungcola. Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwamalahle, inani lokushisa elikhishwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwalo, kanye nenani lomlotha owakhiwe, nalo liyashintsha. Inani lamalahle kanye nediphozi yalo kuncike kule isilinganiso.

Ukuze kwakhiwe amaminerali kwakudingeka futhi kugcinwe lesi simo esilandelayo: ukubola kwesitshalo okwakudingeka ukuqongelela ngokushesha kunokuqothuka kwawo.

Kungakho kwakhiwa amalahle ikakhulukazi ezinhlafunweni zasendulo ze-peat, lapho izinhlanganisela zekhabhoni zazitholakala khona, futhi nokufinyelela komoya-mpilo kwakungekho. Izinto ezibonakalayo zokuqhamuka kwamalahle empeleni, ziyazicwilisa, ezazisetshenziswa isikhathi esithile njengophethiloli.

Kwakhiwa amalahle uma kutholakala izingqimba ze-peat ngaphansi kwezinye izidenge. I-Peat yacindezelwa, yalahlekelwa igesi namanzi, ngenxa yalokho kwenziwa amalahle.

Amalahle avela lapho imibhede ye-peat yenzeka ekujuleni okukhulu, imvamisa engaphezu kwamakhilomitha amathathu. Ekujuleni okukhulu, kwakheka i-anthracite - isigaba esiphakeme kakhulu samalahle.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi wonke amadiphozi amalahle atholakala ekujuleni okukhulu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphansi kwethonya lezinqubo ze-tectonic zezinkomba ezahlukahlukene, ezinye izingqimba zathola ukukhuphuka, okuphumela ekubeni seduze kwaphezulu.

Indlela yezimayini zamalahle incike ekujuleni lapho amadwala athela amalahle akhiwe khona. Uma amalahle elele ekujuleni okufika kumamitha ayi-100, khona-ke izimayini zivame ukwenziwa ngendlela evulekile.

Leli igama lokususwa kwengqimba ephezulu yomhlaba ngenhla kwensimu, lapho okumbiwa khona ebusweni.

Okwezokumbiwa phansi kusuka ekujuleni okukhulu, kusetshenziswa indlela yemayini, lapho kutholakala khona amaminerali ngokwakha izigaba ezikhethekile ezingaphansi komhlaba - ezimayini. Izimayini ezijulile kakhulu zamalahle eRussia zitholakala ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-1200 ukusuka ebusweni.

Idiphozi enkulu kakhulu yamalahle eRussia

Inkambu ye-Elginskoye (Sakha)

Idiphozi yamalahle, etholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia) engamakhilomitha angama-415 empumalanga yedolobha laseNeryungri, iyona ethembisa kakhulu ukumba izimayini ezivulekile. Indawo yensimu ingu-246 km2. Inkambu iyisibaya somusa we-asymmetric.

AmaCarboniferous angamadiphozi we-Upper Jurassic neLower Cretaceous. Imisila eyinhloko yamalahle isezindabeni zeNeryungri (imisele eyi-6 enobukhulu obungamamitha ayi-0,7-17) ne-Undyktan (imisele eyi-18 enobukhulu obungama-0.7-17 m).

Amalahle lapha ikakhulukazi anombala ocwebezelayo onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwento ebaluleke kakhulu - i-vitrinite (78-98%), ephakathi nendawo ne-high-ash, ephansi isibabule, ephosiphorous, efakwe kahle, enenani eliphakeme kakhulu.

Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile, amalahle e-Elgin angacetshiswa, okuzokwenza ukuthi kutholakale umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphakeme ohlangabezana namazinga aphesheya.

Amanethiwekhi wamalahle angenamandla angajulile athengwe ngamadiphozi wamandla aphansi, okubaluleke kakhulu kwimayini evulekile yemayini.

Inkambu ye-Elegest (Tuva)

Akhiwe eRiphabhulikhi yaseTuva. Le nsimu inemali engamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Iningi lezindawo ezibekiwe (cishe ama-80%) zitholakala kungqimba eyodwa enobukhulu obungamamitha ayi-6.4. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale nsimu okwamanje kuyaqhubeka, ngakho-ke, izimayini zamalahle lapha kufanele zifinyelele kumthamo wazo omkhulu ngonyaka we-2012.

Imali enkulu yamalahle (indawo okuyizinkulungwane zamakhilomitha) ibizwa ngokuthi izisekelo zamalahle. Ngokuvamile, amadiphozithi anjalo atholakala esakhiweni esithile esikhulu se-tectonic (ngokwesibonelo, deflection).

Kodwa-ke, akusisiko ukuhlanganisa onke amadiphozithi asondele komunye nomunye ekubeni amachibi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kubhekwa njengamadiphozi ahlukile.

Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngokwezinkolelo zomlando (amadiphozithi atholwe ngezikhathi ezihlukile).

Isitsha samalahle sase Minusinsk etholakala ekucindezelekeni kweMinusinsk eRiphabhulikhi yaseKhakassia. Izimayini zamalahle lapha zaqala ngo-1904. Idiphozithi enkulu kunazo zonke ifaka i-Chernogorskoye ne-Izykhskoye. Ngokusho kwesazi sokuma komhlaba, ukonga amalahle kule ndawo ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,7.

Kubhasikidi, amalahle amade amalangabi afudumele okuphezulu. Amalahle angaphakathi komlotha. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu komlotha kuwuphawu lwamamalahle wediphozi yase-Izykh, ubuncane - bamalahle wediphozithi yeBeisk.

Ukumba amalahle emgodini kusenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukile: kukhona yomibili imigodi evulekile nemayini.

Isitsha samalahle se-Kuznetsk (Kuzbass) - enye yamasheya amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. I-Kuzbass itholakala eningizimu ye-Western Siberia esabelweni esingajulile phakathi kwezintaba ze-Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria kanye ne-Salair Ridge.

Le yinkundla yesifunda saseKemerovo. Isifinyezo esithi "Kuzbass" yigama lesibili lesifunda. Idiphozithi yokuqala esifundeni saseKemerovo yatholakala emuva ngo-1721, kwathi ngo-1842 igama elithi “Kuznetsk basin” lasungulwa yisazi sokuma komhlaba uChikhachev.

Imayini nayo yenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Kunemigodi engama-58 nezingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-30 kubhasi. Ngokuya ngekhwalithi, amalahle we-Kuzbass ahlukahlukene futhi aphakathi kwamalahle ahamba phambili.

Umugqa ophethe amalahle wesisekelo samalahle we-Kuznetsk uqukethe cishe imishini yamalahle ecishe ibe ngama-260 yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, obusatshalaliswe ngendlela engafaniyo kulesi sigaba. Ubukhulu obukhona bezintambo zamalahle busuka ku-1,3 kuye ku-4,5 m, kepha kukhona ama-seams anamandla angaphezu kuka-9-15 ngisho nama-20 m, kwezinye izindawo aze afike ku-30 ​​m.

Ukujula okuphezulu kwezimayini zamalahle akudluli ku-500 m (ukujula okuphakathi kwamamitha angama-200). Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bokuthunga kwamalahle athuthukisiwe buyi-2.1 m, kepha ama-seams angaphezu kwe-6.5 m afinyelela kuma-25% ezimayini zamalahle.

Izindawo eziyinhloko zezimayini zamalahle eRussia

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, amalahle wezinsalela zamalahle ebekulokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zikaphethiloli.

Ukuphamba komhlaba waseRussia kuqukethe izigidigidi zamathani wamalahle ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene - amalahle, amalahle ansundu, i-anthracite, ngenxa yokuthi iRussia yamukelwa njengomunye wabaholi bomhlaba ezindaweni eziqinile zikagesi.

Ingqikithi yamalahle ezweni lonke ifinyelela kumathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200, kuthi ngamaphesenti angama-5.5% wemali ebekwe emhlabeni.

Izitsha ezinkulu zamalahle ezwe

Indima yesisekelo samalahle enhlokodweni yezwe namandla kagesi inqunywa yikhwalithi yamalahle, umthamo wemithombo yolondolozi, izinkomba eziphambili zamaminerali, ubonakala bendawo yokuhlala lapho kufakwa khona imali nezinye izimo. Ngokwenani eliphelele lazo zonke izinto, izindawo ezihola phambili zezimayini zamalahle eRussia zihola:

• I-Krasnoyarsk Territory ngokufaka ingxenye ye-Kemerovo ne-Irkutsk Regions (i-Kansk-Achinsk ne-Kuznetsk idiphozithi), efinyelela ku-70% wokukhiqizwa kawoyela okuqinile ezweni,
• I-Polar Urals (Isizinda se-Pechora),
• Izindawo iRostov, iLugansk neDonetsk (iDonbass),
• ENingizimu yesifunda i-Irkutsk (i-Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky basin),
• Isifunda saseNeryungrinsky saseYakutia (iSouth Yakutsk basin).

Ukucaciswa kwezimayini zamalahle kumalahle ahlukene eRussia

I-Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass) yamukelwa ngokufanele njengesifunda esibaluleke kakhulu sokumbiwa kwamalahle eRussia - ifinyelela kuma-50% omkhiqizo wamafutha aseRussia. Ukufakwa kwemali okuphezulu kakhulu kwamalahle asezingeni eliphakeme, kufaka phakathi amalahle e-coking, kugxilwe lapha.

Idiphozithi yebheshi laseKansk-Achinsky ihlinzeka ngamalahle ansundu kakhulu ansundu ezweni, ngoba izimayini zenziwa ngokumbiwa umgodi ovulekile.

Uma sikhuluma ngezindawo zase-Europe ezimayini zamalahle eRussia, enkulu kunazo zonke kulezi zindawo i-Pechora basin, enikela kuze kube ngu-4% wokukhiqiza uphethroli oqinile eRussia.

Izibanzi ze-Kuznetsk neDonetsk ziqukethe izinqolobane ezinkulu ze-anthracite - amalahle asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu: ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu, i-anthracite iyakwazi ukushisa ngaphandle komlilo, ikhiqize ukushisa ngempumelelo.

I-Anthracite Mining

I-Southern Coal Company LLC ibheka ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni i-anthracite esifundeni esinezimayini zamalahle eRussia - i-East Donbass.

Izinga eliphakeme lamalahle kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokugcina izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme emabhizinisini e-SUE zidale isisekelo sentuthuko ephumelelayo yenkampani kanye nezimpumelelo eziphezulu.

Ukubambisana, sicela uthinte u-tel. +7 (495) 721 37 40, i-imeyili: [email protected].

Idiphozithi yezimbiwa - imvelo yaseRussia

Amalahle ansundu abizwa ngokuthi i-sedimentary rock, eyakhiwa ngokubola kwezinsalela zezitshalo zasendulo (ama-ferns anjengomuthi, amahashi nama-grouse, kanye nezindawo zokuqala zokuzivocavoca). Inqubo yokwakheka nokwakheka kwamalahle ansundu iyafana netshe, kepha onsundu ayibalulekanga kangako.

Kodwa-ke kukhona amadiphozi amalahle ansundu kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi asezingeni elijule kakhulu. Amalahle ansundu aqukethe inhlanganisela yamakhompiyutha aphezulu wesisindo esinamakhompiyutha (ikakhulukazi ikhabhoni - aze afike ku-78%), kanye namanzi nezinto eziguqukayo ngenani elincane lokungcola.

Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwamalahle, inani lokushisa elikhishwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwalo, kanye nenani lomlotha owakhiwe, nalo liyashintsha.

Ukuphela kwediphozi yamalahle ese-Altai. Imali eqikwayo ilinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-250. Amalahle avinjwa lapha ngemayini yemigodi evulekile.

Njengamanje, izinqolobane ezifakiwe zamalahle ansundu ezimayini ezimbili ezivulekile zingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-34. Ngo-2006, ngamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu zamalahle lapha. Ngo-2007, amavolumu wokukhiqiza kufanele afike kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300, ngonyaka ka-2008 - sekuvele amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500.

Isigaxa samalahle sitholakala emakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa empumalanga yeBaznetsk endaweni yaseKrasnoyarsk Territory futhi ngokwengxenye ezindaweni eziseKemerovo nase-Irkutsk.

Lesi sigaxa esiseCentral Siberian sinezinqolobane ezinkulu zamalahle ansundu ashukumisayo.

Izimayini zenziwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela evulekile (ingxenye evulekile yomgodi ungamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-45² - amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesine namakhulu amane wamalahle wamalahle onesilinganiso esingu-15 - 70 m.). Kudingeka nokufakwa imali yamalahle.

Ingqikithi yezindawo ezigcinwe zingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-638. Ukuqina kwezendlalelo ezisebenzayo kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-15 m, ubukhulu bungamamitha angama-85. Amalahle akhiwa ngesikhathi seJurassic.

Indawo yesigcawu ihlukaniswe yaba yizindawo eziyi-10 zezimboni kanye nezokuma komhlaba, lapho kuthuthukiswa khona insimu eyodwa:

Akhiwe eRiphabhulikhi YaseSakha (Yakutia) kanye neKrasnoyarsk Territory. Ingxenye enkulu yayo itholakala eCentral Yakut Lowland esisekelweni soMfula iLena nemikhawulo yalo (i-Aldan neVilyuya). Indawo engaba amakhilomitha angama-750,000.

Ingqikithi yezindawo ezigcina imvelo ejule ngamamitha ayi-600 - amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2.

Ngokwesakhiwo se-geological, insimu yesisekelo samalahle ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: enye yasentshonalanga, ethatha indawo ehlangana neVilyui yesikhulumi saseSiberia, kanye neyesempumalanga, efakwa esifundeni esiseceleni se-Verkhoyan-Chukotka.

Amalahle emalahle ahlanganiswa namadwala adukayo kusuka eLower Jurassic kuya ePaleogene. Ukuvela kwamadwala aphethe amalahle kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokunyusa okuphezulu nokucindezelwa.

Esikhombeni se-Priverkhoyansk, i-stratum ethwele amalahle iqoqwa ngemikhawulo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqhuma; ubukhulu bayo bungama-1000-2500 m.

Inani nobukhulu bezimpawu zamalahle aseMesozoic ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesisekelo zihlukile: engxenyeni esentshonalanga ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-10 seams 1-20 m thick, engxenyeni esempumalanga ifinyelela ku-30 ​​seams 1- 1-2 m ubukhulu.

Amalahle ansundu aqukethe umswakama ovela ku-15 kuye ku-30%, okuqukethwe kumlotha wamalahle kungu-10-25%, inani le-calorific ngu-27.2 MJ / kg. Imisipha yamalahle ansundu i-lenticular emvelweni; ubukhulu bayo buhlukahluka ukusuka ku-10 m kuya ku-30 ​​m.

Amadiphozi amalahle ansundu avame ukutholakala eduze namalahle. Ngakho-ke, ibuye igqunywe emigodini edumile efana neMinusinsky noma i-Kuznetsk.

Izindawo zezimayini zamalahle eRussia

Ibanga lokusetshenziswa kwalo libanzi kakhulu. Amalahle asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi, njengempahla engakhiqangi yezimboni (i-coke), ukukhiqizwa kwegraffiti, ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha awuketshezi nge-hydrogenation.

Izwe laseRussia linemali enkulu ebekelwe ukugcinwa kwamalahle kanye nezisekelo zamalahle.

Isigaxa samalahle yindawo (evame ukuba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi) yentuthuko yokufakwa kwamalahle wamalahle, owakhiwa ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile isikhathi esithile. Idiphozi yamalahle inendawo encane futhi iyisakhiwo se-tectonic esehlukile.

Ensimini yaseRussia kunezindawo zokubhukutsha, ezigoqiwe nezokuguqukela.

Inani elikhulu kakhulu lamadiphozi wamalahle atholakala eSiberia eseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga.

Ama-60% ezindawo zokugcina amalahle aseRussia amalahle we-humus, kufaka phakathi amalahle okupheka (iKaraganda, i-Yuzhno-Yakutstky, i-Kuznetsk besin). Amalahle ansundu ayatholakala futhi (i-Ural, i-Eastern Siberia, iSifunda saseMoscow).

Izindawo zamalahle zihlakazeka kuzo zonke izimbiza zamalahle ezingama-25 kanye nezimali eziyizi-650 ngazinye.

Ukumba amalahle kwenziwa ngendlela evaliwe noma evulekile. Izimbiwa ezivalekile zenziwa ezimayini, zivulekile - ngo-grake (ukusikeka).

Impilo yemayini imaphakathi kweminyaka engama-40-50. Ingqimba ngayinye yamalahle isuswa emayini iminyaka engaba yishumi, ilandelwe ukwakhiwa kwengqimba ejulile ngokwakha kabusha. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo ezivulekile zemayini kuyisidingo sokugcina imvelo iqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi.

Emigodini evulekile amalahle aqhutshekwa ngemichilo elandelanayo.

Ngokwesikhathi sika-2010, amalahle eRussia angena ezimayini ezingama-91 nasezimayini ezingama-137 ze-opencast. Inani eliphelele lonyaka lifinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-380.

Ngemuva kokumbiwa kwamalahle ezimayini noma ama-opencasts, iya ngqo kumthengi noma iye emabhizinisini okucebisa amalahle.

Kumafektri akhethekile, izigaxa zamalahle zihlelwa ngosayizi bese ziyacetshiswa.

Inqubo yokucebisa ukuhlanza uphethiloli edwaleni elingcolisiwe nasekungcoleni kokungcola.

Namuhla, amalahle eRussia anayiniwe ikakhulu endaweni nasezigodini eziyishumi eziyinhloko. Idiphozi yamalahle enkulu kunazo zonke nekhohlayo yi-Kuznetsk basin (esifundeni saseKemerovo), amalahle ansundu ahlanganiswa emgodini waseKansk-Achinsk (eKrasnoyarsk Territory, eSiberia yaseMpumalanga), e-Anthracites - esigodini saseGorlovsky naseDonbass.

Amalahle kulezi amachibi asezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.

Eminye imicengezi yamalahle eyaziwayo eRussia ifaka umngcele we-Pechora (i-Arctic), isikebhe i-Irkutsk-Cheremkhov esifundeni sase-Irkutsk, kanye nomgodi waseNingizimu Yakut oseMpumalanga Ekude.

Izigaba zeTaimyr, iLensky neTunguska zithuthukiswa ngenkuthalo e-Eastern Siberia, kanye namadiphozi eTrans-Baikal Territory, Primorye, kanye naseNovosibirsk Region.

Imboni enkulu kunazo zonke (ngokwesibalo sabasebenzi nezindleko zokukhiqizwa kwempahla engagxiliwe) yomkhakha wamafutha yimayini yamalahle eRussia.

Imboni yamalahle ikhipha, izinqubo (ezicebisa) amalahle, amalahle ansundu kanye ne-anthracite.

Kukhiqizwa futhi kanjani amalahle eRussia Federation

Lezimbiwa zimbiwa ngokuya ngokujula kwendawo: izindlela ezivulekile (ngezigaba) nezindlela zomhlaba (ezimayini).

Phakathi kuka-2000 no-2015, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba okwenziwa ngaphansi komhlaba kukhuphuke kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-90.9 kuya kwangama-103.7 million, futhi ukukhiqizwa okuvulekile kukhuphuke ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-167,5 kuye kuma-269,7 wezigidi. Inani lokumbiwa komhlaba ngokumbiwa ezweni ngalesi sikhathi, ngezindlela zokukhiqiza, niyabo. 1.

U-fig. 1: Izimayini zamalahle eRussia Federation kusuka ngonyaka we-2000 kuya ku-2015, ezihlukaniswa izindlela zokukhiqiza, ezigidini

Ngokusho kweFuel and Energy Complex (FEC), amathani ayizigidi ezingama-385 zamaminerali amnyama aconsiwe eRussia Federation ngonyaka we-2016, okuyi-3,2% ephakeme kunonyaka owedlule. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi saphetha ngokuqhakambisa okuhle komkhakha eminyakeni yamuva nangamathemba, naphezu kwenhlekelele.

Izinhlobo zale nsalela yamaminerali ezweni lethu ihlukaniswe amandla namandla namalahle okupheka.

Kuwo wonke umthamo wesikhathi esukela ku-2010 kuya ku-2015, isabelo sokukhiqizwa kwamandla sikhuphukile sisuka ku-197.4 saya kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-284.4. Inani lokukhiqizwa kwamalahle eRussia ngohlobo liboniswa kuPhi. 2.

2: Isakhiwo sezimayini zamalahle eRussia Federation ngohlobo lwango-2010-2015, ngamathani ayisigidi

Mangakanani imfucumfucu emnyama ezweni futhi inamephi?

Ngokusho kukaRosstat, iRussian Federation (157 billion

t.) ithatha indawo yesibili ngemuva kweMelika (237.3 billion t.) emhlabeni ezindaweni ezigcina amalahle. I-Russian Federation ilandisa cishe i-18% yazo zonke izinqolobane zomhlaba. Bheka umfanekiso 3.

U-fig. 3: Ukulondolozwa Komhlaba Ngamazwe Aholayo

Imininingwane evela kwa-Federal State Statistics Service yango-2010-2015 iphakamisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ezweni kwenziwa ezinhlakeni ezingama-25 ezingaphansi kwe-Federation ezifundeni eziyi-7 zikahulumeni.

Kunamabhizinisi wamalahle ayi-192. Phakathi kwabo imayini engu-71, ne-opencast engu-121. Inani labo lokukhiqiza lingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-408. Ngaphezulu kwe-80% yalo okombiwa eSiberia. Izimayini zamalahle eRussia ngesifunda zikhonjiswe kuthebula 1.

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015.

ISifunda Sombuso SaseSiberia (Isifunda saseKemerovo, Isifunda SaseKraseroarsk, iTrans-Baikal Territory)	83,60%,	83,90%	83,80%	84,50%	84,50%	83,50%
ISifunda Sokude Sase Federal District (Yakutia)	9,90%	9,60%	9,90%	9,40%	9,50%	10,80%
I-Northwestern Federal District (i-Komi Republic)	4,20%	4,00%	3,80%	4,00%	3,70%	3,90%
Ezinye izifunda	2,30%	2,50%	2,50%	2,10%	2,30%	2,80%

Ngo-2016, izinkulungwane ezingama-227,400

Kwakhishwa amathani esifundeni saseKemerovo (amadolobha anjengokuhlangana embonini eyodwa abizwa ngokuthi amadolobha embonini eyodwa), kuwo athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-125,000.

Ama-Kuzbass enza ama-60% wokukhiqizwa kwamalahle wasekhaya, kukhona ezimayini ezingaba ngu-120 kanye nama-opencasts.

Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 2017, kwaqala umgodi omusha ovulekile esiFundeni saseKemerovo - iTrudarmeysky South enomthamo wokuqamba wezinkulungwane ezingama-2 500.

Ngo-2017, kuhlelwe ukuthi kukhiqizwe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-1,500 emgodini ovulekile, futhi ngokusho kwesibikezelo, amandla aqanjiwe azokhishwa ngonyaka we-2018. Futhi, ngonyaka we-2017 kuhlelwa amabhizinisi amasha amasha e-Kuzbass.

Ngenisa ukuthekelisa

I-Russian Federation ingelinye lamazwe amathathu amakhulu athumela ngaphandle ngemuva kwe-Australia (okuthengiswayo okuyi-390 yezigidi

amathani) ne-Indonesia (amathani ayizigidi ezingama-330) ngonyaka ka-2015. Isabelo seRussia ngonyaka ka-2015 - amathani ayizigidi eziyi-156 zamaminerali amnyama athunyelwa ngaphandle. Le nkomba yezwe ikhule ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-40 eminyakeni emihlanu. Ngaphezu kweRussian Federation, i-Australia ne-Indonesia, amazwe ayisithupha aholayo afaka i-United States of America, Colombia kanye neNingizimu Afrika.

Isakhiwo sokuthunyelwa komhlaba sivezwa ku-Fig. 5.

U-fig. 5: Ukwakheka kokuthunyelwa komhlaba (amazwe amakhulu kakhulu okuthumela ngaphandle).

UMnyango oMkhulu weDispatch kagesi namandla eyinkimbinkimbi ubika ukuthi ngonyaka we-2016 inani eliphelele lokuthumela okuvela ezweni lenyuka, kanti okuthengiswayo kuncipha.

Imininingwane yokungenisa okuthekelisa ngo-2016 yethulwe kuthebula 2.

Inani lokudiliva / okuthengiswayo ngokwemibandela yenyama, amathani ayisigidi Ukukhula / ukwehla njengephesenti lonyaka odlule

Ngenisa	20,46	-10,6%
Thumela	+9%

Inhloko yomnyango wolwazi kanye nokuhlaziya womnyango wezimboni zamalahle nowokuhlunga uMnyango Wezamandla Wezwe u-V.

U-Grishin ubikezela ukwanda kokuthengiswa kwempahla emazweni angaphandle ngo-6% ngonyaka we-2017, umthamo wawo ungafinyelela amathani ayizigidi eziyi-175, okungukuthi, akhule ngamathani ayizigidi eziyishumi.

Yiziphi izinkampani ezingabakhiqizi abakhulu kunabo bonke

Izinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela zaseRussia zaziwa kakhulu, kanti nezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhiqiza amalahle ezweni ngonyaka wezi-2016 yilezi: SUEK OJSC (105.47), Kuzbassrazrezugol (44.5), SDS -amala (28.6) ), I-Vutsibugol (13.1), i-South Kuzbass (9), i-Yuzhkuzbassugol (11.2), i-Yakutugol (9.9), iRaspadskaya OJSC (10.5), ekhonjiswe kubakaki inani lamalahle akhiqizwa ezigidini zamathani, niyabo

U-fig. 6. Abakhiqizi abakhulu kunabo bonke eRussia Federation ngonyaka we-2016, ezigidini

Izinkampani i-OJSC SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol ne-SDS-Ugol bezingabaholi ekukhiqizeni eminyakeni edlule.

Abakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu be-2014-2015 bethulwa ku-Fig.

7. Phakathi kwabo, ngaphezu kwabaholi bezimboni abakhonjwe ngenhla, kukhona nezinkampani ezisebenzayo: Kuzbass Fuel Company, Holding Sibuglement, Vostsibugol, Coal Russian, EVRAZ (kungenye yezinkampani ezinkulu ezizimele kuleli), IMechel Mining, i-SDS-amalahle.

7. Abakhiqizi abakhulu kunabo bonke eRussia Federation yango-2014 kuya ku -5, ngamathani ayisigidi

NgoNovemba 2016, iqembu lika-Evgeny Kosmin lesigaba No. 1 lemayini eqanjwe ngemuva kweV.D.

U-Yalevsky JSC "SUEK-Kuzbass" usethe irekhodi elisha lokukhiqiza laseRussia lonyaka kusuka ebusweni obubodwa - amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-4,810.

Isifingqo neziphetho

• Indawo yamalahle yaseRussia ikhula ngenkuthalo.
• Ukungenisa kunciphile kancane eminyakeni yamuva, ngenkathi okuthekelisa kanye nokukhiqiza kukhulile.
• Ngokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, iRussia Federation ingenye yamazwe amathathu ahamba phambili ngemuva kwe-Australia ne-Indonesia.
• Eminyakeni ezayo, kuhlelwa ukuthi kuvulwe amabhizinisi amasha wezokumbiwa kanye nokusebenza.
• Abaholi abathathu bafaka nezinkampani esifundeni saseSiberia, ezingaphezulu kwe-80% yezwe lonke lokukhiqiza.

I-Lyudmila Poberezhny, 2017-03-29

Izitsha zamalahle zaseRussia

Indima yesisekelo samalahle ekuhlukaniseni okwabasebenzi kuhambisana nekhwalithi yamalahle, usayizi wezindawo zokulondolozwa, izinkomba zezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho zokukhiqiza, izinga lokulungiswa kwezindawo zokusebenza ezimbonini, usayizi wokukhiqiza, kanye nezici zezindawo zokuhamba nezendawo.

Ingqikithi yale mibandela igqame kakhulu izisekelo zamalahle eziphakathi nendawo - Iznezi ze-Kuznetsk nezaseKansk-Achinsk, ezihlanganisa ama-70% ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle eRussia, kanye nasePechora, eDonetsk, e-Irkutsk-Cheremkhov nasezindaweni zaseNingizimu Yakut.
Umkhiqizi obaluleke kakhulu wamalahle eRussia yi-Kuznetsk Coal Basin.

Isitsha se-Kuznetsk

Imali esetshenziselwe ukulinganisa yamalahle we-Kuzbass A + B + C1 ilinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-57, okungama-58.8% wamalahle aseRussia.

Ngasikhathi sinye, izindawo ezigcina amalahle zigcina amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30,1, noma ama-73% ezindawo ezigcinwe ezweni.

E-Kuzbass, cishe lonke uhla lwamamaki wamalahle luchithwa. I-Kuzbass engaphansi inothile kwamanye amaminerali, njenge manganese, i-iron, i-phosphorite, i-nepheline ores, i-oli shale namanye amaminerali.

Amalahle we-Kuznetsk asezingeni eliphakeme: okuqukethwe ngomlotha okungu-8-22%, okuqukethwe kwesibabule okungu-0.3-0.6%, ukushisa okuqondile komlilo - 6000 - 8500 kcal / kg.

Ukujula okuphakathi kwezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba kufinyelela ku-315m. Cishe i-40% yamalahle avinjelwe esifundeni saseKemerovo uqobo kanti ama-60% athunyelwa kwezinye izifundazwe zaseRussia futhi athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

I-Kuzbass ibalelwa ngaphezu kwama-70% wevolumu yayo engokwesakhiwo sokuthunyelwa kwamalahle okuvela eRussia. Lapha kulele amalahle asezingeni eliphakeme, kufaka phakathi i-coking.

Cishe i-12% yokukhiqiza yenziwa ngendlela evulekile.

Isifunda saseLuzvsky ngesinye sezifunda ezindala kakhulu ezimayini zamalahle e-Kuzbass.

Amazwe Ahola Imayini Yamalahle

Kulesi sihloko sizokwazana nohlu lwamazwe angabaholi ezimayini zamalahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizobheka izici eziphambili zale nqubo nezinkinga ezikhona embonini yezimayini zamalahle, siphinde sithole ukuthi amalahle avinjwa nini eRussia.

Izici zezimayini zamalahle

Amalahle amaminerali, ongomunye wemithombo ephambili yemithombo yamafutha emhlabeni wethu. Kwakhiwa emathunjini omhlaba wokuqunjelwa komhlaba ngenxa yokuthi isikhathi eside izinsalela zezitshalo zasendulo namagciwane anqwabelana kuwo ngaphandle komoya-mpilo. Okwamanje kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokukhipha le mineral.

Izimayini zokuqala zamalahle zenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. Ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka, ukwakhiwa kokugcina kanye nentuthuko yomkhakha wamalahle kwenzeka.

Isikhathi eside, abavukuzi bakhipha amalahle emathunjini omhlaba ngosizo lwefosholo ejwayelekile, babuye basebenzise i-pickaxes ngenkuthalo. Esikhathini esizayo, izando ezilula zathathelwa indawo izando ze-jack.

Njengamanje, yonke imishini yamuva isetshenziswa ezimayini, evumela ukuthi izimayini zihambe ngejubane elikhulu futhi zilula.

Idiphozi yamalahle

Izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimayini zamalahle yilezi:

Indlela eshibhile yokuthola amalahle umgodi ovulekile. Le ndlela elula, eshibhile futhi ephephe kunazo zonke. Abavubukuli abakhulu banquma ungqimba olungaphezulu lomhlaba, oluvimba ukufinyelela ekufakweni kwamalahle. Ngemuva kwalokho amalahle akhishwa ezingxenyeni bese elayisha ezinqoleni ezikhethekile.

Izimayini ze-Opencast

Ngaphansi (kwemayini). Ngokungafani neyokuqala, le ndlela ichitha isikhathi futhi iyingozi. Indlela yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba kufanele isetshenziswe ngoba isibalo esikhulu sezindawo zokugcina zitholakala ngaphansi komhlaba. Okwezokumbiwa phansi, izimayini ezinamamayela amaningi ziyabanjiswa lapho kukhishwa khona amathuna wamalahle ahlukanisiwe.

Izimayini zamalahle ezimayini

Indlela ye-hydraulic isetshenziswa kabanzi, okususelwa emgqeni wokuthi kunikelwa umfula wamanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, ephula amasondo wamalahle futhi idluliswa ngepayipi elikhethekile ezitolo zokukhiqiza.

Amazwe Ahola Imayini Yamalahle

Umholi ongatholakali yiChina. Cishe isigamu sezindawo zokugcina amalahle emhlabeni zimbiwa kuleli, zibe nezilinganiso zaminyaka yonke zamathani ayizigidi ezingama-3,700. Amanye amazwe alandela iChina kakhulu.

Izindawo zamalahle emhlabeni futhi zinezinkomba ezilandelayo:

1. China - amathani ayizigidi ezingama-3,700
2. I-USA - amathani ayizigidi ezingama-900,
3. I-India - amathani ayizigidi ezingama-600,
4. I-Australia - amathani ayizigidi ezingama-480,
5. I-Indonesia - amathani ayizigidi ezingama-420.

I-Russia akuyona enye yabaholi abahlanu futhi isendaweni yesithupha nenkomba yamathani ayizigidi ezingama-350 ngonyaka. Ngemuva kwayo, ngemuva kokulahlekelwa okuncane, kuza iNingizimu Afrika, bese kuba yiGermany nePoland, neKazakhstan, kanye ne-Ukraine neTurkey, ukuvala abayishumi.

Izimayini zamalahle emhlabeni, amathani ayisigidi

Yimaphi amazwe aseYurophu anezindawo ezinkulu zamalahle?

EYurophu, amalahle amaningi afakwa eJalimane nasePoland. Isamba samalahle asayiniwe e-European Union singaphezulu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-500 ngonyaka. Umthamo ophelele wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-9,000. Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu ngamunye ohlala kule planethi unamalahle angama-1000 kg ngonyaka.

Le mali, enikezwa abaholi bamazwe ezimayini zamalahle, yanele ukuhlinzeka ngamandla nophethiloli emhlabeni wonke, ngoba ngokuhambisana namafutha negesi, kukhiqizwa izinsiza ezanele ezinganelisa izidingo zomphakathi. Njengamanje, kugxilwe kakhulu ezindleleni ezinobungozi kakhulu zemvelo kanye nezokuphepha ukuze zingalimazi imvelo.

Izimayini zamalahle eRussia

Izimayini zamalahle eRussia, izigidi zamathani

Izwe lethu linothile ngezimbiwa futhi lizikhipha zombili ngokwezidingo zethu futhi zithunyelwe emazweni angaphandle. IRussia ingelinye lamazwe ayishumi aphambili abaholi ekukhiqizweni kwamalahle futhi ngonyaka ikhiqiza cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-350. Ngokubhuka kwalesi simbiwa, izwe lethu lisendaweni yesibili, likwesibili e-United States kuphela.

Amaphesenti angama-70 wamalahle avinjwa umgodi ovulekile wamigodi. Njengoba sekushiwo, kuphephile futhi kudla isikhathi esincane. Kepha kukhona ukubuyisa okumbili, okulimaza kakhulu imvelo. Ngemayini evulekile, ama-crater ajulile ahlala, ubuqotho bomhlaba buyephulwa, futhi ukuwa kwamatshe kuqhamuka.

Owesithathu osele yimayini yamalahle ngaphansi komhlaba ezimayini. Le ndlela ayidingi izindleko eziphezulu kuphela ezivela kubavukuzi, kodwa futhi nobuchwepheshe besimanje, obuthuthukile. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi uhhafu wawo wonke amathuluzi nokulungiswa kuphelelwe yisikhathi futhi kudinga ukwenziwa izinto zanamuhla.

Imali yamalahle eRussia

Lezi zinhlaka ezilandelayo zingabaholi ezimayini zamalahle:

• I-Krasnoyarsk Territory, ingxenye ye-Irkutsk neSifunda saseKemerovo,
• Ural
• Isifunda saseRostov,
• Isifunda sase-Irkutsk
• Yakutia.

Indawo enkulu yezimayini zamalahle ithathwa njenge-Kuzbass. Ngaphezu kwesigamu sokukhiqizwa kwamalahle okuphelele eRussia kumbiwa lapho. Ukufakwa nokufakwa kwamalahle amakhulu kakhulu kule ndawo.

Isiphetho

Izigidi zamathani wamalahle zimbiwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Amazwe asephambili kohlu futhi ahola amazwe ngokulandela imithombo yamalahle, akagcini nje ngokusebenzisa amaminerali ngezidingo zawo, kodwa futhi ngokuthumela ngenkuthalo kwamanye amazwe, ngaleyo ndlela enze ngcono isimo sawo somnotho futhi enze inzuzo enkulu yamadola ayizigidi eziningi.

Ukukhishwa kwamalahle kuyinqubo enzima futhi eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ulwazi namakhono athile.

Kulokhu, kudingeka amathuluzi akhethekile nemishini yobuchwepheshe obuphakeme, enganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokukhipha amaminerali emathunjini omhlaba futhi kwandise nemithombo yamalahle.

Amazwe ehlukene asebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zezimayini zamalahle. Othile ukhetha indlela ephephe kakhulu, ejaha isivinini, kanti abanye bathembele kumthamo okhishiwe.

Amazwe ahamba phambili ezimayini zamalahle ngonyaka we-2017 ahlala engashintshiwe. Lokhu kukalwa kuhlale kungaguquki iminyaka eminingi. I-China inesikhundla esiphambili, kanti izwe lethu lisendaweni yesi-6, kodwa izwe lethu likwindawo ezintathu zokuqala ngokubekelela. I-Russia isabalalisa amalahle emazweni amaningi, ibanikeze inani lamafutha.

Embusweni waseRussia

UPeter I waqala ukujwayelana namalahle ngo-1696, ebuya emkhankasweni wokuqala we-Azov endaweni yedolobha lamanje leShakhty (ngaphambi kwenguquko u-Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsk). Ngenkathi iphumule ogwini lweKalmius, inkosi yakhonjiswa ucezu lwamaminerali amnyama, avutha amalangabi.

Umvukuzi we-ore-miner, umlimi wezinsizakalo uGrigory Kapustin ngonyaka ka-1721 wathola amalahle eduze kwesikhwama seSeversky Donets - umfula i-Kundryuchey futhi wakufakazela ukuthi kufanelekile ukuyisebenzisa ekwenzeni insimbi nokwenza insimbi. NgoDisemba 1722, uPeter I wathumela uKapustin ngesimemezelo esibhalisiwe samasampula wamalahle, kwase kubekwa imishini ekhethekile yokuhlola amalahle ne-ore.

Ngo-1722, iBerg-collegiya yamema uV. I. Gennin, owayephethe amafektri ase-Ural naseSiberia, "ukuzama ukuthola amalahle ngendlela efanayo nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ukuze la maloli abe lusizo."

Iqembu le-S. Kostylev ngo-1720-1721 yahlola amaminerali ezintabeni ezisenyakatho ye-Altai. NgoFebhuwari 1722, uM.UVolkov wenza isicelo se-iron ore, ayithola eTomsk Ivozd, namalahle awathola kule "ntaba eshisiwe" amamayela ayisikhombisa ukusuka ejele laseVerkhotomsky endaweni yedolobha lanamuhla laseKemerovo.

Ukwenziwa komkhakha wamalahle eRussia kuqale sekwenzeka ikhulu lokuqala le-19 leminyaka, lapho izimbiza zamalahle eziphambili sezivele zivulekile.

Izindawo zamalahle eRussia

E-Russia, i-5.5% yemithombo yamalahle emhlabeni igxiliwe, okungamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200. Lo mehluko nephesenti lokugcina kwamalahle okufakazelwe ngo-2006 kungenxa yokuthi iningi lawo alifanele intuthuko, ngoba litholakala eSiberia esifundeni se-permafrost. Ama-70% awela ezitolo zamalahle ansundu.

Idiphozithi enkulu kunazo zonke ethembisayo

Idiphozithi ka-Elga eningizimu-mpumalanga yeRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia), engama-415 km empumalanga nedolobha laseNeryungri. UngoweMechel OAO. Into ethembisayo kakhulu yentuthuko evulekile.
Indawo yediphozi ingama-246 km ², ungowesibalo somsamo omnene we-asymmetric brachysisynclinal. Amaseyili aphambili amalahle abekelwe nje udaka lweNeryungri (imisele eyi-6 enobukhulu obungamamitha ayi-0,7- 17) ne-Undyktan (imisele engu-18 enobukhulu obungamamitha ayi-0.7- 17). Iningi lezisetshenziswa zamalahle zigxiliwe ezingxenyeni ezine y4, y5, h15, h16, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Amalahle ikakhulukazi anombala ocwengekile owenziwe nge-lenticular enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu - vitrinite (78-98%). Ngezinga le-metamorphism, amalahle angawesigaba se-III (amafutha). Ibanga lamalahle Ж, iqembu 2Ж. Amalahle aphakathi nendawo futhi aphezulu-umlotha (15-24%), ongaphansi kwesibabule (0,2%), ophansi phosphorous (0.01%), osenteke kahle (Y = 28-37 mm), onenani eliphakeme kakhulu lekhalori (28 MJ / kg).
Amalahle e-Elgin angacetshiselwa kumazinga aphakeme kakhulu omhlaba futhi akhiqize amalahle aphezulu kakhulu wokuthenga i-coke. Insimu imelelwa ngemishubha enamandla (efinyelela kumamitha ayi-17) engaxhaxhumi ebekwe ngamadiphozi aminyene amancanyana (ubukhulu obugcwele bumayelana nama-3 m³ ngethani lamalahle aluhlaza), okuwusizo olukhulu ngezokumbiwa phansi ezivulekile.

Idiphozithi i-Elegestskoye (Tyva) inemithombo engamathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane yamalahle ayinqaba ka-C "C" (izinqolobane zonke zilinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20). I-80% yezindawo ezibekiwe zitholakala kungqimba eyodwa enobukhulu obungu-6.4 m (izimayini ezinhle kakhulu ze-Kuzbass zisebenza ezingxenyeni zobukhulu obungu-2-3 m, eVorkuta amalahle amiswa kusuka ezingxenyeni ezisondele kakhulu kune-1 m). Ngemuva kokufinyelela umthamo wayo wokuqamba ngonyaka ka-2012, u-Elegest kulindeleke ukuthi akhiqize amathani ayizigidi eziyi-12 zamalahle ngonyaka.
Ilayisense lokuthuthukiswa kwamalahle we-Elegest lingele Yenisei Industrial Company, eyingxenye ye-United Industrial Corporation (OPK). NgoMashi 22, 2007, iKhomishini Kahulumeni Yezimali Zokutshalwa Kwezimali YaseRussia yavuma ukwenziwa kwamaphrojekthi wokwakhiwa kukajantshi wesitimela waseKyzyl-Kuragino ngokuhlangana nentuthuko yezizinda zezimbiwa eRiphabhlikhi yaseTuva.