I-kestrel ejwayelekile | |||||
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![]() Owesilisa | |||||
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | Ukuzalwa okusha |
Buka: | I-kestrel ejwayelekile |
I-kestrel ejwayelekile (lat. Falco tinnunculus) - inyoni evela emndenini womndeni wamakhosi we-falcon, inyoni evame kakhulu ukudla inyamazane eCentral Europe ngemuva kwengozi. Inyoni ka-2007 eJalimane nango-2006 eSwitzerland, uphawu lwe-SOPR (iRussia bird Conservation Union) ka-2002. Muva nje, le nyoni isithanda kakhulu amadolobha nezindawo eziseduze kwayo, zihlala eduze kwabantu. Inekhono lokufiphaza.
Indlela yokuphila
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, i-kestrel ilenga emoyeni, imvamisa iphaphaza amaphiko ayo futhi ibheke inyamazane. Iqaphela igundane noma inambuzane enkulu, iwela phansi ngokushesha. Umuntu osekhulile udla cishe izinduku eziyishumi ngosuku.
I-visual acuity ye-kestrel ejwayelekile iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-2,6 kunomuntu. Umuntu onale mbono angafunda lonke ithebula ukubheka umbono kusuka kude ngamamitha ayi-90. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni ibona ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, futhi ngenxa yalokho amamaki omchamo ashiywe ngamagundane (umchamo ukhanya ngokukhanya okukhulu kunokhanyayo we-ultraviolet kanye nowokuqabula, okuqhakazile), eduze kwalapho cishe kukhona induku.
I-Etymology yegama
Igama lesayensi tinnunculus i-kestrel ejwayelekile ikhipha izwi layo, ikhumbuza imisindo "Tee tee", Umbala, ukuphakama nokuvama kwako kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesimo. IsiLatini tinnunculus ihumusha njengokuthi sonorous noma kukhala.
Ezilimini zase-East Slavic (ngaphandle kwesi-Ukraine, lapho le nyoni ibizwa nge- "Borivіter" nge-etymology esobala) kestrel kuvela igama elithi "awunalutho", okungenzeka kakhulu ngoba inyoni ayifanele i-falconry. Ngokuya kwenye inguqulo, le nyoni yathola igama elithi "kestrel" kwindlela yokuzingela ezindaweni ezivulekile (amadlelo) futhi ivela endaweni ethi "pass" (kuzwakale icishe ithi "pastel") futhi inencazelo "yokubuka ngaphandle".
I-Plumage
Ku-plumage ye-kestrel, i-dimorphism yezocansi ivezwa. Isici esithusayo esihlukanisa abesilisa nabesifazane umbala wenhloko. Owesilisa unekhanda elimpunga elikhanyayo, kanti insikazi inombala onsundu onsundu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngakwesokunxele emuva kowesilisa, ungahlukanisa amabala amnyama amnyama, ngokwengxenye yedayimane. Izimpaphe ezingaphezulu ezimboze umsila wesilisa, ingemuva langemuva (loin) nezimpaphe zomsila (umsila uqobo) nazo zingwevu. Ekupheleni komsila kunemisho emnyama ehlukile enomngcele omhlophe. Umuntu ongaphansi ukhilimu okhanyayo ngombala onephethini elikhanyayo lemivimbo e-brownish noma amabala. Isifunda esiphansi gum nangaphansi kwephiko cishe simhlophe.
Izinsikazi ezindala zihlukaniswa yibhande eliguqukayo elimnyama emuva, kanye nomsila onsundu onenqwaba yemivimbo eguqukayo nomngcele ocacile ekugcineni. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba imnyama kunaleyo eyabesilisa, futhi ihambisana nezindawo ezinamabala. Izinyoni ezincane zifana nezinsikazi emapulini azo. Noma kunjalo, amaphiko awo amafushane futhi ayindilinga ngesimo ukwedlula abantu abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihloko zezimpaphe zezimpaphe zezimpaphe zinemingcele ekhanyayo. Indandatho ye-wax kanye nendandatho ezungeze amehlo aphuzi izinyoni ezindala, futhi emachwaneni anombala kusuka kokukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani kuya kokuluhlaza okotshani.
Umsila wezinyoni zawo bobabili ubulili uyindilinga, ngoba izimpaphe zomsila ongaphandle zimfushane kunesilinganiso. Ezinyoni ezindala, izimpiko zamaphiko zifinyelela ekugcineni komsila. Izinyawo zinombala ophuzi, amacembe amnyama.
06.08.2019
I-Common Kestrel (lat. Falco tinnunculus) ingeyamalungu omndeni uFalcon (Falconidae). Lesi ngesinye sabameli abakhulu kakhulu nabajwayelekile be-oda Falconiformes (Falconidae). Phakathi kwezinyoni ezidla inyama eCentral Europe, ingeyesibili kuphela buzzard (Buteo buteo) ngosayizi wayo. Isamba sabantu silinganiselwa kwizigidi ezingama-6,5 zabantu abadala, futhi indawo okuhlala kuyo ingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyishumi.
Isici esibonakalayo se-kestrel yikhono lokulenga emoyeni endaweni eyodwa. Ukuze wonge amandla, angakwenza lokhu ngisho nangesivunguvungu esinamandla. Le nyoni iyakwazi ukugcina ikhanda layo licishe linganyakazi emhlabathini, livumele umzimba wayo ukuba wehlise umzuzwana wokuhlukanisa kuze kube yilapho intamo ifinyelela kubude obukhulu.
Ngalezi zikhathi, usebenzisa isu lokundiza ngokweqile, okungadingi mzamo wemisipha kuye. Lapho-ke, ngosizo lokuphapha ngokushesha kwamaphiko, i-kestrel ibuye indize ibheke phambili, nentamo yayo icekeke ngangokunokwenzeka. Inqubo iphindwa kaninginingi izikhathi zilandelana, okuvumela inyoni ukuthi isonge kuze kufike ku-44% wamandla. Imvamisa ilenga ekuphakameni okungama-10-20 m ukubheka isisulu.
Uhlobo lwachazwa okokuqala ngo-1758 ngusomatekisi waseSweden uKarl Linney.
Umzimba
Ubungako bomzimba kanye namaphiko we-kestrel kuhlukahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezinsizakalo nomuntu ngamunye. I-subtype emelwe eYurophu I-Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus ngokwesilisa, ngokwesilinganiso, zifinyelela ku-34,5 cm ubude, kuthi izinsikazi zibe ngama-cm angama-36. Izimpiko zeduna cishe zingu-75 cm, futhi kwabesifazane ezinkulu kunazo zonke - cm ezingama-76.
Imvamisa yokudla abesilisa inesisindo esingu-200 g, izinsikazi ngokwesilinganiso zingama-20 g. Abesilisa, njengomthetho, bagcina isisindo somzimba njalo ngonyaka, futhi isisindo sabesifazane sishintsha ngokuqhamukayo: ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinsikazi zinesisindo ngesikhathi sokuklanywa (ngaphezu kwama-300 g ngokudla okujwayelekile). Ngasikhathi sinye, kunokuhlangana okuhle phakathi kwesisindo sowesifazane nomphumela wokufakwa ekufukameleni: izintokazi ezisindayo zenza imfuhlumfuhlu enkulu futhi zizale ngempumelelo inzalo.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Iningi lezidleke ezijwayelekile ze-kestrel zikuPalearctic. Izakhamuzi ezihlala eMiddle East, eNyakatho Afrika, e-Asia Minor, eNtshonalanga, eSeningizimu nakwengxenye ye-Europe Ephakathi zixazululekile. EScandinavia naseMpumalanga Yurophu, kanye nengxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, izinyoni ziyavela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa futhi zifudukele eningizimu ngemuva kokuphela kwayo.
Azinazo izindlela eziqinile zokufuduka, ngakho-ke ezindiza ngaphambili ebanzi, zinqoba izithiyo ezinkulu emhlabeni namanzi asendleleni yazo. Banqoba iziqongo ze-Alps, Pyrenees neCaucasus. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama, ama-kestrel endiza oLwandle iMedithera asengxenyeni yayo ebanzi, hhayi nje ngaseGibraltar naseBosphorus.
Kusebusika ikakhulukazi e-Afrika eseningizimu yehlane laseSahara. Ngokubusika, bakhetha ama-savannas avulekile anezimila ezinamahlahla, agwema amahlathi emvula nezindawo ezomile.
Ukubhaliswa okungu-11 kuyaziwa. Izindlela ezingaphansi kwezamagama ezisakazwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu Izinkampani ezingaphansi ezisasele zihlala e-Afrika, eSiberia, China, Korea, Japan, India kanye nePhalamende lase-Arabia.
Ukuziphatha
I-Kestrel ejwayelekile ihola indlela yokuphila esezingeni elinqunyelwe. Izidleke ezihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yebanga, nezinyoni ezincane kuthambekele ekufudukeni isikhathi eside. Ngokuphakela okuningi, bahlala.
Abafakiwe babefuduka njalo bebodwa, ngezikhathi ezithile ngamaqembu amancane. Izinyoni ezindala zindiza ikakhulukazi ogwini lwaseMedithera, futhi izingane zindizela e-Afrika.
Abamele lolu hlobo bahlala emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Bathanda izikhala ezivulekile lapho kukhula iziqhingi zezihlahla ezinde. Bakhangwa yizindawo ezinezintaba, ngaphandle kwamahlathi phakathi kwamasimu nezihlahla ezinezitshalo eziphansi.
Kusukela ukuphela kwekhulu le-XIX, i-kestrel iya ngokuya ihlala emadolobheni amakhulu, akhiwe ezakhiweni ezinde ezisetshenziswa njengezikhala zokubuka. Uthanda ukuhlala ezigodini eziseceleni komgwaqo kanye nezintambo zikagesi, ebheka inyamazane engaba khona futhi angayinaki imoto edlula.
Inyoni iyakwazi ukubona isiphazamiso ibanga elingamamitha angama-50 nenyoni encane enamamitha angama-300. Amehlo ayo asebenza njengelensi yefoni, ihlala ihlola izinto ezihambayo. Mikhulu ngokulingana futhi inesisindo esingama-gramu ayi 5. Ukuqhathanisa, isisindo sobuchopho singama-gramu amane kuphela. Ukuzwa nomqondo wokuhogela kudlala indima yesibili. Indlebe yangaphandle ingukuvula okulula kusigaxa ngaphandle kwezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuthwebula umsindo.
Izinyoni ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa izibonakaliso ezahlukahlukene zomsindo, ezihlukaniswe ngombandela ngezinhlobo eziyi-9. Ijubane labo, ithoni nemvamisa kuyashintsha ngokuya ngesimo esikhona njengamanje. Okwamanje kwengozi, benza imisindo emnandi kakhulu. Abesilisa babika indlela yabo ngokukhala okufushane, kanti izinsikazi namachwane acela ukudla kubo.
Kwabesifazane, ukuncibilikisa kuqala ngenkathi kufakwa kumashi, nakowesilisa ngemuva kokondla inzalo ngo-Agasti kuya kuSeptemba. Ama-Juveniles molt ngemuva kokuqala kobusika. Kwezinye izimo, ukuncibilika kungathatha izinsuku ezingama-130. Njengomthetho, udlula kancane kancane futhi ezinyangeni ezishisa kakhulu ehlobo.
Umsoco
Isisekelo sokudla izinduku ezincane. UKestrel udla amagundane, ama-voles, ama-shrews nama-hamsters. Kwesinye isikhathi izisulu zakhe zothando (Mustela nivalis). Ngezinga elincane, ukuzingela kwenzelwa izinyoni zezingoma, ama-amphibians, ezihuquzelayo nezinambuzane.
Lapho ngifuna isisulu, umzingeli wenza izindiza ezihamba endaweni yakhe endaweni ephansi. Endizeni enezingqimba, iyakwazi ukushesha ifike ku-50-66 km / h, kepha imvamisa indizela kancane izikhathi ezi-2-3 kancane.
Lapho ibona inyamazane, i-kestrel ishesha indizela kuyo bese iyibulala ngomlomo. Emavesini nasegundaneni, okokuqala uluma ikhanda lakhe bese uyadla. Ezinyamazana ezinkulu, inyoni kuqala iqala imichilo ebukhali, bese iqeda ngomlomo wayo.
Ngaphambi kokufunda amakhono okuzingela, izingane zihlasela izinyamazane ikakhulu. Ezinye izinyoni zezinyamazane zihlasela ikakhulukazi ehlobo nasekwindla, lapho zicasha imvula noma zihlala ngezimpaphe ezimanzi.
Ama-kestrels ajwayelekile avama ukuzingela kokuthunyelwe kokubukwa. Zingaba yizihlahla, izigxobo noma yiziphi izakhiwo ezinde ezihlinzeka ngesibukezo esihle sendawo ezungezile. Kuyaqabukela, izinyoni ezindala zizulazula emhlabeni, zidla izinambuzane kanye neminyundu.
Ukuzala
Ukuthomba kwenzeka lapho eneminyaka engaba mibili. Isizini yokuzalelisa ezwenikazi laseYurophu iqala ngoMashi kuze kube ngu-Ephreli.
Abesilisa bazama ukuheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane ngama-aerobatics. Benza ukuhlaselwa kwephiko elibukhali, baphenduka bezungeza i-axis ende ende futhi basheshe bashele phansi endizeni ehamba kancane. Abesilisa abakhona bahayiza phezulu emoyeni, bethi amalungelo abo endaweni ethathwa kuyo.
Umqalisi wokuguga uhlala ngowesifazane. Ubiza umlingani amthandayo nge-squeak ebonakalayo. Ngemuva kokuphola, owesilisa uthatha insikazi ahambe nayo ukukhombisa indawo yakhe ayikhethile, ayibambe ngegundane elibanjiwe.
Umbhangqwana owumphumela awakhi isidleke, kepha uvame izidleke emifantwini yamatshe nasezindongeni zamatshe noma usebenzisa izidleke zonyaka ophelile zamaqhude (iCorvinae), imilingo (iPica) kanye namabhuqa (iCorvus frugilegus). Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ama-kestrels ajwayelekile kwesinye isikhathi akha amakoloni amancane. Zitholakala eduzane komunye nomunye, kepha zivikela indawo ngqo edlekeni lazo.
Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-3 kuya ku-6 amabala, apendwe ngombala we-ocher-ophuzi noma onsundu, osayizi 40x32 mm. Ubafaka kuphela eyedwa izinsuku ezingama-27- 29. Ngesinye isikhathi owesilisa uthatha indawo yakhe esikhundleni sakhe ukuze akwazi ukwelula izicubu zakhe.
Umama uhlala esidlekeni seviki lokuqala, efudumeza amaphuphu. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, zinesisindo esingu-17-19 g.
Umama ubondla ngezingcezu ezincane zenyama, ebakhiphela ngaphandle kwegundane elethwe ngumyeni wakhe, futhi yena ngokwakhe anelisekile ngoboya, isikhumba ne-viscera. Kusukela ngeviki lesibili, insikazi ijoyina owesilisa lapho ifuna ukudla kwamathole. Zikhula ngokushesha futhi zifinyelela isisindo somuntu omdala ekugcineni kweviki lesithathu.
Ngalesi sikhathi, abazali baqala ukushiya ukudla eduze esidlekeni, bephoqa inzalo ukuba iphume kuyo. Eminyakeni yendlala, amancanyana kuphela anamandla okuthola ukondla, amanye efa yindlala. Eminyakeni engu-27-35 yezinsuku, baba namaphiko, kepha basahlala nabazali babo amasonto angama-4-6, bafunda ukudonsa izinduku.
Ama-kestrels amancane asaba amagundane aphilayo, ngoba asetshenziselwa ukondla izilwane ezivele zifile. Okokuqala, bayabaleka, bese bebavikela futhi babasongele ngemilomo yabo. Njengoba befunda, badlulela esenzweni esisebenzayo, babambe igundane ngomsila, imilenze nezindlebe.
Esigabeni esilandelayo, amachwane awabambayo futhi awadedele ngezikhathi ezingama-20-30. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenzeka kuphela phezu kwenhlabathi. Izinyoni ezincane zijaha bese zibamba igxuma kusuka ebangeni eliseduze. Amakhono wokuzingela azinzile avele eneminyaka emithathu yezinyanga ezintathu, emva kwalokho ulutsha ludlulela ekubeni khona oluzimele.
Amathoyizi aqeqeshiwe ahlukana nabazali bawo futhi andiza amabanga angama-50-100 km ukusuka lapho azalelwe khona ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, ukufa kwabo kufinyelela ku-50%.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-32- 39. Ama-Wingspan 64-82 cm. Isisindo esingu-160-230 g .Izinsikazi zikhulu ngo-10-30% futhi zinkulu kunabesilisa. Esikhathini sokuzalela, angathola isisindo aze afike ku-300 g. Izinsikazi ezondleke kahle zizalela amaqanda amaningi futhi kungenzeka zikhule zingabi nokulahleka.
Ikhanda, inwebu nezinhlangothi zentamo yabesilisa zipendiwe ngombala onsomi. I-wax kanye nemibuthano ezungeze amehlo ngophuzi we-lime. I-plumage emhlane in nsundu, inamabala amancane amnyama. Izimpiko nomsila onsundu. Imivimbo emnyama enomngcele omhlophe iyabonakala esicenyeni somsila. I-Creamy underwax. Ingxenye engezansi yamaphiko nesisu imhlophe.
Izinsikazi zigqokwa ngombala onsundu enemitheshwana emnyama eguqukayo emuva. I-plumage emzimbeni ongezansi imnyama kakhulu futhi inezinhlobo eziningi.
Izinyoni ezincane zifana nezinsikazi, kodwa zinamaphiko amafushane. Umbala we-wax wabo ungahlukahluka kusuka kokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya komnqumo.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-kestrel ejwayelekile endle siyiminyaka eyi-15. Ekuthunjweni, ngokunakekelwa ngokucophelela, uphila iminyaka engu-22 kuya ku-22.
Indiza
I-kestrel evamile yabesifazane endizeni ehamba ngezindiza, amaphiko nomsila ngokugqwesa okukhulu
I-Kestrel ejwayelekile endizeni ehamba ngezindiza, amaphiko anwebeka ngangokunokwenzeka
I-kestrel ejwayelekile enama-rodent
IKestrel yaziwa kakhulu ngendiza yayo ebabazekayo. Uyisebenzisela ukusesha inyamazane, izulazula endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10- 20 futhi ifuna into efanelekayo yokuzingela. Ukuphapha kwamaphiko kushesha kakhulu futhi kuvame, umsila ubunjiwe futhi wehliswe kancane. Izimpiko zihamba endizeni eyodwa ebanzi futhi ngasikhathi sinye zihambisa uquqaba olukhulu lomoya. Ngokubona inyamazane engaba khona, ngokwesibonelo, i-vole, i-kestrel yehla futhi iyibambe, yehlise ijubane eduze komhlabathi.
I-flyingby esheshayo yezizathu zokuzingela - ukundiza komzila - kutholakala ngosizo lokuphapha ngokushesha kwamaphiko. Ngomoya omuhle noma ohlelweni lokudla inyamazane, i-kestrel nayo ingahlela.
Izimpawu zomsindo
Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi abesifazane banezimpawu ezihlukile eziyi-11 zomsindo, kanti abesilisa banezimpawu ezingaphezu kwesishiyagalolunye. Phakathi kwazo, amasampula amaningana angahlukaniswa, ahluka ngevolumu, iphimbo kanye nobuningi bemisindo kuye ngesimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokubili kwabesifazane nakwabesilisa, isiginali yamachwane yokudla ihlukahlukene. Lolu hlobo lwesiginali luzwakala kahle ngesikhathi sokuzalela - abesifazane bayalikhipha lapho becela ukudla kwabesilisa (esinye sezigaba zokuthandana).
Umsindo ti tiabanye ababhali nabo bayichaza njenge kikiki, lokhu kuwuphawu lokucashunwa, kuzwakala ikakhulukazi uma uphazamisa inyoni esidlekeni. Ukuhluka kwalolu cingo, noma kunjalo, kuzwakala ngaphambi nje kokuba owesilisa alethe inyamazane esidlekeni.
Indawo
Isibonelo esijwayelekile sokusatshalaliswa kwama-kestrels ku-Old World ukutholakala kwawo eYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika, lapho kuye kwahlala cishe zonke izindawo zezulu zamazwe asePaleofaunistic, e-Ethiopia kanye naseMpumalanga. IKestrel ivame kakhulu emathafeni. Kuleli banga elikhulu kangaka, kuchazwe imininingwane eminingi okuyi-subspecies, inani labo elihlukahluka kusuka kumbhali kuya kumbhali. Ukwahlukaniswa okulandelayo kuma-subspecies kuvame ukuhambisana noPiechocki (1991):
- I-Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus - Ifomu lokuphakamisa, elihlala cishe lonke iPalearctic. Ibanga le-nesting lisuka eYurophu lisuka ku-68 ° C. w. eScandinavia no-61 ° c. w. eRussia ngokusebenzisa iziqhingi zoLwandle iMedithera kuya eNyakatho Afrika. Lokhu okubhalwe phansi kuvamile naseziqhingini zaseBrithani.
- F. t. alexandri ohlala eziqhingini zaseCape Verde, F. t. ukunganaki etholakala eziqhingini ezisenyakatho zeCape Verde. Lezi zinhlobo ezinombala zikhanya kakhulu kunendlela yokuqokwa futhi zihlukaniswa yisikhala esincane samaphiko.
- F. t. i-canariensis uhlala eziqhingini zaseCanary ezisentshonalanga futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, utholakala eMadeira. F. t. dacotiaekunalokho, uhlala empumalanga yeCanary Islands.
- F. t. rupicolaeformis etholakala endaweni ukusuka eGibhithe nasenyakatho yeSudan kuya ePhalamende lase-Arabia.
- F. t. i-interstinctus uhlala eJapan, Korea, China, Burma, Assam kanye naseHimalaya.
- F. t. rufescens uhlala e-savannah yase-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara kuya e-Ethiopia.
- F. t. i-archeri etholakala eSomalia kanye naseziwugwadule zaseningizimu yeKenya.
- F. t. i-rupicolus isatshalaliswa isuka e-Angola empumalanga iye eTanzania naseningizimu kuye ezintabeni zaseCape.
- F. t. i-ideurgatus etholakala eningizimu nasentshonalanga India kanye naseSri Lanka.
Izindawo zobusika
Ngosizo lwe banding, kwenzeka ukulandelela izindiza ze-kestrel. Ngenxa yezifundo ezinjengalezi, manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi i-kestrel ingaba yinyoni ehleliwe kanye ne-nomad, kanye nokubizwa ngokuthi ukufuduka. Ukuziphatha kwalo okufudukayo kuthinteka kakhulu yisimo sokuhlinzekwa kokudla ohlwini lokuzala.
Ama-kestrels izidleke eScandinavia noma ezindaweni zoLwandle iBaltic ikakhulukazi athuthela eningizimu yeYurophu ebusika. Eminyakeni lapho kwaba khona gxuma ngobuningi babantu base-vole, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFinland kwakwazi nokubona ama-kestrels ebusika kanye ne-borefoot kanye nezimbungulu ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluningiliziwe luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinyoni ezidla enkabeni yeSweden zithuthela eSpain futhi ngokwengxenye zize ziye eNyakatho Afrika. Izinyoni ezivela eningizimu yeSweden, ngokuhlukile, ubusika ikakhulukazi ePoland, eJalimane, eBelgium nasenyakatho yeFrance.
Izinyoni ezihlalisa eJalimane, eNetherlands naseBelgium zivame ukuhlala futhi zihlale zodwa. Abantu ababodwa benza izindiza ezinde nobusika ezifundeni lapho kutholakala khona izinyoni ezivela eScandinavia. Ama-kestrel asenyakatho ye-Asia kanye nasempumalanga yeYurophu athuthela eningizimu-ntshonalanga, kuyilapho izinyoni ezincane zivame ukufuduka. Ngaseningizimu yeYurophu, i-Afrika nayo ingeyezindawo zabo zobusika, lapho ifinyelela khona imingcele yehlathi lemvula elishisayo. Izinyoni ezidla engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia nazo zisebenzisa isifunda esisempumalanga yoLwandle iMedithera ebusika.
Izizathu zasebusika zabemi base-Asia bama-kestrels asuka eCaspian naseningizimu neCentral Asia ukuya e-Iraq nasenyakatho ye-Iran. Lokhu kufaka nengxenye esenyakatho yeFrance India. Futhi, izinyoni ezinabantu base-Asia zixazululiwe noma zi-nomadic, uma kunokubanjwa okwanele endaweni yobusika endaweni abahlala kuyo.
Ukuziphatha okufudukayo
Ama-kestrel angabafuduki balokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuma okuqondile okuma mpo, abangalandeli imizila yendabuko futhi iningi labo lizulazula ngakunye. Ukwenza isibonelo, ngo-1973, cishe izinyoni ezingama-210 zezinyoni ezidla isidumbu zadlula eStrait of Gibraltar, lapho cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-121 zazingamabhungane, kanti zazingu-1237 kuphela ezazingamaphisi. Lesi sibalo sibonisa, okokuqala, ukuthi le nyoni, evame ukutholakala eCentral Europe, icashe indawo ethile e-Afrika, kanti okwesibili, ukuthi indiza iwela uLwandle iMedithera ngaphambili.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ama-kestrels andiza aphansi kanti ingxenye enkulu agcinwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-40 kuye kwayi-100. Ukundiza akuphazamisi ngisho nasikhathi sezulu esibi. Ama-kestrel ancike kakhulu ekukhuphukeni kwamagagasi omoya kunezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama, ngakho-ke angakwazi ukundiza nokuwela ngaphezu kwe-Alps. Ukufuduka ezintabeni kuqhutshelwa ikakhulukazi lapho kudlula khona, kepha uma kunesidingo, izinyoni zindiza phezu kweziqongo nezintaba zeqhwa.
Izindlela Zokuhlala Ze-Kestrel
I-Kestrel iyinhlobo evumelana nezimo etholakala ezindaweni ezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlala. Ngokuvamile, ama-kestrels agwema zombili izikhala zamahlathi ezivalekile kanye nezinyathelo ezingenasisekelo ngokuphelele. E-Europe Ephakathi, bahlala izakhamizi zemvelo yamasiko, amakhophi nokuphela kwamahlathi. I-kestrel isebenzisa izindawo ezivulekile ezinezimila eziphansi njengezindawo zokuzingela eziphambili. Lapho zingekho khona izihlahla, zivame ezigxotsheni zezintambo zikagesi. Ngawo-1950s, kwachazwa icala le-kestrel esidlekeni endaweni engenalutho e-Orkney.
Kanye nokutholakala kwezimo ezifanele zokudlekwa, umbandela wokukhetha indawo yokuhlala kestrel futhi ubukhona bokuphakelwa kokudla. Banikezwe inani elanele lokuphangwa, lezi zinyoni zezinyamazane zijwayelana kahle nokuphakama okuhlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ezintabeni zaseHarz nasezintabeni zakwa-Ore, kunokuxhumana phakathi kobukhona besisulu sazo esiyisisekelo, i-vole, nomngcele wokuphakama abahlangana kuwo. E-Harz, i-kestrel incane kakhulu ukutholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-600 ngaphezu kolwandle futhi cishe ayenzeki endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-900. E-Alps, lapho isebenzisa khona uhla oluhlukile lwezinyamazane, ingabhekwa lapho inqubo yokuzingela emadlelweni asezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2000. ECaucasus, i-kestrel itholakala kumamitha angama-3400, ePamirs endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-4000. ENepal, izindawo ezihlala kuzo zazisuka ezindaweni eziphansi ziye kumamitha ayi-5000; eTibet, i-kestrel ingabonakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-5 500.
I-Kestrel njenge-synanthropus
IKestrel futhi inqoba izindawo zasemadolobheni njengendawo yokuhlala. Inzuzo yalokhu "ukuvumelanisa" ukuthi izindawo zokuzingela nezindawo zokwakha izidleke kufanele zihlukaniswe phakathi endaweni. Ngokwemvelo, ama-falcons izidleke emadolobheni ngokuvamile aphoqelelwa ukuba andize aye kude ukuze athole inyamazane yawo yendabuko - amagundane. Ngakho-ke, ama-kestrels ahlala embhoshongweni weSonto Lwethu LaseMunich enza izindiza okungenani amakhilomitha amathathu ngemuva kwegundane ngalinye. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi ama-kestrels angasuswa esidlekeni ayiswe endaweni yokuzingela eyi-5 km. Kodwa-ke, inqwaba yabantu abadla izindwani kuleli dolobha bakhombisa ushintsho ezindleleni zokuzingela kanye nobubanzi bezinyamazane, ezichazwe kabanzi esigabeni esithi "izindlela zokuzingela".
Isibonelo sedolobha elinabantu abaningi kestrel yiBerlin. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980s, iqembu laseBerlin labachwepheshe bama-kestrels e-Germany Conservation Union (Naturschutzbund Deutschland) belifunda lezi zinyoni ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Vele, leli dolobha libeka ingozi ethile ezilwaneni. Kaningi, ama-kestrels aba izisulu zezimoto, aphule nengilazi. Imvamisa amachwane akhipha izidleke, atholakala engenamandla. Ochwepheshe bezinyunyana basindisa kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezingama-50 njalo ngonyaka.
Izimayini
Ama-kestrel ahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile adla ikakhulu izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjenge-voles kanye namagundane uqobo. Ama-kestrel asemadolobheni nawo abamba izingoma ezincane, ikakhulukazi ondlunkulu. Yikuphi izilwane ezokwenza inqwaba yezinyamazane kuxhomeke ezimweni zasendaweni. Ucwaningo esiqhingini sase-Amrum sikhombisile ukuthi ama-kestrels lapho akhetha ukuzingela amagundane amanzi. Ngokungafani namadolobha amakhulu, iningi lezisulu zalo emadolobheni amancane liyinto evamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-kestrels angadla kwizimbungulu (ikakhulukazi emazweni aseningizimu yeYurophu), izibungu zomhlaba, nezinambuzane ezinjengotshani nobhungane. Ama-Nesting kestles abamba inyamazane efanayo uma kunokuncipha kwenani lezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Ekuqaleni, izidleke nazo zondla izinambuzane nama-invertebrates amakhulu, futhi ngokutholwa kwesipiliyoni kuphela lapho ziqala ukuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
I-kestrel ephilayo mahhala kufanele idle cishe ama-25% esisindo sayo nsuku zonke. Ukuqothuka kwezinyoni ezifile ezingozini kukhombise ukuthi ama-kestrels anezimbambo eziphakathi nendawo zokugaya esiswini.
Ukuzingela kusuka ekuhlaselweni, ukundiza okufushane nokuzingela impukane
IKestrel luhlobo lwenyoni edla inyama ebamba inyamazane yayo ngezinsimbi zayo futhi ibulale uqhwaku lwayo ngemuva kwekhanda. Ngokwengxenye, ukuzingela kuqhamuka ekuhlaseleni, lapho i-falcon isebenzisa uthango lwamakhethini, izigxobo telegraph noma amagatsha ezihlahla, ifuna isisulu lapho. I-kestrel ejwayelekile ukundiza okufitshane. Lolu uhlobo olukhethekile lwendiza elawulwayo, lapho i-falcon isikhathi eside "ime" emoyeni endaweni ethile, yenza izimpiko zayo njalo, ichitha amandla. Kodwa-ke, ngesivunguvungu esinamandla, inyoni isebenzisa amasu athile asindisa amandla. Ngenkathi ikhanda le-falcon lisesimweni esinqunyelwe, umzimba wakhe uhlehla umzuzwana wokuhlukanisa kuze kube yilapho intambo yelulwa ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngemuva kwalokho iqhubekela phambili ngokushaywa kwamaphiko okusebenzayo, kuze kuba intamo yayo igoba ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukulondolozwa kwamandla kuqhathaniswa nokundiza okuqhubekayo kungama-44%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indiza ehamba ngezinyawo zakho njalo yenzeka phezu kwezindawo lapho i-kestrel, kulandela umkhondo womchamo obonakalayo kuyo, iphakamisa inani elikhulu lokuphangwa.
Ukuzingela impukane kwenziwa ngama-kestrels kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile. Kwenzeka lapho izinyoni zasemadolobheni zidinga ukuthatha umhlambi wezinyoni zezingoma ngokumangala noma lapho kutholakala iqembu elikhulu lezinyoni ezincane epulazini. Mhlawumbe amanye ama-falcons asemadolobheni kanye nama-kestrels amaningi aseshintshela ekuzingelweni kwezinyoni ukuze aphile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungenani abantu abambalwa bavame ukuzingela amaphuphu amajuba amnyama grey.
Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona ukuthi ama-kestrels asencane abheka kanjani imikhonyane yomhlaba emasimini asanda kulinywa.
Ukusebenza Kwamandla - Ukuqhathanisa Okuzingelayo
Imvamisa, ukuzingela ekuhlaseleni kwenziwa ngabakwa-kestrel ebusika. E-UK ngoJanuwari nangoFebhuwari, ama-85% esikhathi esabelwe ukuzingela ama-kestrels achitha ukuzingela okuvela kokuhlaselwa kanti yi-15% kuphela echitha isikhathi eside endizeni ehamba ngezindiza. Kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti, lezi zindlela zokuzingela zithatha cishe isikhathi esifanayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuzingela ekuhlaseleni kuvame ukuba yindlela ende futhi engaphumeleli, yi-9% kuphela yokuhlaselwa kwesisulu ebusika kuthi ama-20% ehlobo aphumelele. Ngokundiza okufiphaza, ngokuhlukile, ku-kestrel ebusika, i-16% yokuhlaselwa iyaphumelela, futhi ehlobo ngo-21%. Isici esinqumayo sokushintsha indlela yokuzingela yize kunjalo izindleko zamandla ezihambisana nendiza eshaywayo. Ehlobo, izindleko zamandla zokuthwebula igundane elilodwa ziphakeme ngokulinganayo ngazo zombili izindlela. Ebusika, izindleko zamandla ekubambeni igundane kusuka ekuhlaselweni ziba yingxenye yesikhathi sokuzingela indiza ethuthumela. Ngakho-ke, ekushintsheni izindlela zokuzingela, i-kestrel ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamandla.