Ibhubesi lasolwandle ibhubesi lasolwandle lasenyakatho. Amabhubesi asolwandle aseNyakatho makhulu kakhulu kunaseningizimu.
Ibhubesi lasolwandle lihlala ogwini loLwandle iPacific nolwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Lezi yi-Alaska, Aleutian, Kuril, Commander Islands neKamchatka. Azikho izingonyama zasolwandle zasenyakatho esifundeni se-Arctic. Kepha amabhubesi olwandle atholakala ogwini lweNyakatho Melika aya eCalifornia.
I-Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus).
Ukubonakala kweNgonyama yaseLwandle i-Steller
Ubude bomzimba wesilisa buyehluka phakathi kwamamitha ayi-3-3,2, anobunzima ngasikhathi sinye amakhilogremu angama-700-800. Abesifazane banciphile amahlandla ama-2 kunabesilisa.
Isisindo sezinsikazi asidluli ama-kilogre angama-350, futhi ubude bomzimba buphakathi kwamamitha ayi-2-2.3.
I-Steller sea lion iyisibonakaliso esikhulu kunazo zonke se-eyred. Lincane kunezivikelo zasendlovu kanye nama-walruse, kepha namanje libukeka lihlaba umxhwele kakhulu.
ILionfish ngenkathi iphumula.
Abamele lezi zinhlobo zinombala obomvu wokukhanya komzimba. Izinsikazi zezingonyama zasolwandle zaseSteller zinhle kakhulu, zinemizimba eguquguqukayo, ijamo elungiselelwe, ngenkathi ikhanda lilincane futhi licocekile. Abesilisa babukeka benamandla amakhulu. Ubuso babo buyisikwele. Kukhona ne-mane. Abesilisa bayakhala kakhulu, lokhu kubhonga kufana nokubhonga kwengonyama. Amabhubesi asolwandle ase-Steller, njengazo zonke izimpawu zasolwandle, aqoqana kuma-rookeries futhi ahlele izintokazi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izingxabano zivame ukuvela phakathi kwabesilisa.
Ukuziphatha kukaSteller kanye nokudla
Amabhubesi asolwandle asenyakatho abeka ama-rookeries awo kuwo womabili umgodi nakwimifantu. Amabhubesi asolwandle ase-Steller agxumela olwandle esuka endaweni eyisisekelo yokuphakama ngamamitha ayi-15-20. Lawa mabhubesi asolwandle agwema iqhwa, achitha ubusika ezindaweni eziseningizimu nasenkabeni yoLwandle i-Okhotsk, ezingabandi.
Ukudla kuqukethe izimbaza nezinhlanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlasela izimbambo zoboya bese bezidla.
Ukuzalaniswa kwengonyama yolwandle i-Steller
Amabhubesi asolwandle ase-Steller ayizilwane zesithembu, okuwukuthi, owesilisa oyedwa ufaka izinsikazi eziningana. Ubudlelwano ezindlini ezinjalo zentando yeningi bukhona ngentando yeningi, abesilisa abadingi ukuthi abesifazane babe seduze kwabo, ngakho-ke abesifazane bahlala endaweni yokuhlala lapho bathanda khona kakhulu.
I-Steller sea lion ikhiqiza ingane eyodwa ngesizini.
Abesifazane bazala ikakhulukazi umntwana oyedwa. Ngemuva kokubeletha, insikazi iba nolaka, ayivumeli muntu kuye nakumahlonyana ayo. Kepha emavikini lamabili ngemuva kokubeletha, abantu besifazane baphinde bashade. Inqubo yokubhanqa iyaphela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, maphakathi no-Julayi harems aqala ukubola nama-rookeries angenalutho.
Izingonyama zasolwandle zase-Steller nazo zinama-bachelor rookeries. Baqoqa lawo mabhubesi asolwandle ahlulekile ukudala i-harem yawo ngasizathu simbe. Amaqembu eBachelor aqukethe abantu abasha nabadala kakhulu. Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, zonke izihlobo ziyahlangana.
Inombolo
Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, inani lamabhubesi olwandle aseSteller lehlile kakhulu. Kodwa ochwepheshe abakwazi ukusisho isizathu esiqondile sokuqothuka kwezinhlobo. Abaningi banombono wokuthi imvelo kufanele isolwe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi imikhomo yokubulala iye yaba imbangela eyinhloko yokwehla kwesibalo sabantu, njengoba ngokungenasizondo bezingela amabhubesi olwandle. Kukhona futhi umbono wokuthi ngenxa yobuningi bokubanjiswa kwe-herring ne-pollock, ibhubesi lasolwandle alinawo umthombo oyinhloko wokudla.
Isimo esibucayi kakhulu siyabonakala e-Alaska, yize iqiniso lokuthi ukudutshulwa kwamabhubesi asolwandle angavunyelwe ngokuphelele.
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Incazelo yeSteller Sea Lion
ILionfish iyisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esivela ezingonyameni ezingaphansi kolwandle, okuthi nazo, zingomndeni we-eared seal. Lesi sinamandla, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, isilo esihle esihlala enyakatho yesifunda sePacific, phambilini bekuyinhlobo yezentengiselwano ebalulekile, kepha manje ukuzingela amabhubesi olwandle sekumisiwe ngokuphelele.
Ukubukeka
Amasayizi abantu abadala balezi zinhlobo, ngokuya ngobulili, angafinyelela ku-300-350 cm emadodeni nakuma-260 cm kwabesifazane. Isisindo salezi zilwane futhi sibalulekile: sisuka ku-350 saya ku-1000 kg.
Ikhanda lebhubesi lasolwandle le-Steller liyindilinga futhi lincane ngokuhlobene nentamo enamandla nomzimba omkhulu. Isibalo sibanzi, siphakanyisiwe, sikhumbuza ubuso besikhumba se-pug noma i-bulldog. Izindlebe zisethiwe eziphansi, ziyindilinga futhi zincane kakhulu ngosayizi.
Amehlo amnyama, kunalokho aqhakaza, ahlukaniswe kabanzi, hhayi amakhulu kakhulu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye aveza. Umbala wamehlo webhubesi lasolwandle le-Steller linsundu, ikakhulu imithunzi emnyama.
Ekhaleni kunamathoni ambalwa amnyama ngaphezu kombala oyinhloko wejazi, elikhulu, linemikhala ebanzi ngesimo esise-oval elongated. Ama-vibrissae amade futhi alukhuni. Kwabanye abantu abakhulu, ubude babo bungafinyelela kuma-60 cm.
Umzimba ubunjwe bunjengezindilinga, unamandla futhi mkhulu ngaphambili, kepha ngokuqinile uphonsa phansi. Amaphephaphu anamandla futhi anamandla, avumela isilwane ukuthi sihambe emhlabeni, sincike kuzo futhi siyadingeka ekubhukuleni olwandle.
Ijazi limfushane futhi lilukhuni, kusuka kude kubukeka ngathi kuthambile futhi ligudile, kodwa eqinisweni, liyabukeka impela futhi liqukethe ikakhulu i-spruce. Isikebhe esingaphansi, uma sikhona, asikho sikhulu futhi asiphakeme ngokwanele. Umugqa wezinwele ongaguquki uvikela umzimba webhubesi le-Steller olwandle ngamatshe abukhali lapho unyakazisa umhlaba. Esikhunjeni salezi zilwane kuvame ukwenzeka ukubona izindawo ezinezinwele ezigugile, okungumphumela wokuxhumana kwesikhumba sebhubesi lolwandle nendawo enamadwala angalingani.
Abesilisa balolu hlobo banoluhlobo lwe-mane entanyeni yabo olwakhiwe izinwele ezinde. I-mane yengonyama yolwandle iSteller akuyona nje “umhlobiso” wokuhlobisa nophawu lwesibindi somniniyo, kepha futhi yisixhobo esivikela abesilisa kwizimbangi ezinkulu zokulwa ngesikhathi sokulwa.
Umbala womzimba wamabhubezi aselwandle asenyakatho a-Steller ngokuya ngeminyaka yesilwane nangesikhathi sonyaka. Amabhubesi olwandle e-Steller acishe abe mnyama, lapho ebusheni umbala wejazi lawo woboya uba nsundu okhanyayo. Njengoba ukhula, uboya besilwane buya buqhakaza ngisho nangokwengeziwe. Ngenkathi ebusika, umbala webhubesi lolwandle uyafana nombala ushokolethi wobisi, ehlobo kukhanya kube luhlaza ngothinta omncane we-brownish tint.
Umbala wejazi, njengomthetho, awufani ngampela: emzimbeni wesilwane kunezindawo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene yombala ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa, umzimba ongaphezulu webhubesi lasolwandle le-Steller ulula ukwedlula ongaphansi, kanti amaphiko, okubonakala mnyama mnyama kakade eduze kwesisekelo, amnyama ngombala onsundu. Ngasikhathi sinye, abanye abantu abadala balezi zinhlobo babukeka bumnyama kakhulu kunabanye, okungenzeka, isici sabo ngasinye, asihlobene nobulili, noma ubudala, noma indawo.
Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila
Umjikelezo waminyaka yonke wokuphila kwalezi zilwane uhlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili: i-nomadic, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-nomadic, ne-rookery. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuma kwezwe, amabhubesi olwandle e-Steller awayi olwandle futhi ahlala ebuyela ogwini ngemuva kokufuduka okufushane nokufushane. Lezi zilwane zinamathele ngokuqinile ezindaweni ezithile zendawo yazo yokuhlala futhi zizama ukungazishiyi isikhathi eside.
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho isikhathi sokuzalela sifika, amabhubesi olwandle aseSteller ahamba olwandle ukuze akwazi ukuphatha izindawo ezinhle kakhulu kwi-rookery. Okokuqala, abesilisa kuphela bavela ogwini, okuthi phakathi kwabo kube nokuhlukaniswa kwendawo kulolo hambo. Njengoba bethathe ingxenye efanelekile yezindawo zokubhukuda, ngamunye wabo uvikela indawo yakhe ekuvinjelweni izimbangi, ebaxwayisa ngolaka ukuthi umnikazi wawo ngeke ayeke insimu yakhe ngaphandle kokulwa.
Abesifazane bavela kamuva, entwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Cishe yilowo nalowo muntu wesilisa, kwakhiwa i-harem yabaningana (abesifazane abango-5-20). Njengomthetho, izingulule zasolwandle zaseSteller zixazulula ama-rookeries endaweni eyisicaba futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela - endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10-15 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane nazo ziyaqhubeka nokuqapha ngentshiseko insimu yazo, imvamisa zibonisa ulaka kubhekelwa kuzimbangi zalo.
Ngaphezu kwezinsikazi "zomndeni", amabhubesi olwandle aseSteller futhi anama-rogeries "abhekelayo": akhiwa amaduna angakafiki iminyaka efanelekile ukuzalaniswa. Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa abaguga kakhulu futhi abangasakwazi ukubhekana nezimbangi ezisencane, kanye nabesilisa abavuthiwe ngocansi, ngasizathu simbe abangazange babe nesikhathi sokuthola i-harem, bajoyine.
Endaweni yokuzulazula, abesilisa sebhubesi lasolwandle leSteller baziphatha ngendlela engeyinhle: bayabhonga, futhi ukubhonga kwabo, kukhumbuza ukubhonga kwengonyama noma ikhwela eliwele, kukude nomakhelwane. Izinsikazi namawundlu nawo enza imisindo ehlukene: ukubhonga kokuqala kufana nenkomo, futhi amawundlu aqhuma njengezimvu.
Izingonyama zasolwandle ze-Steller azethembi abantu futhi zinolaka. Akunakwenzeka ukubamba lesi silwane siphila, njengoba zilwa kuze kube sekupheleni. Kungakho ibhubesi lasolwandle licishe lingagcinwa ekudingisweni. Kodwa-ke, icala laziwa lapho ibhubesi lasenyakatho lolwandle lukaSeller lenza ubungani nabantu futhi lize netende labo lizothola iziphikiso.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa balolu hlobo bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane: abesilisa bangaba kabili noma kathathu ngesisindo esithe xaxa kunabesifazane futhi bangaba ubude obuphindwe kabili.
Amathambo abantu besifazane alula, umzimba mncane, intamo nesifuba zinciphile, namakhanda amahle kakhulu futhi awazungezi njengabesilisa. I-mane yezinwele eziphakeme entanyeni kanye nesigaxa sowesifazane asikho.
Umehluko wobulili yimisindo ezenziwa yilezi zilwane. Ukubhonga kwabesilisa kukhudlwana futhi kukhudlwana, kufana nokubhonga kwengonyama. Izinsikazi moo njengezinkomo.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
E-Russia, amabhubesi asolwandle angatholakala esiKuril nase Commander Islands, Kamchatka naseLwandle i-Okhotsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhubesi asenyakatho asolwandle ahlala cishe kulo lonke ulwandle olusenyakatho yePacific. Ikakhulu, zingabonakala ogwini lwaseJapan, eCanada naseMelika.
Amabhubesi asolwandle aseSteller akhethwa emanzini asezansi osogwini, ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nesinomoya ophansi. Ngesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabo babhukuda ngaseningizimu: ikakhulukazi, babebonakala ngasogwini lweCalifornia.
Lapho isondela ogwini, amabhubesi asolwandle ahlomisa izikebhe ezindaweni ezibucayi eziseduze nasezigodini nasemadwaleni, okuyizithiyo zemvelo kumaza wesivunguvungu noma zivumele izilwane ukucasha phakathi kwenqwaba yamatshe ngesikhathi sokudalwa kabusha kolwandle.
Ukudla isidlali
Isisekelo sokudla siqukethe ama-mollusk - ama-bivalves kanye nama-cephalopods: njengama-squid noma ama-octopus. Futhi, kudliwa amabhubesi nezinhlanzi zasolwandle: i-pollock, i-halibut, i-herring, i-capelin, i-rasp, i-flounder, i-sea bass, i-cod, i-salmon namathole.
Lapho iphishekela inyamazane, ibhubesi lasolwandle lingantshontshela ngokujula kwamamitha ayi-100-140, futhi, libona isikole senhlanzi ephuma ogwini, lingena emanzini lisuka ogwini olungamamitha angama-20-25 ukuphakama.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Isikhathi sokukhwelana ezingonyeni zasolwandle zaseSteller ziqala entwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, basuka olwandle futhi, beya ezweni, bakha izintokazi lapho, lapho izintokazi eziningana zibuthana khona owesilisa. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwensimu eyandulela ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zabesifazane, ayenzi ngaphandle kokulwa kwegazi nokuthathwa kwensimu yakwelinye izwe. Kepha ngemuva kokuvela kwabesifazane ogwini, umzabalazo wezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zabasokolakali uyama. Abesilisa, abangakwazanga ukuthatha insimu, bathathe umhlalaphansi baye kwelinye ilokishi, lihlelwe ngabesilisa abangazitholi izintokazi, zona kanye lezo ezasala zisendaweni evamile yokuqalisa inkathi yokuzala.
Imfucumfucu yolwandle yabesifazane iSteller izala isikhathi esingangonyaka, kanti intwasahlobo elandelayo, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuza kulolo suku, izala ikonyana elilodwa elikhulu, elinesisindo selivele lifinyelela ku-20 kg. Ingane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa imbozwe ngmnyama omfishane, noma, kancane, ngesithunzi sezinwele.
Cub noma, njengoba zibizwa nangokuthi, imidlwane yezingulule zasolwandle zaseSteller zibukeka zihle impela: zinamakhanda ayindilinga anamehlo ahlukanayo okubonisa ukuqaqamba, imfushane, isiphundu esisezingeni eliphakeme nezindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga ezizenza zibukeke njengamabhere amade.
Ngemuva kwesonto kuzelwe iwundlu, insikazi iphinde ishade nenduna, emva kwalokho ibuyele ekukhathazekeni ngengane ekhona. Uyondla futhi uyivikela ngokucophelela kubantu angabazi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngalesi sikhathi unolaka impela.
Abesilisa, njengomthetho, abakhombisi ubutha kumazinyane. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezimo zensangu e-Steller sea lion, lapho abesilisa abadala bedla imidlwane yangaphandle. Ososayensi bakuthola kunzima ukusho ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka: mhlawumbe iqiniso ukuthi laba bantu abadala ngasizathu simbe abakwazi ukuzingela olwandle. Futhi phakathi kwezimbangela zokungaziphathi kahle kwa-lionfish kubizwa nangokuthi ukutholakala kwengqondo okutholakala ezilwaneni ngazinye zalolu hlobo.
Kuqhekeka izindondo maphakathi nehlobo, kuthi emva kwalokho amawundlu ahlala nabazali bawo futhi azingele emhlanjini ovamile.
Kuze kube yizinyanga ezintathu, izinsikazi zifundisa ukubhukuda nokuzitholela ukudla kwazo, ngemuva kwalokho amabhubesi amancane olwandle iSteller angakwenza kahle lokhu. Kodwa-ke, abantu abasha bahlala nonina isikhathi eside kakhulu: kuze kube iminyaka emi-4. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi ngeminyaka engu-3-6, nabesilisa - ngeminyaka engu-5-7 ubudala.
Phakathi kwezingonyama zasolwandle kukhona into engakaze ibonwe kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo: izinsikazi, amadodakazi azo asevele ekwazi ukuzala izingane, ayaqhubeka nokuzondla ngobisi lwazo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Izingonyama zasolwandle zaseSteller azisongelwa ngokuqothuka njengamanje, kodwa inani labantu ngenxa yesizathu esithile lehlile ngokuqhathaniswa nenani lemfuyo eminyakeni engama-70-80 yekhulu lama-20. Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, ukubanjwa kwe-pollock, herring, nezinye izinhlanzi ezihweba, ezakha ingxenye enkulu ekudleni kwamabhubesi asolwandle, kwanda. Kuphakanyiswe nokuthi kwehle isibalo samabhubesi asolwandle aseSteller ngenxa yokuthi abulala imikhomo noshaka baqala ukuzingela ngenkuthalo. Ezinye zezimbangela ezikhona kungaba ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2013, ukubuyiselwa okungokwemvelo kwemvelo yamabhubesi asolwandle kwaqala, kangangokuba basuswa ngisho nase-United States ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amabhubesi asolwandle awesongelwa ngokuqothuka njengamanje, lolu hlobo luhlelwe eRussia esigabeni sesi-2 seNcwadi Ebomvu. Futhi, amabhubesi olwandle aseSteller anikezwa isimo sokulondolozwa komhlaba jikelele "Eduze Kokulimazeka".
Izingonyama zasolwandle zaseSteller ziyizimpawu ezinkulu kunazo zonke, okuthi ukutadisha kwazo kuphazamiswe iqiniso lokuthi lezi zilwane azigcinwa ekudingisweni, kepha ezimweni zemvelo ziyaxwaya futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziyabazonda abantu. Zihlaba umxhwele, zinamandla futhi ziqinile, amabhubesi asenyakatho olwandle aseSteller ahlala ezindaweni ezingasogwini esifundeni sePacific, lapho ahlela khona ukuzulazula okuningi osebeni lwamatshe neziqhingi. Ngezinsuku zasehlobo, ukubhonga kwamabhubesi asolwandle aseSteller, kufana nokuthiwa abilayo, manje i-hoing, noma imvu yegazi evuthayo, kude nezindawo eziseduzane. Lezi zilwane, ezazikade ziyizinhlobo zezentengiselwano ezibalulekile, manje sezivikelekile, ezizinikeza amathuba amahle okusinda nokubuyiselwa kwabantu bangaphambili ngokuzayo.