I-Brahmin kite inyoni edla inyama ebonwa njengophawu lukazwelonke lweJakarta. ENdiya, lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengenyama engcwele yaseVishnu. Isiqhingi saseLangkawi eMalawi siqanjwa ngegama leBrahmin kite "Kawi", okusho inyoni, ebhuqa njengetshe. Imibala eyinhloko yeplamu yezinyoni isetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa ama-ceramics.
Kukhona inganekwane esiqhingini saseBougainville mayelana nokuthi umama wayishiya kanjani ingane yakhe ngaphansi kwesihlahla sikabhanana engadini, ingane ibheka isibhakabhaka, yakhala, yaphenduka iklabishi leBrahmin.
Ukuvela kwe-Brahmin kite
I-Brahmin kite inyoni ephakathi nendawo edla inyama yomndeni wama-hawk. Lolu hlobo lwachazwa ngo-1760 ngudokotela wamazinyo waseFrance uMaturin uJacques Brisson.
I-Brahmin kite nayo inamagama amanye - i-chestnut-white kite, ukhozi obomvu, i-red ked-backed kite, i-bald kite, ukhozi lolwandle olude.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Brahmin kite
I-Brahmin kite isatshalaliswa e-Australia, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-Indian subcontinent, ngaphandle kwesifunda esomile esenyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kutholakala eBangladesh, Brunei, eCambodia, China, India, Indonesia. Ihlala eLaos, Vietnam, Macau, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan. IPapua New Guinea. Kuhlala iPhilippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, East Timor.
Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-Brahmin kite
I-Brahmin kite ilingana ne-kite emnyama.
Inendiza ejwayelekile yekite, enamaphiko agobile endaweni ethile, kepha umsila uyindilinga ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zamakhayithi ngomsila oboshwe.
Ubuningi bezinyoni ezindala ngokungafani nenhloko nomhlophe kanye nesembozo sombala obomvu ngokubomvu. Ngalesi sisekelo, ama-Brahmin kites ahlukaniswa kalula kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama. Izinyoni ezincane zipendwe ngopende. Ibala elikhanyayo ngaphansi kwamaphiko endaweni yebhulashi linokuma kwesikwele.
Izindawo zokuhlala eBrahmin kite
AmaBrahmin kites ahlala ezindaweni ezigudle ugu kanye nasezindaweni ezimanzi ezingaphakathi ezweni. Bahlala emifuleni, ezihosheni, ezixhaphozini, ezifuywayo, imvamisa bazingela phezu kwethango lehlathi. Kepha qiniseka ukuthi uhlala eduze kwamanzi emahlathini amahlathi, imiphetho, izingadi kanye nama-savannah. Ngokujwayelekile bakhetha amathafa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bavele esifundeni sezintaba saseHimalaya ngenhla yamamitha ayi-5,000.
Izici zokuziphatha kwe-Brahmin kite
Ama-Brahmin kites ajwayele ukutholakala ngokubodwa noma ngababili, kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi ngamaqembu amancane emindeni. Izinyoni zihambahamba ogwini, imigwaqo nemifula emihlanjini emincane yabantu abathathu. Lapho ama-Brahmin kites engazingeli, ahlala ezihlahleni ezivulekile ezihlahleni. Izinyoni ezincane zingadlala ngamaqabunga ezihlahla, ziyehlise bese zizama ukuzibamba emoyeni. Lapho udoba ngaphezulu kwamanzi, kwesinye isikhathi angakwazi ukucwilisa emanzini, kepha inqubo enjalo ihamba ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
AmaBrahmin kites alala ndawonye ezihlahleni ezinkulu ezikhethekile.
Cishe izinyoni ezingaba ngu-600 zihlangana endaweni eyodwa ubusuku. Kepha amaqoqo anjalo awafane kakhulu.
AmaBrahmin kites ayakwazi ukuhlasela ephaketheni
kwizinyamazane ezikhudlwana ezinjengezinkozi zezinyoni. Kwezinye izikhathi, ngisho nezinyoni ezinhle kangaka zaba yiziqhwaga zama-Brahmin kites.
Brahmin kite yokudla
Ama-Brahmin kites anokudla okuhlukahlukene, okubandakanya izinyoni ezincane, inhlanzi nezinambuzane. Izinkukhu zivunwa zivela ebusweni bamanzi noma amahlamvu.
Izinyoni zehla zenyuka, zihlola ugu lolwandle, amabhishi namachweba ukuze kube khona izilwane ezincane ezidla noma i-carrion elahlwe yilolu lwandle. Kutholakala ukuthi inyamazane ithatha impukane futhi imvamisa iyidla. AmaBrahmin kites ahlala ehlola imfucumfucu ezungeza amachweba kanye nokuchitheka komhlaba kokudla.
Izinyamazane ezinezilwane ezinomdlandla zivame ukweba futhi zingaphuca ezinye izinyoni ezidla inyamazane.
Icala liyaziwa ngenkathi inkonyane yakwaBrahmin ihlwitha inhlanzi ebanjiwe emlonyeni wehlengesi eMfuleni iMekong. Futhi ikati elilodwa elingumcebo lidle lonke uju esidlekeni, yize kunezinyosi ezithukuthele.
Imililo yeSteppe ibuye ikhangwe yizinyoni, lapho inyamazane inovalo iwela kalula ezinhlangeni zezinyoni. Babamba izinyoni ezincane, ama hares, amalulwane, ama-amphibians, bacosha u-carrion, kubandakanya izinhlanzi nezinyoka eziphonswa ogwini. ENew Guinea, ama-Brahmin kites ahlala azingela ehlathini. Ogwini lolwandle bhekisisa ukubamba.
Ukuzala iBrahmin kite
Eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Australia, kunezikhathi ezimbili zokuzala: kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba futhi kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni enyakatho nasentshonalanga ebangeni.
Izinyoni zakha endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingana. Izindlovu zakhiwa zodwa kwezinye izinyoni. Ababili abangomakhelwane abatholakali ngaphansi kwamamitha ayikhulu ukusuka komunye nomunye kwesinye isikhathi ezihlahleni zemango. Kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuthi isidleke sitholakala ngqo emhlabathini. Isidleke sinokuvela kwesikhulumi esikhulu esakhiwe ngamahlumela amancane, amaqabunga, amagxolo nomquba. Itholakala ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-2 kuye kwangama-30 ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba ekuphakameni kwamagatsha ezihlahla abade. I-lining ngamaqabunga omile.
AmaBrahmin kites ahlala eMalawi abeka phansi isidleke ngodaka owomile.
Mhlawumbe le yindlela izinyoni ezivikela ngayo amantshontsho emikhombeni. Izidleke zezinyoni zisetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa iminyaka eminingana, kufaka kuphela igatsha elincane. E-clutch kunamaqanda amabili noma amathathu akhanyayo amhlophe noma amabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka amhlophe anezindawo ezinamabala amancane ansundu alinganiselwa ku-52 x 41 millimeter.
Owesilisa nowesifazane bakha isidleke, bobabili abazali bondla izingane, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi kuphela owesifazana ofaka i-clutch. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamachwane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-26-27. Isikhathi sokudlekwa kwemvula sifinyelela ezinsukwini ezingama-50-56. Njengomthetho, iphuphu elilodwa liyasinda liye ku-plumage, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezinsana eziphumelelayo zezinyoni ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ama-Nestlings of the Brahmin kites aqala ukuzimela eneminyaka emibili izinyanga.
Isimo sebanga nokulondolozwa
I-Brahmin kite ingahlala ibonakale esibhakabhakeni saseSri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, kanye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nase-Australia, kuze kufike futhi kufaka neNew South Wales. Naphezu kokusakazeka kabanzi, i-Brahmin kite ikakhulukazi inyoni ehlala phansi. Ezingxenyeni ezithile zobubanzi kuphela lapho kuthatha ukufuduka kwesizini okunqunywa imvula.
Ngokuyisisekelo, le nyoni ihlala emathafeni, kepha eHimalaya itholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1,500.
Kuhlu lwe-IUCN, i-Brahmin kite idlula njengenhlobo yokungakhathalelwa kangako. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo zeJava, inani lalezi zinhlobo liyancipha.
Ukuziphatha
ENingizimu Asia, kusakazeka ngoDisemba kuya ku-Ephreli. E-Australia, kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba ezindaweni ezomile futhi kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni endaweni enomswakama enyakatho yezwekazi. Isidleke sakhiwa ngamagatsha amancane namahlumela; ikhefu lesidleke lifakwe ngamaqabunga. Izindlovu ezihlahleni ezahlukahlukene, kepha zithanda imangroves. Unyaka nonyaka ihlala endaweni efanayo. Kuyaqabukela kwakha isidleke emhlabathini ngaphansi kwesihlahla. Ku-clutch 2 amaqanda amhlophe noma amhlophe qwa. Bobabili abazali bakhe isidleke futhi bondle amachwane, kodwa mhlawumbe kuphela abesifazane bafakwa. Hatching ihlala ezinsukwini ezingama-26 kuye kwezingama-27.
Ngohlobo lokudla, i-scavenger ikakhulukazi, idla kakhulu izinhlanzi ezifile kanye nemifantu, ikakhulukazi ezixhaphozini. Ngezikhathi ezithile izingela amahhala noma amalulwane. Futhi untshontsha inyamazane kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama. Akuvamile ukuthi kudle uju, konakalise izidleke zezinyosi zobusi ezifushane.
Izinyoni ezincane zithanda ukudlala ngokujikijela amaqabunga ezihlahla futhi zibambe emoyeni. Abadobi bayandiza phezu kwamanzi, yize kwesinye isikhathi bangafika ngaphandle kwezinkinga, bathathe amanzi baze babhukude.
Lala ngamaqembu amakhulu abantu abangafika kwabangu-600, uzinze ezihlahleni ezinkulu ezivinjelwe.
Bangakwazi ukuhlasela izinyamazane ezikhudlwana, njengokhozi, kodwa bakwenza lokho ngalo lonke umhlambi.
Ihlushwa ama-poohoid kusuka ku-genera Kurodaia, Colpocephalum ne-Degeeriella.
Iqhaza emasikweni
E-Indonesia, eyaziwa nge- "Elang Bondol", kubhekwa njenge-mascot yaseJakarta. ENdiya, ibonwa njengophawu lwenyoni kaGaruda, inyoni engcwele yaseVishnu. EMalaysia, esinye seziqhingi siqanjwe ngegama le-Brahmin kite - isiqhingi esithi "Langkawi" ("kawi" yisimbiwa esinjenge-ocher esisetshenziselwa ukufeza imibala yobumba, esikhumbuza ngokwanda kweplamu yeBrahmin ngombala).
Inganekwane eqoshwe esiQhingini saseBougainville isitshela ukuthi umama washiya kanjani ingane yakhe ngaphansi kwesihlahla sikabhanana waya ukuyosebenza engadini, ingane yahamba yaphenduka ikharaveni yaseBrahmin. Ubuhlalu entanyeni yengane baphenduka amaplamu amhlophe esifubeni sale nyoni.
30.07.2019
I-Brahmin kite (lat. Haliastur indus) ingeyamalungu omndeni Hawk (Accipitridae) kusuka ku-oda Hawk-like (Accipitriformes). Ngo-1995, waqashelwa njengophawu olusemthethweni lweJakarta, inhloko-dolobha yase-Indonesia. Ngokwesiko lamaHindu, uthathwa njengomunye wemibono yenyama kaGaruda, inkosi yasenganekwaneni yezinyoni, ekhonjiswa njengokhozi olunomzimba womuntu. UZimu Vishnu, osebenza njengomgcini we-Universe, uthanda ukuqhubekela phambili.
Esiqhingini saseBorneo, i-Brahmin kite ifanekisela unkulunkulu wempi wasendaweni uSingalang Burung. Ngokuhlangana, lo nkulunkulu omkhulu ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula emisebenzini yezempi uhambisana nabatshali belayisi.
Uhlobo lwachazwa okokuqala ngo-1783 ngudokotela waseDashi nososayensi wemvelo uPeter Boddert.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba buyi-45-51 cm, okuyi-18-22 cm ukuwa emsileni. I-Wingspan 109-124 cm. Isisindo esingama-320-670 g .Izinsikazi zikhulu kancono kunabesilisa. I-dimorphism yezocansi ngombala ayikho.
Izintambo, umsila, imilenze, emuva engemuva nesisu zipendwe ngombala obomvu, obomvu noma obomvu. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko kunsundu okhanyayo. Ikhanda, isifuba kanye nomhlane emuva kumhlophe. Amancanyana anezinsi ezinsundu.
Amaphiko mude kakhulu futhi ayindilinga emaphethelweni. Amalambu neminwe aphuzi, uzipho lumnyama.
Uqhwaku olunamandla lugobile grey ukukhanya okukhanyayo. Ukhozi luphuzi. I-iris iphuzi, umbala onsundu. Eduze kwamehlo indandatho emnyama iyabonakala.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-Brahmin kite endle cishe siyiminyaka eyi-15. Ekudingisweni, ngokunakekelwa okuhle, uphila iminyaka engama-30.
Izizathu zokwehla kwenani le-Brahmin kite
Esiqhingini saseJava, inani lezinyoni liyehla ngendlela eyinhlekelele. Izinombolo zezinyoni ziyancipha, ikakhulukazi eSoutheast Asia, ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo, ukuhlukunyezwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Enye yezizathu ukwanda kwezinga lokuphila kwabantu, kanye nokulahlwa kukadoti kanye nemfucuza, okuholela ekuncipheni kwesibalo sezilwane ezifile ezidla ama-krahmite eBrahmin.
UChris Dagger
Asikho isikhali esisodwa sezwe emhlabeni esixwaye umlando wobuntu, amasiko nezinkolelo zabantu. Akungabazeki ukuthi singasho ukuthi le nto eyingqayizivele, engafani nhlobo, eyinsangu ngesibindi ithi iyisibonakaliso sesizwe sabantu abahlala esiqiwini saseMalay - Indonesia. Kwaphazamisa ngokuyisimangaliso izinkolelo zobulwane zokhokho babo abakude beqembu lase-Austronesian, izinkolelo zamaHindu nezamaBuddha, ezaba nomthelela omubi kusukela ngekhulu le-1 leminyaka BC.
e. , I-Islam, yasakazeka emakhulwini eminyaka we-XIV-XV kanye nobuKristu, imemezela kakhulu kusukela ngekhulu le-XVII-th. Imvamisa, lapho kukhulunywa nge-kris, abantu baba nesithombe esingaqondakali sohlobo lommese esine-blade efana ne-wave, isigaxa esingajwayelekile ne-fancy fter.
Labo abavakashele eMnyuziyamu Wezobuciko Babantu BaseMpumalanga eMoscow eSuvorovsky Boulevard bangase bakhumbule izinganekwane ezimbalwa ezimangalisayo ngezakhiwo ezingajwayelekile zalezi zikhali ezitshelwe abahaphi. Kepha le nsimbi yobuhlanga emangalisayo ifanelwe ukunakwa kakhulu nokutadishwa. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, lolu hlobo lwesikhali se-blade lwaqalwa phakathi nekhulu le-9 nele-14 AD.
e. Usuku olunembile kakhulu lukhona ngekhulu le-12, lapho uChris eqala ukugqamisa njengohlobo olukhethekile lwesikhali esihlanganisiwe. Ngemuva kwenkathi yokwakhiwa kweminyaka eyikhulu, wathola ukubhekisisa okuqediwe, lapho, ngokushintshwa okuncane, kuye kwasinda kuze kube namuhla.
I-Brahmin kite inyoni ephakathi nendawo edla inyama yomndeni wama-hawk. Lolu hlobo lwachazwa ngo-1760 ngudokotela wamazinyo waseFrance uMaturin uJacques Brisson. I-Brahmin kite nayo inamagama amanye - i-chestnut-white kite, ukhozi obomvu, i-red ked-backed kite, i-bald kite, ukhozi lolwandle olude. Ama-Brahmin kites ajwayele ukutholakala ngokubodwa noma ngababili, kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi ngamaqembu amancane emindeni. Izinyoni zihambahamba ogwini, imigwaqo nemifula emihlanjini emincane yabantu abathathu. Lapho ama-Brahmin kites engazingeli, ahlala ezihlahleni ezivulekile ezihlahleni. Izinyoni ezincane zingadlala ngamaqabunga ezihlahla, ziyehlise bese zizama ukuzibamba emoyeni. Lapho udoba ngaphezulu kwamanzi, kwesinye isikhathi angakwazi ukucwilisa emanzini, kepha inqubo enjalo ihamba ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Cishe izinyoni ezingaba ngu-600 zihlangana endaweni eyodwa ubusuku. Kepha amaqoqo anjalo awafane kakhulu. AmaBrahmin kites ayakwazi ukuhlasela izinyamazane ezikhudlwana njengokhozi lwama-steppe emhlambini. Kwezinye izikhathi, ngisho nezinyoni ezinhle kangaka zaba yiziqhwaga zama-Brahmin kites.
UGarudaGaruda (Skt. "Ukushwabadela Konke (ILanga)") - kubuHindu, inyoni egibele (i-wahana) kankulunkulu u-Vishnu, olwa nezinyoka-umhlaba. Ku-Vajrayana Buddhism, i-idam ingenye yezimpawu zomqondo okhanyiselwe. Ikhanda, isifuba, i-torso, imilenze eya emadolweni kaGaruda kungumuntu, umlomo, amaphiko, umsila, imilenze yangemuva (ngaphansi kwamadolo) yi-aquiline. IGaruda iwuphawu lukazwelonke futhi iboniswa ezingalweni ze-Indonesia naseThailand. Enganekwaneni yamaHindu, ukhokho nenkosi yazo zonke izinyoni, odla izinyoka ezinonya, inyoni enkulu lapho unkulunkulu uVishnu enza khona izindiza. Ufanekiselwa njengesidalwa esidabukisayo esinomlomo wokhozi, amaphiko egolide nemilenze eshisiwe. Ukuhamba kwamaphiko ayo kwaveza isivunguvungu, ubukhazikhazi bezinto ezinamandla kaGaruda babunamandla kangangokuba waze wagquma nemisebe yelanga. UGaruda wayenamandla okukhulisa amandla akhe njengoba ayedinga. UGaruda wavuma ukuba inyoni egibele unkulunkulu uVishnu lapho eqaphela uGaruda ngaphezu kwakhe futhi ebeka isithombe sakhe kubhengezo lakhe. Emathempelini aseNdiya kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo akhonza izifanekiso zikaGaruda ezenziwe ngethusi noma ngetshe, ngekhulu le-V BC. e. izithombe zakhe ziyavela ezinhlamvu zemali. Abanye abantu babenezithombe ezifanayo. Phakathi kwabakwaSumeriya, lena ngu-Anzud - ukhozi olukhulu oluphethwe yibhubesi, isithunywa sawonkulunkulu, phakathi kwamaSlavs - i-Firebird, uphawu lokuduma nesivunguvungu. Kwezithombe ezibukekayo, uGaruda angaba nezandla ezine. Kwelinye liphatha isambulela, kwelinye - ibhodwe lompe. Ezinye izandla zombili zigoqwe ngokwesimo sokukhulekelwa (anjali-hasta). Lapho ethwele uVishnu emhlane, izandla ebezithwala isambulela kanye nesitsha sombala zisekela izinyawo zikaVishnu.
UJasmine - uphawu lokumsulwa phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika nabaseMpumalanga
Okweminyaka eyizinkulungwane, i-jasmine ayikhulelwanga nje kuphela ngenxa yobuhle bezimbali ezimhlophe ezincane, kodwa yabuye yaziswa ngephunga layo elimnandi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi indawo azalelwa kuyo i-jasmine isezingeni leHimalaya kanye nesifundazwe sasePunjab eNdiya, indawo yokukhula kwayo inwebeka ngokushesha ngenxa yokusabalala emazweni ase-Indochina, Middle East nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia. Ukusuka eMpumalanga, i-jasmine yalethwa eYurophu - eFrance nase-Italy, lapho isuka yathuthela emazweni emhlabeni jikelele.
EPakistan, umbala we-jasmine (Jasminum officinale noma uChameli) ufuzisela uthando, ubungani kanye nesizotha - ungatholakala kuzo zonke izingadi, yingakho le mbali imbala isibe uphawu olwaziwa ngokusemthethweni lwaleli lizwe eliseningizimu. E-Indonesia, izwe lezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo, lapho yilinye lamazwe angama-republic angama-33 anesifanekiselo sawo sezimbali, i-jasmine sambac noma iMelati putih (Jasminum sambac) yaqashelwa njengophawu lukazwelonke. Le mbali emhlophe emhlophe enephunga elimnandi ibilokhu ibhekwa njengengcwele e-Indonesia, efanekisela ubumsulwa, ubuqotho, ukucaceka okubabazekayo.
Ngo-1990, ngesimemezelo sikaMongameli wase-Indonesia, i-jasmine yaba isifanekiselo esisemthethweni sezwe, sasikhona kuze kube yileso sikhathi njengembali yezwe engekho emthethweni, ngokwesiko ebaluleke kakhulu emicimbini yomshado.Ngesikhathi somshado, izinwele zikamakoti zihlotshiswe ngemidumba yama-jasmine efihlekile efana namaparele ayigugu, futhi izici eziphoqelekile zesudi yomshado womyeni yizimbali ezinhlanu zezimbali ze-melati ezimhlophe ezivulekile. Emasikweni ase-Indonesia, isibonakaliso sejasmine sifakwe ndawonye - le mbali yempilo nobuhle ihlala ihlotshaniswa nemimoya yaphezulu, kanye nemiphefumulo yamaqhawe awele enkundleni yempi.
Kukhona inganekwane esiqhingini saseBougainville mayelana nokuthi umama wayishiya kanjani ingane yakhe ngaphansi kwesihlahla sikabhanana engadini, ingane ibheka isibhakabhaka, yakhala, yaphenduka iklabishi leBrahmin.
I-Brahmin kite (Haliastur indus).