Kwizidalwa eziningi eziphilayo emhlabeni, owesilisa nowesifazane baye bakhuluma nge-dimorphism yezocansi - bakhulume ngokwahluka kwe-anatomical, bangabali izitho zangasese. Kodwa amabhungane ama-trilobite abonakala ekhulunyelwa kakhulu. Izinsikazi zazo zigcina ifomu lazo lama-larval impilo yazo yonke impilo yazo futhi zibukeka njengama-arthropods asolwandle angaqedi - ama-trilobites. Abesilisa bavela ngokujwayelekile "bug".

Ama-Trilobite mabhungane (lat.Duliticola) (English Trilobit). Izithombe ngu-Art

Ngakho-ke, la mabhungane ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-trilobites, yize ngokuhlukaniswa ayizihlobo eziseduze zama -bubu.

Mayelana nabesilisa balawa mabhungane singasho nje ukuthi sinesizotha uma siqhathanisa nosayizi besifazane (asikho ngaphezu kwesentimitha ubude) ne-elytra ebomvu ekhanyayo. Umbala ogqamile kanjalo ubonakalisa ubuthi bomnikazi wawo. “Igazi” lalawa mabhungane (hemolymph) liqukethe izinto ezinobuthi, ngakho-ke noma ngubani onquma ukudla lo bhungane uzothola ingxenye yawo yobuthi.

Izithombe nguCecil

Kepha izintokazi zadlula. Ngobude bafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-8! Umzimba wawo wonke umbozwe amapuleti amakhulu anemibala emnyama. Okuthile okufana nalokhu kutholakala kumqhele wehashi nezihlangu, okuthiwa izinsalela eziphilayo ezingakaze zishintshe okuningi kusukela ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs. Vele, azikho izimpiko. Ekhanda nasemzimbeni kukhona amabala akhazimulayo athi owesilisa azowabona kude.

Njengoba uhlangane nalesi “simangaliso” usendleleni, ngeke ukholwe ukuthi yinto, kukwesaba amahlandla ayikhulu kunawe. Futhi abesilisa benza sengathi bafile, futhi, ngokukholwa okukhulu, bavule i-elytra yabo ekhanyayo.

Owesilisa

Lezi zinambuzane zathola igama lazo elijwayelekile ukuhlonipha iMount Dulit, esesiqhingini saseBorneo. Uhlobo lolo luhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyinkulungwane nengxenye, iningi lazo lihlala emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Izinhlobo ezi-4 zitholakala eRussia.

Iziduna zidla umpe, ngakho-ke ziphila ngezimbali neziqu zezitshalo. Kepha izibungu nezinsikazi bakhethe indawo “ekhululekile” xaxa - izinkuni ezibolile. Zidla ujusi wayo we-enzyme, zidonsa uketshezi ngosizo lokushintshwa okuguquliwe.

Ukuvalwa kwezinambuzane

Izithombe zami eziningana ezithathwe ngezikhathi ezihlukile.
Labo abangazithandi izinambuzane nokunye udoti onemilenze eminingi - kungcono ukungafundi okuqhubekayo. Kusukela eminyakeni emithathu bengilokhu ngithanda ama-arthropods nezinye izilwane. Uma umuntu efunda incwadi kaDarrell ethi “Umndeni Wami Nezinye Izilwane” - lokhu kumayelana nami. Futhi lokhu okuthunyelwe kungokwalabo abathanda izinambuzane. Futhi yebo, kuzoba nezicabucabu futhi (okwesabekayo!) Ama-Flytraps.
Uma ngenze iphutha ekuchazeni uhlobo lwendawo ethile endaweni ethile, ngingajabula uma kukhona olilungisa.

IGalatea (Melanargia galathea). Usuhlaselwe muhle kakhulu empilweni yakhe. UWiki manje uthole ngaye iqiniso iqiniso elithandekayo:
IGalatea ibekela amaqanda, iwaphosa emoyeni noma ihlale kusekela eliphansi futhi isakaze izigaxa zotshani. Ngemuva kokuqandusela eqandeni, ama-larva ngokushesha aqhela futhi aqala ukondla entwasahlobo kuphela, lapho kukhula utshani obusha.
Ephonsa emoyeni. Imvamisa, nokho, izimvemvane zibeka amaqanda endaweni ethile. Imvamisa - kusitshalo sokudla.

Amanga motley Amata phegea. Noma ingabe yi-Amata nigricornis?
Zindiza njengezingwenya ezivela ihlaya - ziphansi futhi zihamba kancane. Ngikhumbula izingane zasenkulisa - ukuthi ngibamba kanjani lezi zimvemvane, ngizigxobe phansi, bese ngizibeka esandleni sami futhi ngizibuka zindiza futhi.

I-Loopwort (i-Agrius confolvuli)
Isidalwa esihlekisayo. Uyabona ukuthi unobuhle kangakanani. Ngendlela, nawo afudumele. I-Brazhniki - amaflaya amahle kakhulu phakathi kwezimvemvane. Bheka nje ukwakheka komzimba nezimpiko. Shesha ku-60 km / h. Kepha ukuze indize, kudingeka ifudumale njengemoto. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokundiza, kunyakazisa amaphiko awo imizuzu embalwa, kufudumeza umzimba. Futhi badinga "uboya" ukuze bufudumale. Futhi yebo, uma ubamba i-hawk ezindizayo - izofudumala ngisho nangobusuku obupholile. Kepha kungcono ungenzi lokhu, bonke lobu buhle obuthambile buzohlala ezandleni zakho. Isikali seButterfly asilona uboya; zivela ngomthelela omncane.
Ngo-Agasti, kwake kwaba nezikhulu eziningi ezinohlaza onsomi olwandle. Futhi kwakuzwakala njalo izibabuli ezinomdlandla: "Hheyi, nansi induna!" Ngokuyinhloko, ungadida. Ukuziphatha kuyefana. Kepha ama-hummingbirds awatholakali lapha. Kepha ama-hawmingbird-size size, impela aseningizimu yezwe. Nginenhlanhla, ngihlala eRostov-on-Don. Ngomuntu othanda izinambuzane - indawo enhle kakhulu.

Futhi isibungu sakhe. Mncane nge umvimba, mfushane kuphela. Ngonyaka wokuvuna, ukuhamba ngesitebhisi, usuku ongathola kulo inqwaba yawo.

Futhi njengoba sakhumbula ngeHogwarts, nansi enye.
I-Euphorbiaceae (iHyles euphorbiae). Kubukeka sengathi anginaso isithombe esihle sikavemvane ngekhwalithi enhle. Kepha kukhona isibungu, sizokhanya ukwedlula uvemvane. Isibungu sanoma iyiphi i-hawk kulula ukusihlukanisa kwezinye izimvemvane. Banophondo emhlane.

Ekhuluma ngezimpondo. Lokhu kubukeka sengathi ukuphela kokuphela kwesibungu segwababa. Yikuphi hawker, angikhumbuli :(

Futhi ukuqeda labo abesaba ama-arthropods (arthropodophobes?), Nayi i-flytrap.
Kuningi okukhulunyiwe ngaye ePicabu. Isidalwa esingenangozi ngokuphelele, futhi siyasebenziseka. Kepha manje sengizembula imfihlo yami uqobo. Imfihlo yakhe eyihlazo kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngiyabesaba! Yebo, ngiyakwazi ukuthola izingadi ezigcwele zhmenu. Zihamba zipholile ngesandla. Ngingathatha i-python esifubeni sami ngiye komunye umkhawulo wedolobha. Lapho ngibona uvemvane omkhulu kakhulu wasebusuku, ngenza isimo sokuzingela, futhi ngizoqhubeka ngivunyelwe ngamandla ukubanjwa.
Kepha ngiyakubona, flytrap! Kubangela ukuzamazama okungokwemvelo. Futhi ezweni ligcwele. uma uyolala ubone ukuthi ugaqa kanjani udonga, uyakhanya. Futhi banamahloni. Ngoba ukuqonda ngokuphelele ukuthi akanabungozi. Futhi-ke, wena Isazi sebhayiloji esibi. Futhi nakhu ihlazo elinje.
Lokhu okulandelayo kungisizile: Ngabamba i-flycatcher futhi ngiyigcina ekhaya e-terrarium, phakathi kwe-tarantula, i-scolopendra kanye ne-scorpion. Wamphathisa amachaphaza amancane, amanzi. Futhi uyazi, kwasiza! Hhayi ukuthi ngathandana nabo, kodwa ngaya kwesaba okuncane. Ngincoma kunoma ngubani osaba izilwane ezinje. Ukwesaba izicabucabu - zitholele i-tarantula. Impela, lokhu kufanelekile kulabo ingqondo ehambisa imizwa, hhayi okuphambene nalokho.

Kusukela siqhubeke ngamamilayidi, nansi i-scolopendra eqapha inzalo yayo. I-scolopendra ebanjwe e-terrarium yabeka amaqanda, futhi 'yababopha,' beyisonga. Ngemuva kwalokho izingane zazalwa, futhi ekuqaleni nazo zazimhlophe, zithambile futhi zingasizi ngalutho. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela abancane ukuthi baphunyuke lapho bezimele. Encane, angena kunoma yiliphi igebe. Futhi bafa eflethini, ngoba yome kakhulu.

Futhi leli bhungane libizwa nge- bronzovka. ENingizimu yethu, igama lakhe nguMay bug. Okungukuthi, yiphutha. La mabhungane amabili awafani. Ngabe usibone kuphi isihogo esiluhlaza? Kepha, njengoba singenamabhungane kaMay ezintabeni, zibizwa ngokuthi lezo zinambuzane ezibonakala ngoMeyi. I-Bronze yethusi yaqokelwa indima yebhungane likaMay ngokuchofoza ukulamana kweCossack. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezifanayo. Ngubani ngempela kulesi sithombe, angazi. Ngokunokwenzeka, iGolide Bronze (Cetonia aurata).
Bangandiza ngaphandle kokuphakamisa i-elytra. Izintambo zikhishwa ohlangothini, futhi i-elytra enzima ihlala icindezelwe emzimbeni. Futhi unganamatheli, njengazo zonke ezinye izimbungulu, ukonakalisa wonke ama-aerodynamics.

Uma iposi lingena, ngizokwenza okuningi. Nginezithombe eziningi ezinjalo, futhi ngingakutshela okuthile okuthokozisayo iningi lalezinambuzane. Uma umuntu enentshisekelo yokuqhubeka - bhala. Futhi ngasiphi isimo - isithombe nje (yize lokhu sekuphelele), noma ngendaba eningilizayo ngesinambuzane ngasinye, noma nendaba enkulu ngohlobo oluthile / umndeni.

Umlando wokutadisha

Incazelo yokuqala nezithombe zama-trilobites bezaziwa kusukela ngo-1698, lapho uLluid ebanikeza igama I-Trinuclei. Ngo-1745, uKarl Linney wachaza izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi Ama-entomolithes futhi bathi yizinambuzane, ezihambelana nama-arthropods ngomqondo wanamuhla.

Igama lanamuhla Trilobita kwahlongozwa uJohann Walch ngonyaka ka-1771. Ngo-1821, iWallenberg yahlongoza igama Ama-entomostracites, kwathi ngonyaka we-1826, uDahlman wasebenzisa igama AmaPalaeades. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kwakuyinguqulo kaWalch eyaqinisa futhi yamukelwa ngokubanzi.

Imisebenzi yokuqala enikelwe kuma-trilobites yayichazwa kakhulu, kodwa kakade ngekhulu le-19 kwakukhona imizamo yokuhlukanisa leli qembu (Bronyar ngonyaka we-1822, Barrand ngo-1852, njll.). Ama-Trilobites adonsela ukunakekela kwabaphenyi abaningi ngenxa yobukhona obuvame bokufika kwamafoseli abo ku-Paleozoic deposits kanye nokubaluleka kwe-stratigraphic. Phakathi kwabaphenyi bokuqala bama-trilobites abasebenza ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, umuntu ngeke asho kuphela uBrononiard, Dahlman, Green, Pander, Emmrich, Burmeister.

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-19 kuze kube manje, kuye kwenziwa ama-monographs amakhulu kuma-trilobite ezifundeni ezithile.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi

Engxenyeni yekhanda ye-trilobite, phakathi kwe-hypostome ne-metostomy, kwakukhona ukuvula umlomo, okwakungukuqala kwesophagus. Ngaphansi kwe-glabella kunesisu, esidlulela ngaphakathi emathunjini, okuthi lapho kudlula ngaphansi kwe-rachis kuwo wonke umzimba we-trilobite bese kuqeda nge-anus engxenyeni engezansi ye-pygidium. Kukholelwa ukuthi lapho kukhula ubukhazikhazi be-trilobite, kukhulu esiswini ngaphansi kwayo. Ezinhlangothini zesisu bekukhona izinqubo zesibindi ezixhunyaniswe nesisu, ebezingamagqinsi mncane ziqhekeka zisuka ku-glabella ziye emaphethelweni angaphandle. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinqubo ezi-hepatic zibizwa ngokuthi yi-diverticula yesisu.

Imisuka yohlelo lokujikeleza ligcinwe ngokwengxenye kumagobolondo ama-trilobites ngesimo semikhumbi ehlukahlukene enamagatsha anamanzi. Inhliziyo yayitholakala ngaphezulu komsele wokugaya futhi yayingumkhumbi omude onamagumbi amaningi.

Ukugoqa

Izinhlobo zokugoqwa kwe-trilobite: 1-3, 6 - uhlobo lwe-spheroidal, i-4 - uhlobo kabili, i-5 - uhlobo lwe-discoid.

Ngesikhathi sengozi, amanye ama-trilobites angawa. Lapho usonga, umhlane oguquguqukayo wawugobile, kanti ne-pygidium yayixhunywe nge-cephalon. Le ndlela yokuzivikela isize ukuvikela izitho nezisu ezithambile kusuka ekuhlaseleni. Indima enkulu emsebenzini wokugoqwa idlalwa yizitho zePandera. Baqala ukutholwa ngonyaka we-1855 isazi saseRussia uS.N. UPander, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi u-A. Folbort waqamba igama labo ngokuhlonipha owatholayo ngo-1857. Lezi zitho zitholakala emaphashini omabili e-buccal nakabili engxenyeni ngayinye yesiqu. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zama-trilobites, izitho zobhubhane ziyahlukahluka. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-E.A. I-Balashova (1955) amashubhu wezitho ze-pander adlala indima yokuthi "izingidi", i.e. lapho i-trilobite igoqwe, la ma-tubercles avale futhi ama-trilobite akadingi ukusebenzisa izicubu ukugcina isimo esigoqiwe. Futhi, ngokusho kuka-E.A. I-Balashova, izimbobo ezisezinhlamvwini ze-pandera zidlala umsebenzi wokuphefumula okwamanje we-trilobite coagulation - ngawo amanzi angaqhubeka ngokungena ngaphansi komugqa we-trilobite carapace, okuvumela i-trilobite ukuba iqhubeke isesimweni esigoqiwe isikhathi eside. Izinhlobo ezintathu zokugoqwa zihlukaniswa: i-spheroidal, kabili kanye ne-discoidal.

Izimpawu zamakhaki

Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuthambeka ezansi ezansi ziyaziwa, ngokuhambelana, ngokulandelana, ezinhlotsheni zazo ezintathu: I-Rusophycus, Cruziana futhi Ama-diplichnites.

Imikhondo yezinyawo Cruziana qhubeka ngomkhondo I-Rusophycuslapho i-trilobite inquma ukumba usilika.

IRuzofik imelela ukulandelela kwe-trilobite engashukumi engcwatshwe kusilika, ngesinye isikhathi inama-prints prints. ICrusiana iyisisekelo somngcwabo othile owangcwatshwa kusilika trilobite okhasa phansi ngaphansi. I-ichnorod yesithathu, iDiplichnites, imelela iminonjana yokuhamba eduze kwesilika yetrobobite engakhiswanga. Kwesinye isikhathi iminonjana yohlobo oluthile lwazo idlula ilandelwe kolunye, lapho ama-trilobite angcwatshwa emhlabathini noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, embe kuwo.