Wonke umuntu uyazi inyoni yesikhova. Ngabe ukhona owezwa ngebhabhathane elibizwa isikhova? Wathola kanjani igama futhi futhi ngani? Manje sizotshela ...

Ubukhulu baleli bhabhathane obungavamile kwesinye isikhathi bufika kuma-cm angama-20. Ibhabhathane le-owl lingabikwa kakhulu kusihlwa kunokuhlwa.

Umsebenzi weButterfly wenzeka ekushoneni kwelanga, kepha awuhlali isikhathi eside - yingxenye yesithathu yehora. Engxenyeni engezansi yamaphiko kukhona umdwebo ofana ncamashi namehlo wesikhova, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, leli phethini nalo lifana kakhulu nesithombe esikhunjeni senyoka.

Ukuvikela izitha eziningi, izinyoni, uvemvane lusebenzisa indlela eyingqayizivele futhi ephumelelayo: lapho lusongelwa, lesi sinambuzane siyachichima masinyane, sivumele izinyoni ukubuka ngemuva kwamaphiko azo. Kufakwe kushesha ukucasha, ngoba isithombe abasibonile isithombe esiqondile sesikhova.

Ingxenye yangaphandle yamaphiko ine-tint ye-tvelvet yamathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nama-beige, athatha indawo enhle ngokushelelanayo.

Uvemvane owl isebenza kahle kakhulu. It ligcwele izithelo esetshenzisiwe endaweni yemvelo nasekuthunjweni. Ukudla okuyisipesheli kwakhe ubhanana ovulekile kakhulu. Ngenxa yokudla kwakhe okulula, abantu abaningi bayakwazi ukugcina uvemvane ekhaya.

Isibungu seKaligo sibukeka singejwayelekile: imivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibukeka yinhle emzimbeni oluluhlaza okhanyayo, futhi ikhanda elikhanyayo eliphuzi ligqweswe izimpondo.

Lokhu kumenza afane nodrako omuhle waseChina. Lo mphumela uthuthukiswa ngumsila ocijile ekugcineni, onemigqa emi-2 ye-azure ezinhlangothini.

Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo uvemvane ihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - ihlathi laseAmazon. Ezimweni zemvelo, ihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika nasenkabeni. Njengamanje, iKaligo itholakala emahlathini aseVenezuela, e-Ecuador, eHonduras, eNicaragua. Izimvemvane ezinhle zabonwa futhi kude nenyakatho - eMexico.

I-Kaligo enkulu grey inesiqu esikhulu futhi amaphiko amakhulu kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela amasentimitha angama-20. Umzimba wonke umbozwe izinwele ezinkulu, amaphiko ngaphezulu acwebezelayo. Uma ubheka lesi sinambuzane eduze, ungakhohlwa ukuthi lokhu uvemvane: kunomuzwa ophelele wokuthi phambi kwakho kunesilwane esincane.

Uvemvane lungakwazi ukujwayela umnikazi waso ngokushesha, luvele luveze ama-proboscis alo, lulinde ukudliwa. Isinambuzane esinesifiso sokudla sigcwalisiwe, ngomdlandla omkhulu. Uvemvane uthanda ukujabulela iwayini elimnandi, ikakhulukazi iwayini elenziwe ekhaya. Ukuthola ukunakekelwa okufanele, uKaligo uzokwazi ukuhlala emakamelweni kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili.

Ihlobanisa nezimvemvane zasebusuku, uvemvane olunesikhova lizwa ngezwi le-Ultra nezwi. Iyakwazi ukukhipha amagagasi e-ultrasonic, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqhuma okukhanyayo kubanjwe ngumuntu. Njengoba amalulwane azingela ngenkuthalo izimvemvane zasebusuku, azithola ebumnyameni bamathikithi asezindaweni ezishisayo anezikena zemisindo yawo, izimvemvane zidinga ukuzivikela. Uma bezwa amalulwane ebasesha ngama-ultrasound, khona-ke bathumela uhlobo olufanayo lwesixwayiso, kodwa babe nemvamisa ehlanekezelwe ngokuqinile. Ngenxa yalokhu, isithombe esingasontekile somoya sakhiwa kumagundane, umlingiswa ongafanele wendawo uyakhiwa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuphuthelwa. Basebenzisa lesi simo esihle, izimvemvane bacasha.

Uvemvane lwesikhova yisinambuzane esidonsa izimfihlakalo eziningi eziningi ngokwalo. Ukuzixazulula, ososayensi kuyodingeka benze yonke imizamo.

Incazelo yohlobo lweKaligo, ukubukeka kwebhabhathane lesikhova

Isikhova sezimbali emndenini weKaligo, isithombe

I-butterl Owl (i-Owlbutterflies Caligo) ingeyohlobo lweKaligo, ifaka cishe izimvemvane ezingaba ngu-20 ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo naseMelika.

Izimpiko zabamele bohlobo lweKaligo zifinyelela ku-120-160 cm, yize kukhona futhi nezilinganiso lapho lesi sibalo sifinyelela ku-200 mm.

Zonke izimvemvane zinombala onsundu kakhulu futhi nsundu, lapho zathola khona igama elithi "Caligo", elihunyushwa ngesiLatini njengegama "elibuhlungu". Kukhona futhi izinkomba nge-beige, izindawo zamawolintshi kanye noti olunsomi.

Uhlangothi oluhle emuva lwamaphiko wezimvemvane zesikhova lumbozwe iphethini eyinkimbinkimbi yemivimbo, imigqa ye-wavy kanye namabala. Ibhabhathane lesikhova engxenyeni ephakathi yezimpiko zezinsikazi linombuthano owodwa omnyama onomphetho ophuzi, obukeka ufana namehlo esikhova.

Ama-Butterflies anomzimba omise okwesibhakabhaka ombozwe izinwele eziwugqinsi. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bezinambuzane buyi-16-17 cm, kwesinye isikhathi zikhula zibe ngu-20 cm.

Amehlo ayizinhlobo zezici futhi ahlala iningi lekhanda. Izintuthwane zingumdanso.

Ngokwesilinganiso, izimvemvane zihlala amasonto ama-3.

Izinambuzane ziveze i-dimorphism yezocansi: izinsikazi zikhulu kunabesilisa futhi zinombala okhanyayo ongasho lutho.

Ukuzala

AmaButterflies anezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqomisana ngendlela yezindiza kanye nemidanso yokuluthwa. Abesilisa bahlukanisa insimu izigaba ezihlukile lapho balindele khona ukuthi izintokazi ezindizayo. Ngemuva kokuqala ubusika, butterflies bavele ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, yibona abanika isizukulwane sokuqala. Ukucinga kwabalingani kusatshalaliswa ngokusatshalaliswa kwama-pheromones. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayi-100 kuya kwangama-300 ngemuva kwamaqabunga ezitshalo zokudla. Imvamisa kakhulu. Umqondo uqala ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Umbungu uyavuthwa ngeviki elilodwa kuya kwamabili, bese kuvela isibungu.

Amacimbi afakelwe insimbi yomlomo yokugaya; ayondla imini nobusuku ngamakhefu amafushane okuphumula. Esikhathini sokuqala, ubude bezibungu bubalelwa ku-2 mm; owesibili, usuvele u-8 mm. Zikhula ngokushesha, zidla wonke amaqabunga esitshalweni. Ngaphezu kwezimbabazane, izinambuzane zihlala kuma-raspberries, ama-hops, ama-willow noma amaqabunga e-birch. Inani lezinsuku phakathi kokuncibilikisa lihlukile; isiyonke, amacimbi athathelwa indawo yiminyaka emihlanu. Isigaba se-larval sithatha cishe inyanga. Ngaphambi kokuqunjelwa, amacimbi ahamba ngezindlela ezihlukile.

Izibungu zinendlela yazo yokuzivikela. Lapho behlaselwa izitha, bathatha indawo esongela futhi ngasikhathi sinye baqale ukuhamba ngezindlela ezihlukile. Lokhu kusabisa umhlaseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacimbi afaka uketshezi oluhlaza ongathandeki, angakhuphukela ebholeni awele phansi. I-angular pupa yombala o-grey-green or brownish-golden ingabonakala ezindongeni, emagatsheni noma ezihlahleni. Umbala uncike endaweni ekhethiwe ukuqunjelwa. Lesi sigaba, ngokuya ngokushisa okukhona, sithatha amasonto angama-2-3.

Ubude be-pupa bungama-25- 28 mm; bunjwe phansi phansi. Izihlisi ezihlukanisayo zamaphiko, i-proboscis, isisu. Isizukulwane sokuqala sezimvemvane sivela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. I-cocoon igqekeza ekhanda nasemaphethelweni angaphambili amaphiko.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Day Butterfly Peacock Iso

Ngendlela ye-imago, ibonakala ekuqaleni kwehlobo futhi ijabulela impilo kuze kube uSepthemba - ngokunembile, kuze kufike isikhathi sokufika kwamakhaza asekwindla. Lezi zimvemvane zichitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yazo zindiza, futhi zingasebenza noma zingasho lutho - ngenxa yamaphiko aso abanzi, zonga amandla ngokumane zihlele.

Kuyasebenza kuphela elangeni - kuqala ukubanda kakhulu kusihlwa, ngoba bafuna indawo abangalala kuyo. Bathanda ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nokushisa okukhulu, ngoba ezindizeni badinga amandla amaningi - ngakho-ke bangahamba elangeni isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuqala enye indiza.

Zidinga nesimo sezulu esihle ukuze zindize. Ngakho-ke, uma isikhathi semvula nesibandayo ehlobo sikhishwa ngaphandle, ukuphuma kwesiphambeko kungena ngeso le-peacock - uvemvane luwela hibernation amafushane. Imvamisa, uhlala kuze kuphele isonto kuyo abuyele empilweni esebenzayo ngokushesha nje lapho sekufudumele futhi kube yilanga futhi.

Iso le-peacock liyisibindi eside sangempela, sisonke, singabali isikhathi se-hibernation, singaphila kuze kube unyaka. Ngemuva kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo kuqala ubusika.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi endaweni Ipigogo ikakhulukazi efudumele kungaba ukuchitha ubusika futhi okwesibili, futhi futhi uvuke ivuka kulokhu kulala kwasebusika entwasahlobo.

Ngakho-ke, ungahlangana naleli uvemvane ezindaweni ezisencane kakhulu konyaka - ukusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Okthoba. Kuyiqiniso, ezindaweni ezifudumele ezinqabile kungenzeka kakhulu, entwasahlobo, mhlawumbe, izimvemvane ezivuka ngengozi nge-thaw zingahlangana, futhi zindiza ngamafushane nje.

Alas, ngokuqinisekile ngeke elinde ukufa, ngoba uvemvane siphaphama kwesikhathi uchitha amandla amaningi futhi akakwazi ukwenza kube ngesilinganiso esifanele - futhi nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ayiphethe ukuba bathole indawo yokufihla ikhanda kanye ukuqhubeka ebusika kabusha ukuvusa kakade lapho aba kulungele ngempela.

Ubusika, udinga ukuthola indawo lapho engeke ibambe njengasemoyeni ovulekile, kodwa futhi engafudumele: angakhuphuka ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, ekujuleni kwenkunkuma yehlathi, kumakhalkini nasezindlini zokulala. Into esemqoka ukuthi le ndawo kufanele ivikeleke kumakhaza nabazingeli.

Silele, uvemvane ongakwazi ukumelana namazinga okubanda negative, nakuba umthelela wabo futhi ongathandeki. Kepha ngeke akwazi ukuphendula kulokhu kuhlaselwa, abuye aphindise nokunikeza izakhi zomzimba - ngakho-ke, udinga ukukhetha indawo esecashile futhi uqoqe kuyo kusengaphambili.

KODWA MANJE

IMISEBENZI MANJE iqembu imindeni izimvemvane oda noma Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera), inombolo yesibili zezinto eziphilayo ekilasini izinambuzane. Iningi, njengoba igama lisho, baphila indlela yokuhlwa noma ebusuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhu ahlukile kumabhubhi wesikhathi sasemini nezici zezakhiwo. Izidumbu zabo makhula futhi umbala amaphiko ngokuvamile zomile, kuqhathaniswa okuyisidina. Ama-Antennas (antennae) avame kakhulu ukuba yi-cirrus noma i-filatter, kanti ngesikhathi sasemuva butterflies iziphetho zawo zibunjiwe yiklabhu, yingakho lepidoptera yaleli qembu libizwa nangokuthi amabhlokhi amnyama, kanti amabhu wasebusuku abizwa ngokuthi ama-dissipated.

Umjikelezo wempilo.

Amabhu amaqanda singly noma izinqwaba. Abesifazane bangazidubula “ezindibeni, bazifake emathanjeni ezitshalo noma bazibeke ngokucophelela ezintweni ezikhethwe ngaphambilini. Izibungu ezimise okomhlonyane - amacimbi - ukubhoboza amaqanda anekhanda eliqinile elihlukaniswe ngokusobala, amabele angaqhamuki kangako, ethwele imilenze emithathu yoqobo ehlanganiswe ngesigaqa sendawo ngayinye, nesisu, lapho kuvame ukuba khona ngababili abahlanu bemilenze yamanga enamanzi, eyokugcina ekugcineni komzimba. imilenze Amanga zezimvemvane anqamule uboya eziningana, ngavela ngayithanda. Ngemuva kokudlula izixhumanisi eziningana, lezi zibungu ziba yi-pupae, lapho amabhu amaningi asebusuku afakwe khona kukhukhunathi wesilika owenziwe luqhume. Usilika kukhiqizwa izindlala ezinkulu ezikhethekile ze-salivary. Bona secrete uketshezi amaprotheni-ocebile okuyinto nabo emoyeni osemanzi fibre. Le fiber isetshenziselwa ukwaluka ukhukhunathi, kufakwa igumbi elingaphansi komhlaba, kugaywe isibungu ngaphambi kokuhlwitha, kwakhiwe izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nezindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela ezitheni. Ngaphakathi kwepupa le-taxa ethuthukisiwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okufakiwe komuntu okhulayo (i-imago) kucindezelwe kakhulu emzimbeni futhi kungakwazi ukunyakaza. Ngemva kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi, kuye zinhlobo nezimo zemvelo, kusukela isiphungumangathi out butterfly omdala.

Izinto zokusebenza zomlomo.

I-proboscis ebunjiwe yezimvemvane ibhekwa njengempahla ekhethekile yomlomo ekilasini lezi zinambuzane. In the state engenzi lutho, ngokuvamile zazifihlwa ngaphansi ishq obukhulu. I-proboscis enwetshiwe ilungele kahle ukufakwa kokudla koketshezi futhi ngesisekelo saso kuvuleka ngqo emphinjeni. Abantu abadala abangondli ngemigqa yezinsimbi zomlomo phakathi kwamavemvane akuvamile. Amalungu amaningi bakudala yaleli qembu lapho usukhulile ehlome emihlathini gnawing, ejwayelekile izibungu namanye amaqembu isinambuzane.

Izimpiko.

Izimvemvane ezijwayelekile zinezimbambo ezimbili zamaphiko akhule kahle, ambozwe ngenwele nezinsimbi ezisuka kuzo.Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwamaphiko kuyehlukahluka kakhulu: zingacishe zibe zingekho ngokuphelele (ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemvelo), zibonisa izindiza ezibanzi, noma izikebhe ezimincane, cishe. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, amandla ezivemvane ezahlukahlukene ukundiza nako kuyehluka. Ngezindlela eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, eminye imisele, amaphiko ancishiswa kuphela kwabesifazane, kuyilapho abesilisa behlala bephethe amaflaya amahle. Izinhlobo ezaziwayo ezinsikazi nezinamaphiko zombili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezinhlobo okukhona kuzo ukuthi amaphiko akhiqizwa ngokujwayelekile, kepha njengoba okufakelwa ezindizayo kungasebenzi, ngokwesibonelo, yisilika elinikeza usilika okuthengiswayo: abesilisa nabesifazane bawo banamaphiko, kepha abakwazi ukundiza. Cishe indiza eyakheke kahle emndenini wezinja. Amaphiko awo amancanyana ashaya ngemvamisa yokuthi izimvemvane azithuthukisi ijubane eliphakeme kuphela, kepha futhi ziyakwazi, njengezinduna zezintambo, ukulengiswa emoyeni zize zindize ziye emuva.

Ezimweni eziningi zamabhu asebusuku, ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izithambisi nazo zonke izingilazi zeglasi, azikho izinwele nezinsimbi ezindizeni zamaphiko, kepha lokhu akuliphazamisi ikhono ukundiza. Izimpiko zalezi zinhlobo zimincane, futhi azidingi ukusekelwa okwengeziwe kwemishini okwenziwe isembozo esise-scaly. Kwezinye izimo, uhlelo lwama-veins asiseduze kwamaphiko luyancishiswa kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi owesekelayo wenziwa ngama-flakes ngendlela ekhethekile etholakala ebusweni bawo. Kwezinye izimvemvane ezincane kakhulu, amaphiko amancanyana kakhulu kangangokuba kungenzeka awanakukwazi ukuphakamisa ukube bekungengenxa yezinwele ezinde eziwazungezile. Zitholakala kakhulu kangangokuba zikhulisa indawo yokuthwala indawo lapho zihlangana nomoya.

Umehluko omuhle kakhulu wesakhiwo phakathi kwamabhu asebusuku nawokushintshana ahambisana nezindlela zokubambelela zangaphambili nezimpiko zangemuva, i.e. vumelanisa ukunyakaza kwabo ngokundiza. Kunezimbili zalezi zinqubo ezinamabhubhu. Omunye wabo ubizwa ngokuthi ngamatomu. Ibhuloho kungukuphuma komzimba oklanywe ngendlela exakile kusuka ohlangothini olungaphansi lwephedi yangaphandle yephiko langemuva esisekelweni salo. Ifakwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-retinaculum ephikweni langaphambili, okuthi emadodeni ifane nephakethe futhi ibekwe ngaphansi komphetho wangaphambili wephiko emthanjeni obizayo, futhi kwabesifazane kubukeka njengesixhaxana sama-bristles noma sezinwele ezilukhuni ezansi komphimbo we-medial. Umshini wesibili uhlinzekwa ngecala elincane elinamathele kwephiko langemuva onqenqemeni lwangaphakathi lwephiko langaphambili esisekelweni salo. Isakhiwo esinjalo, esibizwa ngokuthi yugum, saziwa kuphela ngamafomu ambalwa kakhulu akudala. Ngezivemvane zasemini, ubamba lubangelwa ukuphuma kwesibalo sezimpiko zangemuva, ibhuloho alifanele. Kodwa-ke, okuhlukile okuningana kuyaziwa. Kuthi uvemvane wosuku lokuqala, ibhuloho liyagcinwa, kanti kwezinye izimvemvane ezihamba ebusuku, amaphiko axhunyiwe, njengakwezivemvane zasemini.

Izitho zokuhogela.

Lezi zitho, ezitholakala ezintanjeni zamabhu amaningi asebusuku, zingama-pineal noma ama-wedge anjengomdwebo onodonga oluthambile lwe-cuticular. Zifakwa ngaphakathi kweqembu lamaseli wezinzwa akhethekile akhiwe ezingxenyeni ezijulile ze-cuticle futhi axhunywe kumagatsha ezinzwa zezinzwa. Ngokusobala, iphunga lamabhu amaningi asebusuku athambile kakhulu: kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyabonga kuye ukuthi bathola abamele bobulili obuhlukile nemithombo yokudla.

Imizamo yokuzwa.

Kwezinye izinundu zobusuku, izitho zokuzwa ze-tympanic ziyaziwa, kepha ngalo lonke usuku izimvemvane azikho. Lezi mechanoreceptors zitholakala ekucindezelweni okwalandela kwi-thorax yangemuva noma izingxenye zokuqala zesisu. Ama-recesses aqiniswa nge-membicane emincane ye-cuticular, lapho kutholakala khona indawo ye-tracheal patity. Amagagasi omsindo asakazeka emoyeni abangela ulwazelelezo ukuba luvevezele. Lokhu kuvusa ukuvezwa kwamaseli wezinzwa akhethekile, odluliselwa kumagatsha ezinzwa zezinzwa.

Izinhlobo zemibono.

Izitho eziyinhloko zokubuka amabhu asebusuku ngamehlo amabili amakhulu ahleliwe, okuhlala cishe yonke ingxenye engenhla yekhanda.amehlo enjalo ezivamile ukuze izinambuzane eziningi, aqukethe sebuningini izakhi Okusizayo ezimele efanayo - ommatidia. Ngamunye wabo iso elihle ne-lens, i-retina enezithombe kanye nokubekwa ngaphakathi. Amalensi ama-hexagonal ezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zama-ommatidia eneso elilodwa lama-butterflies asebusuku enza isimo sawo se-convex multifaceted. Ukuze uthole incazelo eningiliziwe owakheke ngayo nosebenza ngayo izinhlaka umbono lapha kungase kuthathe isikhala esiningi, futhi kubalulekile ukuphawula into eyodwa: ommatidium ngokuzimela abanye ngamunye ithatha ingxenye wesithombe sisonke, eyagcina kuvela ukuthi lihlotshiswe. Ukwahlulela ngokuziphatha kwezinundu zobusuku, ukubuka kwazo okubonakalayo, njengokwezinye izinambuzane, kuhle kakhulu, kepha kungenzeka zibone izinto ezikude kunokuba zindala. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomsebenzi ozimele wama-ommatidia amaningi, ukunyakaza kwezinto eziwela emkhakheni wazo wokubona kungabonakala ngisho “ngezinga elikhulisiwe”, ngoba kubangela amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamaseli wezinzwa ze-receptor ukuba ajabule. Ngakho-ke, isiphetho ukuthi amehlo yalolu hlobo zenzelwe ngokuyinhloko motion ukurekhoda.

Ubulongwe.

Njengezivemvane zasemini, umbala wezimvemvane zasebusuku zenziwe zambili emvelweni - zakhiwe futhi zafakwa imibala. Nemibala nge ezahlukene amakhemikhali ukwakheka akhiwa ku ishq, ezinabantu ukumboza umzimba wesinambuzane. Lezi zinto zimunca imisebe nge-wavelength ethile futhi zibonise abanye, okuyingxenye yomkhanyo welanga esiwabona lapho kuhlolwa uvemvane. Umbala wokuhleleka ungumphumela wokuphindaphindwa nokuphazanyiswa kwemisebe yokukhanya, engahlangene nokuba khona kwemibala. Isakhiwo egqinsiwe we ishq nephiko ulwelwesi kanye khona izikali ku emikhulu longitudinal kanye anemifantu kumenze alahlwe futhi asabela ngayo "amhlophe" elangeni ukuze ingxenye izingxenye zawo Spectral kuthiwa iyakhula nokuthi imibala ziqondakala owayebukele. Kumabhubesi asebusuku, umbala ubangelwa imibala.

Ama-Shelter.

Izibungu of eziningana ngokwanele kude nomunye imikhaya ngamabhu ngokusobala ngokuzimela uthenge ukuziphatha efanayo zokuzivikela. Isibonelo esihle ngabaphathi bezimbaza namacala. Izindlu zesilika ezinamacwecwe odoti kanye namaqabunga ezinambuzane anamathiselwe ngaphandle zakhiwa emndenini wamabhuqa kamiyane cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqokwa. ilungiselelo yokukhosela kuwukuthi izenzo kuphela kusukela ngaphambili ingxenye izibungu, okuyinto, uma siyabhubha, retracts ngokugcwele ngaphakathi. Ubungako bendlu banda ngokukhula kwesiqucana, size size sikhule futhi siphulule ngaphakathi kwalesi “sikhwama”, sifinyelele kubude obuyi-2-5-5 cm.Emva kwamasonto ambalwa, kuphuma owesilisa onamaphiko, kuthi izinsikazi zohlobo oluthile zisale endlini , futhi ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka ngosizo lwamalungu akhethekile akopayo, atholakala lapho owesilisa. Emva kokukhulelwa, Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayo esikhwameni sakhe, futhi noma afe eduze kwabo, hhayi phandle, noma kwamanye zilwane, namanje aqala ukuba ngokushesha kuwele phansi, ziyafa.

Amacimbi agqekeza akha izindlu ezifanayo ezinyakazayo kusuka ezingxenyeni zamaqabunga, izibungu ezilahliwe nokunye okunjalo, azitholele imfihlo yezindlala zamathe kanye nokuphuma kwazo.

Izinwele, izindlala nezinye izakhiwo ze-larval.

Amacimbi kwezinye zezinhlobo bebehlome nge kabuhlungu izinwele noma bristles. Eziqongweni zazo ezibukhali, imithambo yemidanso yesikhumba enobuthi iyavuleka, imfihlo yayo, lapho ilotshwe emzimbeni wesitha, ibangela ukucasulwa kweleveli yayo. Izinduna ezikhethekile ezihlafuneni ezivela emindenini ehlukene zimanzisa ingaphezulu lomzimba ngoketshezi, okungenzeka ukuthi kube nomphumela obonakalayo kwizinyamazane eziyingozi kulezi zinhlobo. Ezinye amacimbi, uma siyabhubha, uqala squirm, kuyilapho abanye ukoma up Friend ibe ibhola noma badlale efile.Ezimweni eziningi, ngesikhathi sengozi, ziwa emagatsheni ngetshe bese zilenga ezintanjeni zesilika ezivulwe ngesikhathi sokuwa. Ukubuya, isibungu sikhuphuka eduze kwesilika, sikufake ngomunwe okufakwayo ngomlomo nangemilenze yangaphambili yephenathi. Kuzibungu zamawisi amaningi, ingxenye yesishiyagalombili yesisu ithwala ukuphuma okukhulu ngendlela yezimpondo ngemuva. Isibungu esiphazamisekile ngokunyakaza okubukhali sibaqondisa ezitheni. Ezibayeni eziningi, izinwele ezinde kakhulu noma ezingaphansi ezithokomele umzimba ezimboza umzimba zisebenza njengesivikelo esisebenzayo ezifweni nasezinyamazaneni.

Amadivayisi avikela i-pupae.

Isigaba se-pupal in moths sibonakaliswa yizimpawu eziningi ezandisa amathuba okusinda. Ukuphumula kukaPupae enhlabathini kuhlukaniswa umbala ongafinyeleleki ngemuva. Ukhukhunathi wesilika, owelukiwe ngamabhu amaningi, asebenza njengethuluzi elisebenzayo elivikela izivikeli kanye namagciwane. Ku-silkworm eyaziwayo, inezinhlaka ezintathu. Ungqimba lwangaphandle luxegisiwe, luqinile futhi luphakathi. Lo mklamo wenza ukuthi ama-chrysalis angenakuzivikela atholakale ngaphakathi cishe abe engahlakazeki.

Umbala ovikelekile.

Amakhethini nemifantu yezimvemvane zasebusuku isisebenzisa kakhulu imibala yezokuvikela (i-cryptic) ne-sixwayiso (repelling). Lesi sakamuva sidonsela ukunakekela kwezilwane ezidla ezinye futhi sikhonjiswa ngokufanele ngezinhlobo eziqukethe uhlobo oluthile lomvikeli onamandla wokuvikela. Umbala ogqamile, ngokwesibonelo, amacimbi amaningi anambitheka ngokungathandeki, ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemithambo ekhethekile, noma embozwe izinwele ezivuthayo. Umbala we-Cryptic, ovumela ukuhlangana nesizinda, kuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinhlobo zezibungu nje ngokumnandi. Uma isibungu sithola ukudla phezu kwesigaxa, kungahle kungafani ngombala nokwakheka kusuka ezinalwaneni noma esikalini esizungezile. Kwezinye izinhlobo, izibungu azifani nje kuphela nezinkomba ezincane ngokubukeka kwazo, kodwa futhi zikhuphuka emagatsheni ngesikhathi sengozi ukuze kugcizelelwe lokhu kufana. Umshini onjalo uyingqayizivele, ngokwesibonelo, ezinamameleni nakwezinye izimbambo.

Umbala we-cryptic wama-moth amadala ungafanekiswa ngenani elikhulu lezibonelo. Ukuhamba kwabantu abathile bezinhlobo ezithile ezivela emindenini ekude kufana nezinqwaba zokuphonsa izinyoni, ezinye zihlangana ngokuphelele namatshe e-granite, amagxolo, amaqabunga noma izimbali ezihlala kuzo. AmaRibbons akhombisa ngempukane isixwayiso esikhanyayo samaphiko asemuva, kodwa acishe angafaneki ekuphumuleni, ngoba iphethini elingamakhonkolo lamaphiko angaphambili aboshwe ngemuva ligcina kahle isinambuzane ematsheni noma ezihlahleni zesihlahla. Izimpiko zezimvemvane eziningi zasebusuku ziveza amabala afana kakhulu namehlo avulekile wezilwane ezinkulu ezidlayo. Lokhu kusabisa izitha ezizama ukungazibeki ezingcupheni ngokuthola ubukhulu bangempela besilwane "esibabukayo".

I-Industrial melanism

- Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu, iminyaka eminingi idonsela ukunakekela kochwepheshe bezemvelo kuma-butterflies wasebusuku. Ezintweni eziningi, ngokubhekisele emuva kwezinambuzane ezinemibala ejwayelekile, amaphesenti athile amancane abantu abansundu (imiculo) ovame ukubakhona. Ukwenziwa kwemibala kuzo akufani nakwezinye, ngenxa yofuzo oluguqukayo, i.e. ifa. Kuvele ukuthi eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, inani lezindlela ezincibilikisiwe ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo ezithile zamabhabhathane asebusuku lenyuke kakhulu, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ezindaweni zezimboni, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. Imvamisa, imvemvane emnyama icishe ikukhanyele ngokuphelele ukukhanya, obekucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlobo zezinhlobo ngaphambili. Ngokusobala, sikhuluma ngenqubo ethile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo esheshayo.

Ucwaningo lwezinhlobo ezine-melanism yezimboni lubonise okulandelayo. Amathuba okusinda "ajwayelekile", is. ukukhanya, amafomu asezindaweni zasemakhaya aphakeme kunaphakathi kokunyibilika, ngoba ngumbala ojwayelekile obalulekile kulolu hlobo lwemvelo.Kuliqiniso, izimvemvane ezimnyama zinenzuzo ngokomzimba - ziphila ngaphansi kwezimo zokuntuleka kokudla okunempilo (ukungakwaneleki kwezinye izakhi zomsoco) ezibulalayo kubafowethu abalungile, kepha, kusobala, izinambuzane zivame ukuhlaselwa ngabazingeli kunokudla okunganele, ngakho-ke ukuqothuka akuzwakali. hhayi nje kuphela ukukhipha abantu abajwayelekile, kodwa futhi hlalani kwabambalwa. Ezindaweni zezimboni, izinto eziningi imvemvane ezihlala phezu kwazo zimbozwe ngothayela, nemibala emnyama lapha imaski ongcono kusuka ezitheni kunale evamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni lapho izitshalo zefishi zihlushwa ukungcoliswa, izidingo eziphansi zokuncibilikisa ikhwalithi yokudla zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, badonsa izimvemvane ezijwayelekile endaweni yezimboni, futhi uma ingozi yokuntuleka kokudla okunempilo iba ebaluleke kakhulu kunokuhlaselwa abahlaseli, bakhulisa kakhulu ubukhona babo ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ngakho-ke, isikhundla esiyisisekelo sombono wesimanje wokuziphendukela kwemvelo siyaqinisekiswa: izakhi zofuzo ezinikeza umzimba noma iyiphi inzuzo zisatshalaliswa emphakathini uma zingaholi ngasikhathi sinye ukuvela kwezimpawu ezinciphisa amandla Kuyajabulisa ukubona ukuthi umbala we-melanistic osabalale phakathi kwezimvemvane ezindaweni zezimboni nasezindaweni ezingomakhelwane utholwa njengezici ezinhle kakhulu. Isimo sokuqina kwemboni sisadinga ukuqhubeka nokucwaningwa. Ukuba yisibonelo esihle senqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eshesha kakhulu phambi kwamehlo ethu, kunikeza ithuba lokuqonda kangcono ezinye zezindlela zalo eziyisisekelo.

Ukusatshalaliswa.

Ama-Butterflies atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, naseziqhingini eziningi zolwandle. Ngokusobala, amandla abantu abadala ukundiza sekuyinto ebalulekile echaza ukwabiwa okuningi kwezinhlobo eziningi. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye i-taxa, izindlela eziyinhloko zokuhlala zihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu nasezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nezindawo okufanele ziboshwe kuzo, izibungu ezincane ezazihamba emoyeni ezintanjeni zesilika ezazithunyelelwe zona zabanjwa. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuphinde kube lula ngokunamathiselwa kwamaqanda ezinhlangeni nakwezinye izinto, okuthi emva kwalokho kuhanjiswe, ngokwesibonelo, ngamanzi ezikhukhula noma umoya. Izimvemvane eziningi ezingekho ebusuku zihlotshaniswa nobudlelwano bemifanekiso nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, futhi amabanga wazo ahambelana nendawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe- "Sebawoti". Isibonelo inundu le-yucca, elizala kabusha ngezimbali ze-yucca.

Usizo.

Njengoba izinsiza zomlomo zeningi elikhulu lamabhu amakhulu asebusuku ziyi-proboscis ethambile, engakwazi ukubhoboza izicubu zezilwane nezitshalo, izimangaliso zalezi zinambuzane zivame ukulimaza abantu. Ezimweni eziningi, zidla umpe wezimbali, zilethe izinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa njengabavumbi bezitshalo ezibalulekile.

Isibonelo senzuzo enjalo futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuxhomekeka kobuhlobo ubudlelwane bundu le-yucca nezitshalo ze-yucca. Umbali wokugcina uhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi umanyolo we-ovules nokukhula kwembewu kuwo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kosizo lwe-pollinator. Usizo olunjalo lunikezwa ngenundu yucca yabesifazane. Ebutha impova yezimbali eziningana, uqola ibhola kuyo, ayibeka ngokucophelela esikhungweni se-pestle, ngaleyo ndlela aqinisekise ukuvundiswa kwama-ovules esibelethweni, lapho abeka khona amaqanda akhe. Imbewu ye-yucca ekhulayo ingukuphela kwezidumbu zayo, okuthi, nokho, zidle iphesenti nje elincane lazo. Ngenxa yalokhu, indlela yokuziphatha eyinkimbinkimbi yabantu abadala yalezi zibhu zasebusuku ngendlela engajwayelekile iqinisekisa ukusakazeka kwezitshalo ezichazwe kahle. Izinhlobo eziningana zamabhu e-yucca ayaziwa, ngayinye ihambisana ngokuqondile nohlobo olunye noma eziningi ze-yucca.

Amakhethini wezimvemvane ezihamba ebusuku ahamba kakhulu. Zingalimaza amaqabunga, isiqu nezimpande zezitshalo, zidle ukudla okugcinwe, zonakalise imicu ehlukahlukene nezinye izinto. Izibungu zezinhlobo eziningi zezimvemvane ezihamba ebusuku zibanga umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo.

Wonke umuntu uyalimazi amabhu e-keratophagous. Zibekela amaqanda oboyeni noboya ezidalwa yizibungu zazo.Imicu yalezi zinto ezisetshenziswa ezinye izinhlobo zokwakha ukhukhunathi wezingane.

Izinambuzane ezinobungozi yinundu amabele, noma inundu lebhali, inundu kafulawa waseNdiya kanye no-millne we-ogne, okubhubhisa okusanhlamvu ezindaweni zokugcina. Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zingama-cosmopolitans, i.e. ukusatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukunciphisa umonakalo abawenzayo, kufanele uhlale uphatha ukwelashwa ngama-insecticides.

Amakhethini ezinhlobo eziningi angamalungu eqembu okuthiwa abavukuzi bamaqabunga (kusuka kumvukuzi wesiNgisi - umvukuzi) - badla izicubu zezitshalo ezijulile egqeni futhi ngenxa yalokhu baququda emaphaseji amade avumayo kanye nemikhondo emikhulu engaphansi kwe-epidermis yayo. Izibungu zezinye izinhlobo zomhubhe emagatsheni, ezimpandeni nasemithini, zichitha zonke izimpilo zazo ezingaphakathi kwesitshalo sokusingathwa, okuhlinzeka izinambuzane ngokuvikelwa okuthembekile kokulwa namagciwane, izinyamazane nabantu abazama ukulwa nazo.

Cishe uhlobo olubonakala kakhulu lomonakalo odalwa yizimbungulu ezitshalweni yi-defoliation, i.e. ukubhujiswa kwamahlamvu. Izibungu ezilambile zezimvemvane zingaba nezinsimu ezingasho lutho, izingadi zemifino ngisho namahlathi amahlathi.

Ukuhlukaniswa.

Isikimu sokuhlukaniswa esivame kakhulu se-Lepidoptera sihlukanisa izifunda ezimbili - iPalaeolepidoptera neNeolepidoptera. Abamele babo bahlukile komunye nomunye ngezindlela eziningi, kufaka phakathi izakhiwo ze-larval, imishini yokusebenzisa ngomlomo, indawo yokubekwa kwamaphiko nesakhiwo sohlelo lokuzala. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zingezakwaPalaeolepidoptera, kepha zimelelwa ukubonwa okuningana kwemvelo okuningana kwezinhlobo ezincane kakhulu nezinambuzane zasemayini, kuyilapho i-Neolepidoptera engaphansi kwayo ihlanganisa iningi lezimvemvane zesimanje. Sekukonke, i-oda leLepidoptera linemindeni engaphezu kwe-100, eminye yayo (kuphela amabhu) abhalwe ngezansi.

Izibuko (i-Sesiidae): amafomu amancanyana anamaphiko asobala ngaphandle kwesikali, afana nezinyosi ngokubukeka, andiza ntambama.

I-Ognevki (Pyralidae): amancane, izimvemvane zezimo ezahlukahlukene, amaphiko okuphumula agoqwa unxantathu: Izinhlobo eziningi ziyizilokazane.

Izimpiko zeminwe (Pterophoridae): amafomu amancane anamaphiko ahlukaniswe isikhathi eside, emaphethelweni awo anothango lwesikali.

Amabhuzu wangempela (Tineidae): izimvemvane ezincane kakhulu ezinomphetho wesikali eceleni kwemiphetho yamaphiko.

Ama-Sagittarius moths (Gelechiidae): izimvemvane ezincane, ezinemibala egqamile, eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, inundu lokudla okusanhlamvu (ibhali), yizinambuzane ezinobungozi.

Ama-squid (Sphingidae): imvamisa izinhlobo ezinkulu ezibukeka njengama-hummingbirds.

AmaMarauders (Psychidae): abesilisa banamaphiko, mncane, banemibala emnyama, izintokazi ezingenamaphiko nezimbungulu zihlala ezikhwameni zikasilika.

I-Peacock-eye (Saturdayniidae): izimvemvane ezinkulu kakhulu, ezinamaphiko amaningi anomzimba omkhulu, eziningi zinamabala “wamehlo” emaphikweni azo.

AmaMoths (Geometridae): amafomu amancane, amancanyana, anamaphiko amakhulu, amacimbi okuthi "sinyathelo" siphi, siqonde ku-loop endizeni emile.

AmaLeafworms (Tortricidae): izinhlobo ezincane nezincane, amaphiko agoqiwe ahlala efana nebhele ekubalweni, eziningi izinambuzane eziyingozi, njenge-spruce bud-beetle ne-apula moth.

Ama-coconut moths (Lasiocampidae): ama-butterglies osayizi abaphakathi nendawo abanomzimba omkhulu, amacimbi ayizinambuzane eziyingozi.

Amabhere (i-Arctiidae): izimvemvane ezinosayizi abaphakathi nendawo ezinamaphiko anemibala egqamile.

Ama-Scoops (uNoctuidae): amafomu anamaphiko acwebile grey noma ansundu kanye nezintuthwane ezingcolile.

IVolnanka (Lymantriidae): abesilisa abanamaphiko ampunga noma ansundu nezimpondo zezimpaphe, izintokazi kwesinye isikhathi zingenamaphiko, amacimbi anemibala egqamile.

Ngingakwazi ukugcina uvemvane ekhaya?

Kulezi zinsuku, isikhova sevemvane singadlala indima yesilwane esifuywayo. Umuntu angenamahloni kakhulu futhi unamanani aphezulu okuguquguqukayo. Ngeke ube nesikhathi sokubona ukuthi ukujwayela kanjani ukuba khona kwakho futhi uhlala phansi ezingalweni zakhe. Akunobunzima ekumnikeni ukudla okudingekayo. Ujabulela ngenkani izingcezu zikabhanana wewolintshi noma omnyama. Isinambuzane sidla kanye ngosuku, ubude besikhathi sokudla buyahluka kusuka kumizuzu emi-5 kuya kweli-15

Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukubheka amazinga okushisa nomswakama adingekayo empilweni yenundu. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa akufanele lehle liye kuma-23 degrees futhi lidlule kuma-28 degrees

Umswakama osekamelweni kufanele ugcinwe ngaphakathi kwama-60-70%. Ibaluleke kakhulu imvemvane, ngoba kwezinye izimo, amaphiko alesi zinambuzane ayoma futhi aqale ukubhoboka. Ukuze uvikele umphumela onjalo, kwesinye isikhathi ungafafaza isinambuzane noma ubeke ifasikidi elinamanzi ku-aquarium yalo. Uma ulinakekela kahle uvemvane, lungaphila izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu.

Incazelo Nezici

Ukwahluka kokuhleleka kwezikhova kumelelwa yizinyoni ezincane ezisuka kubukhulu undlunkulu kuya kubameleli ezinkulu ezingama-60-70 cm. Ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, umbala weplamu utholakala ngemibala e-brown-brown, brown, emnyama nemhlophe.

Kepha izimpawu ezejwayelekile zezinyoni zesikhova zibenza babonakale kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba - inhloko eyindilinga enamehlo amakhulu abekwe ngaphambili, umlomo omfishane wesimo esigoqiwe. Izazi zesayensi yemvelo zibonisa inani elithile le-anatomical izici ezihlukanisa izikhova kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ukwakheka kwezinyoni kwehlukile:

• amandla emunwe wangaphandle wokugoba emuva,
• i-nimbus ekhanyayo yezimpaphe ezinzima ezakha i-disc yobuso,
• ukuba khona kwamaphetshana athambile nezinothi ku-plumage, ngenxa yalokho isikhova indiza buthule.

Amazinyo emilenzeni enezinwele aqinile, ayabamba. Izinzipho ezinamandla zishintshwa ukuze zibambe isisulu, zibambe. Izimpiko ezibanzi zingamasentimitha angama-150-200. Izimpaphe, ezesithathu nezesine zilandelana, zinde kakhulu. Umsila mfushane. Endizeni, izikhova zifinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-80 km / h.

Ikhanda lenyoni libonakala likhulu ngenxa yephunga eliminyene, liyinike umumo oyindilinga. Amandla wezinyoni ukujikelezisa amakhanda awo ngokushintshana okungama-270 ° aziwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka noma ukulimaza impilo. Lesi sici sisiza izinyamazane ukulandelela inyamazane.

Umbono we-Binocular unikeza isithombe esimnyama nesimhlophe. Ukuthola ilensi ku-tube yophondo kune-eyeball kuvula ithuba lezikhova ukubona kahle ebusuku. Ukutholwa kwamehlo ngaphambili nakho kunomthelela ekuzingeleni okuphumelelayo.

Kepha inyoni ayikwazi ukujikeleza ngamehlo ayo, njengendoda. Amehlo akhe ahlala ebhekiswa phambili. Abafundi abathobeki kakhulu ekushintsheni okukhanyayo, kepha bayakhula futhi banenkontileka ngenkathi kuphefumula.

Izinyoni zizwa kangcono izikhathi ezine kunamakati. Indlebe yangaphandle imbozwe ngesibaya sesikhumba, sizungezwe izimpaphe ezikhazimulayo. Ukunyakaza okuncane kakhulu kwento edla inyama kunika isikhova ukuba khona kwayo.

Izwi lale nyoni lizwakala ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, liyashukumisa. Endulo, wayehlotshaniswa nesizungu, usizi, ebalwa njengamandla obudemoni. Lapho inyoni ithukuthele, ikhipha uqhwaku oluyisimilo lobuhlalu.

Lalela izwi lesikhova esishayayo

Umbala wezikhova uhlala ungacashile, oqondayo. Amabala amnyama, amachashazi, imivimbo ihlakazekele ngemuva ngemuva kwesisekelo sempunga. Kude kude, ahlangana nesendlalelo esizungezile, futhi kusihlwa sezinyoni akunakwenzeka ukubona - umbala wokufihla ubuhle bawo.

Kunemindeni emi-2 phakathi kwezinyoni zezikhova - izikhova zangempela, izikhova. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyamazane ezinamabala zihlala ezindaweni ezisuka ekhwebeni ziye emazweni asenyakatho. Abanye izinhlobo zezikhova wazuza udumo oluthile.

Isikhova eside. Umbala onsundu onsundu we-plumage emzimbeni ongaphezulu onamabala amnyama, ingxenye engezansi imakwe ngemigqa edlulayo. Ekhanda kukhona izinqwaba zezimpaphe endle kuze kufike ku-3 cm, okunikeze igama inyoni leyo.

Ubude besikhova bungamasentimitha angama-35, sinamaphiko angama-90 cm. Sithanda amahlathi anobuhlakani bamazwe aseYurophu, enyakatho ye-Asia, lapho sidla khona. Izingela ezindaweni ezivulekile - emasimini, emaphepheni Iphila indlela yobusuku. Idla amagundane, izilwane ezincane, izinyoni. Isikhova sichitha izinyanga zobusika e-Afrika.

Lalelani izwi lesikhova esinezimbali ezinde

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Isikhova esikhulu grey. Inyoni enkulu, umzimba kuze kube ngu-80 cm. Umbala ompunga wempunga. Amehlo aphuzi ngokugqamile. Umhlali waseTaiga.Kuyatholakala nasezintabeni zaseYurophu, eMongolia. Isikhova sathola igama laso ngenxa yebala elimnyama ngaphansi komlomo waso obukeka njengentshebe. Abelungu izimpaphe zesikhova yakha ikhola entanyeni.

Sparrow owl. Ummeleli omncane womndeni, ubude benyoni buyi-16-19 cm kuphela, isisindo singama-60-80 g.Ikhanda linjengokuthi ligcotshwe kancane. Emaceleni kwamehlo aphuzi kukhona izindandatho zombala omhlophe no-brown, amashiya amhlophe qwa ngaphezulu kwamehlo.

Amachashazi amancane aphuzi asakazeka esiqongweni sezikhova, ezimpaphe zawo-brown-brown brown emuva, amabala makhulu. Isisu simhlophe ngombala ngemithende emide yesithunzi esimnyama. Le nyoni ihlala emahlathini ama-spruce, izingela imini nobusuku, ihola impilo ehleliwe.

Lalela izwi lesikhova

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Indlu Owl. Ibala elinombala onsundu okhanyayo. Amehlo asethwe ngokujulile, ngenxa yalokho inyoni ibonakala sengathi inefrown. Izindawo eziyindilinga yesihlabathi ezimpondweni, ezingangeni esifubeni nasiswini.

Le nyoni isatshalaliswa eSouthern Altai, eTransbaikalia, maphakathi neYurophu, emazweni ase-Asia, enyakatho ne-Afrika. Zincamela izindawo ezinqenqema, izindawo eziwugwadule, lapho kukhona khona amagundane amaningi, izibankwa.

Dlala i-owl yendlu

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UBarn Owl. Umehluko osabekayo wale nyoni ukuthi i-disc yobuso ibunjiwe ngenhliziyo. Ukubukeka okungafani nalutho kuhlanganiswa nokuhlelwa kwezindlebe kwezindlebe - izindlebe zesokunxele zitholakala emgqeni wangaphambili, futhi kwesokudla kufanele kufunwe endaweni yamakhala. Lesi sici sinikeza inyoni ukuzwa okuhle.

Ubukhulu bokubamba isikhova bumaphakathi - ubude bomzimba bufika ku-39 cm, isisindo esingu-200-500 g. I-plumage ngemuva ibomvu ngokugqamile, inamabala amaningi, amachashazi nemivimbo. Amawashi ayaguquka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala kwale nyoni.

Lalela izwi lesikhova esibayeni

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I-White Owl. Le nyoni ingumhlali we-tundra, ngakho-ke umbala wama-camouflage ubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezineqhwa. Uqhwaku olumnyama, amabala amnyama, amehlo aphuzi abonakala egqamile kakhulu kunanini elimhlophe qhwa.

Ngobude benyoni kuze kufike ku-65 cm, enesisindo esifinyelela ku-2,5 kg. Zikhetha izindawo ezivulekile, cishe azindizeli ezindaweni ezinamahlathi. Ukudla kusekelwe ku-lemmings. Isikhova esingu-Polar efakwe ku-Red Book, uhlobo oluyivelakancane oluhlala eGreenland, eNyakatho Melika.

Hawk owl. Ubukhulu benyoni bungafaniswa nosayizi wekhwangwala. Umbala omucu ophawuleka ubonakala ngomzimba ophansi. Ithoni eyinhloko nsundu-nsundu enamabala amhlophe.

Kutholakala eKarelia, esifundeni saseMurmansk, eKamchatka, e-Asia, eNyakatho Melika. Umsila mude. Hawk isikhova—inyoni ebusika. Ekudleni kwesikhathi esinzima, esikhundleni sama-rodents, i-hazel grouse, i-partridge iyavela.

Lalela hawk owl

I-Splyushka (i-scoop evamile). Ubuningi bemibala emfusa ngombala ompunga omningi, imicu emibalabala. Ubude besikhwehlela bubalelwa ku-22 cm, isisindo singama-80 g.Ihlala ezifundeni zehlathi ezintabeni. Inyoni efudukayo. Ubusika e-Afrika, eSouth Asia.

Lalela izwi le-splyushki

Isikhova. Emndenini omkhulu wezikhova, lo ngummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke. Ekhanda elikhulu ezindaweni zama-foramen ezinomsindo kukhona izimpaphe ezinzima ezinzima ezifana nama-auricles. Umbala wempaphe ungucwebezela, ucashile.

Ngokungafani nezihlobo eziningi, zidla izinyamazane ezinkulu phakathi nosuku - ama-hares, ama-young roe dees, ama-pheasants. Izindawo ezithandayo ziyizitebhisi, lapho amaphiko amakhulu engahlangabezani nezingqinamba.

Lalela izwi lesikhova

Ukunakekelwa Butterfly

Isithombe: UButterfly Lycaena ovela encwadini ebomvu

Ezinye izinhlobo zeLycaenidae zibhalwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yamazwe omhlaba, inani elikhudlwana - ezincwadini ezibomvu zezizwe ngazinye. Izizathu ezivame kakhulu zokuncipha kwamanani walezi zimvemvane ukushabalala kwezindawo okuhlala kuzo ngenxa yokwanda kokuhlala kwabantu emadolobheni, amadlelo ezinkomo asebenzayo ezindaweni lapho isibalo sazo sikhula khona, ukushiswa kotshani neminye imisebenzi yabantu.

Ngokufanelekile, izindlela zokuvikela kuhloswe ngazo ukugcina ubuqotho okungenani bezindawo ezithile zezinhlobo ezingandile ze-polyommatus. Umsebenzi wezinyathelo ezithathiwe uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesimo, okuphezulu kakhulu kuyabonakala emazweni ase-Europe.

E-Russia, izinhlobo eziningana zeLycaena zivikelwe, kufaka i-Arion, i-marshmallow ebabazekayo noDavid Lycaenidae.Kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuvikela ukuqothulwa kwalezi zinhlobo ezingandile: ingxenye enkulu yezakhamizi zabo ihlala ezindaweni ezigcinwe nakwezinye izindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe, ezisiza ukuvimbela ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwamanani abo.

Ikakhulu ngabo, ezindaweni ezilezi zinto, imiphetho enotshani engashiywanga, ama-oregano clumps eduze ne-anthill, i-anthill uqobo ayibhujiswa nawo. Inani lemizamo eyenziwe yokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zemizamo engatheni incike kakhulu kwiziphathimandla zezifunda lapho kuvikelwe khona i-polyommatus.

ILycaenidae ihluke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho ungatholana khona nalezi zimvemvane ngezimo nemibala ehlukene kakhulu yamaphiko. Ezindongeni ezifudumele, noma zincane kakhulu, futhi ziningi, futhi lezi zidalwa ezihlala isikhathi esifushane zihlobisa inkathi efudumele - yize amacimbi awo kwesinye isikhathi elimaza amasimu okutshala amasiko.

• Amphiesmenoptera
• Obtectomera
• I-Panarthropoda
• Izimvemvane
• Ama-Red Book Butterflies
• AmaButterflies abhalwe ku-Red Book of Kazakhstan
• Ama-Red Book Butterflies
• Butterflies of Russia
• Iklabhu
• I-Lycaenidae
• Ibele kabili
• I-symmetrical eyisisekelo
• Izimvemvane zosuku
• Izilwane zase-Afrika
• Izilwane zaseBelarus
• Izilwane zase-Eurasia
• Izilwane zaseYurophu
• Izilwane zaseKazakhstan
• Izilwane zase china
• Izilwane eziBomvu
• Izilwane zeNcwadi Ebomvu YaseRussia
• Izimbali zezilwane
• Izilwane incwadi B
• Incwadi yezilwane G
• Izilwane zamasimu
• Izilwane zaseRussia
• Izilwane zasenyakatho neMelika
• Izilwane ezingaphansi kweNyakatho Nenkabazwe
• Izilwane ezingaphansi komhlaba hemisphere eseningizimu
• Izilwane ze-Subequatorial Belt zeNyakatho Nenkabazwe
• Izilwane ze-Subequatorial Belt ze-Southern Hemisphere
• Izilwane ezishisayo
• Izilwane zeTropical Belt zeNyakatho Nenkabazwe
• Izilwane zeTropical Belt zeSouthern Hemisphere
• Izilwane zase-Ukraine
• Izilwane ZaseNyakatho Ezishubile
• Izilwane Ezinesizotha Eseningizimu
• Izilwane zaseNingizimu Melika
• Izimvemvane ezinhle
• Izinambuzane ezinamaphiko
• I-Molting
• Finyelela izimvemvane
• Izinambuzane Zencwadi Ebomvu
• Izinambuzane Eziguqulwe Ngokugcwele
• Izimvemvane ezihehayo
• Izinambuzane ezinamaphiko
• Okuyinhloko
• Izimvemvane
• Ukuphefumula kweTracheo
• Izimvemvane zaseTropiki
• Izilwane ezishisayo
• I-proboscopic
• I-Lepidoptera
• I-Arthropods
• Inemilenze eyisithupha
• Ama-Eukaryotes
• Eumetazoi
• Izimvemvane ezigqamile

Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat

Izikhova zixazululwa yonke indawo - zingatholakala ogwini lolwandle, ogwadule, izindawo zezintaba, phakathi kwamaxhaphozi, amahlathi. Awukwazi ukuthola izikhova kuphela e-Antarctica. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo eziyi-18 zezinyoni zesikhova ezihlala khona. Ngaphezu kwezilwane zasendle, izinyamazane zigcinwa ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha, eduze nalapho kuhlala khona abantu.

Emagunjini ezakhiwo, ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu ungathola ukuthi kuhlala lapho isikhova.Yiphi inyoni, efudukayo noma cha, kuba sobala kusukela ekuziphatheni ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo.

Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezikhova ezindizela ezindaweni eziseningizimu, iningi lixazululekile. Ukufuduka kubangelwa kuphela ukushoda okukhulu kokudla.

Izinyoni zasezintabeni zifudukela emathafeni, izikhova zasenyakatho zishiya izindawo zazo zokuhlala ngaphambi kokushisa.

Amahlathi akhanga izinyoni ngokwengeziwe, kepha kunezinhlobo eziboshelwe ezindaweni ezivulekile. Izidleke zezinyoni zitholakala emigodini elahliwe, phakathi kwemigwaqo yamatshe, izikhova ezinamakhaza zenza ukubeka emgodini nje.

Owl - bird bird, kepha inyamazane emhlophe, hawk, brown owl ngesikhathi sasemini. Amehlo amahle kakhulu, ukuzwa okubukhali, amandla okundiza buthule kwenza izinyoni zingazingeli. Lapho befuna inyamazane, kwesinye isikhathi bakhala kakhulu ngokubabulala amagundane. Ukunyakaza okuncane kakhulu kukhomba inyamazane ukuthi ihlasele.

Ngezwi, imisindo yezinhlamvu, unganquma izinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni:

• "Ukuhleka" kukhishwa isikhozi sokhozi,
• "Ukugoba, ukukhwehlela" kutholakala endaweni yesikhova esikhohlakele, isikhova,
• i-monosyllabic hoot idlalwa owl,
• ikhwela elikhulu livela isikhova undlunkulu, splyushki.

Izikhova ziphila impilo yodwa, ungaphambuki emhlambini. Ubukhona obuhlukile buhambisana nokunamathiselwa kwisiza esithile, indawo ngayinye.

Umsoco

Owl - inyoni edla inyama, isisekelo sokudla kungukudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane.Ukuba ngabazingeli abahle kakhulu, izinyoni kunoma yiziphi izimo ziyazinikezela Ukuhanjiswa kokudla kuncike endaweni.

Izinyoni ezinosayizi abaphakathi zidla inani elikhulu le-amphibians, izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane (amabhungane, izintethe), amagundane amancane (amagundane, amaqhubu), okuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu, kubhubhisa izakhamizi zasehlathini eziyingozi.

Izikhova ezinkulu zidla izinyamazane (ama-hedgehogs, hares). Ziphinde zidle amagundane, izibankwa, izinyoka, ulamula, amasele, amaxhaphozi. Izikhova zihlasela kaningi izinyoni, kepha lapho zilamba zihlasela izinkukhu, ama-passerine amancane. Izinhlobo zezikhova ezihlala ogwini lolwandle, izinhlanzi, zidla amakhreyithi, izimbaza.

Isici sezikhova saziwa isikhathi eside, kuze kube inyanga, ukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi. Lapho kunesidingo ngokuphelele, bagcwalisa isidingo sokuphuzwa ngegazi lezisulu. Kepha izidumbu zamanzi ziyadingeka kubahlaseli abanemibala hhayi nje ukuqeda ukoma kwabo, kodwa futhi nezinqubo zokuhlanzeka. Emazweni ashisayo, izikhova zengeza ekudleni ngezithelo ezinempilo, amajikijolo, izitshalo.

I-Owl (izithombe eziyi-130) - incazelo yenyoni, izinhlobo, lapho isikhova sihlala khona nokuthi sidlani, umlando, imvelo nendlela yokuphila

Lezi zinyoni zihola indlela yokuphila engajwayelekile. Iningi lezikhova ziphaphama ebusuku, inani lazo likuvumela ukuthi uhlangane nabo noma kuphi emhlabeni, futhi ukufana kwamapharothi kunezela kuphela imininingwane. Njengamanje, ama-ornithologists aqophe izinhlobo ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili zalezi zinyoni.

Izici nezindawo zokuhlala

• Isikhova sihlala emhlabeni wonke futhi ungahlangana naso noma kuphi (ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica).
• Zitholakala ogwadule olushisayo, i-steppe, izindawo eziphakemeyo, ogwini, ehlathini ngisho nasemadolobheni amakhulu.

Akuvamile ukubonwa endaweni evulekile evulekile. Ezinye izingxenyana zezikhova zihamba ngendlela yokuphila okungahleliwe, kanti ezinye azihambi nhlobo ngesikhathi sokuphila.

1. Izilimo zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki ngasese (imigodi, imigodi, ama-attic).

Ukuchazwa kwenyoni yesikhova kubonisa ukuthi bahluke kangakanani. Osayizi bezikhova ziyehluka kakhulu. Ikakhulu izikhova ezincane ezifika ku-20 amasentimitha (ama-passerines) nezinkulu kakhulu kufika ku-75 amasentimitha ukuphakama kuze kufike kumakhilogremu amane (Eagle Owl) zitholakala.

Imvamisa umzimba wesikhova unenqwaba yezimpaphe eziwugqinsi nomcamelo obukhulu obukhulu ngaphansi kwawo. Umbala wehluka ngohlobo lwenyoni. Izinketho zemibala engu-420 owl ziyaziwa njengamanje.

Isibonelo, isikhozi sokhozi sinamandla okuguqula umbala waso ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ukuze uzazise ngemibala ehlukahlukene emangalisayo, bheka isithombe sesikhova.

Lezi zinyoni zinemilenze eqinile kakhulu. Lapho bezingela, basebenzisa izilenge eziqinile futhi ezibukhali.

Ukugqolozela isikhova kuyabonakala kakhulu, futhi amehlo akhulu ngosayizi. Ngenxa yamehlo amakhulu ahlakaniphile eGreece yasendulo, izikhova zazibhekwa njengezinyoni ezihlakaniphile.

Amehlo abo anesici esijabulisayo: abakwazi ukubona ebumnyameni ngokuphelele akukho kubi kunasemini. Kodwa-ke, izikhova aziboni nakancane eduze.

Izikhova zizwa cishe izikhathi ezingamashumi amahlanu kangcono kunabantu. Ukufana namaphalishi kwavela ngenxa yokuthi uqhwaku lwesikhova lufana kakhulu nomlomo wopholi.

• Ngokungangabazeki, esinye sezici ezidumile kakhulu sezikhova intamo yazo, ekwazi ukujikeleza ngama-270 degrees.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, abanye abamele izikhova bangabantu abafudukayo, kanti abanye baphila impilo yokuhlala, ukuhlala ngababili noma ngamaqembu amancane.

Isikhathi esisebenza kakhulu phakathi kwemini ubusuku. Ntambama badla, baphumule futhi balale. Okuhlukile izikhova ezimhlophe. Zisebenza nganoma isiphi isikhathi sosuku ngosuku lwendalo.

Isikhova sidla izinduku kaningi kunezinambuzane noma inhlanzi. Imvamisa inyamazane emincane ifunwa yizikhova ezincane.

Izikhova ziyisidina futhi, zakha izithandani, zichitha impilo yazo yonke nomlingani oyedwa. Kodwa-ke, noma yisiphi isikhathi sokuthandana esenzeka kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni asikho kwizikhova.

Izikhova ziyavilapha, azithandi ukusebenzisa isikhathi nomzamo ekwakheni izidleke ngakho-ke zivame ukuhlalisa abantu ongabazi. Kwezinye izimo, amaqanda abekwa ngqo emigodini yobumba nasezindongeni. Inani elijwayelekile lamaqanda ngesikhathi: izingcezu ezi-4-10.

Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla, amaphuphu ayakwazi ukudla ndawonye. Ngabazali babo esidlekeni, izingane azichithi isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala impilo yabantu abadala abazimele.

Izikhova eziqine kakhulu ziqala ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo, ezibuthakathaka kakhulu ziya kokondla izinyoni ezidla inyama.

Ngomqondo ojwayelekile, izikhova, uma zihola indlela yokuphila yokufuduka, zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuvela kwengozi noma ukuhlaselwa kwendawo yakudala. Kwesinye isikhathi abayishiyi insimu ngemuva kwezigameko ezinjalo, kodwa bavele bacashe emiqhele yemithi noma yamatshe.

Uvemvane uqobo lwakho konke - incazelo, indawo, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Kusukela ngisemncane sazi ngobukhona bezikhova. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa abantu abasola ukuthi izinyamazane zomhlaba wethu zinogwebu olubizwa ngale nyoni. Yini eyenza abantu banikeza lesi sinambuzane igama elinje? Iziphi izici zokuphila kwakhe? Sizokhuluma ngalokhu esihlokweni sethu.

Kungani ibizwa kanjalo?

Okokuqala, siphendukela ekuchazweni kwegama elingajwayelekile ngezinhlobo zeLepidoptera. Abahlali bezidalwa ezahlukahlukene zamahlathi emvula, okungukuthi amaqhawe alandisa ahlala lapho, bavame ukuphoqelelwa ukuba bafune isivikelo ekuhlaselweni yizitha.

Enye yezindlela ezidumile phakathi kwezinambuzane ukungazifihli. Ngakho-ke, izimpiko zam uvemvane zivame ukumbozwa ngamaphethini afana nokuvela kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, njengezinyoni noma ezihuquzelayo.

Uvemvane uqobo, olwaluhlobo lweKaligo, lwaqala ukubizwa kanjalo ngombala walo, olufana nale nyoni edla inyama. Imibuthano emikhulu ngaphakathi kwamaphiko ifana namehlo esikhova, esivumela lesi sinambuzane ukulingisa ukubonakala kwangaphambi kwenyoni.

Lokhu kudukisa izitha zemvelo zovemvane, ezilungiselela ukuwuhlasela, ngoba akusona isilokazana esintekenteke esivele phambi kwazo, kepha siyisilo esiyingozi esidlayo.

i-multicolor butterfly - incazelo, indawo yokuhlala, izinhlobo

Ngabe lubukeka kanjani uvemvane?

Ngokwengxenye sichaza imvelaphi yegama, siphakamise le nkinga. Noma kunjalo, ayidalulwa ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke siphendukela ekwandiseni uhla lolwazi olutholakalayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lo omele iLepidoptera ubukhulu obukhulu. I-kaligo grey, njengoba ochwepheshe bebiza isikhova sevemvane, inomzimba osayizi omuhle kakhulu. Ubude bawo buyakwazi ukufinyelela amasentimitha angama-20.

Umzimba walesi sinambuzane sinezintambo zezinwele eziningi, futhi ngaphezulu kwamaphiko kufana ne-velvet lapho kuthintwa. Ukuhlolwa nokutadisha okuningiliziwe kwavemvane kunikeza umuzwa wokuthi akusona izinambuzane nhlobo, kodwa kufana nesilwane esincane. Iphiko le uvemvane elisikhova liyahlukahluka lisuka kumamilimitha ayi-120 liye kumamilimitha ayi-160.

Abanye abantu babenamaphiko amakhulu kangangokuba amaphiko awo afinyelela kumamilimitha angama-200.

Umbala owesabekayo wangemuva kwamaphiko, ofana namehlo wesikhova, akuyona ukuphela kwento ephawuleka kahle ngovemvane. Ngendlela, abantu abaningi bayiqhathanisa namaphethini ahlobisa isikhumba senyoka. Ingxenye yangaphandle yamaphiko yaziwa ngabaningi njengabahle kakhulu. Umbala wayo ukugcwala kwemibala ehlukahlukene yemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ne-beige, njengokungathi igeleza iye komunye.

Izici zoqobo zinokubonakala kwesibungu. Umzimba wakhe upendiwe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, eduze kwemithunzi ye-lettuce, futhi ubuhlotshiswe ngemivimbo eblue.

Ikhanda le-larva ephuzi ekhanyayo lithweswe izimpondo. Ukubonakala okunjalo kwesibungu kuyindlela yabaningi yokuyiqhathanisa nedragons yaseChina yasenganekwaneni.

Ukufiphala kokuphela komsila nokufiphazwa kwaso ngemivimbo ye-azure kugcizelela lokhu ikakhulukazi.

Uphila kanjani uvemvane?

Isikhathi esisebenzayo sosuku phakathi kwesinambuzane siqala ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga. Kodwa-ke, ayinaso isikhathi esimangazayo: kuphela imizuzu engama-20 uvemvane esesimweni somsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ufuna ukudla. Uma ukutholakala kwenzeka, lapho sekwesehlele emhlabathini, kuncibilikisa i-proboscis ehlanganiswe ngaphakathi kanye nokuphuza umpe.

Isikhathi sonke, izimvemvane zesikhova zisemithini. Izimpiko zazo zisongelwe, zihlala zingashukumi.Uhla lokufihlakala njengamanje ngalesi sikhathi lubonakala kahle kwizitha ezingaba khona.

Njengoba indlela eyinhloko yokuvikela uvemvane ezitheni kuwukuzitika, lapho-ke ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwezinyoni ezidla inyama noma ezihuquzelayo, khona manjalo yenza ifulegi eliyi-180 degree ukuze libakhombise "isikhali esiyimfihlo" esibambelele ngemuva kwamaphiko aso abanzi. Umphumela wokusebenzisa le ndlela ephumelelayo muhle kakhulu, ngoba zombili izinyoni nezinyoka zenza yonke imizamo yokufihla lokho ezikubona - isithombe sokubukeka kwesikhova.

Lesi sinambuzane sidla ikakhulu izithelo ezithe chithiwe, ngoba zisendaweni yemvelo nasekugcinweni kwasekhaya. Izintandokazi phakathi kwalokhu ngamabhanana amnyama. Ukungathobeki okunjalo kovemvane lwesikhova kuba ngesinye sezizathu eziheha abantu ukuthi basigcine njengesilwane esifuywayo.

Abaningi bathi lesi sinambuzane singamabhabhathane asebusuku. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ososayensi bagcizelela ukuthi uvemvane lw owl. Ukuchazwa okunjalo kwalo kukhombisa ubukhona besilwane sokuzwa se-ultrasonic ngisho nezwi.

Lesi sinambuzane asikwazi ukubamba ukuqhekeka okukhanyayo kuphela, abantu abangakwazi ukukubona, kodwa futhi bakukhiqize kabusha! Njengoba amalulwane azingela nge-eksilocation kungenye yezitha zemvelo zezimvemvane zezikhova, izidalwa ezibuthakathaka kudingeka zizivikele.

Amakhono akhe ahlukile ayamsiza kulokhu. Ama-Butterflies abamba indlela yesilwane futhi athumele ama-ultrasound ohlangothini lwawo ngokuvama okushintshiwe ngenhloso. Lokhu kuhlanekezela umfanekiso wesikhala oskenwe yi-bat, futhi kulahlekelwe amandla okubamba ngokunemba inyamazane.

Besebenzisa okokuphuthelwa kwesitha, izimvemvane zicasha kuye.

butterfly mnemosin - incazelo, indawo yokuhlala, izinhlobo

Ngabe uvezwa kanjani uvemvane?

Ngemuva kokuphola okude kowesilisa, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka nomuntu onqobekile wohlobo lweKaligo emagatsheni esihlahla. Ngemuva kwalokho, insikazi ibeka amaqanda emaqabunga amakhulu. Ngemuva kwesonto, kuvela izibungu. Imvamisa, akuwona wonke amaqanda abekiwe akhiqiza inzalo.

Okokuqala, umzimba wezibungu upendwe umhlophe, bese kudlula imivimbo e-brown. Kube sekuqhibuka i-molting, emva kwalokho amacimbi ajika abe luhlaza bese ethola izimpondo kanye nezinsimbi.

Uhlala kuphi uvemvane?

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi indawo lapho le nhlobo yazalelwa khona eLepidoptera ihlathi eliseduze noMfula i-Amazon. Namuhla, indawo yokusabalalisa izinambuzane yinhle.

Izindawo ezihlalwa izimvemvane zifaka amahlathi ashisayo asezindaweni eziseningizimu nasenkabeni yeMelika, amahlathi aseVenezuela, aziwa ngabaningi beHonduras naseNicaragua.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaqoshwa amacala okutholwa komuntu uvemvane lwale nhlobo esifundeni saseMexico esishisayo.

Imvamisa abantu bazinza ezindaweni ezifulethi. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu bavela ezintabeni. Leli qiniso libonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuphila kwebhabhathane lesikhova ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-1.5 ngaphezulu kolwandle.

I-White Owl: Amaqiniso ayi-7

Isikhova esisezingeni eliphakeme siveza umehluko ngemuva kwezihlobo zaso eziqhamuka emndenini wesikhohlo ngenxa yokukhanya kwawo okuningi. Ngakho-ke, ibizwa nge-owl emhlophe, kanti ama-Yakuts aqamba umzingeli ngobumnene - Kaar-ebe, okusho ngesiRussia "ugogo omhlophe."

Isimo sale nyoni ebabazekayo singabonakala emabhukwini eSaverasov, Kustodiev, Monet ngisho nasezihlanjeni zeNdlovukazi yamaNgisi u-Elizabeth. Kuyamangaza futhi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo lishiwo ochungechungeni lwamanoveli mayelana noHarry Potter.

Kuneminye imininingwane eminingi ethokozisayo mayelana nesikhova esimhlophe.

Isikhova esikhulu kunazo zonke e-tundra

Isikhova esimhlophe (polar) inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke ukusuka ngokulandelana kwezikhova ku-tundra. Kulokhu, izinsikazi zikhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa: ubude bomzimba wazo bufinyelela ku-70 cm, futhi isisindo sazo singama-3 kg. Abesilisa banamandla ngokwendlela ababukeka ngayo, kepha ubukhulu babo bube nesizotha kakhulu: ubude bomzimba buhluka phakathi kuka-55-65 cm, bese isisindo sifinyelela ku-2,5 kg. Izimpiko zalesi silwane esingamamitha ayi-1.5 m.

Amapayipi aminyene anika inyoni ivolumu eyengeziwe, eyenza ibukeke inkulu.Isakhiwo saso esithukile, esidala igebe lomoya, singanciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka kokushisa. Izimpaphe ezivuthiwe cishe zimboza ngokuphelele uqhwaku, zivikele ku-hypothermia. Ama-paws ambozwe kakhulu phansi, afana noboya futhi akha "i-cosmas", ngakho-ke iziphuphu zicishe zingabonakali.

Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuhlaba umxhwele, isikhova esimhlophe siyandiza masinyane. Amapayipi asemaphikweni anzima, kepha indiza iyathula.

Fihla inkosi

Umbala wezikhova zabantu abadala wekhola uyavikela - umhlophe unezimpawu zobumnyama ezitholakala ngaphesheya. Uqhwaku nemihlakulo embozwe ngamabhulashi imnyama. Kuma-abesilisa kuphela lapho lo mbala we-crystal uphakama, uvinjelwe ngemifudlana emincane.

Ezinyangeni zezinsikazi nezinsikazi, kuphela isifuba nesisu kuphela ezinombala wethoni elikhanyayo, futhi yonke ingxenye engenhla yomzimba wayo imbozwe ngemicu emibala ehlukahlukene emnyama. Amakati azalwa enezimpaphe ezinsundu, eziguqula umbala njengoba zikhula.

Lo mbala uyisithunzi esihle kakhulu. Kunzima kakhulu ukubona isikhova eqhweni elimhlophe ebumnyameni obukhulu, ngakho-ke inenzuzo engenakuphikwa lapho uzingela nezinyamazane ezikhudlwana.

Inyoni ezulazulayo ngokwengxenye

Imvamisa uhlala endaweni eyodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi uhamba amabanga amade kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kuyabhekwaiyazula ngokwengxenye. Indawo yokuhlala yenyoni yi-tundra.

Kepha phakathi nobusika, ngifuna ukudla, umhlaseli onemibala undiza endiza nasehlathini lama-tundra. Kepha ukuhlangana naye ehlathini cishe akunakwenzeka.

Uma ukudla kukubi ngempela, inyoni iqhubekela phambili naseningizimu, iye enkabeni yeRussia noma emngceleni oseningizimu weCanada.

Ukufuduka kwezikhova ezibandayo kuqala ekwindla, futhi ukuhlala kwazo eningizimu kuhlala kuze kube sekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Abanye abantu bahlala ezindaweni ezidlekayo ebusika, kepha bakhethe indawo eneqhwa elingasho lutho neqhwa futhi bazame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile, kwesinye isikhathi baze bangene ezindlini.

Umzingeli omangalisayo

Isikhova esipholayo siyisisulu esisebenzayo. Isisekelo sokudla kwakhe emaceleni, amagundane namanye amagundane; akakufuni ukudla kwezitshalo nhlobo.

Ezikhathini ezilambile, ayizibi izinhlanzi, ezibanjwa kalula ngenxa yokusabela kombani okushesha, futhi ngisho nokuthosa. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungakwenza ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside.

Ngokwesilinganiso, inyoni endala eyodwa iqothula ama-lemmings angaphezu kwenkulungwane nesigamu ngonyaka.

Isitayela sakhe sokuzingela sinezici eziningi ezithokozisayo:

• Ukulungiselela ukuhlasela inyamazane esondelayo, ukuhlala phansi noma ukuhlasela usuka egqumeni elincane, isisulu sivame ukulandela ukweba. Kepha kusihlwa iyakwazi ukuzingela kanti nempukane, inyakaze endaweni eyodwa emoyeni, njenge kestrel.
• Umbono wesikhova wenzelwa ukuthi ubonakale kahle ebusuku nasebusuku. Izinyoni ziphoqelelwa ukuba ziphile ngosuku oluyindilinga. Lokhu kungukuphela kokumelwa komndeni wesikhova okuholela ekuziphatheni kwansuku zonke, bonke abanye bazingela kusihlwa noma ebusuku kuphela. Kepha esikhathini esiningi ukhetha ukuhlasela inyamazane kusese kuhlwe, amahora okulala noma ekuseni kakhulu, lapho ilanga lingaboni.
• Amehlo e-Amber anganyakazi ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke inyoni iphoqelelwa ukuba ijike ikhanda layo eliyindilinga ngezindlebe ezincane ezingama-270 degrees. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba akwazi ukulandelela inyamazane noma umdlwenguli oyingozi ngaphandle kokusuka endaweni yakhe.
• Ukwakheka okukhethekile kwe-retina kwamehlo alezi zikhova kwenza amehlo abo abona okweshumi abukhali kunamehlo abantu. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesayensi, kwavela ukuthi izinyamazane ziyakwazi ukubona izinduku ezincane nokukhanya okubuthaka kude kufinyelela kumamitha angama-340. Ngobusuku obunobusika obunobukhulu, bangakwazi ukuzingela ngisho nezinkanyezi ezibenyezela nokukhanya kwenyanga.
• Ubukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele buvumela isikhova esimhlophe ukuba sihlasele ngezikhathi ezithile noma hares, pikas, goose, amadada. Angaphinde ahlasele izinyamazane ezincane, kepha eziyingozi kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo. Inyamazane encane igwenywa ngokuphelele yizinyoni kanye namathambo noboya, bese zidilizwa, bese kuthi ezinkulu zithwelwe esidlekeni futhi sezivele zidwengulwe ngamawele asendaweni.

Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi izikhova ezisolwandle azilokothi zizingele lapho zihlala khona.. Lo mthetho awuguquki noma ngabe kukhona ukukhiqizwa okungenzeka kuseduze.

Emvelweni, izitha zemvelo zezilwane ezidla inyama enezimpungushe ziyizimpungushe nezimpungushe ezingama-arctic. Abazibeki engcupheni yokuhlasela abantu abadala, kepha bavame ukuxhaphaza izidleke zabo ngokudla amaqanda nam amaphuphu.

Umelusi we-Goose

Alikho iqiniso elincane elithandekayo mayelana nezikhova ezimhlophe - zinomthelela obalulekile ezenzakalweni ze-tundra. Ukuqothulwa kwalezi zinyoni eziningi zamagundwane antshontsha amaqanda ezinyoni, kanye nolaka olwedlulele ekuvikeleni indawo yokuhlala, kuthinta ngqo impumelelo yokudla izinyoni zezinyoni ezithile ze-tundra. Ngakho-ke, amadada, amahansi, amahansi, abagwedli bahlala eduze kwabo.

Yize kunjalo, izikhova azivamile ukuthinta laba abamele izinyoni namaqanda abo, kodwa zishayela ngempumelelo izimpungushe noma izinja ezidukelayo ezithanda ukubhubhisa izidleke zazo. Izinyoni zepolar zigcina izilwane zikude namakhaya abo eduze kwekhilomitha ukuvikela amantshontsho azo. Ngakho-ke, kungokwesiko ukuthi abanye abantu baseNyakatho babize izikhova ezimhlophe ngokuthi "abelusi be-goose".

Uma kwenzeka ingozi enkulu ngokweqile, isikhova siyakwazi ukuntywila ngokungesabi kumuntu futhi sikhiphe ukushaya okunamandla ngezimpama zayo. Akunconyelwe ukwephula imingcele yezinto zakhe futhi asondele kakhulu esidlekeni.

Izici ezithandekayo zokufuya

Izikhova ezimhlophe ziphilela impilo yodwa ngenxa yemvelo yazo. Kepha Ekupheleni kwesizini ngayinye yasentwasahlobo, ahlukaniswe ngababili, akhulisa ndawonye inzalo evela ngoJuni, ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokukhula. Yiduna elihlohla amaqanda. Lapho amachwane efika ezinsukwini ezingama-55, aqala ukufunda ukundiza, futhi inyunyana yabazali bayo yesikhashana ihlehla unomphela.

Izikhova zithanda ukuhlela izidleke ezindaweni ezomile zamagquma, zizigcwalise nge-fluff bese zizibeka: ngenkathi enhle, kuze kufike amaqanda ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu, futhi ngonyaka olambile - kuze kufike ku-4.

Ngesomiso, kungenzeka ukuthi izingane zakho zingabi nhlobo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akubona bonke abantu abahlafunayo abasindayo, ngoba izinyoni ziqala ukufaka inzalo eqandeni lokuqala, ngakho-ke ungathola amachwane weminyaka ehlukene esidlekeni esisodwa, futhi ngokuvamile ezincane ziyafa.

Kuwo wonke unyaka, izinyamazane ezimnyama zepolar zihlala zithule. Banikeza izwi kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala. Kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sendiza ungezwa imisindo eyi-jerky "no-no-no-no-no-no" noma "kra-au", okusikhumbuza ukhokho oshubile.

Ekuthunjweni uhlala isikhathi eside

Emvelweni, isikhova esine-polar siphila iminyaka engaba ngu-9 kuphela.. Inyoni eyivelakancane iyakwazi ukunqamula embundwini ineminyaka engu-17 ubudala.

Kepha ukwazi kahle ukudingiswa. Ngokunakekelwa okuhle kwizilwane zasendle, inyamazane emhlophe ingashintshana neshumi elinesithathu.

Isikhova esiveza ubhavu sigqokisa okwezingubo zedolobha laseNovy Urengoy (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) futhi siyisibonakaliso seQuebec - esinye sezifundazwe zaseCanada. Abantu baseNyakatho bayayidla futhi bayibheka njengenye yezindlela zokudlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yenyama emnandi nenamafutha.

Imidwebo yesitha ihlala inawe

Kumaketanga wokudla, izimvemvane zidlala indima yesisulu. Zinezitha eziningi: izinyoni, izingwe, ama-chameleon, amalulwane. Ukuze usinde uzungezwe izitha eziningi kangaka, kufanele uhambe namaqhinga. Uvemvane lweKaligo luthatha umfanekiso othembekile ngokuphelele wesikhova emaphikweni waso, zonke izilwane ezincane ezisabayo.

Uhlangothi olungaphandle lwamaphiko eKaligo lupendiwe ngaphansi kwezimpaphe zesikali ekhanda nasentabeni yenyoni. Umbala, usayizi, ukwakheka - konke kuyafana. Kulezi zimpaphe ezipeyintiwe, amehlo amakhulu a-owllinging owl ayaqhakaza. Lapho inyamazane noma inyoni ebomvu esifubeni, i-tanagra, isondela ku-kaligo, uvemvane lugoqa amaphiko ayo. Umhlaseli uhlangana nokubanda okubandayo kwesikhova abaleke.

Umphumela wesaba uvuselelwa ngosayizi omangalisayo wovemvane uqobo. Iphiko lifinyelela ku-20 cmfuthi ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha ayi-7. Lokhu kuyelapha okunempilo kakhulu ezilwaneni ezingavikeleki, futhi kufanele kuvikelwe ngephethini yokuxineka.

Imvelo idonsa kanjani izimvemvane

Noma iyiphi iphethini yephiko lezinambuzane entsha ingumphumela wokuguquka kwezakhi. Ngokunokwenzeka, ngesinye isikhathi phakathi kwe-kaligo e-brownish-grey isithombe esingajwayelekile savela namabala amancane.Yize kungezona zonke izitha ezazimesaba yena, kodwa okuncane kuphela, kepha wayenenhlanhla ukwedlula abasebenza naye: washiya inzalo.

Ezingxenyeni ezimbalwa zezingane, izindawo azibonanga nje kuphela, kepha zaba zinkulu. Babethusa kakhulu abanye abahlaseli kakhulu futhi basinda kuze kube mzuzu wokuphila - ukuzala kabusha. Futhi ngakho esizukulwaneni ngasinye: ngubani ofana nesikhova, uhlala emhlabeni wamahlathi ase-Amazonia nezingane zakhe.

Bheka futhi: Emgodini wekamela, onamafutha, hhayi owamanzi

IKaligo ayihlukile ngombala wayo. I-peacock-eye emnyama enamachwane ibukisa ngomdlwane womdwebo wesilwane. Imikhawulo yezimpiko zamehlo e-Atlas peacock-iso ifana namakhanda wezinyoka aphendukele emuva. ISaturnia Io enamehlo enkawu ngesizinda esikhanyayo siphumelela kakhulu.

Ingquza Yesikhohlakali Sakhoqobo

Uvemvane omdala uhlala cishe izinyanga ezi-2, ngakho inkampani yakhe ingajatshulelwa ekhaya. Udla ujusi wezithelo ezigcwele kakhulu, uthanda ubhanana newayini elimnandi. Isinambuzane sikhumbula ngokushesha ukuthi ngubani owondlayo, futhi indiza ibheke kumniniyo. Into esemqoka ukuxwayisa izivakashi ngobuntu obuthinta imibala wesilwane ukuze singasabi ukuvela okungazelelwe kwesikhova egumbini.

Azikho izinto ezihehayo kangako ngezici ezimangalisayo zezifudu zezindlovu nezinyosi, funda izinto ezintsha nsuku zonke nendawo yethu.

Iyalayisha ... Ukudonswa komiyane umsindo wokushaywa kwamaphiko, futhi abesilisa abaze balume abantu amaFudu ayengawokuqala ukundiza enyangeni edwaleni laseSoviet yenza izimpiko eziyikhulu zamaphiko ngomzuzu ebunziniFish lang ibekezelela isomiso futhi ingahlala ngaphandle kwechibi izinyanga eziyisithupha.Ukuphakama ekushwabeni kwamahhashi amahhashi wohlobo lweFalabella ngo-84 cm

Ibhabhathane: incazelo nesithombe. Isakhiwo nokubukeka kwezimvemvane

Ngokwakheka kwavemvane, iminyango emibili eyinhloko ihlukaniswa - umzimba ovikelwe igobolondo eliqinile le-chitinous kanye namaphiko.

Ibhabhathane - isinambuzane somzimba waso siqukethe:

Ukuhlala ekhanda kuxhunyiwe esifubeni. Ikhanda le uvemvane linomumo oyindilinga onengxenye ephusile yomzimba omncane. Amehlo omugqa noma oyindilinga ogqamile webhabhathane ngendlela yama-hemispheres, ahlala iningi lamakhanda angaphezulu kwekhanda, anohlaka lwesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Izimvemvane zinombala wombala, futhi izinto ezinyakazayo zibona zingcono kunezihamba ezinyakazayo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, amehlo alula e-parietal akhiwe ngemuva kwe-antennae. Ukwakheka kwezixhobo zomlomo kuncike ezinhlotsheni futhi kungaba uhlobo oluncelayo noma lokugedla.

Izimpethu zovemvane zitholakala emngceleni wezinhlaka ze-parietal nezangaphambili kwekhanda. Basiza butterflies ukuzulazula kwemvelo, bebona ukunyakaza komoya kanye nephunga elihlukahlukene.

Ubude nesakhiwo se-antennae kuncike ezinhlotsheni.

Imicengezi yenundu

Izimbambo ezimbili zamaphiko uvemvane, embozwe yizikali ezifulethini zezimo ezahlukahlukene, zinesakhiwo sewebhu futhi zihlatshwa ngemithambo enqenqemeni kanye nobude. Ubukhulu bezimpiko zangemuva bungalingana nobungaphambili noma bukhulu kakhulu. Iphethini yamaphiko uvemvane iyahlukahluka kusuka ezinhlotsheni kuya ezinhlotsheni futhi ibukeka ngobuhle bayo.

Ngesikhathi sokuthwebula izithombe ezinkulu, izikali ezisemaphikweni wezimvemvane zibonakala kahle - zingaba nobumba nemibala ehlukene ngokuphelele.

Izimpiko ze-Butterfly - ukudutshulwa kwe-macro

Ukuvalwa Kwamaphiko Butterfly

Ukubukeka nemibala yezimpiko zam uvemvane akusebenzisi kuphela ukuqashelwa kobulili obucacile, kodwa futhi kusebenza njengezithombe zokuzivikela ezivumela ukuthi uhlangane nendawo ezungezile.Ngakho-ke, imibala ingaba i-monochrome noma i-mosagated ngephethini eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ubukhulu uvemvane, noma okungcono ukusho amaphiko uvemvane, angasukela ku-2 mm kuye kuma-31 cm.

Izimpiko zesibhakabhaka zazinezimvubvu zamehlo ezinjengamaphethini

Ahlala kuphi butterflies emvelweni?

Indawo yokusabalalisa izimvemvane emhlabeni ibanzi kakhulu. Akufaki kuphela ukwanda okuvundayo kwe-Antarctica. AmaButterflies ahlala yonke indawo ukusuka eNyakatho Melika naseGreenland kuya ogwini lwase-Australia kanye nesiqhingi saseTasmania. Inani elikhulu kunazo zonke zezilwane ezitholakala ePeru naseNdiya. Lezi zinambuzane ezinamaphiko zindizela hhayi nje ezigodini eziqhakaza kuphela, kodwa futhi ziphezulu ezintabeni.

Zidlani izimvemvane?

Ukudla kwezimvemvane eziningi kuqukethe impova kanye nompe ezitshalweni zezimbali. Izinhlobo eziningi zezimvemvane zidla emithini yesithelo, eseqile nezithelo ezibolile. I-brazhnik, inhloko efile, iyisiphundu sibili, ngoba imvamisa indiza ibe ngamacembe ezinyosi futhi ijabulele uju abalutholile.

Ezinye izimvemvane ze-nymphalidae zidinga izakhi zokulandela umkhondo kanye nomswakama owengeziwe. Umthombo wazo ukungcola, umchamo nokujuluka kwezilwane ezinkulu, ubumba olumanzi, kanye nokujuluka komuntu.

Isibonelo, izimvemvane ezivela ehlathini lemvula laseAmazon ziphuza izinyembezi zezimfudu nezengwenya.

Kunezinhlobo zezimvemvane ezingenazitho zomlomo: ukuze zilondoloze umsebenzi obalulekile, zichitha lezo zinto ezigcinwe ezakhiweni ezinqwabelaniswa esigabeni sezinambuzane.

Lezi zimvemvane zifaka phakathi inkanyezi yaseMadagascar, amaphiko ayo angama-14-16 cm. Isikhathi sokuphila kwaleli bhungane izinsuku ezingama-2-3.

I-Butterfly Madagascar Comet (Saturnia Madagaska) (argema mittrei)

Kukhona futhi “amakhampasi” phakathi kwezimvemvane. Isibonelo, abesilisa bezinhlobo ezithile ze-scoop bagcina amandla abo ngenxa yegazi nokugeleza kwezilwane.

Unjalo uvemvane i-vampire (lat. Callyptra).

Izigaba zokuzalela izimvemvane. Ukuguqula ukhokho ube uButterfly

Izimvemvane eziningi zinezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuthandana ngaphambi kwenkathi yokuzala, ezivezwa ezindizeni nasemidansweni. Inqubo yokuzalelisa, lapho owesifazane ethola kowesilisa, ngaphezu kwesidoda, ukulethwa kwezinto ezidingekayo zomkhondo namaphrotheni, kwesinye isikhathi kuyabambezeleka amahora amaningi.

Isibungu siphenduka uvemvane

Umjikelezo wempilo uvemvane uqukethe izigaba ezi-4 (izigaba):

Impilo kaBhungane iqala ngeqanda. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo nohlobo, uvemvane lubeka amaqanda emaqabungeni noma emagatsheni ezitshalo. Kungaba amaqanda ayi-1000 ahlanganisiwe womumo oyindilinga, owenziwe nge-cylindrical noma ovoid. Umbala wamaqanda ungaba mhlophe, uluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi, ubomvu, kwesinye isikhathi ngephethini. Lesi sigaba sempilo yovemvane sihlala ngaphakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-8-15.

Ukhokho (uLerva)

Kulesi sigaba, lesi sinambuzane sinesimo se-inverted. Amathuluzi asemlonyeni wezibungu eziququde. Isici se-sibungu ukubakhona kwezinduna ezikhethekile kuwo, ezikhiqiza into eqinisa ngokushesha ukuxhumana nomoya futhi yakheke uhlobo lwentambo kasilika eqinile. Amakhethini wezimvemvane adla ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwezitshalo: izithelo, izimbali namaqabunga ezitshalo. Noma kunjalo, kukhona amacimbi okudla okuqukethe uboya, izinto ezi-horny, ngisho ne-wax.

Idoli

Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane, i-pupa ingaba nesimo esidliwayo esingama-cylindrical futhi esiyindilinga. I-cocoon eqinile kwesinye isikhathi inephethini eyakhiwa ngemivimbo, amachashazi namabala. Kulesi sigaba sokuthuthuka, uvemvane, amaphiko, i-proboscis nemilenze sezivele zisencane yazo.

Ukuguqula isibungu sibe yi-chrysalis

I-Imago (umuntu omdala, uvemvane)

Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, isikhathi sokuphila uvemvane singasukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni eziyi-10. I-imago isivele ikwazi ukuzala kabusha futhi isebenze kabusha, okuyiwona msebenzi wayo oyinhloko.

Ukuguqula i-pupa ibe uvemvane (imago)

Benzani izimvemvane ebusika?

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi butterflies hibernate ngezindlela ezihlukile. Kunezinhlobo zezimvemvane ezithi, lapho sezishiyile ama-chrysalis, ziphila kuphela ehlobo, futhi zife ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo.Abanye balinda ubusika esigabeni seqanda, kodwa iningi likwenza njenge-chrysalis. Kunezinhlobo ezihlangana namakhaza ngezinambuzane ezivuthiwe futhi zizifihle kuzo izimbobo zezihlahla noma imifantu ejulile egangeni. Lezi yi-urticaria, i-burdock ne-lemongrass.

I-butterfly lemongrass (i-sihlahla sivikelekile)

Kepha kukhona okuhlukile emithethweni.

Abanye abamele iLepidoptera bakhetha ukushiya izindawo abahlala kuzo ngaphandle kokulinda izimo ezingezinhle. Amane endizela ezimpini ezifudumele. "Abahambi" abadume kakhulu yi-oleander hawker kanye nenkosi.

Ukufuduka kwamavemvane e-monarch kuya ku-climes efudumele

Butterflies nabantu

Red Order Ribbon (Catocala nupta), Scoop-Ribbon, Julayi, Ulyanovsk Region Photo ngu-Olga Sytina

I-Lepidoptera, noma izimvemvane (iLepidotera) - Izidalwa ezikhangayo kangangokuba nabantu abangazithandi izinambuzane baziphatha kahle. Kuningi okubhaliwe mayelana nezimvemvane, kepha njalo ngonyaka bayakwazi ukufunda okuthile okusha empilweni yabo noma ukuchaza izinhlobo ezintsha. Ukuze lesi sihloko singafani nesifinyezo semininingwane eyisisekelo ephathelene nezimvemvane, ngizogxila kwamanye amaqiniso kusuka empilweni yabo.

Izimvelela ziyaziwa cishe izinhlobo ezingama-200,000, zonke zibonakaliswa ukuba khona kwezinwele ezikhethekile ezithotshisiwe emaphikweni - esikalini. Imvamisa, izingane zicabanga ukuthi izimvemvani zimbozwe impova yezimbali, kanti uma uyisula, kulula ukufafaza ngaphezulu okusha, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka kubukeka beminduze. Kodwa-ke, lo "pollen" - amabhloka. Uma zisulwe futhi amaphiko azo egxilile, izinambuzane ezintekenteke ngeke zikwazi ukundiza futhi ngeke zisinde isikhathi eside.

Ebuntwaneni, abaningi babamba izimvemvane bese bezama ukuqoqa - lokhu kuyisifiso esijwayelekile solwazi, kepha lapho izimvemvane zibulawa ngenxa nje yokuzijabulisa, ngikhumbula isigaba esikulesi sihloko esithi: “Emigodini emikhulu, ama-sloth akhuthele futhi aqaphe ama-koalas”

"Ngokuqondene nokuthi abantu badinga yini ukukhathazeka ngokulondoloza izinambuzane, uMids ukhumbule isigameko esenzeke kwesinye seziteshi zasensimini. Lapho inundu lihlala etafuleni ababedle kulo isidlo sasekuseni, esinye sezisebenzi saphakamisa isandla salo ukuze silibulale. Enye ikwazile ukubamba isandla emoyeni. "Kulapho-ke ungadala into efana naye," kusho yena, "khona-ke ungayibulala le."

Muva nje, ngibone intombazane ibamba uvemvane empukweni. Wamphonsa esihlahleni wamnyathela. Umama akazange asho lutho kuye, akazange achaze lutho, bavele baqhubeka ...

Ama-Lepidoptera amaningi ane-proboscis eyenziwe kahle. Zonke izimvemvane zakha ezinkungwini ezincishisayo. Ezinye izimvemvane zidla umpe wezimbali, ezinye zidla ngokudla kwesihlahla kanye nesithelo esivuthisiwe, kanti ezinye azinandaba nokudla imichilo yezilwane nezinyembezi, kanye nodaka ukuze kube nokuntuleka kosawoti wamaminerali ngemuva kokuzalela.

Ngifuna ukwazi ukuthi ikhona izimvemvane ze-vampire. "Ama-Vampires" angabesilisa kuphela bezinye izihloko ezincane ezivela kuhlobo caliptra (ICalyptra), kanye nama-calipter besifazane akhetha ijusi yezithelo. Ama-calipter amaningi ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia, lapho aphuza khona igazi le-buffalo. Endabeni eqanjiwe yesayensi ethi "Brood" evela eqoqweni elithi "Vampires: Anthology" I-Ramsey campbell Usitshele ngamaqhinga e-calyptra eustrigata (iCalyptra eustrigata) - uvemvane olushubisa umnkantsha lwegazi. Akazange ayisungule - uvemvane olunjalo luphuza ngempela ebusuku igazi le-buffalo ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abesilisa kuphela abaphuza igazi - ngakho-ke bathola izinto ezidingekayo ukuze bazalwe kabusha. Lezi zimvemvane zichazwa kudala, ngakho-ke akucaci ukuthi kungani bathatha isinqumo sokukhipha kuso, bebhala kwabezindaba ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule ukuthi kutholakale izimvemvane ze-vampire.

EPrimorye, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezindaweni ezisesigabeni kanye naseLeningrad, kukhona uvemvane caliptra basilica (ICalyptra thalictri, ukubuka kwavula emuva ngo-1790!). Lesi yisibhubi esingatheni esimpunga. Kwesinye isikhathi, akakwazi nje ukuphuza igazi enxebeni elivulekile, kepha futhi ugwaze isikhumba nge-proboscis. Lezi zimvemvane azivamile, kwezinye izindawo zize zibhalwe ku-Red Book. Kuyadingeka ukuchitha isikhathi esingaphezu kobusuku obubodwa edwaleni noma ehlathini, ukuheha izinambuzane kukhanya bese ulinda kuze kube yilapho i-calipra ihlala emunweni futhi ihlabe isikhumba nge-proboscis.Engikuzwayo kulo muzwa - angazi, kodwa abahloli bathi kubukeka sengathi kuyinkomba enenalithi ebomvu eshisayo. I-proboscis ye-calypter ibukhali, enamazinyo ekugcineni. Ukondliwa kwegazi ezilwaneni kudinga ukwenziwa kabusha okujulile kwe-anatomy, physiology, nokunye okuvela ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngakho-ke akufanele wesabe abelungu "abaphendukayo", abathi ngolunye usuku bagijime ukuphuza igazi lomuntu.

Ama-butterflies emhlabeni nangaphansi kwamanzi

Isibungu somuntu wasendlini wasendulo, Agasti 4, Isifunda saseMoscow, isithombe ngu-Nikolai Vladimirov

Emehlweni abantu, umhlobiso obaluleke kakhulu wezimvemvane ungamaphiko. Kungenxa yamaphiko angenayo imibala enemibala eminingi ngezimvemvane ezakha izinganekwane, zithathwa njengomuntu womuntu, oboniswe emidwebeni nakuma-tattoos. Kodwa-ke, kukhona izimvemvane ezingenamaphiko! Isibonelo, insikazi ababambisi basendulo (Orgyia antiqua). Le uvemvane ibizwa nangokuthiwa i-carpail evamile. Abaningi izimbumbulu (Umndeni uLymantriidae) awondli, kepha uphile kuphela ngokuchitheka kwamasheya aqongelelwe isibungu.

Ukugqabhuka kwasendulo kunobuningi bokuvela kwamaphiko, kodwa stephorn (Orgyia dubia) futhi lokhu kuncishisiwe. Iphenduka uvemvane, insikazi ayiphumi ngisho nakukhukhunathi. Ulele lapho futhi ulindele abesilisa. Ukufika komkhwenyana kugxibha umgodi omncane ku-cocoon. Owesifazane onamafutha anjalo angaguquki akha amaqanda amaningi, acishe abe yikhulu, futhi wonke ambozwe ngecocoon. Ngakho-ke imvelo inakekela inzalo yesikhathi esizayo ye-Piper - kuzoba khona amacimbi amaningi, futhi ivikelwe ikhukhunathi eliminyene.

Kwiphephabhuku i "Science and Life", ilungu le-Entomological Society, isazi se-physics u-Vladimir Murzin wake wachaza icala elinjalo ngezimpukane selenophores (Gynaephora selenophora). Ezintabeni zase-Uzbekistan, wakuthola ngaphansi kwaleli tshe ukuthi mangaki amakhokho abesifazane futhi wawafaka ephaketheni lakhe. Lapho umhloli wezemvelo efika ethendeni, wayezungezwe yinqwaba yezimvemvane ezincane ezinomnyama. Bonke laba kwakungamadoda. Bazama ukungena emaphaketheni abo kanye nabashadikazi nezinsikazi ezingenazintambo ezisanda kuthathwa. Babathole kanjani? Iphunga lama-pheromones, abamba amadevu awo amahle kakhulu. Uma ubheka amabhu amnyama wasebusuku, ungabona kalula ukuthi eminye imithambo imincane, kanti eminye inokubukeka okubanzi, okuyi-cirrus. Lawa angabesilisa, futhi amadevu awo woboya asiza ukuhogela insikazi ekude.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinye izimvemvane ezingenamaphiko azisi ama-heroine omama kuphela, kodwa futhi nangaphansi komhlaba. Izinsikazi ezingenazintambo ngaphansi kwamanzi (Acentropus niveus) dive ngokuphelele.

Lezi zimvemvane ezincane ezivela emndenini wamabhu (Pyralidae) zihlala eYurophu. Amakati athela emaqabunga angaphansi kwamanzi we-Hornworms (Ceratophyllum) ne-pestle (Potamogeton). Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi abesilisa abanamaphiko kufanele bangene emanzini bangene echibini. Baqhutshwa uthando, bathola ububi babo. Impela, ngokungafani nabesifazane, abesilisa abakafanelwanga impilo yasemanzini. Kunoma yikuphi, impilo yama-butterflies yalolu hlobo imfushane - usuku noma ezimbili, kepha amacimbi achitha ubusika obude echibini.

Ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona iminduze amanzi amhlophe amhlophe (i-Nymphaea alba), ungathola enye i-submariner yamabhabhathane - lily lamanzi (IHydrocampa nymphaeata). Amacimbi akhulile alezi zinhlobo azakhela indawo yokuhlala kusuka emaqabungeni, azigcwalise ngamabhamuza omoya. Amakhethini yonke indawo aphatha isikhwama somoya esinjalo nawo. Isibungu siyampande esikhwameni esifanayo. Ibhabhathane elafika emhlabeni (bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane abanjengenundu lily lamanzi) lintanta ebusweni njenge-buoy. Lapho selome iqabunga lokuqala, uvemvane luyandiza lumuke. Kunzima ukutadisha izinambuzane zamanzi, ngakho-ke akukho mininingwane eminingi ngazo. Imvamisa ukuze kubhekwe, amacimbi abekwa endaweni eyi-aquarium, ebekwa eduze nedeskithophu - ukuqapha amacimbi nsuku zonke.

Ukuphakamisa Butterflies kusuka ku-Caterpillars

I-cocoon ye-Grass, isibungu, Meyi 11, isifunda saseMoscow. Isithombe ngu-Olga Kuvykina

Coconut moth utshani, uvemvane, insikazi Julayi 21, Isifunda saseMoscow

Isibungu esitholakele sidinga ukuthathwa ndawonye nesitshalo sokuphakelayo - njengomthetho, lesi yisihlahla noma imbali esihlala kuyo isibungu. Kepha kuthiwani uma ibhungane litholakala, uthi, endleleni? Kungcono ukuzama ukubheka ukubukeka kwakhe esebenzisa incwadi noma izinkundla zokuxhumana, khona-ke kuzocaca ukuthi udlani.Ngemuva kwakho konke, uhlobo ngalunye lwamacimbi lukhetha ukudla okuthile. Abanye, nokho, banamazwibela amaningi, ngokwesibonelo, amacimbi ezinye izimonyo adla konke okutholayo - kusuka ekuhlolweni kwezithelo kuya emaqabunga e-rosehip.

Ikheji noma imbiza enamacimbi kufanele ivalwe ngokuqinile nge-gauze noma ngesivimbo esinemigodi yokungena komoya, ngaphandle kwalokho isilwane sizosula. Indaba efundisayo yehlele kimi ehlobo. Bengiphumile futhi nginqume ukuzijabulisa ngemfundo kwabiwe iwayini (Deilephila elpenor - deilefila elpenor) kusuka isibungu.

Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, ngathola ehlathini eliseduze kwendlu ithole lesikhonyane esikhulu ku-ivan itiye (Chamaenerion angustifolium - firewed-nyembamba-leaved). Angizange ngibe nesibindi sokuthatha isikhonyane nami ngaso leso sikhathi. Iqiniso ngukuthi ehlobo isizukulwane sesibili asihlali sinazo lezi zimbumbulu, kodwa kuphela eminyakeni evumayo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, unodoli kuzodingeka ukuthi ugcinwe kubo bonke ubusika esiqandisini phakathi kwemifino, njalo u-moss-sphagnum. Enye inkinga ukuthi amacimbi abaguqayo abacasha ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile ngaphambi kokudlanga. Ngemuva kwesonto, ngaphinde ngazulazula endaweni efanayo, ngabona isibungu futhi kulokhu angikwazanga ukumelana naso, ngasithatha nami. Ezinsukwini ezimbili zokuqala, lesi sibungu sahlafunisisa amaqabunga e-Ivan-itiye - lalimi embizeni eyambozwa ngebhabha ukuze isibungu singashoni. Ngaphezulu kwakho konke lokhu bekumbozwe ngenetha yomiyane, kusuka ngaphansi kucindezelwe izinsimbi.

Ngosuku lwesithathu, amacimbi ayeka ukudla futhi aqala ukugijima emibuthanweni ezungeze ikheji - lase selizodonsa. Ngesizathu esithile, wayengathandi umhlaba ne-sphagnum, engiyifaka ebhodweni. Ngosuku lwesine, wabaleka. Angicabangi ukuthi aqhamukaphi amandla wezibungu - ikwazile ukuhambisa isisindo. Isibungu sikhulu, usayizi wesithupha, kodwa usafihle ndawo ndawo ukuze angikwazi ukusithola kuvulandi onengilazi.

Ngasesha wonke amabhodwe nomhlaba, wonke amaphakheji - awekho futhi yiwo! Kuphakathi kwalokho wagxumela phansi esuka kuvulandi wafika eminduze, noma wacasha kakhulu ukuthi wabonwa kuphela ngemuva kokuzalwa kukavemvane. Abanye abafuyi bezindawo babuye baba namacala - isibungu sasicasha, kwathi ngemuva kwenyanga kwaba nokuthokozisa kwamaphiko ngaphansi kophahla. Uma uvemvane, ngemuva kokuvela kuma-chrysalis, lungatholi uxhaso olufanele (ihlumela, ikhethini), amaphiko azosabalala kabi futhi azokhubazeka. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhulisa amacimbi kubalulekile ukubeka izinti embizeni. Lapho kuphuma uvemvane esigungwini, amaphiko aso abukeka njengezindundana ezisengezwe ohlakeni - imithambo. Kancane kancane, amaphiko athola amandla futhi welule.

Kamuva, ngaba nenhlanhla ethe xaxa ekukhuliseni izimvemvane. Okokuqala, ngithole i-cocoon yencwadi ebomvu engandile saturnia pavonia (iso elincane le-peacock ebusuku - uSaturnia pavonia) wamletha ekhaya. Kunconywa ukugcina ukhukhunathi omise okwenziwe ngethanga we-saturnia, ulukhuni njengetshe, bonke ubusika kuvulandi onengilazi noma esiqandisini eshalofini elingezansi ebhokisini elinesihlabathi ne-sphagnum. Kwesinye isikhathi isihlabathi sidinga ukuthanjiswa. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, sibeka ibhokisi efulethini kufasitela elifudumele (kodwa hhayi ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo!), Beka ihlumela ngaphakathi bese ulindela ukuzalwa kukavemvane olukhulu olunamandla. Kuliqiniso, izimpukane ezincane zomdabu noma abagibeli kwesinye isikhathi bavela kuma-cocoon esikhundleni sezimvemvane. Muva nje, isixuku somhluzi ovuthiwe wegolide sihlaselwe ipupa nymphalidae.

Abagibeli abadala babhoboza amacimbi babeke amaqanda emzimbeni wabo, futhi ama-hedgehogs agaya amaqanda ngaphezulu, futhi aqine kangangokuba awukwazi ngisho nokuwasonga ngenalithi. Ukubambeka emaqanda, izibungu zidla ngezicubu ezithambile zesikhonyane ngaphandle kokulimaza uhlelo lwezinzwa. Futhi ngaphambi nje kokuba impuphu, ifike ebuchosheni, kanti uvemvane lwesikhathi esizayo luyafa.

Okwesibili, ngithole ama-pupae amaningi ekwindla isikefo segiya (Scoliopteryx libatrix). Lawa ama-scoops amahle anezimpiko ze-serated kanye nephethini yamabala e-orange. NgoSepthemba 22, ngathola imfene emnyama emahlahleni asoweto, kwathi enye yatholakala lapho. Bengingafuni ukukhathaza ngokugcina ubusika i-pupae, ngakho-ke ekuqaleni angizange ngibathinte. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha ngathola ukuthi lezi kwakuyizimpimpi zesifutho. Lokhu kuyinhlobo engandile yesifunda saseMoscow kanye nenye yezinundu ezimbalwa zobusika eziqala ebusika esigabeni sabadala (isinambuzane esidala).Okusho ukuthi, ipupa lami lalingayi ebusika nakancane, kodwa uvemvane lwaluya ebusika.

Ukubuyela kulezo mifene, ngayihlola yonke i-pupae futhi ngakhetha leyo eyakhahlela lapho ithintwa. Konke okunye akuhambanga. Ngayithatha ngehlumela. Ngafaka ijegi embizeni, ngasimboza nge-gauze, ngadonsa ngebhande elastic, futhi ngalibeka egumbini elifudumele kufasitela. Kwesinye isikhathi umise kancane umoya ngamanzi afafaza.

Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ukwakheka komzimba kwaqala ukubonakala ku-pupa. Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, imilenze eboshelwe ngobunono ne-antennae yayivele ibonakala kahle. Ngo-Okthoba 5 kusihlwa, ngibuyele ekhaya, ngabheka ebhange futhi ngomzuzwana ngakhohlwa konke - wayehleli lapho, uvemvane oluhle! Kuzwela, uphume ngingekho ekhaya, futhi angikwazanga ukubona le nqubo ehehayo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izimvemvane zithatha amahora amaningi ukusabalalisa amaphiko azo. Okokuqala, "amahlumela" avele, kepha kancane kancane aqonde, kube sengathi welulela ngaphezulu kohlaka lwemithambo.

Uma uthola cocoy fluffy, qaphela nabo, ubathathe ngenduku, hhayi ngezandla zakho. Muva nje ngithole ukhukhunathi omkhulu ompunga esihlahleni, nginqume ukubona ukuthi ngabe i-chrysalis iyaphila yini, ukuthi ngabe kufanelekile yini ukuthatha ikhukhu ekhaya. Wavula ngokucophelela i-cocoon kusuka phezulu, futhi inqwaba yezinhlamvu ezincane ezimnyama zangena ngokujulile ngaphansi kwesikhumba seminwe! Angikwazanga ukuzisusa, futhi ukulunywa umunwe ngaphezu kwesonto.

Kancane mayelana nokuthwebula i-Lepidoptera

Umama kaPearl Aglaya, Agasti 17, Isifunda saseMoscow. Isithombe ngu-Olga Kuvykina

Vele, kungcono ukudubula izimvemvane ezimbalini - konke lokhu kungokwemvelo futhi kuhle. Kodwa kuthiwani uma umoya onamandla ugoba ama-inflorescence emhlabathini futhi akunakwenzeka ukugxila? Kulokhu, nginolwazi lwami uqobo - ngiphatha amabhodlela anezixazululo zoju ephaketheni lami. Ngicwilisa umunwe wami, ngawuyisa kuvemvane - wathela phezu kwalo. Into esemqoka ukusondela ngokucophelela ukuze isithunzi singawi. Futhi udinga ukuphatha ukusula okumanzi nawe, uma kungenjalo hhayi izandla zakho kuphela ezizonamathela maduze.

Ukulila nezinye izimvemvane zithanyelwe ngenhlanganisela emnandi - uju nobhiya obukhoma (noma imvubelo) kufakwa amahora angama-24 emgqonyeni, bese kufakwa endwangu (isiqeshana sokugqekeza kungcono) futhi kusongwe ngale ndwangu esiqwini sesihlahla noma kumiswe egatsheni. Izimvemvane eziningi zasebusuku (idipper, i-scoop, i-saturn) zingatholwa izithombe uma uzihenda ekukhanyiseni ebusuku. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusihlwa efudumele ngemuva kwesibani esinamandla (isibani sokukhanya se-mercury quartz kungcono) ibanga elingama-50-100 cm ukusuka lapho ukudonsa ishidi elimhlophe lapho izimvemvane ziyohlala khona. Kungcono ukubeka ishidi elimhlophe (ishidi) emhlabathini ngaphansi kwesibani - isikhombisi. Isibani sibekwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1-1,5. Ungabheki isibani - siyingozi emehlweni.

Kwesinye isikhathi izimvemvane ezihehayo zindiza ngqo efulethini ebusuku - kungcono ukuthi zikhanyise ukukhanya bese zivula amawindi ngobubanzi. Ehlobo leli induna yandiza izongivakashela amakhambi we-cocoonworm (I-Euthrix potatoria, uvemvane olufana ne-foxy red fox) no i-tassel encane (I-Clostera pigra, uvemvane olunamazenga ekugcineni kwesisu). Ukuze ukhiphe uvemvane ungene emgwaqweni ngemuva kokudutshulwa kwesithombe, kungcono ukuyikhipha egcekeni kunokuba uyikhiphe efasiteleni, ngaphandle kwalokho izophinda ingene efulethini. Ukukhanya kukhanya ngokungenakuvinjwa.

Abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi ngitholaphi amacimbi amaningi kangaka wezithombe. Zikhona yonke indawo, kepha zincane kakhulu futhi zifihlwe kahle. Udinga ukuhamba kancane ehlathini bese uhlola iqabunga ngalinye kusuka phezulu nangaphansi, esihlahleni nangaphansi kwezinyawo zakho, ukuze ubone okuthile. Isimo sezulu esibi noma amacimbi ashisayo kakhulu acashe.

Izici nesimo sendawo eLycaenidae

ILyubyanka (i-Latin Lycaenidae) ingumndeni wesibili odlangile emhlabeni, inezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezinhlanu futhi ithatha amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu ezinhlobo ezaziwa namuhla kwisayensi. Lesi simangaliso sinokuhlangana cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, kepha ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo.

Ngokuhlaziya isithombe se-polyommatus, umuntu angachaza izici zayo zangaphandle, ezifana nosayizi nombala. Leli bhungane, elinamaphiko, akuvamile ukufinyelela ngaphezu kwamasentimitha amane, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo ezishisayo, ezifinyelela kumasentimitha ayisithupha.

I-polygonum ithole igama layo ngqo ngenxa yombala wayo, onombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma onsundu, okungajwayelekile ukuthi kube yi-polygonidae ngombala obomvu onsundu.

Njengezinye izidalwa eziningi, zinento efana ne-dimorphism, okungukuthi, ukungafani kwangaphandle okuncike ebulilini. Ngokuqondile, ku-lycaenidae, i-dimorphism ibonakala kahle ngombala, abesilisa bavame ukugqama kunabesifazane!

Abantu abavuthiwe banemilenze eyisithupha, kwabesilisa abaningi abaphambili bangakakhuli kahle. Umzimba we-Shaggy, kufaka phakathi ikhanda kanye namehlo, kwesinye isikhathi kudalulwe. Kunezimbotshana zezinsizwa nezinduna ezimfishane.

IButterfly Lycaenidae ihlala eduzane nezitshalo ezinomsoco, emaphethelweni amahlathi, eduze nemifula nemifudumezo egcwele imifino eminyene. Abavumanga ukunqoba amabanga amade, ngakho-ke kungenzeka bangashiyi ndawo ethile yesimo impilo yabo yonke.

Ukuchazwa kwangaphandle uvemvane lwamaqabunga

Lapho kugoqwa uvemvane-wamaqabunga, ukubonakala kwawo kucishe kungabonakali ngokuqhamuka eqabwini elomile.

Kungenxa yalokhu kufana ukuthi kwavela igama elijwayelekile lohlobo - amaqabunga amaqabunga -. Yizimvemvane ezinamaqabunga amaqabunga (i-callima) okungenzeka ziyisibonelo esiveza kakhulu sokulingiswa kwendalo.

Ibhabhathane elinamaqabunga lifana neqabunga elomile kangangokuba ngisho nochwepheshe owazi kahle lesi sinambuzane, eshaya igatsha lapho kuhlala khona lesi sinambuzane futhi, azi ukuthi lihlala lapho, ngeke likwazi ukulihlukanisa ngokushesha. Ukwakheka, umbala, amathunzi nemithambo yamaphiko eKalima ngokuphelele, imininingwane emincane kakhulu ilingisa iqabunga elomile.

Uvemvane Leaf (Kallima inachus).

Ngokumangazayo, ngisho nemiphetho yezimpiko zovemvane lwamaqabunga ibukeka idwengulwe futhi yafiphala, njengeqabunga elomile. Kodwa-ke, ukufana kwamaqabunga owomile akuphelelwa yilokhu: ukuze ifinyelele ukufana okuphezulu neqabunga elomile le-potassium, isonga amaphiko ayo ngendlela yokuthi amaphiko angemuva aphumule ngokuphuma kwayo okufushane egatsheni, kube sengathi liyi-petiole.

Ngokuqondene nengaphakathi lamaphiko alezi zinhlonipho zokufihla, linombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izimvemvane ezinamaqabunga zindiza ngokushesha ngokwanele futhi, ngenxa yalokhu kufakwa imibala, ziba zinhle kakhulu futhi ziyabonakala ngenkathi indiza.

Ubuhle bephaphethi leqabunga buhambisana nomugqa obanzi ophuzi noma owolintshi osemaphikweni angaphambili. Ezinye izimvemvane zineziqongo ezimnyama ezinamabala amhlophe abonakala kahle ngemuva kwendawo emnyama.

Izimpiko zovemvane olungaphezulu zinombala ogqamile, futhi ngaphakathi zibukeka njengeqabunga elomile.

Amaqiniso Butterfly Othakazelayo

• Ingabe izimvemvane ziyingozi kubantu? Cha, kepha kukhona okuhlukile, lokhu kuvemvane langoMgqibelo. Iqiniso aliyona uvemvane uqobo, kodwa isibungu salo siveza ubuthi obunobuthi obungabulala ngisho nabantu. (ngenhlanhla, izimvemvane ezinjalo kanye namacimbi awahlali ezinkulisa zethu).
• I-monarch efudukayo ibhungane ingumpetha weqiniso wokukhuthazela, iyakwazi ukundiza ibanga elingafika ku-1000 km ngasikhathi, ngenkathi ingavumi ngisho nokuyeka ukuphumula.
• Uma i-monarch butterfly ingumpetha wokukhuthazela, khona-ke i-moth brazhniki ingabaphathi bangempela bezinambuzane zomhlaba ngejubane, ingafinyelela ijubane elingafika ku-60 km ngehora kumabanga amafushane.
• Izimvemvane azilali ubusuku nobusuku, ngoba azidingi phupho.

Ngabe lubukeka kanjani uvemvane le-lemongrass?

I-lemongrass yesilisa evamile, noma i-buckthorn (Gonepteryx rhamni).

Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu kusuka kuhlobo lwe-lemongrass yi-lemongrass ejwayelekile, ibuye ibe yi-buckthorn (Gonepteryx rhamni). Bonke abameleli bohlobo lwehlukaniswa ngumbala wesimo: i-hue ephuzi ephuzi yamaphiko. Kodwa-ke, abesilisa kuphela bezimvemvane abangaqhosha i-charm enjalo, ngesinye isikhathi, amaphiko abo afinyelela ithoni eliwolintshi elikhanyayo. Ngokuqondene ne-lemongrass yabesifazane, umbala wabo uluhlaza okotshani, futhi kwesinye isikhathi omhlophe.

Omunye umehluko we-lemongrass ngama-blotches amancane angabonakala enkabeni yephiko ngalinye levemvane. Lapho isinambuzane sisabalalisa amaphiko aso, ubude baso bube ngamasentimitha amathathu kuya kwayisithupha.

Izici zeMonter Butterfly neHabitat

Inkosi ihamba amabanga amade ukuyindizela emazweni afudumele ebusika.Omunye izici izinambuzane, ukungabekezelelani kuya nenkathi ebandayo konyaka, futhi isebenzisa ukudla engakhuli ebusika e bomdabu zabo emazweni khona.

Ibhabhathane monarch kusuka kuhlobo Danaid, okungowomndeni nymphalid. Ukusuka ekucabangeni kwesikhathi, uhlobo lwe-Danaid lwahlukaniswa lwaba ama-subgenera amathathu, akhohlwa esikhathini sethu, futhi namuhla wonke amabhabhathane ayi-12 angolohlobo olufanayo. Kulokhu, incazelo uvemvane i-monarch kwesinye isikhathi ihlukile.

Izimpiko esimweni esandisiwe s uvemvane zinkulu (amasentimitha 8-10). Kodwa hhayi kuphela ubukhulu ukujabulisa futhi captivates isakhiwo iphiko, okuyinto inamaseli 1.5 million, vesicles ahlelwe therein.

Umbala amaphiko ahlukahlukene, kodwa amathoni abomvu ansundu ephakeme kunaleyo phakathi ukuphumula, basuke elihlale futhi inqwaba. Kunamaphethini apendwe ngemivimbo ephuzi, kanti nezeluleko zamabhangqa angaphambili amakwe ngezindawo zamawolintshi, imiphetho yamaphiko izungezwe ngendwangu emnyama. Izintuthwane zezinsikazi ze-Butterfly zihlukile kubesilisa kumaphiko amnyama namabala amancane.

INorth America inenombolo enkulu kunazo zonke yalezi zinambuzane ezinhle. Kepha ngenxa yokufuduka kwezimvemvane, amakhosi angatholakala ngisho nase-Afrika nase-Australia, eSweden naseSpain. Ekhulwini le-19 imakwe ukuvela isinambuzane e-New Zealand. Europe butterfly eside wavakashela butterfly Madeira futhi abantu abalisebenzisayo eziQhingini zaseCanary, uye bafudukela ngempumelelo neRussia.

Bebuka ukundiza kwezimvemvane, ochwepheshe baphawula ukuthi ngo-Agasti basuka eNyakatho Melika baye eningizimu. Indiza yenziwa ezinsikeni, zibizwa nangokuthi "amafu".

Esithombeni, ukufuduka kwamavemvane e-monarch kuya emazweni afudumele

Uma indawo yenkosi isondele enyakatho, ukufuduka kuqala kusentwasahlobo. I ayahamba zesifazane kwindawo nabanye, awusebenzi amaqanda, azigcine ngaphakathi ngokwabo ngesikhathi indiza, bese kuphela bazinza endaweni entsha, walala. EMexico, i-izimvemvane wadala inqolobane "Mariposa-Manarka", futhi wayengasakwazi kuphela, lapho izimpilo zezimvemvane ama-monarch.

Indawo yokuhlala kanye nendawo enhle

Lezi zidalwa ezikhanyayo futhi ezinhle ziyizakhamizi ezivamile ze-Eurasia. Bakhona kusuka eSpain kuya emingceleni yeJapan
. Iningi lazo lihlala eJalimane nakuleli lizwe ngonyaka we-2009 uvemvane lwethanga lamukelwa njenge uvemvane lonyaka. Kakhulu olwenzeka endaweni evumayo lezi zidalwa kuyinto evulekile. I ukhululekile kakhulu abazizwa ngayo lapho likhona endaweni:

Zingabonakala kaningi emapaki, ezigcawini nasezingadini. Ukuze ube khona okujwayelekile nentuthuko
badinga umswakama onikeza impilo nendawo. Indawo enjengehlane noma ihlathi eliminyene ayiwanele, futhi futhi ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo abakwazi ukuhlala ku-polar tundra. Akufanele ukubonwa ensimini ka isiqhingi saseKrethe kanye enyakatho ingxenye eningi ye-Afrika.

Umnotho

Portrait Moth willow (Leucoma salicis), owesilisa. Photo Dean Horned

Ukutadisha ubhungane lepidopterologists - from the Greek lepis (patrimonial. Case. Lepidos) - isikali, pteron - iphiko, nama-logo - isayensi, ukufundisa.

I taxonomy kungaba kancane wayephambanisa ngoba kushintsha njalo - the Nymphalidae ihlukaniswe subfamilies ezahlukene subfamilies eniyenzayo ezithile.

Nasi uhlu imikhaya eyinhloko izimvemvane esikhulu (ngaphandle mikrocheshuekrylyh):

• Ama-Thinworms (Hepialidae) • I-Lipusids (i-Lypusidae) • Ama-Scabbers (Psychidae) • Ama-Slugs (Limacodidae) • I-Speckled (Zygaenidae) • I-Glassfish (Sesiidae) ISaturnia, i-peacock-eye (iSundniidae) • I-Birch silkworms, noma ama-silkworms (Endromidae) • I-Brazhniki (Sphingidae) • Amakhanda amakhulu (iHesperiidae) ), Heliconiinae subfamily, Heliconiinae subfamily, Limenitinae subfamily, Migrate subfamily (Apaturinae), subfamily nymphalidae (Nymphalinae) • Damselfly (Drepanidae) • Urania (Uraniidae) • Moths (Geometridae) • Corydalis (Notodontidae) • Erebids, Timbers (Erebidae): subfamily Roachworms (Lymantriidae, Lamantriida) Herminiinae), subfamily kubhasikidi-imilomo (Hypeninae), kuze kudabuke umhlane subfamily (Erebinae) • nolidae, amacimbi yemifino (Nolidae) • Noctuidae (Noctuidae): Strelchatki subfamily (Acronictinae), cuculliinae subfamily (cuculliinae), subfamily Ksileninovye (Xyleninae), akhe subfamily ( Noctuinae)

Izinhlobonhlobo zezimvemvane

Silkworm birch, owesilisa. Isifunda saseMoscow, ngoMeyi 4. Izithombe ngu-Nikolay Vladimirov

Akunakwenzeka kwelinye sihloko ukukhombisa zonke izinhlobo 200 000 zezimvemvane. Ngifuna ukubazisa ukuhlukahluka - kukhona izimvemvane, efana iminyovu, imidondoshiya dwarfs, elikhanyayo ubuhle nesizotha grey "igundane."

Izibungu zezimvemvane nazo zonke ziyahlukahluka futhi ziyimodeli yezithombe ezinhle zabathwebuli bezithombe zeMacro - kukhona amacimbi abukeka njengezinyoka, njengamawundlu angama-fluffy, njengemihlobiso yezinwele namahlumela. Kulabo abafuna ukubona izimvemvane ngisho nangokwengeziwe, izixhumanisi ezingenhla zinikezwe.

Umndeni Moli Nematocera (Adelidae)

Emndenini amabhu ama-Long, noma ama-Long-moth, akhona 30-40 zinhlobo. Izimpunga zinde ubude obuphindwe kabili kathathu kunomzimba. Abesilisa kwesinye isikhathi bayashintshana lapho bebonakala khona. Wings ngokuvamile sheen metallic. Kwabesifazane, amadevu amade anomsila amafushane kakhulu kunabesilisa. Amacimbi walezi zibhu awanandaba nojantshi boboya kumakhabethe - bahlala ngaphakathi kwamaqabunga noma imbewu. indiza Moustache zinkulu izimvemvane. Amadevu anjalo ayadingeka ukusesha izinsikazi.

Ngabe kudlani imvukuzane? Lo mbuzo ubuzwa ngabaningi. izingane izwele Ikakhulukazi ucabanga ukuthi aphume ekamelweni imayelana ukuba akhumule amavukuzi nakuwo ukuhlasela abantu. Eqinisweni, amabhu, njengazo zonke izimvemvane, adla umpe noma angadli lutho. Umndeni wakudala wezinundu ezinamazipho udla impova.

Fur, uhlanganyela, okusanhlamvu kanye nezinye amabhu, izibungu ukuthi umonakalo izingubo kanye iqolo, zingezikaJehova umndeni Ama-Real Moths (Tineidae). Izinundu ezisele ezihlala ehlathini azihlangene nalaba “sababata”. Ekuqaleni, ezinye zalezi amabhu, okungukuthi, amacimbi yabo adle uboya izimpaphe izidleke kanye Burrows kwezilwane. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yajwayela indawo yangomakhelwane. Ungasusa kanjani inundu? Ubani owasungula amakhemikhali abaningi ngempumelelo, kodwa namanje ujabulele Shag ethandwa, lavender, geranium namafutha fir. Futhi into enhle kakhulu ukuthi “uhambe” izingubo kaningi uzomise elangeni.

Emndenini wamabhugo aphakathi nendawo kukhona 12 izizukulwane. E-Europe, cishe izinhlobo eziyi-10. Lezi zimvukuzane zilondoloze ama-mandibles ancishisiwe wokugaya ukudla. Kukholakala ukuthi uvemvane lasendulo isakhiwo zazifana amavukuzi toothed. Amacimbi wamabhu ezinamazinyo awanakile amajazi awoboya; ahlala ngaphakathi kwezicubu zemisipha.

Uma ubona izimvemvane ezincane, uvame ukuzwa i- “Pest!”. Kepha, okokuqala, yidlanzana nje kuphela lezinhlobo ezisinika inkathazo. Futhi okwesibili, "Wrecker" ngokwemvelo akuyona. Kukhona ama-phytophage kuphela adla ngokuqondile kulezo zitshalo umuntu anquma ukuzifuya.

Umndeni wamapheshana ufaka okunye 750 izizukulwane futhi 6.300 zinhlobo.

Lezi izimvemvane ezincane ezinesizotha, kepha ezinye zipendiwe kahle. Izibungu zeLeafworm zitholakala yonke indawo, ngokwesibonelo, lezo “zibungu” ezincane ezigwinya izithelo zikaphayini kanye nezithelo zomvini. Emibalabala inundu ezimthende (Olethreutes arcuella) Izimpukane ngoMeyi-Agasti eYurophu. Amakhethini aphila ngamaqabunga awile, okungukuthi, asebenzisa amahlamvu asivele efile futhi angalimazi abalimi.

Emindenini yakwa-Ognevka, real no-Ognevka, kukhona mayelana 6.200 zinhlobo. Izinhlobo eziningi zindiza kusihlwa, futhi amacimbi, njengamaLeafworms, Songa amaqabunga otshanini futhi bukhoma e ezinjalo "endlini" ezidliwayo, ekuqiniseni Ubulembu yakhe.

Izinhlobo ezithile zamakhaza omlilo abeka amaqanda azo kukolweni, ibhali, ujongilanga, futhi ngenxa yalokho, amacimbi abo amancane alimaza izilimo. Izibungu ezinje, ngokwesibonelo, zohlobo lwe-Anerastia lotella, zibizwa ngokuthi ama-gerworms.

Emazweni ashisayo lapho akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi amacimbi zinhlobo ezahlukene ognevok - e izithelo ezomisiwe, amafutha, uwoyela, izimbewu, izimpande. Angikaze ngihlangabezane nomsebenzi olimazayo wama-fireplugs, noma ngikuthanda kakhulu ukulima izingadi. Ubani okwazi ukudla amaqabunga ngokuphelele, ngokwesibonelo, ama-currants, yisibungu se-sawflies - izinambuzane ngaphandle kokugwaza, izihlobo zomhlume. Futhi rosebuds ngokuvamile kakhulu kokulimaza aphid.T ak inundu mina - nje ukuthi uvemvane oluhle, izinto ezinhle izithombe Macro. Izinhlobo eziningana ezithokozisayo zomlilo zingatholakala eduze namanzi, lapho zidla khona ngakwimifino yasogwini neyasemanzini, isibonelo, duckweed.

Amakhokho Ibhu emanzini echibini (Nymphula nitidulata) bukhoma ngaphansi kwamanzi amaqabunga kanye yellow Iqanda amaphilisi sparganium.

Umndeni Amakhambi (ECrambidae)

Ngesinye isikhathi ognevok-travyanok ognevok kuthathwa njengesibikezelo subfamily lezi, kodwa manje walulama ngokwehlukile. Lena butterfly amancane, okuyinto kufihlwe utshani, alo ngamaphiko eduze ngemicu yotshani.

Hepialidae - umndeni lasendulo, zonke ezitholakala eYurophu 10 zamaemhlabeni - abangaba ngu-600. Hepialidae kude zingafundwa njengoba caddis, kodwa caddis - hhayi uvemvane. Wings hepialidae ahlelwe hhayi njengoba kunzima njengoba e izimvemvane yesimanje, isibonelo, Nymphalidae. Kumakhulu amancane, i-proboscis yancishiswa, okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwayo kwenziwa lula, kanti uvemvane omdala alondli. Amakhukhamba ahlala emhlabathini, adle izimpande zamakhambi ahlukahlukene - i-dandelion, sorrel, amaphupho. Hepialidae fly lapho kuhlwa.

Kusatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu- 2700 zinhlobo. Abesifazane bavame ukungabi namaphiko.

Ngokubona kwami, izibungu zeRed-Tailed Pox ezinye zezinhle kakhulu eYurophu. Red-uncamela birch, beech namahlathi e-oki. Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, pupate isibungu emhlabathini, futhi ekupheleni kuka-May uvemvane.

Umndeni has mayelana Hohlatok 3500 zinhlobo. Lezi amabhu ezingobusuku zithakazelisa ngokweqile - bheka okungenani amacimbi awo - kahle, kungani ungelona idragoni-inganekwane?

AmaCorydalis ajwayelekile emhlabeni wonke, kepha afinyelela ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. Lokhu butterfly ebusuku nge tufts Fluffy ekhanda lakhe. Abanye basanda kuhlanganyela usongene ukuze zifane amazinyane, futhi ngesiNgisi futhi ngokuthi - "inundu kitty» (Puss Moth). Izimvemvane ezindala azondli; amacimbi adla ngamahlamvu ezihlahla zezinhlobo ezithile.

Amakhethini ezinye zezinhlobo zezilwane enza sengathi ziyizilwane ezinkulu ezesabekayo, ngenxa yokuphuma emzimbeni, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezifihla i-acid nezinye izinto ezivikelayo. Yini amaqhinga ngeke udliwe ... Ngokuvamile, isibungu ngasinye ehlezi leaf kuvelela, ngaphandle kokudala amakoloni njengoba ziyazithanda ukwenza peacock nezinye Nymphalidae.

At buff-ithiphu nezinye izimvemvane ungabona indlela ethakazelisa kakhulu yokulingisa - zifihla. Lapho ngibona imbobo yesiliva otshanini, umcabango wokuqala kwaba yilokhu: ifindo laqhekeka zombili izinhlangothi futhi laliphonsa otshanini nomoya. Nokho, Ngagoba wehlise futhi ngabona ukuthi uvemvane! Plump, ethule.

Ezweni kukhona mayelana 1200 zinhlobo walo mndeni.

Izimvemvane ezithakazelisa kakhulu, abaningi abangaziboni, ngoba zifana nomiyane ngosayizi nangesimo. Indiza esuka paltsekrylok kancane, kubukeka sengathi kwabona ezifakiwe iphiko izinduku ngamunye. Futhi zonke ngoba paltsekrylok amaphiko njalo waqonda, abazange tente. Izimpiko zangaphambili zihlukaniswe zaba zimbili, nezimpiko zangemuva zenza amakhola amathathu. Konke lokhu kufana nokusakaza iminwe.

Paltsekrylok ingatholakala uma kusihlwa ukuhamba kancane ngokusebenzisa ensimini noma ihlathi onqenqemeni, ababheka nezidalwa ezindizayo utshani. Amacimbi paltsekrylok amahlamvu iphuma bahlale kuzo, noma bukhoma neziqu izitshalo herbaceous. Ama-Butterflies adla umpe kanye ne-pollen yezimbali.

Uma ihlobo ebusuku othile grey futhi Fluffy engqongqoza ewindini lakho - cishe ngokuqinisekile Ketha. Ama-Scoops awumndeni omkhulu kunawo wonke amabhu, yize amanye endiza phakathi nosuku. Kukhona ama-scoops yonke indawo, ayaziwa ngawo 35,000 zinhlobo. Esebenzisa kwamaphiko ngokuvamile uhlanganisa imigqa eziphukile, amachashazi, imibuthano. Izimpiko zivame ukusongwa ngokuthi "indlu", kanti amaphiko aphansi aqhakazile kunaphezulu.

Amanye ama-scoops apendwe kahle ngemibala eluhlaza, ephuzi, yensimbi.Ubambo olukhulu olukhulu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubomvu nalo lwabelwa umndeni wakwaSovka, kodwa manje selubekelwe umndeni ohlukile I-Ribbon Scoops.

Amacimbi we-scoop avame ukungabi nalutho, apendwe ngokuhlukile - aluhlaza kuphela onsundu, kodwa futhi anephethini eliyinkimbinkimbi. Zijwayele ekudleni okuningi, okuwukuthi, inhlobo eyodwa iyakwazi ukudla ngasikhathi sinye oojongilanga, ama-clover nama-clove. Ikhanda lezimbungulu libanzi, li-convex, imvamisa ngalekhanda ngibona ukuthi phambi kwami ​​kukhona isibungu sesikopu.

I-scoop ebiza usayizi ehlala eNingizimu Melika - I-Agrania yeTitania (I-Thysania agrippina) enamaphiko angama-28 kuya kwangama-30,5 cm.

Izihloko Ezihlobene

Kuyathakazelisa

Uhlobo oluhle oluhle lwe-pigy lwezingulube - i-mangalitsa yesiHungary

2020

Izinyoni

Incazelo

2020

I-Flora

E-USA, owesilisa waduna ugandaganda futhi waluma inja yamaphoyisa

2020

Kunconywe

Ukubuka: Kobus kob Kob, imbuzi swamp

2020

I-Antelope Jumper - Isilwane esikhulayo.

2020

Isilwane se-lemur lory

2020

UFaro Hound - incazelo yohlobo, umlingiswa nokunakekelwa

2020

Izigaba Ezidumile

• Inhlanzi
• Izinkinga zemvelo
• Fauna
• Umthetho
• Omama
• I-Arachnids
• I-Flora
• Izilwane zasendle
• Ama-Amphibians
• Chordate

Kwakamuva

I-Proteus european (olm): i-amphibian ehlala isikhathi eside

Ukhozi: izinhlobo, inchazelo, amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngezidleke ezinamandla ezinemibala

Ikati lomhlanga, i-marsh lynx, noma i-housei - ukubukeka, okuqukethwe nezinye izici zekati yasendle

Isikhwama sika-Mermaid: yini efihliwe ngaphakathi kwale nto yasolwandle engajwayelekile

Izinqola ezimhlophe

ICapelin (uek)

Langempela

Izilwane ezifuywayo

Ungalunyula kanjani ikati ukuklebhula iphepha lokunamathisela odongeni kanye nefenisha: amathiphu alula

2020

...

Carp indawo yokuhlala

2020

Ezokuphepha zeKamchatka: Amabhere

2020

Uhlobo lweGenetta

2020

Izinhlanzi zePollock

2020

Cabanga ngemvelo.

Kwakamuva

• Bedlington Terrier
• I-Grey Giant Rabbit: Ukuzalela Okuchazayo Nezici Zokuzalela
• I-Basilisk: izinganekwane, imvelaphi nezimpawu

Izigaba Ezidumile

• Ama-vertebrates
• I-Flora
• Izilwane ezihuquzelayo

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