Umcuphi omfishane omfishane omfishane, okhula nje ube mncane khudlwana kune squirrel emhlabathini emincane: ubude bomzimba - 16.5- 22 cm cm, umsila - 4,6-7.4 cm. Umbala wangemuva ungwephuzi onsundu, uvame ngombala obomvana noma omhlophe obonakalayo. . Izinhlangothi zinombala ophuzi, isisu siwumbala ophuzi ophuzi. Eduze kwamehlo kukhona izindandatho ezikhanyayo. Umsila ekugcineni uvame ukuba nomugqa omnyama. Amaphakethe we-Cheek mancane.
Ukubhebhetheka
I-squirrel emhlabathini waseYurophu isatshalaliswa engxenyeni eseningizimu mpumalanga yeCentral neMpumalanga Yurophu: eningizimu mpumalanga yeJalimane, ePoland (Silesian Upland), e-Austria, eHungary, eCzech Republic, eSlovakia, ukusuka lapha kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga - engxenyeni eseYurophu yeTurkey, Moldova. Kutholakala e-Ukraine ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga (iVinnitsa, iChernivtsi, ezifundeni zaseTranscarpathia). EYurophu, manje sekuyivelakancane.
Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo
I-squirrel yomhlabathi waseYurophu itholakala emathafeni asezintabeni nasezintabeni. Ihlala emadlelweni, ntombi, ukuswakama nokuphazamisana nokulinywa kwezindawo (ngokwesibonelo, ngamatshe amakhulu), emaphethelweni amasimi avunekayo, emaphethelweni, ezingadini ezilahliwe, eceleni komgwaqo. I-avoids iyindawo ezinamanzi, ogwini lwamachibi, izindawo ezinemithi eminyene enamahlahla nezihlahla ezinotshani. Emhlabeni olimekayo, ngokungafani ne-squirrel emhlabathini enamachashaza, kuyachithwa kuphela imisele yesikhashana, ebhujiswa ngokulima. Ukuphila ngamakholoni amancane aqhelelene, kanye nobuningi bomuntu ovame ukungabi ngaphezu kuka-70 ap./ha.
Imisele engapheli ye-squirrel yomhlaba wase-Europe iphume ngo-1-2. Engxenyeni yezilwane, ukuhamba emgodini kuqondile kuphela, kwikota - kuthambekele kuphela, ekuphumuleni - okukodwa kuthambekele kokume mpo. Ngaphakathi kukhona amakamelo wokudlela ama-1-2 afakwe ngotshani obomile, okuvamisile ukuthi kube yi-3-5. Amakamelo ama-Nesting atholakala ekujuleni okungama-65-100 cm kuphela. Ukujula okunjalo kwamakamelo kulungele ukwenziwa ubusika, ngoba umhlaba awuvamisileki ukujula ngaphezu kuka-20- cm cm endaweni yokuhlala yase-squirrel yaseYurophu. Imisele yesikhashana ye-squirrel evamile ilula, ubude obuyi-30-50 cm, ngaphandle kwekhamera ekugcineni, zisetshenziswa yizilwane njengezindawo zokukhosela ezisengozini noma zokuphumula ngesikhathi esishisayo sosuku noma lapho lina. Njengomthetho, izilwane zizimba emizileni ehamba ngayo lapho zondla khona.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-squirrel yomhlaba yaseYurophu imifino, kepha izinambuzane namaqanda ezinyoni ayakhona ekudleni kwayo. Ngemuva kokuphuma ku-hibernation, ukudla okuthandayo kwe-gopher kungukubhula kwentwasahlobo ephemera. Engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi, ukudla kwayo kuqukethe kuphela imbewu yokudla okusanhlamvu, futhi ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, izithelo zama-geraniums nezinye izinhlobo ze-steppe nedlelo lamadlelo. AmaGopher adla amajikijolo ngokuzithandela. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezilimo zokusanhlamvu, ama-squirrel omhlabathi ahlasela emasimini adle imbewu. Amasimu amancani, amancani (8-10 m ububanzi) ayakwazi ukuthulula cishe ngokuphelele.
Umjikelezo wempilo
Ukusuka ebusika hibernation, i-gopher yaseYurophu ivuka eminyakeni eyishumi kaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, kepha eminyakeni eneziphethu zakuqala ibonakala ebusweni ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Owokuqala, njengamanye ama-squirrels, amaduna amadala avusa, owokugcina - izilwane ezincane zonyaka odlule. Ngemuva kokuvuka kwezinsikazi, kuqala umjaho, ohambisana nokulwa kwabesilisa. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-25- 28, amawundlu okuqala avela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Kukhona ama-2-9 ku-brood, isisindo esijwayelekile sokuzalwa kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa ngu-4.5 g ubude bomzimba ongu-3.5- cm. Ngosuku lwe-8-9, ama-squirrels asanda kuzalwa aqala ukubona kahle, futhi ambozwe izinwele ngosuku lwe-15-16. Baqala ukuphuma izimbobo ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi. Ukuhlala kabusha kwezilwane ezisencane kuqala phakathi no-June, lapho isisindo sazo sifinyelela ku-50-60 g. Izinsikazi zivame ukumba imigodi yesikhashana eduze kwezilimo, bese zihlala kuyo izingane.
Ama-gophers asemancane asebenza kusuka emahoreni ayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwayi-15-16, ama-gophers asekhulile ashiya umqando kabili ngosuku - amahora angama-1-2 ukuphuma kwelanga kuze kube semini futhi kusuka emahoreni ayi-14-15 ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga. Ngaphambi kokuthi i-hibernation iqale, ama-squirrel aphuma emgodini asivamisile, kwesinye isikhathi izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ngaphandle kokuvela ebusweni. Abesilisa abadala kanye nabesifazane abangazalwa bayazifihla ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, izinsikazi zondliwa ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, kanti izingane zisebenza kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba.
Indima ye-squirrel yomhlaba yaseYurophu ezimisweni zezemvelo yehle kakhulu ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani labo kanye nokunyamalala kweminye imikhakha. Esikhathini esedlule esedlule, bekungukudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane ezincelisayo (ama-steppe ferret) nezinyoni (i-steppe ukhozi, i-looney, njll.).
Ukubukeka
Umqobelo omfishane omfishane omfishane, okhula nje ube mncane khudlwana kune squirrel emhlabathini emabalale: ubude bomzimba - 16.5-22.5 cm, umsila - cm 4.6-7.4. Umbala wangemuva ungwephuzi onsundu, uvame ngombala obomvana noma omhlophe obonakalayo. . Izinhlangothi zinombala ophuzi, isisu siwumbala ophuzi ophuzi. Eduze kwamehlo kukhona izindandatho ezikhanyayo. Umsila ekugcineni uvame ukuba nomugqa omnyama. Amaphakethe we-Cheek mancane.
Isimo sokuLondolozwa
Njengamanje, ibanga le-squirrel yomhlaba yaseYurophu liqukethe "iziqhingi" eziqhelile, ezisukela kumayunithi ukuya kumashumi ambalwa amahektha. Ifakiwe kwiSithasiselo II seBerne Convention (1992), iNcwadi ebomvu yaseMoldova kanye neNcwadi Ebomvu yase-Ukraine. Ibuye ivikelwe eCzech Republic, eHungary nasePoland.
UGophers wabhujiswa kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka we-XIX-XX. Isibonelo, kusukela ngonyaka we-1870, wonke umuntu ongumlimi esifundeni saseKherson waphoqeleka ukuba abulale ama-gophers ayisihlanu kwisishumi somhlaba owodwa. Ngo-1885, izigidi ezingama-7 zazo zabhujiswa esifundazweni saseKherson, kwathi ngo-1896 ukolweni obulala ubuthi wasetshenziswa kuzo. Ngo-1930s e-Ukraine, ukulwa nama-squirrels aphinda futhi, ngo-1929 kuphela, izingane zesikole zase-Ukraine, lapho kubizwa i-Komsomol kanye nesikole, kwathatha izimpilo zezigidi ezimbili zalezi zilwane. U-Yunnat wesikole seminyaka eyisikhombisa sase-Ulyanovsk esifundeni saseShiryaevsky esifundeni sase-Odessa uLenya Mikolaenko wabhubhisa uqobo ama-gophers angama-4,200 ngo-1950.
U-S. Belchenko, iPhini likasihlalo we-KGB ye-USSR ngaphansi kukaKhrushchev, ekhumbula ubuntwana bakhe engenazicucu, ubekhuthele ngokukhumbula ukubhujiswa kwama-gophers: "... wehla waya kule ndawo wathela amanzi emgodini, kuze kube yilapho inkathazo iphuma kuyo. Kwakunomese okhethekile lapha - ukubamba i-gopher ngentambo bese ishaya phansi. Benginomasikandi, bekufanele nginqume imilenze yakhe, ngicindezele inaliti nentambo ngayo, lokho kube wubufakazi bokuthi ngachitha induku. "
Maphakathi nawo-1950s, kwenziwa uhlobo olukhethekile lwendiza ye-AN-2 lwenziwa lwenziwa ngokulwa nama-squirrels, ayebizwa ngokuthi “I-Ground squirrel Fight izindiza”. Ngo-Ephreli 1947, uMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe Wase-Ukraine wakhipha isimemezelo esithi "Izinyathelo zokulwa nama-gophers," siphoqa izikole ukuthi zibambe iqhaza ekuqothulweni kwazo. Kwathiwa gopher eyodwa idla ama-4 kg okusanhlamvu ngonyaka. Kepha ngesizathu esithile akekho owathi bekungamabele awile.
15.02.2018
I-squidrel yaseYurophu yaseYurophu (i-lat. Spermophilus citellus) isilwane esincanyana esivela emndenini we-squirrel (iSururidae). Igama lesayensi lale pende ethandekayo livela kumagama esiGreek spermatos (okusanhlamvu) no-phileo (uthando), aveza uthando olukhulu kakhulu noluthatha izitshalo. Ezinsukwini zakudala, kwakuthathwa njengesinambuzane esinamandla sezolimo futhi sabhujiswa ngokungenangqondo.
Manje, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane besibalo sawo, i-gopher ayibeki songo kwezolimo. E-Europe ephakathi, wayethathwa njengesilwane esibalulekile esidonsa ubhiya. Ngeminyaka engama-60-70s yekhulu lamashumi amabili, imikhiqizo evela kuboya bayo ekugcineni yaphuma imfashini. Emazweni amaningi e-European Union, lesi silwane singaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso; kwenziwa imizamo eqhubekayo yokuphinda usayizi wayo.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-gophers ase-Europe ahola umhlambi wempilo yansuku zonke. Bakha amakoloni emindenini eminingana lapho kungaba khona izilwane ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-200. Phambilini, inani lalawo makoloni lalivame ukudlula kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-2-3.
Kwilitha elilodwa kunamaphakathi ama-3 cubs. Udoti ngamunye omusha uphinda kabili noma ulandele usayizi wekholoni. Ama-squirrel amasha emhlabathini ahlala emiseleni yakudala noma abambe okusha amasha angama-300-500 m ukusuka esidlekeni somzali. Ngalesi sikhathi, bavame ukuba yizisulu zezinyamazane noma izisulu zokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu uma kwenzeka kube nezikhukhula noma iqhwa ngokungazelelwe.
Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, izilwane zisebenzisa amahora angama-11 nsuku zonke zifuna ukudla, kanti ekwindla azidluli amahora angama-7.
Ngokupholisa kwekwindla yokuqala, baqala ukulungiselela ubusika. Iminyango yokungena endlini yokuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba imbozwe ngotshani nenhlabathi. IHibernation ihlala kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-Mashi.
Ubusika bama-gopher baseYurophu bebodwa obuhle, ngamunye endaweni eyodwa. Ngesikhathi hibernation, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakhe lingase lehle lisuka ku-37 ° -38 ° C liye ku-1.8 ° -2 ° C, futhi inhliziyo yakhe ishaya ngaphezulu kokushaya okungatheni ngomzuzu. Ukugeleza kwegazi kuyehla cishe izikhathi ezingama-70.
Ezinyangeni eziningi, umzimba uphila ngenxa yamafutha agcinwe esikhathini sasehlobo-ekwindla. Ngokuvama kwezinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezingu-20, lesi silwanyana sivuka isikhashana futhi ngalezi zivukelo ezimfushane sizosebenzisa cishe ama-90% awo wonke amanoni asemzimbeni. Abesifazane baziphilisa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kwabesilisa, bavuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngezinsuku ezifudumele, ama-gophers akhuleka elangeni, ngokuhlakanipha angahambi kude namakhaya awo. Imvamisa ziqandeka, zime ngemilenze yazo engemuva futhi welulele ekuphakameni okugcwele. Ngakho-ke kulula ukubona ingozi ezayo. Ngokupholisa okufushane kwehlobo, izinduku zilala izinsuku eziningana futhi zithole isimo sezulu esingesihle ekulaleni kwazo.
Izilwane ziyaxhumana ngomunye nomunye ngosizo lwe-purring kanye nemisindo yokudlidliza.
Lapho kwenzeka usongo, kunikezwa izinhlobo ezimbili zezimpawu zezixwayiso. Umuntu wenza wonke amalungu alo mhlambi aqaphele, bese okwesibili kubiza indiza ngokushesha iye ku-mink yokutakula.
Isilwane ngasinye simba umgodi waso, umgwaqo ongafinyelela ku-8 m futhi ungamamitha ayi-2-2,5 ngaphansi komhlaba. Izimo eziphuthumayo eziningi ziphuma kwikhorali ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene (imvamisa ezizungeze ezinhlanu). Amasango amade aqondiswa kwikona ngaphakathi. Ukuphuma okuphuthumayo kufushane futhi kucishe kube mpo. Kwabesifazane, amakamelo wokudlela ama-nesting ajulile kunabesilisa futhi afakwe kakhulu ngotshani. Ukujula okukhulu kubanikeza ukufakelwa okungcono kokushisa kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamandla okuncane ngesikhathi se-hibernation.
Umsoco
Ukudla kubuswa ukudla okusekwe ezitshalweni. Ama-Gophers adla izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo, izimpande, imbewu, amantongomane, izimbali kanye nama-bulbs. Izikhathi ezithile, ngokwezinga elincane, imenyu ifakwa ama-arthropods (i-Arthropoda), amabhungane (i-Coleoptera) kanye nezibungu zezimvemvane (i-Lepidoptera). Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni kanye nama-vertebrates amancane (amaVertebrata), kufaka namachwane wezinyoni ezidlekayo phansi, angatholakala kwimenyu.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, lamagundane, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene, awagcini ukudla, kepha enza kuphela ukondla kwawo. Ukushintsha kwemetabolism yabo, okukuvumela ukuthi uqongelele ungqimba lwamafutha aze afike ku-5 mm ubukhulu. Uma isisindo esijwayelekile sesilwane entwasahlobo sicishe sibe ngu-190 g, khona-ke ekwindla sekuvele kukhuphukela kuma-490 g.
Izitha zemvelo zama-squirrels aseYurophu angamakhaka (i-mustela), izimpungushe (ama-Vulpes), amakati aqanjiwe nezinyoni eziningi zezinyamazane.
Ukuzala
Ukuthomba kwenzeka ngonyaka olandelayo entwasahlobo ngemuva kokuphaphama. Lokhu kuvame ukuhambisana nobudala bezinsuku ezingama-300-310. Abamele lolu hlobo banamathela ebuhlotsheni bemindeni yesithembu. Konke ukunakekela ukukhulisa izingane kulele emahlombe kamama kuphela.
Isikhathi sokuzala senzeka ezifundeni eziningi ngo-Ephreli. Abesilisa bavuka amasonto angama-1-2 ngaphambili kunabesifazane. Sebethole amandla athile ngamakhambi amancane, bayahamba bayofuna abalingani ababa iziza zabo ezihlala ekhaya. Ngemuva kokuganisana, amanenekazi ahamba ayofuna intombi entsha.
Insikazi yakha egumbini lokudlela isidleke samaqabunga nezinye izingcezu ezithambile zezitshalo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-25-27. Kwilitha elilodwa kukhona ama-2 kuya ku-10 ama-cubs. Izingane zizalwa zingaboni futhi zinqunu. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha cishe inyanga. Ekupheleni kwayo, inzalo iya phambili ekubeni nokuzimela.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba nekhanda buyi-20-23 cm, isisindo esijwayelekile singama-240-340 g. ubude bomsila omfushane oyi-fluffy buyi-6 cm. Uboya obukhulu obufushane emuva abupendwe ngombala ophuzi, entanyeni nasesifubeni kuyakhanya. Isisu sibomvu grey. Umbala wesimo ubangelwa imivimbo ehlukaniswe ngokwebala emnyama. Kukhona ibala elimnyama esicongweni somsila. Ehlobo, uboya baba mnyama.
Amehlo amakhulu abekwe phezulu ekhanda. Eduze kwamehlo kukhona izindandatho ezikhanyayo. Izindlebe zincane kakhulu futhi zimbozwe ngoboya. Imilenze emifushane ihlomile ngozalo olubanzi oluyisicaba. Kukhona izihlakala esihlathini ngemuva kwezihlathi. Amadoda amadala akhulu futhi anzima kunezinsikazi.
Isikhathi sokuphila se-gopher yaseYurophu asidluli iminyaka emi-5.