Amagundane wensimu angenye yezinhlobo ezejwayelekile zamagundane. Yize zinhle, ziyizinambuzane ezilimaza izilimo futhi zibeka engcupheni izilimo. Futhi, lezi zilwane zingabathwali bezifo eziningi eziyingozi. Kungani igundane libizwa ngokuthi i-vole? Ubukeka kanjani? Uyini umehluko phakathi igundane lensimu negundane elinsundu? Mangaki ama-voles ahlala? Ngabe bayazifihla?
Izithombe nencazelo yokubukeka kwegundane lensimu
UVole yisilwane esincanyana somndeni we-murine (bheka isithombe). Unomzimba oblong obude obungu-6 kuya ku-15 cm, isilinganiso esingu-10-12 cm. Igundane linesisindo esingu-15-50 g. Isizalo sakhe siyindilinga, sikhombe, sinamadlebe amancane alindilinga. Isihloko sekhala sipinki, amehlo ayindilinga, amnyama. Umsila mude, uqhathaniswa nobude bomzimba, obambozwe ngesikali se-fluff kanye ne-ring.
Ijazi lifushane, libushelelezi, lilukhuni, alinemibala ehlukile - ngasemuva kukhona umucu omnyama noma omnyama onsundu lapho igundane lingahlukaniswa khona kwabanye abameleli bomndeni wegundane. Umbala wejazi ungwevu noma ubomvu onsundu, kwenzeka ngamabala noma ngemivimbo, umthungo esiswini ulula. Umbala ushintsha umbala kuya ngezimo zangaphandle nendawo yokuhlala - ngenkathi efudumele, ijazi limnyama kunasemakhazeni, kunomehluko ngombala wezilwane ezihlala ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga nasempumalanga. Ngobudala, ijazi loboya bezimpundane liyaqina.
Ukubukeka kwegundane lensimu
Ngingathola kanjani ukuthi igundane lensimu liphambi kwakho? Bheka emuva kwayo: uma kukhona umucu omncane omncane, khona-ke lesi yisilwane esifanayo.
Umzimba wesilwane ukhula ube ngamasentimitha ayi-12 ubude. Umsila walezi zinhlobo zamagundane awude kakhulu.
Umbala wejazi umnyama: i-ocher grey, nsundu. Kepha isisu segundane lensimu liyakhanya.
Ngemuva kwegundane, umucu omnyama uphawu lwayo.
Impilo yegundane lensimu nokudla
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi lezi zilwane ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi, zingabusuku kanye nobusuku. Esikhathini sasemini, banomsebenzi obaluleke kakhudlwana - ukufihla izitha, ukuze bangabi isidlo sasemini somunye umuntu. Futhi ukujabulela igundane lensimu labazingeli - ngaphezu kokulinele!
Futhi iphi le ngane ukucasha phambi kwamehlo abukhali babazingeli abahle? Yebo, noma kukuphi: kuqhubu lwamakhasi, i-hoard of hay, noma ungagibela ezimpandeni zesihlahla nomuthi. Ekugcineni, kulokhu, amagundane wensimu akha nokwakha imigudu engaphansi komhlaba efana nomsele.
Amagundane asensimini ayizilwane ezandisa kakhulu.
Futhi lezi zilwanyana ezincane ziyakwazi ukuyinyathela ngokucophelela "indlela yazo yokubuyela" emhlabathini, okunzima ukuyiphawula ngeso elinqunu. Benza lokhu ngenhloso yokubuyela endaweni yabo yokukhosela ngokushesha lapho kungenzeka ingozi.
Ukudla kwegundwane lensimu kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo ethathwe ezitshalweni kanye nezilwane ezithile. Ama-rodents adla imifino evela ezitshalweni, amajikijolo ahlukahlukene nezithelo, imbewu, kubandakanya okusanhlamvu, kanye nezinambuzane.
Ukuzondla ebusika, amagundane asensimini azama “ukuphuma” eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu. Kwesinye isikhathi zifihla esikhotheni, egumbini elisophahleni, noma zibheke ekhishini.
Ukudla okuyinhloko yegundane lensimu imifino.
Naphezu kokuntuleka kokudla ngezikhathi ezithile, amagundane asendle alahlekelwa ukuzala. Amandla abo okuzala anganxanela noma yiziphi izilwane.
Mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezimpuku zensimu
Inzalo yalezi ngamagundane ivela cishe izikhathi ezinhlanu ngonyaka. Futhi isikhathi ngasinye lapho owesilisa oyedwa ekwazi ukukhiqiza amagundane ayi-6 - 7. Ngakho inzalo!
Amawundlu amagundane azalwa eyimpumputhe, kepha ngenxa yokudla okwenziwe ngobisi lwebele, asheshe athole isisindo futhi akhule. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili kuzelwe, amagundane ayabonakala, futhi emasontweni ambalwa kamuva azimele.
Amagundane wensimu aphapheme unyaka wonke; awazibekile.
Izinzuzo nokulimala kwegundane lensimu
Abaningi bazothi - kahle-ke, yini ukusetshenziswa kwabo? Ziluma nje futhi zonakalise konke! Kepha ku-ecosystem, lokhu akunjalo. Lezi zilwane ziyinto ebalulekile yephakethe lokudla. Ngaphandle kokuba khona kwale prankster encane enomsila, izinyoni eziningi nezilwane ngabe zishiywe ngaphandle kokudla okuyisisekelo, ngokwesibonelo: izimpungushe, izikhova, ama-martens, amakati.
Impela, amagundane asensimini angadala ukulimala okungathi sína kwesitshalo, futhi aze abe imbangela yokutheleleka ngezifo eziyingozi - akekho umuntu ongaphikisana nalokhu. Ngakho-ke, umakhelwane onalezi ngamagundane uvikeleka kakhulu, uma kungenzeka. Hhayi-ke, mabaqhubeke baphile ngokwemvelo, hhayi ekhaya.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Igundane lensimu: incazelo
I-rodent encane ingabizwa ngokuhlukile: igundane lensimu, igundane lokudonswa nje, i-vole yensimu, igundane lengane, negundane elinemigqa. Lesi silwane sijwayelekile kubantu abaningi, ngoba impilo yomuntu ne-rodent kuvame ukuqondaniswa. Ngokuqala kwamakhaza wangempela ebusika, lesi sinambuzane sisondela kumuntu, sivele emabhokisini, ezindlini zokugcina impahla, emihlathini nakwezinye izinto ezakhiwayo, kanye nasekhaya lomuntu. Imvamisa zihlala ema-dachas, ezivandeni noma ezakhiweni uqobo.
Igundane lensimu alinzima ukulihlukanisa kusuka kwamanye amagundane ngenombolo yezici ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Ikhula ngobude ifinyelele ku-12 cm, ingasaphathwa, ngenkathi ubukhulu obujwayelekile be-rodent bungama-cm ayi-10. Umsila wesilwane mncane futhi wenza cishe ama-70% ubude bomzimba wawo.
- Umumo womzimba ngandlela thile unezinyawo ezingemuva ezinde. Lapho igundane lithutha, eza ngaphambili.
- Isizalo sihle, nekhala eliphakeme, futhi izindlebe zincanyana kodwa ziyindilinga.
Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka, isilwane esikhangayo nesingenangozi. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ikhala elibomvu legundane. Isakhiwo somzimba wegundane sincane, esihlukile ngesakhiwo somzimba sezinhlobo eziningi zamagundane.
Umzimba umbozwe ngezinwele ezimfishane, obonakala ngombala ongalingani, kanti isisu sihlala sikhanya ngokuqhathaniswa nawo wonke umzimba. I-vole ingahlukaniswa kalula kusuka kwezinye izinhlobo zamagundwane umucu omlingisi omnyama obekwe ngemuva. Umbala wejazi ungahluka ngokuya ngezimo zokuphila. Ehlobo, i-vole inombala omnyama kakhulu, kepha lapho kufika ubusika, umbala uyashintsha ube umbala olula. Kuzithombe ezingezansi, ungazibonela mathupha ukuthi indlela igundane ihluke ngayo kwamanye amagundane.
Iqiniso elihehayo! Amazinyo e-rodent ahlukile ngoba akhula kukho konke impilo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi nge-pair of incisors ende evele isivele enyangeni yesibili yokuphila futhi ikhula nsuku zonke ngo-1.5 mm. Ukuze amazinyo angakhuli ngaphezu kwesilinganiso, isilwane kumele ngaso sonke isikhathi sibhoboze okuthile ukuze sikhule. Ngasikhathi sinye, amagundane aluma ngisho nalezo zinto ezingameleli inani lokudla.
Isisindo esijwayelekile segundane le-vole alikho ngaphezu kwama-20 amagremu, yize kutholakala abantu abakhulu, abanesisindo esingama-gramu angama-30.
Okudingayo
Yiziphi izinkanuko zokudla zamagundane, ngoba iququda yonke into eyenzeka endleleni yayo? Uyakwazi ngisho nokulutha okunjalo, okunzima ngisho nokukucabanga. Bagebha izimbobo ezakhiweni zokhuni, ukhonkolo noma wezitini. Ukudla kwabo kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo eyenziwe nge-polystyrene, ipulasitiki noma irabha, kanye nemikhiqizo evela kwezinye izinto zokwenziwa.
Kulula ukucabanga ukuthi intshisekelo enjalo ihlotshaniswa nokukhula kwamazinyo angaphambili e-rodent. Njengokudla, izilwane ezincelisayo zithanda okusanhlamvu, imbewu nezingxenye ezimnandi zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amahlumela amancane, izithombo, imifino nezithelo. Imvamisa bafaka ukudla kwabo ngezibungu, izinambuzane, amaqanda namachwane.
Emzini womuntu, igundane lonakalisa noma yikuphi ukudla, kuyilapho kungadeleli ukudla okusanhlamvu noma ukudla okuningi, imifino, izithelo, inyama, isinqe, umvimba, njll.
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Indima yegundane yenza ukubekelela ubusika, uma kusensimini, ngenkathi idla konke ekwazi ukuyiqeqesha ngenkathi efudumele phakathi nobusika. Kepha abanye abamele lo mndeni okwazile ukuthola ukutholakala ezitokisini zabantu, abanandaba nezitoko zasebusika. I-rodent iyazigcinela ngokwayo izinto zokudla zasebusika ezidliwayo. Inani lamasheya lincike ngosayizi we-mink.
Emini, igundane alidli okudlula kuka-5 g wokudla neziphuzo ezifika ku-20 ml koketshezi. Esikhundleni samanzi, amagundane adla izingxenye zezithelo zezitshalo. Cishe phakathi nehlobo, lesi silwane siqala ukwenza ukubekelela ubusika.
Izici zokuziphatha
Amagundane e-Vole ayizidalwa eziphilayo ezisebenzayo, ngoba inqubo yazo ye-metabolic ishesha impela. Badinga ukudla kaningi, ngoba bachitha amandla abo ngokushesha okukhulu. Amagundane awakwazi ukubekezelela indlala, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuntuleka kwamanzi. Ngaphandle kokudla namanzi, i-mouse vole ingasinda ngaphezu kwesonto eli-1.
Ngaphandle kwalawa maqiniso, i-mouse vole ivumelana ngokushesha nezimo ezintsha. Ama-rodents ahamba ngezindlela ezithile, ngenkathi amaka insimu yawo ngomchamo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko uboniswa ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sobusuku. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, amagundane ayasebenza phakathi nosuku.
Amagundane ayizinto eziphilayo ezinokuqapha ngokunengqondo. Baphendula ngomsindo omncane noma ukugqwala, babalekela ngokushesha endaweni yabo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi izinduku zinezitha eziningi zemvelo futhi ubungozi bazo buhlala bulindile.
Inkathazo izama ukuhlala isondelene nomgodi wayo ngangokunokwenzeka, isuke kuyo ngamamitha ambalwa kuphela. Imvamisa, izinduku zihamba otshanini obude, ngaphansi kwezihlahla noma emthunzini. Umuntu ngamunye unendawo yakhe imakwe. Uncamela ukuhlala emihlambini ephethwe ngabesilisa nabesifazane abavelele.
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Isikhathi sokuphila kwabantu abathile ku-vivo akuyona ngaphezulu konyaka, yize ososayensi bekholelwa ukuthi igundane lingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-7. Into ekhona ukuthi amagundane anezitha eziningi zemvelo. Ezimweni zokufakelwa, iminyaka ephakathi yamagundane iminyaka emithathu.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi segundane lensimu
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-vole asifani nesakhiwo sanoma iyiphi enye i-rodent. Amathambo akhe aqinile, kepha alula futhi anwebekile. Igebhezi liyaphakeme, izingosi zokuqalwa kwamathambo ziyabonakala kuso. Umhlathi ongenhla awushukunyiswa, ngokungafani nomhlathi ophansi, ongahamba ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngayinye inezinhlamvu ezi-2. Azinazimpande; zikhula empilweni yonke ngesilinganiso esingu-1 mm ngosuku.
Ikhala liyawubheka amakha, likuvumela ukuthi uthole kalula ukudla nezihlobo, ukubona ukusondela kwezitha. Eduze kwakhe akhule amadevu - ama-vibrissae, okuyisitho esinamakha. Ngiyabonga kubo, i-rodent ihlelwe kahle esikhaleni, ngisho nasebumnyameni.
Umgogodla uqukethe izigaba ezi-5 namashumi amaningana ama-vertebrae. Isifuba siphumela endaweni yesisu futhi sivikele izitho zangaphakathi ekulimaleni. Amabhande angaphambili amafushane kunezinyawo ezingemuva. Kowokuqala kukhona iminwe emi-5, kwesibili - ku-4, emaphethelweni - uzipho olude.
Ngabe i-vole ihluke kanjani kugundane lasehlathini negundane lendlu?
Izihlobo eziseduzane ze-vole ihlathi (iYurophu) negundane lendlu. Abamele zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo zomndeni we-murine bahola indlela yobusuku obungajwayelekile, bangazifihli, ziyefana ngokuchazwa ukubukeka kwabo, kepha umehluko usekhona. Insimu inkulu kakhulu, ibonakala ngejazi elinombala onsundu, ukuba khona kwesiqeshana esimnyama ngasemuva futhi kungakhuli kahle ama-auricles. I-brownie ine-muzzle ebuthuntu, umbala wayo wesimilo ungwevu-omnyama, abamele abathobekile bagcinwa njengesilwane esifuywayo. Ihlathi - igundane elibomvu elinezindlebe ezinkulu eziyindilinga nomsila omude (lingadlula ubude bomzimba). Intamo ilula ngentethe ebomvu engcolile.
Indawo yokuhlala
Amagundane wensimu angazivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukile zangaphandle, ngakho-ke zitholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kweziqongo zezintaba, iqhwa, izindawo ezomile nezindawo ezishisayo. Kunezindawo ezi-2 ezinkulu zamagundane - ukusuka eCentral Europe kuye eLake Baikal nokusuka eMfuleni i-Amur kuya eMfuleni waseChin Yang. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lamagundane liyabonakala engxenyeni yabo esenyakatho, lapho kunemvula eningi khona.
Igundane lensimu likhetha ukuhlala esigangeni (igama lama-rodent lihambisana nalokhu) nezinye izindawo ezivulekile. Udinga umswakama ophezulu, ngakho-ke ukhetha izindawo eziseduze kwezidumbu zamanzi - izindawo ezinamanzi, izindawo ezimanzi, izihlahlana, amasimu nezihlahla eziseduze nemifula namachibi, akuvamisile - ukuba namahlathi aqinile futhi axubile, ikakhulu imifantu.
Igundane lihlala emadolobheni - lingatholakala emapaki, ezigcawini, emathuneni. Imicibisholo imvamisa ihlala ezindlini zasemakhaya ehlobo, emiphongolweni, emiphongolweni, ezindlini, ezindlini, ezindlini, ezindlini zokugcina impahla nakwezinye izakhiwo okungezona zokuhlala. Imvamisa bathuthela emakhaya abantu lapho ubusika busondela, beyofuna imfudumalo nokudla.
Indlela yokuphila yodoti: kudlani, kuvuna kanjani, ingabe kugcwala ebusika?
Igundane lidla okungenani ama-5 g wokudla ngosuku no-20 ml wamanzi ngosuku. Uma kungekho ukuphuza nokudla, ushona kungakapheli isonto. Isikhathi sokuphila endalweni siyi-1-1,5 g. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, isilwane singaphila isikhathi eside kuze kube yiminyaka engu-2-3. Umlando wokuphila isikhathi eside wabekwa igundane laseLabhoratri ngo-2005 - izinsuku eziyi-1819 (cishe iminyaka emi-5).
Izindwangu zivundile kakhulu, isigaba esisebenzayo sokuzala siqala entwasahlobo, lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, inqubo yokuzala iyancipha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzalwa amawundlu azimpumputhe angama-5-8. Isisindo segundane lingama-1-2 g kuphela. Owesifazane udla okubuthakathaka nokungasebenzi. Isiphetho esifanayo silindele amagundane azalwe ngezikhathi ezilambile, lapho ingekho indlela yokubondla. Ukuzalela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-20. Amagundane azalwa izikhathi ezingama-3-5 ngonyaka nenkathi yezinyanga ezi-2. Baqala ukukhula ngokomzimba lapho bezalwa izinyanga eziyi-2-3.
Izinduku zihlala emakoloni enabantu besifazane nezizukulwane eziningana zezizukulwane. Abesilisa bakhetha indlela yokuphila bebodwa. Amagundane wensimu yamaHowles ajwayele ukuhlela ngaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni okungaba ngu-10-20 cm (kwesinye isikhathi kujula - kuze kube yingxenye yemitha). Ziqukethe izindinyana ezinamagatsha anamanzi eziholela emanzini, izindawo zokulala nokugcina izimpahla. Imisele inezinto eziningana zokuphuma ngaphandle. Amagundane nawo angathola isidleke ngaphansi kotshani, inqwaba yamahlamvu, phakathi kwamatshe, kwesinye isikhathi avele acashe ngokushesha. E-marshland, izilwane zihlela izidleke eziyindilinga zotshani namagatsha.
Umsebenzi wethonya lamagundane kwenzeka ebusuku. Badinga ukudla okuningi ukuze banikeze amandla emzimbeni, ngoba basebenza kakhulu. Izilwane zihlala zigaya okuthile. Ngaphezu kokudla okujwayelekile, kusetshenziswa izinto eziqinile nezinhlobonhlobo - ukhuni, isitini, ukhonkolo, ipulasitiki, irabha. Lokhu kusiza ama-voles agaye amazinyo akhula empilweni yonke.
Ngokuqala kobusika, umsebenzi wezilwane uyancipha, kepha awangeni ekubandakanyeni umoya, unika okokukhosela iqhwa noma utshani. Ukuze uphile ebusika, amagundane emapayipi avela maphakathi nehlobo. Amagundane ahlala eduze kwabantu awagcini ukudla, ngoba imvamisa awanazo izinkinga ngokudla.
Yini izinzuzo zamagundane asensimini?
Amagundane e-Vole axhumanisa ngokubalulekile kwiseketheni lokudla. Izikhova, izinyoka, amakati, izimpungushe, ama-martens, izimpungushe ezingama-arctic, ama-ferrets, ama-ermines, nezinye izilwane zezinye izinhlobo ziyakubamba kudle. Umthelela walezi zikhulu ezithandekayo ezingenakuqhathaniswa kwisayensi zibalulekile. Ngenxa yokufana kwe-DNA yabo neyomuntu (ngaphezu kwama-97%), asetshenziswa njengezilwane zaselebhu. Ngenxa yegundane, ukutholwa okuningi okuhlobene nohlobo lomuntu kwenziwa, kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa amakhambi, imigomo, izidakamizwa zezifo eziningi futhi ufunde ukusebenza kwawo ezizukulwaneni zezifundo zokuhlola.
Ukulimala kubantu
Amagundane enza ukulimala okukhulu, egedla yonke into eza ngendlela yawo. Isimo siyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi bashesha ukuzala. Ama-voles ayisidumo sokukhiqiza kwezitshalo. Ezindaweni abahlala kuzo, ukuhluma kuyancipha kanye nokukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu, izithelo nezithelo zom berry kunciphisa.Amagundane kufanele alahlwe ngokushesha okukhulu - okuwukuphela kwendlela yokusindisa isivuno. Ama-voles angabathwali bezinambuzane nezifo eziningi, ezinye zazo eziyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo.
Igundane ilimaza kanjani ezolimo?
Ukulimala okukhulu kuma-voles kubangelwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilimo. Okokuqala badla imbewu, bese amahlumela amasha abese evuthiwe okusanhlamvu. Yikhulu kuphela izinduku ezinganciphisa isivuno esisensimini esilingana nehektha ngesigamu. Babhubhisa amasheya okusanhlamvu, amazambane, ama-beet, utamatisi, iklabishi, izaqathi kwisitoreji. Lapho usendaweni ephansi, engaphansi noma endaweni ebamba ukushisa, amagundane adla konke ngokungakhethi.
UVole udla izitshalo ezimpande, amahlamvu wezimbali, amagxolo, izimpande, amahlumela, iziqu, amaqabunga ezitshalo, okuholela ekufeni kwabo, ekukhuleni emuva kokukhula kanye nesivuno esincishisiwe. Izilwane zigaya iziqu zezihlahla zezithelo nezihlahla zomhlobiso. Ngaphandle kwamagxolo, okunikeza ukugeleza kwezinto ezizuzisayo kanye nomswakama kuzo, ziyabuna noma ziyafa uma kubhujiswa isiyingi. Amagundane ngentokozo ekhethekile adla i-hawthorn, i-apula, i-cherry.
Ngabe yiziphi izifo ezitholwa yipentent?
Igundane lensimu - ophethe lezi zifo ezilandelayo:
- I-Leptospirosis. Ukutheleleka okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni, ama-ejenti we-causative awo ahlukanisa izilwanyana. Kuyathinta isibindi, ibunzi, amaphaphu, imithambo yegazi, isistimu yezinzwa ephakathi, kepha iningi lemiphumela ebulalayo kungenxa yomonakalo wezinso nokukhula kokwehluleka kwezinso. Indlela enkulu yokutheleleka ngesikhumba esilimele.
- I-Salmonellosis. Ukutheleleka kwamathumbu okwenzeka ngokuqinile futhi okuyingozi. Kubonakala ngobuthakathaka, ukubanda, umkhuhlane, isicanucanu, ukugabha, ukudakwa nokuphelelwa ngamandla.
- Umkhuhlane we-hemorrhagic. Isifo semvelo yegciwane. I-ejenti ye-causative ilimaza imithambo yegazi, ibangele ukuvuvukala, ngenxa yokuthi i-hypoxia ikhula kanjani, inhliziyo, amaphaphu, ubuchopho, izinso zihlupheka. Igqokile ngokwakhiwa kwezihlakala zamaphaphu, ukwehluleka kwezinso okulimazayo, ukoma, nokushaqeka okunobuthi.
- I-Brucellosis. Uhlelo lwe-musculoskeletal luvame kakhulu ukuhlushwa ngama-pathogen, kepha lungathinta amasistimu amaningi nezitho zomzimba. Lesi sifo singalapheka. Izimpawu ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo yokutheleleka. Izimpawu ezivelele kakhulu umkhuhlane, izicubu kanye nobuhlungu obuhlangene.
- Tularemia. Lesi sifo sivela kaningi- hhayi amacala angaphezu kwamakhulu ambalwa ngonyaka eRussia. Ithinta ulwelwesi lwama-mucous, ama-lymph node, isikhumba, amaphaphu. Ubangela umkhuhlane, ukudakwa, ubuthakathaka, izicubu zomzimba kanye nekhanda, kungaba yinkimbinkimbi nge-pneumonia, isifo samathambo, i-meningitis.
- Isifo sonyawo nomlomo. Isifo sesimo segciwane esinenkambo enzima, izimpawu zazo ezinjengomkhuhlane, ukuqaqamba komzimba, ikhanda, ukuchama kobuhlungu, ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph node, i-salivation, ukuguguleka kolwelwesi lwama-mucous kanye nesikhumba.
Ukutheleleka akudluliswa ngokulunywa kuphela. Ungatheleleka ngokuphefumula emoyeni okuqukethe izinhlayiya zoboya nezindunduma zezilwane, ususe izidumbu zamagundane ngaphandle kwamagilavu okuvikela. Amagciwane namagciwane atholakala kumagundane asedliwe futhi kamuva adliwa ngabantu, ngakho-ke uma kutholakala imvuthuluka yamagundane ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla nakwezinye izindawo zokugcina, amasheya asele kufanele abhujiswe.
Emzimbeni wezintwala kuphila izilwanyana ezincanyana eziunca igazi - amakhukhamba nemikhaza, nayo ethwele izifo. I-Encephalitis yisifo esiyingozi kakhulu esithinta ubuchopho kanye nohlelo lwezinzwa. Kubonakala ngomkhuhlane ophakeme, ikhanda elinzima, ukuqwasha, kanye nokubomvu kwesikhumba ekhanda nasentanyeni. Ama-fleas yi-carriers eyinhloko ye-rat (endemic) typhus, ama-ejenti okubulala lawo angamaphara we-intracellular parasites. Zithinta imithambo yegazi, ethinta umsebenzi wezitho eziningi nezinhlelo eziningi.