Iningi lezi zinambuzane lenelisekile ngokuphelele ngokuphila kwazo, lizindiza lodwa phezu kwamasimu namahlathi, lingaboni noma yiziphi izibopho noma imisebenzi, futhi lihlangane nezinye izinambuzane njengezinyamazane noma izinyamazane ezingaba khona noma ezizalanayo zesikhashana. Kepha kunezinambuzane zomphakathi, ezinjengama-hornets kanye nokunye ukusitha, izinyosi zezinyosi, ama-bumblebees, izintuthwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunelinye iqembu elingaziwa kahle lezinambuzane zenhlalo - amasimu, noma "izintuthwane ezimhlophe." Ngaphandle kwegama lazo, azihlangani ngalutho nezintuthwane - amasimu angamalungu eqembu lakudala lezinambuzane, eliseduze kwamaqhude. Futhi akuwona wonke amasimu anombala ngombala. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-2000 zeziqu, ziyaziwa, inani lazo likhulu ngokumangalisayo, kepha ziphila impilo ecashile.

Endaweni lapho kutholakala khona amashubhu, kwanele ukunquma cishe noma yisiphi isiphunzi noma ilogi elele nxazonke, sizobona ukuthi izinkuni zisikiwe ngemivimbo eminingi, ezinye izinambuzane ezincane ezingenamaphiko zizifihle ngokushesha. Zimbalwa izinambuzane, lezi zibusi zomhlaba ezingenakuqhathaniswa, zikuhlomele kahle lokhu: amasheya awanaso isidonda senyosi noma ithambo lomthambo eliqinile. Ama-cuticle abo acwebile avikela kakhulu ekubandeni nasekushiseni, akhishwe emihubheni yawo emnyama ephephile, ayafa emahoreni ambalwa. Zingaba khona ngokushisa kuphela, kepha zibhubhe ekukhanyeni kwelanga. Badinga umswakama ohlala njalo, kepha imvamisa bahlala ezindaweni lapho kubuswa khona isomiso isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yonyaka. Futhi yize amasu, njengomthetho, emincane, eyimpumputhe, enempilo, cishe izinambuzane ezingenakuzivikela ngokuphelele, ziphakathi kwezakhamizi ezisebenza kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi impilo yezenhlalo yama-termite iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunempilo yezinyosi nemfucumfucu, ngokuthi bahlakulele ukusebenzisana okungajwayelekile nama-microbes athile kanye ne-protozoa, kanye neqiniso lokuthi bakwazile ukudala “amadolobha” achumayo nge-microclimate elawulwayo.

Njengoba sesibhubhise isidleke sasehlathini, sithola ngokungazelelwe ukuthi akuwona wonke amalungu e-kolony afane. Iningi lazo lapha zincane, zinenhliziyo ethambile, ezingenazintambo ezinamakhanda ayindilinga nemihlathi emincane - lezi yizisebenzi ezivuthiwe noma ama-nymphs amancane. Abanye abantu - amasosha - makhulu kakhulu, anemihlathi emikhulu, ayisebenzisayo ukuvikela ikoloni. Amasosha ahluleka ngisho nokuzondla: izisebenzi kufanele zibeke ukudla emilonyeni yazo. Amasosha agijimela lapho isidleke sisongelwa ngokuhlasela kwesitha noma enye ingozi, futhi asale lapho kuze kuvalwe igebe. Omunye umsebenzi wamasosha ukushaya i-alamu kwikholoni: uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, aqala ngokushesha ukusikina amakhanda awo esihlahleni, enze umsindo omkhulu. Ama-termite phakathi kwabasebenzi namasosha anabesilisa nabesifazane (yize sekwandiswa ucansi), ngokungafani nama-hornets, izinyosi kanye nezintuthwane, lapho lezi zinkundla zakhiwe zabesifazane kuphela.

Ukuphenya ngempilo yesidleke se-termite, sizothola lapho ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka kanye nabantu abanombala omnyama kakhulu, amaphiko abo avele ngokude kakhulu kunomzimba. Lokhu kuzala abesilisa nabesifazane. Maduze nje bazophuma esidlekeni esikhulu, baganane futhi basungule amakoloni amasha. Ekugcineni, phakathi kwabakhileyo esidlekeni ungathola isigodi esikhulu ngokungajwayelekile esinama "stumps" kusuka emaphikweni aphukile - lo "yindlovukazi". "Indlovukazi" yakudala yamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo ingaba ngobukhulu njengesausage, futhi ifinyelele kubudeamasentimitha ayi-10. Isisu sakhe sigcwele amaqanda kangangokuba akakwazi ukunyakaza ngokuphelele. "Indlovukazi" izungezwe izinceku, zimhlanza njalo zibeke amaqanda, umfula oqhubekayo omshiya emzimbeni. Kwezinye izinhlobo, "indlovukazi" ihlala nomkayo omncane, "inkosi", "egumbini lasebukhosini" elikhethekile. Lapha, phakathi kwezisebenzi ezikhathazayo, "indlovukazi" iyahlala phansi, ngamazwi kaMaurice Meterlink, "njengomkhomo ozungezwe yizimbotshana".

Lezi zinhlwathi, ezihlukile ngokubukeka, ezihlala esidlekeni esisodwa, zingabamele izinqaba ezahlukahlukene. I-"Tsar" ne "ndlovukazi" ebusheni babo yayingabantu abanamaphiko abavuthiwe ngokobulili. Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalela, amaphiko awo aqhekeka emigqeni yamandla ancishisiwe ezansi. Ukuthola igebe esihlahleni noma emhlabathini, amasheya asungula ikoloni elisha lapho. Izidalwa zazo ziguqulelwa kuphela ekukhiqizeni - ukufaka umfudlana wamaqanda angapheli. Uma "inkosi" noma "indlovukazi" efa, ezinye izibungu zingakhula zibe ngabantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi, kepha izinkundla ezimbili zabasebenzi namasosha zivame ukuba yinyumba. Kwakunjalo ukuthi ukuba yingxenye yezindawo ezahlukene ezifuywayo kwakuyifa, lelo thimu lalivele lizalwe isisebenzi, isosha, noma "inkosi," kepha kwavela ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi yiliphi lomuntu othile.

Uhlobo luni lwesilo?

Amahumu anikezwa igama elithi "izintuthwane ezimhlophe" ngabantu ikakhulukazi ngemibala yabo emhlophe nendlela yokuphila yezintuthwane. Ngaphandle, i-termite evela entuthwaneni ingahlukaniswa hhayi ngombala kuphela, kepha futhi ukungabikho kwe-jumper phakathi kwebele nesisu.

Njengezinye izinambuzane zenhlalo, ama-termites koloni elilodwa ahlukaniswe izinqaba, ngasinye sazo senza umsebenzi waso.

Abantu besifazane nabesilisa besilisa bezingubo zokuzala, njengoba negama lisho, zenzelwe ukugcina nokukhulisa ubukhulu bomndeni wethimu. Kusuka ezingxenyeni zezinye izinqaba, zihlukaniswa ubukhona bezitho zombono nombala omnyama womzimba, kanye nangamaphiko amise okwenziwe ngunxantathu azowa ngemuva kwendiza yokuqala neyokugcina yomuntu.

Izintuthwane ezimhlophe ezisele zithatha ukwakhiwa, ezempi, ezokuphepha neminye imisebenzi yezenhlalo.

Ososayensi banemininingwane cishe yezinkulungwane ezintathu zama-termite emvelweni. Lezi zinambuzane zithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo, ngakho eningizimu yeRussia kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zezintuthwane ezimhlophe, emazweni e-USSR yangaphambili kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa kuphela. Ezinye zazo zibangela ukulimala okukhulu kwempahla yangasese kanye nokukhiqizwa.

Ama-termites emvelweni

Onke amazwekazi omhlaba wethu, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, angaziqhayisa ngokuthi izinhlobo ezithile zezixhaphozi ziphila ezindaweni zazo. Lapho kufudumala isimo sezulu, kuhlala ama-freeites amaningi.

I-Afrika ngumgcini werekhodi ngenombolo yezinhlobo zalezinambuzane. Izindunduma zesigamu semitha eminingi seziyinto ekhangayo kanye nophawu kulezi zindawo ezishisayo.

Izintuthwane ezimhlophe zizakhela ngokwazo izakhiwo eziphakeme ngokwazo, zisebenzisa inhlabathi, amathe azo kanye nokumba kwazo njengezinto zokwakha.

Izindunduma ezinjalo zesikhuhlu zikhulu kakhulu ngokomsebenzi ongakhathali wabantu abasebenzayo.

Ungalindeli okuhle ezihlotsheni ze-cockroach

Ngeshwa, izakhiwo ezihlaba umxhwele ezihlaba umxhwele azenelisi ngokugcwele abaqashi bazo. Njengoba ama-termites akhetha i-cellulose njengokudla, izindawo ahlala kuzo ngeke kube yihlane kuphela, kepha futhi nezakhiwo zemizi yabantu, izindlu zokhuni. Lesi yisizathu sokubukeka kwabo, ngoba baphoqelelwa ukuthi bazifunele ukudla njalo.

Izakhamizi zase-Eshiya, ikakhulukazi iChina, iNingizimu Melika, i-Australia zihlushwa kakhulu yizilokazane zesifo. Umonakalo owenziwa yilezi zidalwa ufinyelela ezigidini zamadola aseMelika ngonyaka. Izindonga zezindlu ezenziwe ngamapulangwe zingakhiwa njengamakhadi, uma unikela ngamahhala ezingxenyeni zethala, ingasaphathwa ifenisha eyonakalisiwe kanye nokwakhiwa.

Izintuthwane ezimhlophe efulethini zingavela uma indlu inezitezi zokhuni. Uma sikhuluma ngamamitha aseningizimu, noma isisekelo sikakhonkolo ngeke sisindise ekuhlaselweni yizichizi, ozothola indlela yokungena endlini, noma ngabe lokhu kudinga okungenani ukunqamula indlela ngamapayipi amanzi.

Ngabe kukhona amasimu endlini?

Izintuthwane ezimhlophe ezincane zingaletha inkathazo enkulu. Ukuze ugweme izinkinga futhi uqale ukulwela ikhaya lakho ngendlela efanele, kufanele uphaphame. Ama-termites aphakathi kwegumbi lokuhlala ngeke akhe izinambuzane, kepha imisindo yokubakhona kwawo itholakala ngokuhlukile.

Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokubonakala kwezivakashi ezingamenywanga efulethini noma endlini, ngaphezu komhlangano womuntu siqu nezinambuzane, ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezincane zezinto zokhuni. Kufanele uhlole ngokucophelela iminyango, amafasitela, izitimela nezitebhisi, ifenisha, izindonga zendlu eyenziwe ngamapulangwe esitezi sokuqala, ikakhulukazi kuvulandi emnyango wangaphambili, ukuthola umkhondo wedili elidlule lezintuthwane ezimhlophe.

Lapha ungathola uthuli lwenkuni olungabonakali kalula nemikhiqizo ebomvu noma emnyama yemfucumfucu.

Uma kukhona voids esihlahleni, uphawu lwayo okuwuphawu sici lapho uthephe, lokhu kukhombisa ngokungaqondile umsebenzi we ithemu.

Uma izidleke zingatholakalanga zodwa, kepha ukungabaza kuhlala kunjalo, kufanele kubizwe ochwepheshe abangasebenzisa isithombe esishisayo ukunquma izindawo lapho izinambuzane zibuthana khona.

Ukuzilawula kwesikhashana

Akukaziwa ukuthi yini edala ukulimala okuningi ekhaya, umlilo noma izintuthwane ezimhlophe efulethini. Ungasusa kanjani izinambuzane ezicasulayo?

Izindlela ezinkulu zokulawula izimbotshana yizihlambi ezikhethekile, ikakhulukazi ezincike emakhompiyilini e-chlorine, ngaphandle kwalawo, ephephile kubantu futhi eziyingozi ezinambuzaneni, yingakho nje zivimbela inhlalakahle yezinye izilwane nezitshalo, yingakho zivunyelwe nokusebenzisa.

Izingxube ze-naphthalene, uphethiloli, uphalafini, utshwala, i-turpentine, i-boron powder, i-chloride ye-mercuric, i-creosote ngisho ne-tar, i-tar tar yokhuni evela ezihlahleni ze-coniferous nayo isetshenziselwa ukulawula.

Ukuzilolonga kukhombisa ukuthi umzabalazo ozimele nama-termite awusebenzi njalo, ngakho-ke lolu daba kufanele lishiyelwe ochwepheshe, bese kuthi ngemuva kwalokho banakekele ukuqaliswa kwezindlela zokuzivikela.

Ukulawulwa kwesigamu sochwepheshe

Esikhathini semishini yezingcweti zokulawula isimu, izidakamizwa ezinamandla kunalezo ezitholakala emakethe yamahhala. Ukubhubhisa abantu abagulayo nababuthakathaka, amathuluzi anjalo angaqinisa ngisho nekholoni yezindawo ezisindayo.

Abasebenzi abasebenza ngokukhucululwa kwendle bazi kahle ukuthi basusa kanjani izintuthwane ezimhlophe efulethini. Ukuze ulwe nama-termites, kusetshenziswa i-gasization, ehogela umhlaba ophethwe ngezinto ezikhethekile. Vele, ukufeza umphumela ophelele, le ndlela ifaneleka kuphela lapho kucutshungulwa izakhiwo zokhuni eziphathwayo, njengefenisha, ngoba i-fumigation yenziwa emagumbini akhethekile.

Izinsizakalo zokuhlanzeka ngeke zisebenze kuphela indlu, ifulethi nezinye izinto ezithintekile, kepha zizothola futhi zenze isidleke santuthwane emhlophe, engahlala kude nasekhaya. Uma ama-termites ekhethe efulethini noma indlu yomakhelwane, khona-ke ukucubungula yonke indawo yokuhlala kuzoba ngempumelelo kakhulu kuneziteleka ezihlosiwe ngokumelene nesitha.

Ukusondelana okungathandeki kwama-termite kuyinjabulo engathandeki. Ngakho-ke, lapho uthenga ikhaya, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele, ukunakwa akufanele kukhokhwe kwikhwalithi yokulungiswa kanye nokuhlonishwa kwendawo, kodwa futhi nezimpawu zokusebenzisa “isicelo samahhala” ngesimo sezinhlwathi ezinjalo.

Uma kuhlelwa ukwakha indlu, khona-ke indawo lapho kufanele kukhethwe khona indawo eyomile, isisekelo kufanele sithululelwe ngaphezulu, bese insimbi kufanele ikhethwe ngaphezu kocingo lokhuni. Futhi, ngezindawo eziphezulu ze- "thermite ingozi" ephezulu yezazi zokuhlanzeka zinganikeza ukwelashwa kokuvinjelwa kwendlu nezindawo ezikuzungezile. Lezi zinyathelo zinganciphisa ingozi yokuhlangana okungafuneki nezintuthwane ezimhlophe emizini yazo nasezindaweni zomsebenzi.

Ama-termites

Umbuso:

Eumetazoi

I-infraclass:

Izinambuzane ezinamaphiko

Ingqalasizinda:

Ama-termites

Igama lesayensi yamazwe omhlaba

Imibandela, noma izintuthwane ezimhlophe (lat. Isoptera), iyi-infraorder yezinambuzane zomphakathi ngokuguqulwa okungaphelele okuhlobene namachaphaza. Isikhathi eside, ama-termites abhekwa njengezindawo ezizimele (2009); muva nje, isimo sawo se-taxonomic kuye kwaxoxwa ngaso futhi kubhekwa ukusukela kumthetho we-infraorder (2011, 2013) kuya kwabakwa-ephemeral (Termitoidae, 2007) njengengxenye ye-cockroach-like ones. Njengezintuthwane nezinyosi zezinyosi, amasimu ahlala emindenini enkulu nokuhlukaniswa kwezisebenzi phakathi kwamalungu ekoloni nokuba khona kwezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene (amasosha, izisebenzi, izindlovukazi, indlovukazi,inkosi nabanye). Bondla ikakhulu ngezinto zezitshalo, izinkuni ezifile, eziqukethe i-cellulose, ukuze kugaywe okuqukethe ama-microorganisms amaningi we-typiotic esegazini lamathumbu. Ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi zadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi. Ama-termites awukudla okumnandi ekudleni kwabanye abantu futhi asetshenziswa emithini eminingi yendabuko. Inani lemindeni lifinyelela abantu abayizigidi eziningana, futhi isikhathi sokuphila kwezinye izindlovukazi sidlula amashumi eminyaka athile. Izinhlobo ezingamakhulu ambalwa zibalulekile kwezomnotho njengezinambuzane ezingadala umonakalo omkhulu ezakhiweni, ezitshalweni noma emasimini. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezifana I-Cryptotermes breviszithathwa njengezinhlobo ezihlaselayo. Izinhlobo ezingama-2933 zanamuhla zohlobo lwezintaba ziyaziwa emhlabeni (idatha ka-2013, kanye nezinsalela zezinhlobo ezingama-3106).

Ulwazi oluvamile

Njengazo zonke izinambuzane zenhlalo, abantu abazihlwithe bahlukaniswe ngokusobala baba amaqembu amathathu ayinhloko: abantu abasebenzayo, amasosha ngamanye futhi abantu abakwaziyo ukuzala ngokocansi. Ama-termites okusebenza anomzimba omhlophe othambile, imvamisa angaphansi kuka-10 mm ubude. Amehlo ancishisiwe noma awekho. Ngokuphambene, abantu abazala kabusha banomzimba omnyama namamehlo athuthukile, kanye namabili amaphiko amade angunxantathu, kodwa-ke, wona alahlwa ngemuva kokundiza okukuphela komuntu womuntu wokuzala. Banempahla ye-eusociality.

Njengeqembu, ama-termites avela kusuka kumakhaza esikhathini se-Triassic, ngesisekelo lapho abanye abafake izazi befaka ama-termites ngokulandelana kwe-cockroach. Amachaphaza ohlobo I-Cryptocercus, edume ngokunakekela inzalo yabo amachwane, ithwala imicrofilora emathunjini afana nalawo ama-termites, futhi phakathi kwama-termite kukhona ukubukeka kokuqala Mastotermes darwiniensis, ngokwezimpawu ezisondele kuwo womabili amaqhude namanye amasimu. Akukaziwa kahle ukuthi ama-termites eza kanjani ngendlela yokuphila enempilo, ehlukile phakathi kwezinambuzane ezinoguquko olungaphelelanga, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi amasheya okuqala ayenamaphiko futhi ebukeka ngokufana. Izinsalela ze-termite zivame ukutholakala kuma-amber ezinkathi ezihlukile.

Imizimba yezindikimba zabantu abadala kanye namaphiko ayo ipendiwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene kusuka kumhlophe qwa kube mnyama. Amakhanda amasosha angaba ophuzi okhanyayo, owolintshi, obomvu ansundu noma omnyama. Phakathi kwamasosha amancane kakhulu angama-termite, abamele izinhlobo Atlantitermes snyderi (Nasutitermitinae) kusuka eTrinidad naseGuyana (ENingizimu Melika) ubude obungu-2,5 mm, futhi phakathi kwezikhulu kakhulu - amasosha I-Zootermopsis laticeps (I-Termopsidae) kusuka e-Arizona (e-USA) naseMexico ngobude obungu-22 mm. Okukhulu kunabo bonke kubantu besifazane abanamaphiko kungabesifazane nabesilisa bezintokazi zohlobo lwase-Afrika Ama-Macrotermesubude bawo kanye namaphiko bufinyelela ku-45 mm, naphakathi kwezindawo ezincane ezinamaphiko Isirriferi serriferi (Serritermitidae) - 6 mm ngamaphiko. Abantu abanamaphiko abanye babameli Ama-incisitermes futhi Ama-glyptotermes (Kalotermitidae) kanye I-Apicotermitinae abe nobude obungaphansi kwama-7 mm ngamaphiko. Inani lemindeni liyahlukahluka, lisuka kumakhulu ambalwa ama-termite (Kalotermitidae) kufinyelela ezigidini ezininganaRhinotermitidae, I-termitidae) Isisindo sezinsimbi ezingenamaphiko zabantu abadala Ama-Mastotermes ifinyelela ku-52 mg.

Ama-termites ajwayelekile ezifundeni ezishisayo nezindawo eziphansi futhi ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-2900 zanamuhla. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindawo ezihlala eRussia (esifundeni iSocrhi neVladivostok). Ku-CIS kunezinhlobo ezi-7 zama-termite, zazo ezine zezinhlobo ezi-4, kubandakanya iTurkestan (Anacanthotermes turkestanicus) ne-Trans-Caspian enkulu (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus), - kudala umonakalo omkhulu endlini.

Ukubhebhetheka

Ama-termites atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Zimbelwa okungenani eYurophu (Izinhlobo eziyi-10 zohlobo oluthile lwendalo Ama-Kalotermes futhi Ama-reticulitermes) naseNyakatho Melika (izinhlobo ezingama-50), ngenkathi eseNingizimu Melika kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-400, kuthi e-Afrika kube nezinhlobo ezi-1000. Zitholakala cishe izinduna zesigamu esisebenzayo ezingaba yizigidi eziyi-1,1 eKruger National Park (South Africa) kuphela. E-Asia, kunezinhlobo ezingama-435 zama-termite, ikakhulukazi eChina, eningizimu yoMfula iYangtze. I-Australia inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-360 zama-termites. Ngenxa yokuncipha kwawo, ama-termites awameleli kahle ezimweni ezibandayo nezibandayo. Uhlobo oluhlaselayo lwaseMelika (Cryptotermes brevis) kwethulwa e-Australia.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ezinqunyelwe izwekazi:

E-Asia	I-Afrika	i-America esenyakatho	i-South America	IYurophu	E-Australia
Inani lezinhlobo	435	1,000	50	400	10	360

Isakhiwo se-Colony nokuziphatha

Njengazo zonke izinambuzane zenhlalo, ama-termites ahlala emakoloni, inani labantu abavuthiwe abangafinyelela kumakhulu amaningana baye ezigidini eziningana futhi liqukethe izinqaba. Ikholomu ejwayelekile liqukethe izibungu (nymphs), izisebenzi, amasosha, nabantu abazala nabo. Ukwakhiwa kwama-termite kuyindunduma yesimu. Ngokungafani nezintuthwane, ezinhlotsheni ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu zeziqu, ubulungu be-caste bunqunywa ngofuzo. Ezinhlotsheni zakudala, ukuzihlanganisa komuntu kumuntu kuncike ekutheni amanye ama-termite awondla kanjani ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka nokuthi yimaphi ama-pheromones awagcinayo.

Abantu abazalanayo

Phakathi kwabantu abazala esidlekeni, inkosi nendlovukazi bayahluka. Lezi ngabantu asebevele belahlekelwe ngamaphiko abo futhi kwesinye isikhathi amehlo abo futhi benze umsebenzi wokuzala esidlekeni. Indlovukazi efinyelele ekuvuthweni ingabeka amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziningana ngosuku, iphenduke uhlobo lwe "fektri yamaqanda." Kulesi simo, amabele akhe futhi ikakhulukazi isisu sikhuphuka, okwenza indlovukazi ikhulu izikhathi eziphindwe kaningi kunanoma iyiphi ithemu yokusebenza (10 cm noma ngaphezulu). Ngenxa yesisu esikhulu, indlovukazi ilahlekelwa amandla okuhamba ngokuzimela, ngakho-ke lapho kuba nesidingo sokuyihambisa kwesinye iseli lekoloni, amakhulu abasebenzi abuyela ndawonye ukumhambisa. Phezu kwesidumbu sendlovukazi, ama-pheromones akhethekile aqhamile, aqanjwa ngabasebenzi, okufaka isandla ekubumbeni leli koloni. Kwezinye izinhlobo, la ma-pheromones akhanga kakhulu kubasebenzi kangangokuba aluma ama-mandibles abo esiswini sendlovukazi (noma kunjalo, lokhu akufane kuholele ekufeni kwakhe).

Kukhona inkosi egumbini lendlovukazi, elincane kuphela kunethala elisebenzayo. Uyaqhubeka nokushada nowesifazane kuyo yonke impilo, ngokungafani, ngokwesibonelo, izintuthwane, lapho abesilisa bafa khona lapho sebezitholile, futhi isidoda sigcinwa ngaphakathi kwendlovukazi (isibeletho) ezinhlwini ze-ovary.

Abantu abasele ngokuzala banamaphiko futhi basebenzela ukudala amakoloni amasha. Esikhathini esithile sonyaka baphuma esidlekeni kanye nabashadikazi emoyeni, emva kwalokho owesilisa nowesifazane, sebehlile emhlabathini, baqukula amaphiko abo futhi baqala ukwakha ikoloni elisha. Kwezinhlobo ezithile zesifo, abantu abangazaleli ngokuzala bakha i-podcast eklanyelwe ukuthatha indawo yenkosi nendlovukazi uma kungenzeka ifile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyivelakancane kakhulu.

Ososayensi e-University of Yamaguchi kanye nase Tottori University baphetha ngokuthi ama-quite queens I-reticulitermes speratus baphila isikhathi eside kunabasebenzi, ngenxa yomsebenzi owandayo wezakhi zofuzo ezibhekene nokufakwa amakhodi kwama-enzymes we-antioxidant: i-catalase nomndeni wama-peroxyredoxins.

Izisebenzi

Ngokungafani nezintuthwane, phakathi kwabasebenzi namasosha ezindawo ezihlangene ngokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa. Izindawo ezinamasimu ezisebenzayo zenzelwa ukwakha, ukugcina ukudla, ukunakekela izingane, ukwakha nokulungisa leli koloni. Abasebenza yibona bodwa abasebenza nge-casteose abakwazi ukugaya i-cellulose sibonge ama-microorganisms akhethekile wesisu. Yibona abondla wonke amanye amasimu. I-kolony nayo inezici zayo ezinhle kubasebenzi.

Izindonga zekoloni zakhiwa kusuka kwinhlanganisela yokumba, ukhuni oluhlwabushiwe namathe. Isidleke sinikeza izindawo zokutshala izingadi zesikhunta, ukugcinwa kwamaqanda nezibungu ezincane, abantu abazala, kanye nenethiwekhi ebanzi yemigudu yokungena komoya evumela ukuthi kugcinwe i-microclimate eqhubekayo cishe ngaphakathi kwesiqongo sendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi kukhona nezindawo ezingama-termite-philes - izilwane ezihlala kanye nama-termite ku-Symbiosis.

Amasosha

Amasosha ayisihlobo esikhethekile sabantu abasebenzayo, esinezifiso ezikhethekile nezokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlaselwa izintuthwane. Amaningi anemihlathi eyandisiwe kangangokuba ahluleka nokudla eyedwa. Amasosha ezinhlobo zezindawo ezishisayo zozalo lobhejane anokuphuma okukhethekile ekhanda lapho adubula khona uketshezi oluvikelayo.Ezindundwini ezihlwitha umuthi esihlahleni, amasosha ngokuvamile anamakhanda amakhulu awavumela ukuba avimbe imihubhe emincane futhi avikele ukungena kwesitha okuningana esidlekeni. Lapho ukuthembeka kwezindonga zodonga lwama-termite kubhidlikile futhi isimo sinjalo kangangokuba kudinga ukuthi kungenelele amasosha angaphezu kweyodwa, amasosha akha ukwakheka okuzivikela kufana ne-phalanx bese eqala ukuhlasela ngokungahleliwe isisulu sawo, ngenkathi abasebenzi bevala umgodi. Njengomthetho, i-phalanx ngokulandelayo iba yisisulu uqobo, ngoba ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kodonga lwama-termite, ilahlekelwa yithuba lokubuyela kusihlwa.

Akukho ukuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali emindenini I-Termopsidae, I-Hodotermidae futhi Kalotermitidae. Izindlala ze-Salivary noma i-labial zakhiwa kuwo wonke amasimu nakuzo zonke izinhlaka. Kwezinye izinhlobo, amasosha akhiqiza izimfihlo zokuzivikela, ngokwesibonelo, Ama-Mastotermes nabaningi I-Macrotermitinae. I-hypertrophic frontal salivary gland nayo ikhona kwezinye I-termitinae ngokuchofoza ama-mandibles: okungenani I-Dentispicotermes Izimfihlo zomsuka zitholakala ngokuphula indlala (i-autothisis, noma ukuzikhipha udonga lomzimba). Le ndlala engakhokhelwa, ehlukile emhlabeni wezinambuzane, iyi-synapomorphy emindenini Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae futhi I-termitidae. I-unobtrusive in yabasebenzi futhi incane kakhulu ku-imago yezocansi, leli gland lakhiwa kakhulu emasosheni futhi likhiqiza izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinhlobonhlobo. Ukukhishwa kwabo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa umgodi okhethekile ekhanda, obizwa ngokuthi umthombo (i-frontal pore). Kwezinye izindawo, iporeal yangaphambili ivaliwe, ngakhoke izimfihlo zenyongo zidedelwa ngokuqhuma kwalo lonke indlala kanye nesisu (i-autothysis), ngokwesibonelo Ama-Serritermes futhi Ama-Globitermes . Ama-termites I-Globalbitermes sulphureus, eyaziwa ngokuthi ngama-kamikaze termites, isebenzisa indlela yokuzibulala, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-autothysis, njengendlela yokuzivikela.

I-gland engaphambili evikela isakaza izimfihlo ezivikeleni esitheni ngokusebenzisa imisele ekhanda yempi yesosha (ngezihlwayi zamakhala, lokhu kuphuma kukuphawu olukhethekile “ekhaleni” lekhethelo elikhethekile. I-frontal gland ithuthukiswa kakhulu esiswini samasosha Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes, Psammotermes, Ama-reticulitermes, Ama-Prorhinotermes, Ama-scheduleorhinotermes) nasekhanda lesosha I-termitidae (ithuthukiswe ngaphakathi Nasutitermitinaekepha kuncishiswe emindenini engezansi I-Macrotermitinae futhi I-termitinaeezivikelwe ngama-mandibles anamandla).

Inani lamasosha akule koloni lincike emisebenzini yomndeni futhi imvamisa lifinyelela kumaphesenti ambalwa esamba sonke. Encwadini yezinhlobo ezimbalwa, isabelo samasosha singaphansi kuka-3%. Cishe i-4-6% - ezinhlotsheni zohlobo lofuzo Ama-Cryptotermes (Nutting, 1970; Bouillon, 1970), Ama-incisitermes (Harvey, 1934; Nutting, 1970), Ama-Kalotermes (Harris, 1954; Grasse and Noirot, 1958) no Ama-glyptotermes (UDanthanarayana noFernando, ngo-1970). Cishe u-1-9% ezinhlotsheni zohlobo lofuzo I-Neolermes (Nagin, 1972, Sen-Sarma kanye neMishra, 1972), Ama-Stolotermes (Morgan, 1959), Ama-Odontotermes (UJosens, 1974), no Ama-Macrotermes (Pangga, 1936). Ngokusho kukaJosens (1972, 1974) oqoqwe oLwandle i-Ivory Coast (eNtshonalanga Afrika), inani lamasosha liyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-12-16% ezinhlotsheni Ama-Basidentermes potens, Ama-Promirotermes holmgreni, Ama-Ancistrotermes cavithorax, I-Microtermes toumodiensis, Ama-pseudacanthotermes militaris. Emakholoni ezindawo ezinamakhala (ezinkulukazi ezimbili: eCoptotermitinae naseNasutitermitinae) lapho i-gland yangaphambili ithuthukiswa kakhulu, isilinganiso samasosha singakhuphuka kakhulu. Ezinhlotsheni Coptotermes formosanus futhi Coptotermes hugeator, isosha elingama-10% (uSmythe noMauldin, 1972, iKing noSpink, 1974, 1975, Pangga, 1936), ngenkathi Isibhedlela sasesibhedlela (Pangga, 1936) kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zohlobo Nasutitermes (I-Kfecek, i-1970, i-Gay ne-Wetherly, i-1970, i-Holdaway et al., I-1935), inani lamasosha anqunyelwe cishe yi-10% yazo zonke izingxenye ezisebenzayo zabantu. Benza i-15% -21% yezinhlobo Ama-trinervitermes geminatus (Bouillon, 1970; Josens, 1974), 20% ezinhlotsheni Ama-trinervitermes togoensis (UJosens, 1974) no Nasutitermes spp. (Pangga, 1936; Gay et al., 1955), 25% yama-termites Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Weesner, 1953), futhi aze afike kuma-30% amasimu ezindaweni zokuhlinzela zaselebhu Ama-Nasutitermes costalis (UHrdy noZeleny, 1967). Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bamasosha ama-termine angenalutho, kuqhathaniswa nosayizi wezisebenzi. I-termite - xylophagus Cephalotermes (I-termitinae) inani lamasosha lingama-0,2% kuphela. Ukulahleka kwesibalo samasosha kubonwa emikhayeni emibili engezansi yomndeni wethimu I-termitidae. At I-Apicotermitinae ezingaphezu kwesigamu zezinhlobo zase-Afrika zishoda ngamasosha, njengoba kwenza zonke izinhlobo ze-neotropic. Ngokuphambene, konke ukuzalwa kwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kunamasosha, yize lokhu kucashunwa kuyivelakancane kakhulu phakathi kwawo (uhlobo Izinhlobo Isikhathi eside bekubhekwa ukuthi awunamasosha). Ngokuzithoba I-termitinae, kuphela ku-3 genera lapho kungekho khona amasosha: I-Protohamitermes futhi Ama-Oriententermes (ama-Taxa amabili asondele esifundeni saseMpumalanga) no Ama-Encasitermes kusuka e-Australia.

Ukuncintisana

Ukuncintisana phakathi kwamakholoni amabili kuholela ekuziphatheni kwe-agonistic ebudlelwaneni nomunye, okuvezwa izimpi zokulwa.Lokhu kulwa kungadala ukushona kwabo bobabili futhi, kwezinye izikhathi, ukwanda noma ukulahleka kwendawo. Kwezinye izinhlobo, amathuna akhiwa ngendlela “yemigodi yamathuna” (“Amathuna amathuna”), lapho kugcinwa khona izidumbu zamathuna afile (angcwatshwa).

Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi lapho ama-termites eshayisana ngokuhlangana kwezinye izindawo ezifinyelela emadolobheni, amanye awo avimba ngamabomu izindinyana ukuvimba amanye amasimu ukuba angangeni. Ama-termites afile avela kwamanye amakoloni atholakala kumhubhe wokusesha aholela ekuhlukaniselweni kwalesi sigaba futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kunesidingo sokwakha imigudu emisha. Ukushayisana phakathi kwezimbangi ezimbili akuhlali kwenzeka. Isibonelo, yize zingavimba enye nenye, amakoloni I-Macrotermes bellicosus futhi AmaMacrotermes subhyalinus musa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukukhombisa ulaka komunye nomunye. Ukuzibulala kutholakala ezinhlotsheni Coptotermes formosanus. Kwesinye isikhathi amakoloni amabili ahlukile C. formosanus ikwazi ukuthola insiza yokondla efanayo bese ingena ezingxabanweni zomzimba Ngasikhathi sinye, ezinye izindawo zingcwatshwa ngokunqenqemeni emikhondweni yokufa bese zifa lapho, zivimbe ngempumelelo umhubhe futhi ziqede konke ukuhlangana okuxegayo kwalezi zindawo zombili.

Phakathi kwabameleli be-caste yokuzala, abesifazane be-neotenic (isibeletho esizayo) bangancintisana ukuze babe yindlovukazi ebabazekayo lapho kungekho bantu basisekelo be-oviparous (indlovukazi, noma umsunguli wesifazane). Le mpi phakathi kwezindlovukazi ezincane iholela ekufeni kwabo bonke, ngaphandle kwendlovukazi kuphela, yona, nenduna enkulu (inkosi), ethatha umsebenzi ophambili we-oviparous wekoloni.

Izintuthwane namahlume kungancintisana ukuze kube nendawo yokudlela. Ikakhulu, izintuthwane ezidla amasimu ngokuvamile zithinta kabi izinhlobo ze-Isoptera ezihlahleni.

Ezokuxhumana

Ama-termites amaningi awaboni, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana kwawo kwenzeka ikakhulu ngosizo lwezimpawu zamakhemikhali, ze-mehendi ne-pheromone. Lezi zindlela zokuxhumana zisetshenziswa emisebenzini eminingi, kufaka phakathi ukusoka, ukuthola izinqaba, ukwakha izidleke, ukuqaphela abantu bezizwe, ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngezindiza, ukuthola nokulwa nezitha, nokuvikela izidleke. Indlela ejwayelekile yokuxhumana ngama-termites ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwezimpondo (i-antennae). Ama-pheromones amaningana ayaziwa, kufaka phakathi ama-pheromones othintana (adluliswa lapho abasebenzi bebandakanyeka ku-trophallaxis noma ukuzilolonga) nama-pheromones akhathazekile, ukulandelela ama-pheromones kanye nawokuzala. Ama-pheromones akhathazayo namanye amakhemikhali avikelayo akhishwa ku-gland yangaphambili. Ama-pheromones we-trace akhishwa ku-gland ye-sternal, futhi ama-pheromones ocansi akhiqizwa emithonjeni emibili ye-glandular: izindlala ze-sternal and tergal. Lapho izivunguvungu ziphuma ziyofuna ukudla, zidla okudla ebusweni kwenhlabathi ezinsikeni zezimila. Indlela ingakhonjwa ngama-fecal deposits noma i-recessed path. Izisebenzi zishiya ama-pheromones kule migwaqo atholakala ngamanye amakhosi esebenzisa ama-olodoory receptors. Ama-termites angabuye ahlanganyele ngokusebenzisa amasignali angumshini, ukunyakaza, nokuxhumana ngokomzimba. Lezi zimpawu zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nabantu ngesikhathi se-alamu (ukuphazamisa ukuxhumana) noma ukuhlola umthombo wamandla.

Lapho ama-termites akha izidleke zawo, zisebenzisa ngokuyinhloko ukuxhumana okungaqondile. Akukho simu esibhekele noma iyiphi ingxenye yokwakha. Amathuna ngamanye aphendula esimweni esithile, kepha esezingeni leqembu bakhombisa uhlobo "lokwazi okuhlangene." Izakhiwo zikakhonkolo noma ezinye izinto, njengamatshe emhlabathini noma ngezinsika, zenza ukuthi ama-termites aqale inqubo yokwakha. I-termite yenezela lezi zinto ezinhlakeni ezikhona, futhi le ndlela yokuziphatha inomthelela ekuziphatheni kwabanye abasebenzi.Umphumela inqubo ehlelekile lapho imininingwane eqondisa umsebenzi wezinxanxathela ingumphumela woshintsho emvelweni, kunokuxhumana ngqo kwabantu abathile.

Ama-termites angakwazi ukwahlukanisa abantu bezizwe nabantu abangabazi ngokuxhumana kwamakhemikhali nezimpawu zamathumbu: Amakhemikhali anama-hydrocarbons akhishwe ku-cuticle avumela ukwamukelwa kwezindawo zangaphandle. Ikholoni ngayinye inephunga layo elikhethekile. Leli phunga liwumphumela wezakhi zofuzo nezendawo ezungezile, njengokudla kwama-termite kanye nokwakheka kwamagciwane emathunjini amathumbu.

Izindatshana

Izidleke zama-termite zibizwa ngokuthi ama-termite mound futhi, njengomthetho, zibukeka njengezindunduma ezinkulu eziphakeme ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba. Umsebenzi wawo ophambili ukuvikela ama-termite ezitheni, ukomile nokushisa.

Izindunduma zama-termite ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinemvula enamandla futhi eqhubekayo zisengozini yokuguguleka kwesakhiwo sazo ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo sobumba. Lezo izidleke ezenziwe amakhadibhodi (isitshalo esihlafunwayo futhi ikakhulukazi uginindela wezinkuni) zinganikeza isivikelo emvuleni futhi empeleni zimelane nemvula enkulu. Izindawo ezithile ezisezindunduma zesimu zisetshenziswa njengamaphoyinti wephoyisa uma wephula noma wephula isidleke. Isibonelo, ikoloni Cubitermes Kwakhiwa imigudu emincane, isetshenziswa njengamaphoyinti anamandla, ngoba ububanzi bezingqinamba banele ngokwanele ukuba buvinjelwe amasosha. Igumbi lezokuphepha eliphakeme, elaziwa ngokuthi "igumbi lasebukhosini", liqukethe indlovukazi nenkosi futhi isetshenziswa njengowokugcina owokuvikela.

Izinhlobo zeGenus Ama-Macrotermeszingakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emhlabeni izinambuzane, zakhe izindunduma ezinkulu. Lezi zindunduma zesishingishane zingenye yezindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ezifinyelela kumamitha ayi-8 kuye kwayi-9, futhi zinezigaba eziningi, iziqongo kanye namagquma. Olunye uhlobo lwesigimu, Amitermes meridionalis, ingakha izidleke eziphakeme ngamamitha amathathu kuya amane nobubanzi bamamitha ayi-2,5. Umenzi wethimu eliphakeme kunawo wonke owake waqoshwa wayengamamitha ayi-12,8 ukuphakama futhi atholakala e-Equatorial Africa eDemocratic Republic of the Congo.

Amanye amasimu akha izindunduma ezinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinhlobo ezithile. Isibonelo, njengezindawo zohlobo lonyaka I-Amitermes (Amitermes meridionalis futhi A. laurensis) akha "ikhampasi" noma izindunduma "ezinamandla kagesi", ezisuselwa enyakatho kuye eningizimu. Ngokuhlola, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi le ndlela yekhampasi isiza i-thermoregulation. Ukuma kusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi izinga lokushisa langaphakathi le-embankment landa ngokushesha phakathi nokusa, kugwema ukushisa ngokweqile kusuka elangeni lasemini. Lapho-ke izinga lokushisa lihlala likhona ezingeni eliphakeme lesidingo esiphakeme (ethafeni elingumfanekiso) lonke usuku kuze kuhlwe.

Sesha ngesihloko

Obani ama-termites (izintuthwane ezimhlophe)?

Imilayezo: 1,017 Imali yokuthunyelwe 94694 RUB (Imininingwane) Kuthandiwe: 1,002 Ukuthandwa kutholiwe: 1,467
kokuthunyelwe okungu-682

Ama-termites izinambuzane ezi-herbivorous ezifanayo kakhulu nezintuthwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, babizwa nangokuthi "izintuthwane ezimhlophe."

Ama-termites atholakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo, kodwa futhi atholakala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile. Ukudla kokudla kwabo ikakhulukazi i-cellulose equkethwe ngokhuni, utshani kanye namaqabunga ezihlahla, ngakho-ke ama-termites angadala ukulimala kwezomnotho, alimaze izakhiwo zamapulangwe nezinhlobo ezinamahlahla.

Izidleke zama-termite zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Zingaba imisele evamile yobumba namaphasi, noma izinqaba ezinemibala ephelele ebusweni bomhlaba. Kungakho bavame ukuheha abantu.

Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezintathu zamatshe emhlabeni, eRussia kuphela izinhlobo ezimbili ezaziwayo ezihlala esifundeni iSocrhi neVladivostok.
Ukulunywa ama-termite kubuhlungu kakhulu futhi kubangela ukulunywa okungapheli nokuvuvukala kwezicubu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-allergies iyenzeka kubantu, isukela kumnene iya kanzulu ngomphumela obulalayo, obangelwa yi-pulmonary edema.Izimpawu zokulimala zingafaka ukuminyanisa umphimbo lapho uphefumula, isiyezi, nobuhlungu besisu, ukushaqeka kanye nokuqwashisa ukwazi.

Okuthunyelwe: 1,684 Imali yokuthunyelwe 59726 RUB (Imininingwane) Ukuthandwa: 1,383 Ukuthandwa kutholiwe: 1,253
kokuthunyelwe okungu-511 74%

Ama-termites izinambuzane ezi-herbivorous ezifanayo kakhulu nezintuthwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, babizwa nangokuthi "izintuthwane ezimhlophe."

Ama-termites atholakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo, kodwa futhi atholakala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile. Ukudla kokudla kwabo ikakhulukazi i-cellulose equkethwe ngokhuni, utshani kanye namaqabunga ezihlahla, ngakho-ke ama-termites angadala ukulimala kwezomnotho, alimaze izakhiwo zamapulangwe nezinhlobo ezinamahlahla.

Izidleke zama-termite zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Zingaba imisele evamile yobumba namaphasi, noma izinqaba ezinemibala ephelele ebusweni bomhlaba. Kungakho bavame ukuheha abantu.

Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezintathu zamatshe emhlabeni, eRussia kuphela izinhlobo ezimbili ezaziwayo ezihlala esifundeni iSocrhi neVladivostok.
Ukulunywa ama-termite kubuhlungu kakhulu futhi kubangela ukulunywa okungapheli nokuvuvukala kwezicubu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-allergies iyenzeka kubantu, isukela kumnene iya kanzulu ngomphumela obulalayo, obangelwa yi-pulmonary edema. Izimpawu zokulimala zingafaka ukuminyanisa umphimbo lapho uphefumula, isiyezi, nobuhlungu besisu, ukushaqeka kanye nokuqwashisa ukwazi.

Ama-termites, ngamanye amagama abizwa ngokuthi izintuthwane ezimhlophe, ahlala emindenini emikhulu futhi njengezintuthwane ezejwayelekile zihlanganyela emndenini wonke, kukhona bobabili abavikeli abavikela indlu futhi besebenza nezintuthwane ezisebenza futhi zakha izindlu, kukhona ongqondayo abagada izingane kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zabasebenzi njengasempilweni yomuntu).

Ama-termites adla ngezinto zezitshalo, izihlahla ezivame kakhulu eziqukethe i-cellulose, ezigaywe kalula ezintweni eziphilayo zesimu.

Abantu bangasebenzisa izidlo zokudla futhi kuyindathane yabantu abaningi, ngoba inani lama-termites emndenini owodwa lingafinyelela izigidi ezimbalwa.

Njengoba inani lama-termites likhulu, ezinye zezinhlobo zazo zingalimaza kakhulu noma zonakalise izindlu ezahlukahlukene ezindala zamapulangwe, amahlathi nezitshalo ezitshalwa ngabantu.

Ama-termites angalimaza futhi abe wusizo, wona, kanye nezibungu, asiza ekujikelezweni kwendaba yomhlaba, angakwazi ezindaweni ezomile lapho kungenazibungu khona, azisuse ngokuphelele futhi asize ukukhulisa isivuno.

Kwenziwe isilingo futhi ama-termites ahlangene nezintuthwane akwazi ukukhuphula isivuno se-Getybws ngumuntu wesithathu, lokhu kungumphumela omuhle kakhulu, obonga kakhulu abasizi abancane abanjalo.

Akuwona wonke amasimu angaba yingozi, angamaphesenti ayishumi kuphela, amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye asele angasiza umuntu.

Izithonjana

Okuthunyelwe: 3,344 Imali yokuthunyelwe 186016 RUB (Imininingwane) Ukuthandwa: 6,198 Ukuthandwa kutholiwe: 8,508
kokuthunyelwe okungu-2,944 254%

Obani amasimu?

Ama-termites, ngamanye amagama abizwa ngokuthi izintuthwane ezimhlophe, ahlala emindenini emikhulu futhi njengezintuthwane ezejwayelekile zihlanganyela emndenini wonke, kukhona bobabili abavikeli abavikela indlu futhi besebenza nezintuthwane ezisebenza futhi zakha izindlu, kukhona ongqondayo abagada izingane kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zabasebenzi njengasempilweni yomuntu).

Ama-termites adla ngezinto zezitshalo, izihlahla ezivame kakhulu eziqukethe i-cellulose, ezigaywe kalula ezintweni eziphilayo zesimu.

Abantu bangasebenzisa izidlo zokudla futhi kuyindathane yabantu abaningi, ngoba inani lama-termites emndenini owodwa lingafinyelela izigidi ezimbalwa.

Njengoba inani lama-termites likhulu, ezinye zezinhlobo zazo zingalimaza kakhulu noma zonakalise izindlu ezahlukahlukene ezindala zamapulangwe, amahlathi nezitshalo ezitshalwa ngabantu.

Ama-termites angalimaza futhi abe wusizo, wona, kanye nezibungu, asiza ekujikelezweni kwendaba yomhlaba, angakwazi ezindaweni ezomile lapho kungenazibungu khona, azisuse ngokuphelele futhi asize ukukhulisa isivuno.

Kwenziwe isilingo futhi ama-termites ahlangene nezintuthwane akwazi ukukhuphula isivuno se-Getybws ngumuntu wesithathu, lokhu kungumphumela omuhle kakhulu, obonga kakhulu abasizi abancane abanjalo.

Akuwona wonke amasimu angaba yingozi, angamaphesenti ayishumi kuphela, amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye asele angasiza umuntu.

Ama-Thai izinambuzane ezifanayo kakhulu nezintuthwane, ngakho-ke zibizwa ngokuthi izintuthwane ezimhlophe. Ama-termites angamalungu ehlobo lwamakhaza, ahlala emikhondlwini emikhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3,000 zalezi zinambuzane. Izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ezinokwehlukanisa zinokungefani: umbala womzimba, ubukhona besifunda esine-thoracic, isembozo somzimba ngegobolondo elikhanyayo, inhloko enkulu enezixhobo zomlomo ezinamandla. Zonke izinhlobo zama-termites zondla nge-cellulose.
Ama-Termites ayizinambuzane ezibucayi kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, emazingeni okushisa, ukukhanya, kanye nomswakama. AmaHlubi izinambuzane zenhlalo ezihlala emindenini enkulu. Izidleke zama-termite zingatholakala emhlabathini, ohlelweni lwezimpande zezihlahla, kanye nakuzo iziqu. Futhi ngisho nasezindunduma ezingama-termite, ukwakheka kwezindunduma zesigungu kungahluka.
Ama-termites ayizinambuzane eziyingozi, kodwa futhi adlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni, njengoba umthetho onqenqemeni ubhubhisa izinkuni ezingaphili.
Imindeni yamaThemu ihlukaniswe yizixuku ezi-3: abasebenzi, amasosha, iqembu lokuzala Ukubona ama-termites kunzima impela, ngoba awasahambi ebusuku. Ukunyakaza kwabo kwenzeka emihubheni abayenzile. Ebusika, amasimu alahlekelwa umsebenzi wawo. Inani lama-termites lingasukela emashumini ambalwa liya ezigidini zezinambuzane zalaba bantu.

Okuthunyelwe: 262 Imali yokuthumela okuyi-8790 RUB (Imininingwane) Kuthandiwe: Ukuthandwa kwe-128 kutholiwe: 282
kokuthunyelwe okungu-145%

Ama-termites ayizinambuzane futhi abukeka njengezintuthwane, amhlophe ngombala kuphela.

Lezi zinambuzane ezi-herbivorous zithanda ukudlela kuselulose, okuthi, ngeshwa, zitholakale ngokhuni.
Lokho bayaziwa ukuthi kudla konke okwenziwe ngokhuni.
Bancamela ukwakha izindunduma zabo ezingama-termite, ama-anthill anjalo, ama-termites kude ngangokunokwenzeka kubantu.
Ama-termites cishe yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Ama-Thai awadli abantu futhi ayabesaba, ngakho-ke azama ukuba kude nawo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kubukeka sengathi kunezinhlobo eyodwa kuphela zama-termites, kepha cha.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu zama-termites.

Abanye bathi amasimuzi yizihlobo eziseduze zentuthwane, kodwa cha.
Bayizihlobo zamakhaza.
Ama-Termites ayaziwa ukuthi abanye babo asebeshonile kudala, kepha bavame ukubathola be-amber.
Lokhu kwaziwa kwabaningi lapho izinsalela noma izinambuzane ngokwazo zitholakala ku-amber.

Izindunduma ze-termite nazo zingenye yezakhiwo eziqinile, noma ziqhathaniswa ne-anthill. I-termitniki ivame ukuqhathaniswa nosimende.
Futhi, ngendlela, babahlobo oluhlukile.
Ama-termites, ngokungafani nezintuthwane, awakwazi ukuhlala phezulu, ngakho-ke achitha iningi lempilo yawo ngaphansi komhlaba.
Cha, alimhlukumezi umuntu. Kodwa zingalimaza izakhiwo noma izakhiwo, yize ngokwezibalo kunamaphesenti ayishumi omonakalo onjalo, kanti amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye asele azuzisa abantu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.

Kugcine ukuhlelwa yi-olkavac, ngo-10.16.2019 ngo-22: 33.

Okuthunyelwe: 15,124 Imali yokuthunyelwe 608,102 RUB (Imininingwane) Ukuthandwa: 47.483 Ukuthandwa kutholiwe: 49.034
kokuthunyelwe okungu-11,126 ngama-324%

Obani amasimu?

Ama-termites ayizinambuzane futhi abukeka njengezintuthwane, amhlophe ngombala kuphela.

Lezi zinambuzane ezi-herbivorous zithanda ukudlela kuselulose, okuthi, ngeshwa, zitholakale ngokhuni.
Lokho bayaziwa ukuthi kudla konke okwenziwe ngokhuni.
Bancamela ukwakha izindunduma zabo ezingama-termite, ama-anthill anjalo, ama-termites kude ngangokunokwenzeka kubantu.
Ama-termites cishe yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Ama-Thai awadli abantu futhi ayabesaba, ngakho-ke azama ukuba kude nawo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kubukeka sengathi kunezinhlobo eyodwa kuphela zama-termites, kepha cha.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu zama-termites.

Abanye bathi amasimuzi yizihlobo eziseduze zentuthwane, kodwa cha.
Bayizihlobo zamakhaza.
Ama-Termites ayaziwa ukuthi abanye babo asebeshonile kudala, kepha bavame ukubathola be-amber.
Lokhu kwaziwa kwabaningi lapho izinsalela noma izinambuzane ngokwazo zitholakala ku-amber.

Izindunduma ze-termite nazo zingenye yezakhiwo eziqinile, noma ziqhathaniswa ne-anthill. I-termitniki ivame ukuqhathaniswa nosimende.
Futhi, ngendlela, babahlobo oluhlukile.
Ama-termites, ngokungafani nezintuthwane, awakwazi ukuhlala phezulu, ngakho-ke achitha iningi lempilo yawo ngaphansi komhlaba.
Cha, alimhlukumezi umuntu. Kodwa zingalimaza izakhiwo noma izakhiwo, yize ngokwezibalo kunamaphesenti ayishumi omonakalo onjalo, kanti amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye asele azuzisa abantu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.

Igama elithi “intuthwane emhlophe” lingabhekisa engxenyeni yezintuthwane, ongayibona lapho wephula isidleke sezintuthwane bese abahlali babamba amaqanda abo noopupae bese beya ngaphansi komhlaba, noma amathumbu. Izintuthwane ezimhlophe igama elisetshenziswa kaningi ngeziqu. Njengamagama amaningi ajwayelekile, leli gama lavela ngenxa yendlela ama-termites abukeka ngayo.

Isigamu esiphakathi esibhekene nabanini bamakhaya ngokuvamile siseduze kakhulu nabamhlophe. Umbala wezinhlwathi ungehluka kancane ngokuya ngalokho akudlayo. Izinkuni ezimnyama, ezifana ne-mahogany, zizonikeza ama-termites umbala omnyama lapho udliwa. Izinkuni ezikhanyayo, ezifana nepayini, ngeke zishintshe kakhulu umbala wama-termites.

Lesi sithombe esingenhla sibonisa izindawo ezibonisa amasosha nabasebenzi. Ama-termites anamakhanda aphuzi-e-orange angamasosha. Uma ubhekisisa, uzobona ama-mandibles amakhulu asetshenziselwa ukuvikela. Izisebenzi azinayo imihlathi ecacile, futhi amakhanda azo anombala ogqamile ngokuhlobene nomzimba wawo. Uyacelwa uqaphele ukuthi ama-termites okusebenza anama- "bellies" amnyama ahlukile, ancike ngokuphelele kunani nombala wezinkuni ezidliwe ngumuntu ngamunye.

Ama-termites ahluke kakhulu ezintuthwaneni ngokubukeka, izici nezidingo zokudla. Yize amathuna afana kakhulu nezintuthwane ekwakhekeni nasosayizi, anezici ezithile ezihlukile ezisiza ukuzikhomba.

• Zonke izinhlobo zama-termite ziphila nge-cellulose, okusho ukuthi azidli nje kuphela izinhlaka zokhuni, kepha futhi zingadla izitshalo, amakhadibhodi nephepha. Ama-termites alula ngombala, imhlophe / ukhilimu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abukeka kahle.
• Zinezinduna eziqondile uma ziqhathaniswa nezintuthwane.
• Ama-termites anomuno obukhulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izintuthwane ziyi-omnivores futhi zizodla cishe yonke into. Zithanda ikakhulukazi izinto ezimnandi, ezinoshukela, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zizoqukatha ama-aphid ngokuthi "izinkomo", zivikele kwezinye izilwane ezidla izinambuzane futhi “zizincelise” entweni yoshukela eyaziwa njengamazolo oju. Ukuvela kwentuthwane, okukhonjiswe ngezansi, kuyahlukahluka kumasimu ngezizathu eziningana:

• Imvamisa imnyama ngombala kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane.
• Zinezinduna zomcondo.
• Amehlo abo ayabonakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda.
• Ziqukethe izigaba ezi-3 - inhloko, isifuba kanye noGaster.
• Uma kuqhathaniswa nezigxobo, izintuthwane zinesinqe esinqeni, lapho isifuba sihlangana khona nesisu.

Kugcine ukuhlelwa yi-9solovey ngomhlaka 10/16/2019 ngo-21: 27.

Okuthunyelwe: 632 Imali yokuthunyelwe 19258 RUB (Imininingwane) Kuthandiwe: 733 Ukuthandwa kutholiwe: 872
kokuthunyelwe okungu-419 138%

Igama elithi “intuthwane emhlophe” lingabhekisa engxenyeni yezintuthwane, ongayibona lapho wephula isidleke sezintuthwane bese abahlali babamba amaqanda abo noopupae bese beya ngaphansi komhlaba, noma amathumbu. Izintuthwane ezimhlophe igama elisetshenziswa kaningi ngeziqu.Njengamagama amaningi ajwayelekile, leli gama lavela ngenxa yendlela ama-termites abukeka ngayo.

Isigamu esiphakathi esibhekene nabanini bamakhaya ngokuvamile siseduze kakhulu nabamhlophe. Umbala wezinhlwathi ungehluka kancane ngokuya ngalokho akudlayo. Izinkuni ezimnyama, ezifana ne-mahogany, zizonikeza ama-termites umbala omnyama lapho udliwa. Izinkuni ezikhanyayo, ezifana nepayini, ngeke zishintshe kakhulu umbala wama-termites.

Lesi sithombe esingenhla sibonisa izindawo ezibonisa amasosha nabasebenzi. Ama-termites anamakhanda aphuzi-e-orange angamasosha. Uma ubhekisisa, uzobona ama-mandibles amakhulu asetshenziselwa ukuvikela. Izisebenzi azinayo imihlathi ecacile, futhi amakhanda azo anombala ogqamile ngokuhlobene nomzimba wawo. Uyacelwa uqaphele ukuthi ama-termites okusebenza anama- "bellies" amnyama ahlukile, ancike ngokuphelele kunani nombala wezinkuni ezidliwe ngumuntu ngamunye.

Ama-termites ahluke kakhulu ezintuthwaneni ngokubukeka, izici nezidingo zokudla. Yize amathuna afana kakhulu nezintuthwane ekwakhekeni nasosayizi, anezici ezithile ezihlukile ezisiza ukuzikhomba.

• Zonke izinhlobo zama-termite ziphila nge-cellulose, okusho ukuthi azidli nje kuphela izinhlaka zokhuni, kepha futhi zingadla izitshalo, amakhadibhodi nephepha. Ama-termites alula ngombala, imhlophe / ukhilimu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abukeka kahle.
• Zinezinduna eziqondile uma ziqhathaniswa nezintuthwane.
• Ama-termites anomuno obukhulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izintuthwane ziyi-omnivores futhi zizodla cishe yonke into. Zithanda ikakhulukazi izinto ezimnandi, ezinoshukela, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zizoqukatha ama-aphid ngokuthi "izinkomo", zivikele kwezinye izilwane ezidla izinambuzane futhi “zizincelise” entweni yoshukela eyaziwa njengamazolo oju. Ukuvela kwentuthwane, okukhonjiswe ngezansi, kuyahlukahluka kumasimu ngezizathu eziningana:

• Imvamisa imnyama ngombala kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane.
• Zinezinduna zomcondo.
• Amehlo abo ayabonakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda.
• Ziqukethe izigaba ezi-3 - inhloko, isifuba kanye noGaster.
• Uma kuqhathaniswa nezigxobo, izintuthwane zinesinqe esinqeni, lapho isifuba sihlangana khona nesisu.

Bona okuthi "TERMS" kwezinye izichazamazwi:

- (.., kusuka ku-lat. termes). Izinambuzane ezivela ku-orthoptera, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izintuthwane ezimhlophe, zihlala emazweni ashisayo, zihlela izindawo zokuhlala ezingamamitha amaningi ukuphakama. Isichazamazwi samagama angaphandle afakiwe olimini lwesiRussia. I-Chudinov AN ... Isichazamazwi samagama angaphandle olimi lwaseRussia

Ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane zomphakathi. Imiphakathi, ehlukaniswe izinqaba, inabantu abangamaphiko nabangenazintambo. Ngaphansi nangaphansi (kuze kufike ku-15 m ukuphakama) izidleke zakhiwa (izindunduma ze-termite). KULUNGILE. Izinhlobo ezingama-2600, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, eRussia izinhlobo ezi-2: esisodwa esifundeni se-Sochi ... Big Britedic Dictionary

- (Isoptera), ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane. Eduze kwamaphela futhi kuthandazwa mantis, i-naib, iqembu lakudala phakathi kwezinambuzane zomphakathi. Abantu abanamaphiko banezimbambo ezi-2 zamaphiko we-membranous afanayo, aqhuma ngemuva kokuqhekeka nokukhwelana. Abantu abangenabhano ... ... Isichazamazwi se-Biological encyclopedic

- (I-termitidae) umndeni wezinambuzane ze-Orthoptera ye-oda, i-Orthoptera, eqenjini le-Corrodentia. Ikhanda likaT. Likhulu futhi likhululekile, izimpondo zibunjiwe ngokusobala zihlukaniswe ngo-13 23 ukuhlukaniswa, amehlo ayindilinga ayindilinga, amehlo ayi-2, izingxenye zomlomo zithuthukisiwe kakhulu futhi zisebenzela ... ... Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia

IMITHETHO - (I-termitidae) - izinambuzane zenhlalo, zingezokugcinwa kwama-termite (i-Isoptera) ezinezinhlobo eziyi-1900. Babizwa nangokuthi izintuthwane ezimhlophe, ngoba, njengalezi zinambuzane, bahlala emiphakathini emikhulu futhi bahlela izidleke ezinkulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, bona ... Ukuphila kwezinambuzane

Ov, abaningi (i-unit termite, a, m.). [kusuka ku-lat. termes (termitis) Ubhungane bhungane] Ukudotshwa kwezinambuzane ezivela emazweni ashisayo ahlala ezindlekeni ezinkulu zezimo ezahlukahlukene (kokubili komhlaba nangaphansi) okuyizinambuzane zokhuni. ◁ I-termite, oh, oh. T. ... ... Isichazamazwi se-Encyclopedic

Ama-termites - I-termite. TERMITES, ukuthathwa kwezinambuzane zomphakathi.Ngaphandle kufana nezintuthwane ezinkulu. Imiphakathi, ehlukaniswe izinqaba, inabantu abanamaphiko (abesifazane nabesilisa) kanye nabantu abangenazintambo (“abasebenzi” kanye “namasosha”). Ubude bufika ku-20 mm, "izindlovukazi" (izintokazi) kufinyelela ku-140 mm. Yakha ... I-Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Ama-termites ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "izintuthwane ezimhlophe." Amahumu athole leli gama ngenxa yokuthi, njengezintuthwane, ahamba ngendlela yokuphila “yomphakathi”, evame ukwakha izakhiwo ezihlanganayo, njengama-n ants, abonakala nge-polymorphism (ngeshwa, ama-termites abize kakhulu i-polymorphism kune-anteater), kanti eyinhloko Indima yokulondolozwa kwempilo yamakholoni emahlathini, njengasezintuthwaneni, idlalwa ngabantu abangakaze basebenze ngokocansi. Kepha lokhu kufana, okunqunywa yizimo ezifanayo zokuphila, kukhawulela ukufana kwama-termites nezintuthwane. Ama-termites awukudonswa kwezinambuzane ngokushintshwa okungaphelele, futhi abamele izintuthwane abagcini nje ngokunye (i-Hymenoptera), kodwa futhi ngomunye umnyango wezinambuzane - iHolometabola.

Ama-termites cishe awaziwa kubantu abanesimo sezulu esifudumele: isakhi sawo esiyinhloko siyizindawo ezishisayo nezithambile, ikakhulukazi izindawo ezishisayo. Kuyiqiniso, izinhlobo ngazinye zibanzi futhi zibanzi futhi ziyafinyeleleka, ngokwesibonelo, eningizimu ye-SSR yase-Ukraine, nasemadolobheni amakhulu, avumelaniswa nokuphila ezakhiweni ezifudumele, ama-termites nawo angatholakala enyakatho: kukhona ama-termite amaningi eHamburg, futhi sineziqu eziseDnepropetrovsk. Kepha ngokuvamile, izakhamuzi ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo.

Sekukonke, cishe ziyizinhlobo ezingama-2500 zama-termite ezaziwayo.

Ama-termites ayizinambuzane ezingani eliphakathi nendawo. Amasayizi abantu ohlotsheni olulodwa futhi nasekhempini eyodwa ahlukahluka kakhulu (eCellicositermes natalensis-itimu ebhubhisayo I-Ningizimu Afrika - abantu abathandana nobulili bane-1, 5 cm, abasebenzi - 0, 5-0, 8 cm, amasosha afinyelela ku-1, 5 cm).

Imvamisa, emndenini wamakhulu ambalwa kuya kumakhulu ezinkulungwane ngisho nezigidi zabantu, kunowesifazane oyedwa obeka amaqanda (“indlovukazi”) nowesilisa bemfaka (“inkosi”). Lezi ngabantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili, bephonsa amaphiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezikhathini ezithile (ngaphambi kokujikijela) kunabesilisa nabesifazane abaningi abanamaphiko, lapho, ngesimo sezulu esifanele futhi ngesikhathi esithile, bashiya isidleke ukuze bakhe amakoloni amasha.

Abantu abanamaphiko babonakala ngokuba khona kwamabili ngazimbili akhule ngokulinganayo, kufana nasendaweni yamaphiko amade anendawo, amaphiko mude kangangokuba, lapho eligoqiwe emhlane wawo, avele aze afike ekugcineni kwesisu. Ngokwakheka kwamaphiko, i-detopment ithole igama (i-Isoptera - "izimpiko ezingafani"). Izingxenye zamaphiko zesifuba nezesisu zesifuba zihlohlwe ngokuqinile.

Iningi labantu basezindunduma ezingamaxhaphozi ngabantu abasebenzayo (Ithebula 26). Abasebenza abesilisa nabesifazane abangazifihli ngokocansi. Kulokhu, amasimu ahluke kakhulu ezintuthwaneni, lapho, njengamanye ama-hymenoptera omphakathi, abasebenzi bahlala bengabesifazane. Abantu abasebenzayo bafana nezibungu ze-termite - ngokweqiniso, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlamu ezisebenzayo ngemuva kokuphuma eqandeni kuqondile. Abantu abasebenzayo banezibalo ezithambile, ezingenasisekelo, ezihambisana nokuhlala kwabo njalo ezindlini zokukhosela, esimeni esigcwele umusi wamanzi. Kulokhu, kunokuhluka okukodwa phakathi kwama-termite. Abanye amasimu ase-afrika aseningizimu (AmaButotermes) anezisebenzi ezihlala obala, izembozo zazo zimdaka noma zimnyama. Kepha, njengomthetho, isembozo sombhede sithambile futhi sibunile, futhi ngisho nesembozo senhloko sisobala isikhunta se-bellicositermes natalensis futhi zonke izitho zangaphakathi zesinambuzane zibonakala embozweni.

Izisebenzi zibonakaliswa yinhloko eyindilinga, isifunda esingaqinile kahle esakhiwe. Ekupheleni kwangaphambi kwesisu - umuzwa wezinzwa ezi-2-5 ohlukaniswe kabili - uphawu oluphawu lwamafomu okucasha. Amehlo ezisebenzi akhula ngaphansi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi awekho ngokuphelele.

Amasosha ayisigaba esikhethekile sabantu abasebenzayo abakhethekile, abonakala nge-capsule yekhanda ethuthukiswe kakhulu kanye nokuqina okude okunamandla. Imihlathi le yethulwa ngokumelene nezitha - amasimu ezinye izinhlobo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngokumelene nezintuthwane.Kwamanye amasosha "angenasizi", umsele we-gland udlula lapho kufakwa khona ikhanda lapho kufakwa khona uketshezi olunamathele esitha, luxhume ukunyakaza kwesinambuzane.

Ama-termites adla ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwezitshalo. Ama-termites ayakwazi ukuzondla kuphela kubantu abasebenzayo. Ngenxa yokuthuthuka okukhulu kwama-mandibles nokuthuthuka okubuthakathaka kwezingxenye ezisele zemishini yomlomo, zona ngokwazo azondli: zondliwa ngabantu abasebenza ngokuzikhandla okuvela emlonyeni noma nge-extrement ngqo kusuka ku-anus - zisenazo izakhi ezanele zamasosha. Abantu abathandana ngokobulili ngemuva kwesisekelo sekholoni banikezwa imfihlo yezindlala zezandla zabasebenzi noma izibungu. Izibungu ezincane kunazo zonke ziphinde zondliwe yizisebenzi, zizinikeze amathe ezomlomo wazo we-salivary noma ezinhlafunwe amakhowe.

Ukudla kwasekuqaleni okuqothulwa ama-termite emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo - izinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane zibola enhlabathini, izinsalela ezahlukahlukene zenhlabathi - izinkuni ezijikelezayo, amaqabunga, umquba, isikhumba sesilwane - zidliwa ngama-termite abasebenzayo, kepha ukudla akumunwa masinyane, kanye nokuphuma kwendle kokudla kwe-humus-kudla. bese kudliwa esinye isisebenzi noma isosha. Ngakho-ke, ukudla okufanayo kudlula ngochungechunge lwamathumbu kuze kube yilapho kufakwe ngokuphelele kwikholoni.

Ezingxenyeni eziningi ezixakile, amakhowe afakwa ezidlekeni ("izingadi zamakhowe", umdwebo we-139), akhula ezihlanganiseni zezimbotshana zezingcezu nezingcezu zokhuni, ikakhulukazi abamele isikhunta esijwayelekile. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi amakhowe afakwa ezidlekeni ezingama-termite ezingatholakali emhlabathini oseduze noma emizimbeni yama-termites (ama-termitomyces). Lawa makhowe asetshenziselwa ukondla izibungu ezincane.

Ama-termites amaningi adla ngezinkuni, kwesinye isikhathi adla izinkuni ezomile, ngisho nefreyimu emsulwa. Ukugaya i-fiber kuma-termites kwenziwa ngosizo lwama-flagellates avela ku-Hypermastigina (Trichonympha njll), akhona njalo emathunjini, abhubhisa i-cellulose; ama-termites awakhiqizi i-cellulase yawo. Ama-termites asebenzisa izimpawu zawo ze-intestine flagellate njengomthombo wamaprotheni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-termites emathunjini anama-flagellates afanayo atholakala kumaqhude abhubhisa izinkuni (i-Cryptocercus), angasebenza njengobufakazi bemvelo bomqondo womqondo wokusondelana kwama-cockite, okulandeleka lapho uqhathanisa izimpawu eziningi zenhlangano yezinambuzane zale oda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagciwane we-Symbiotic akwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen etholakala kulezi zinambuzane angumthombo we-protein nitrogen yeziqongo.

Lawo ma-termite adla ngokhuni kanye nefayibha kwesinye isikhathi awakhethi maqondana nomthombo wokudla okunjalo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi akhetha kakhulu. Isibonelo, kukhona ama-Trinervitermes eNingizimu Afrika adla izitshalo ze-herbaceous ezomisiwe.

Impilo yomndeni wama-termite iqala ngokuqala kabusha ehlobo. Ezikhathini ezithile zonyaka (endaweni enomswakama entwasahlobo nasekuqalekeni kwehlobo), kuvela abantu abanamaphiko ezidlekeni zezintwala, ezihlala esidlekeni kuze kube seqophelweni elithile: ezindaweni ezomile - kuze kufike imvula, ezindaweni ezinomswakama omanzi - kuze kube yilapho sekusungulwa indawo enhle yokushisa nomswakama. Esikhathini esivumelana nokundiza esidlekeni, uma kuvalwe ngokuphelele, izimbobo zenziwa lapho izinhlayiya ezinamaphiko zindizela khona. Imvamisa izimbotshana ezixhaphaxhazelayo zihamba ngokoqobo emoyeni. Iziduna nezinsikazi zinezimpiko emoyeni, zihlala phansi, zishade, amaphiko azo ephuke aze afike ezansi. Ngemuva kwehlobo Ithimu laseTurkestan kwi-Hungry Steppe, kwenzeka ukuthi kukho konke ukucwazimula kwenhlabathi kungqimba olunwebekayo lwamaphiko e-termite aqhekekile luqongelela. Ngesikhathi sokujuluka nangemuva kokuphonsa amaphiko, amaxhaphozi ayizinyoni ezingenakuzivikela futhi ezingavikeleki zibaqubule ngobuningi, izinambuzane ezidla ezinye, izicabucabu, izimbotshana zokudla zizidla ngokuzithandela emhlabathini wethimu.

Izithandani ezisindile ziqala ukulungiselela isidleke.Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, noma ngabe ikuphi indunduma etholakala esikhathini esizayo, ukuqala kwekoloni elisha kubekwa ngokumba umgodi emhlabathini (Fig. 140). Lapho kumbiwa umgodi, egumbini elincane lokudlela, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ambalwa, okuvela kuzo izibungu ezinjengezintambo ezingenamaphiko. Abazali bondla izibungu ezincane, kuthi lapho kuvela izibungu eziningi bese bekhula, kudluliselwa kubo ukudla. Amantshontsho asencane asephenduke izisebenzi aqala umsebenzi wokwakha isidleke nasekutholeni ukudla nasekondleni ubaba nonina. Ekuqaleni, ngabantu abasebenzayo kuphela abavela emaqanda, bese kuba nezisebenzi namasosha, futhi namaphiko avele ezidlekeni ezinkulu kuphela.

Lapho ikoloni likhula, insikazi iyashintsha ngokubonakalayo. Unemisipha ye-atrophied kanye nephiko, nemisipha yezinyawo, nezicubu zezingxenye zomlomo - kukhona "ukubuyela emuva". Kepha isisu esichichima amaqanda sikhula kancane kancane. Owesifazane uvele anganyakazi, akhungatheke ngokuphelele ngabantu abasebenzayo abamondlayo, abeka amaqanda akhe ngaso sonke isikhathi, bese izisebenzi zidla izibungu, ziphenduke izisebenzi ezintsha. Lezi zinto ziqukethe ama-telegons (ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-pheromones), athinta ukukhula kwezibungu. Kuphela lapho ikoloni likhula noma insikazi iba buthaka, abantu abanamaphiko baqale ukuvela: kusobala, kulokhu, ezinye izibungu azivezi ekubuyiseleni emuva ukukhula kwe-telegia.

Ukuzala komuntu wesifazane kuyamangaza. At isigodi se-guiana (Microtermes arboreus) insikazi ibeka amaqanda ayi-1680 ngosuku, futhi Isigameko saseSurinamese (Nasutitermes surinamensis) insikazi yazalela amaqanda angaba ngu-3,000 ngamahora angama-28. Owesifazane unesifiso sokuphila iminyaka, nokuzala okuphelele ngezigidi zamaqanda abekwe. Uma insikazi ifa, esikhundleni sabesifazane kufanele kuqale ukukhula esidlekeni. Zondliwa kusuka izibungu, lapho ukuqala kwamaphiko kuqala ukubonakala. "Okungena esikhundleni" okunjalo akwenzi izindiza, kodwa qhubeka ukuzala. Ngokubukeka, aya ngokuya eba ngumama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha kulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuyazi - ayinazo izinsalela zamaphiko alahliweyo.

AmaHhemu akha izidleke zawo ngezindlela ezihlukile.

Emazweni ashisayo anesimo sezulu esishisayo, lapho izikhathi zemvula nezomile zishintshana khona, amasimu ngezinye izikhathi akha izakhiwo ezinde kakhulu - izindunduma zentaba, njengezindlu eziphakeme kakhulu zotshani. Ngokungafani nezinqwaba zezintuthwane zethu ezivulekile, izindunduma zama-termite zifanekisela izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu ezenziwe ngobumba obunjiwe futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube nzima kangangokuba azikwazi ukudonsa! Izindunduma ezinjalo ezingama-termite (Ithebula 27) zingophahla ngaphezu kwengxenye yesidleke; ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlaka zibekwa womabili amakamelo anezingane ezincane kanye “nezingadi zamakhowe”. Iqiniso ngukuthi zombili izibungu nama-termites okusebenza kuwo, futhi, yiqiniso, "indlovukazi" ebeka amaqanda ithambekele kakhulu ekusweleni umswakama emoyeni. Kepha azwela amanzi okudonsa. Ngakho-ke, bakha izidleke ezinjalo, izindonga zazo ezingenamanzi, ngaphakathi okwakhelwa kuzo i-microclimate yazo. Ezindaweni ezivulekile, izakhiwo ze-termite zivame ukugxila futhi zakhiwe ukuze zingashiswa yilanga elihangulayo - indunduma ye-termite inesimo esincane esidlulile futhi itholakala cishe ukuthi izembe layo liphakeme ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu (Ithebula 27). Kwesinye isikhathi ziba conical, zinikeza ukugcwala kwamanzi eceleni kwezindonga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zenziwa ngophahla olungaphezu komhlaba - olumise amakhowe. Imvamisa ziphansi, futhi zivame ukufinyelela izilinganiso ezinjengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya izilwane ezinkulu, hhayi kuphela izinyathi kuphela, kepha futhi nendawo yokukhosela ezindaweni ezinqwabelene zentaba. izindlovu.

Emahlathini angempela ezindawo ezishisayo, lapho lina khona nsuku zonke futhi umoya ugcwala umswakama, izinhlobo eziningi zezixhaphozi zenza izidleke hhayi emhlabathini, kodwa ezihlahleni, kwesinye isikhathi zimiswe, zinophahla kuphela.

Ezindaweni ezomile, lapho izimo zihlukile, ngokwesibonelo, eCentral Asia, Isigungu seTrans-Caspian (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus) lenza izidleke ezinwebeka ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi ukuthi zijule ngamamitha ayi-12, futhi kwenzeka ukuthi ukuba khona kwama-termites ajulile esidlekeni kungabonakali emhlabeni womhlabathi.

Ukuxhumana nemithombo yokuswakama yama-termites kuyadingeka; ezindaweni ezomile zihlala lapho zingafinyelela khona izingqimba nge-condensing noma amanzi omhlabathi. Kodwa ukuxhumana ngqo namanzi ngalezi zinambuzane zinesembozo esivumelekile kuyabulala.

Kunzima kithina ukucabanga ngeqhaza edlalwa yizihlwa empilweni yendawo eshisayo, empilweni yezakhamuzi zasemazweni ashisayo.

Emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, amaxhaphozi angababhubhisi abaphambili babo bonke udoti bezitshalo. Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuxuba kwezingqimba zayo, ukusakazwa kwezinto ehlathini lemvula kuyizinqubo ezinqunywa ngumsebenzi wezigodi. Ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo ngokuvamile azikho, kepha izimbotshana ziyagcwala. Ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, ama-muhlwa adla kuphela ngokhuni olufile kanye nasehlathini lezintombi ngezinga elikhulu anqume ukuzala kwenhlabathi. Kepha lapho izintshisekelo zabantu zingqubuzana nezindawo ezinamadwala, indima yazo enhle iyaphambuka ngaphambi kokulimazeka kithi.

Zonke izinhlaka zamapulangwe zingaphansi komsebenzi owonakalisayo wezobuthi. Indlu yokhuni ibiza iminyaka embalwa kuphela. Kepha izisekelo zamatshe azisindisi izakhiwo zamapulangwe ezakhiwo eziqwini. Lezi zinambuzane ezi-hygrophilous futhi ezigwema ukukhanya zakha imidwebo embozwe ngaphezulu kwezingxenye zamatshe ezakhiweni, ziziphungule kusuka ezinhlakeni zobumba ukuze zikwazi ukuxhumana nenhlabathi. Ama-termites afafazwa engxenyeni engaphakathi yezindatshana ezinjengamanzi awakhipha ukuze kugcinwe umswakama odingekayo ezigobeni.

Emipheme enjalo, ama-termites angena ngaphansi kwamapulangwe abese ewabeka ngokoqobo, ngenxa yalokho ukuwa kwephahla lwendlu, ukuwa phansi, njll. Endlini engasenalutho izinyanga ezimbalwa, ifenisha ivame ukuwela ngaphandle kokuthinta okukhanyayo - ama-termites ahlikihla ukunyakaza kwawo ezintweni zezingodo, ngakho kusele kuphela ipuleti elincanyana phezulu elivikela emoyeni ovulekile, ongenakukwazi ukuma, nama-spongy jumpers ngaphakathi kwamabhodi, okusekela izinto ezikhanyayo. ENingizimu Melika, umuntu akuvamile ukuba athole incwadi esindile eyanyatheliswa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 edlule. E-Afrika, e-India, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kunamacala amaningi lapho ama-termites ayefanele adlulise yonke imizana kanye namadolobha - abangela ukulimala okungaka. Kwesinye isikhathi amasimu asiza ukusheshisa ukufa kwezihlahla zezithelo.

ENdiya, ukulahleka kwesigamu saminyaka yonke kulinganiselwa kuma-rupees ayizigidi ezingama-280.

Ezweni lakithi, izichizi zivame kakhulu eCentral Asia: eKarakum, eKyzyl Kum, eHungry Steppe, kunabantu abaningi abakha izidleke ezingaphansi komhlaba Isigungu seTrans-Caspian (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus) no Ithimu laseTurkestan (A. turkestanicus). Izindawo zokuhlala kwesigodi seTrans-Caspian zibonwa yindawo ebanzi eyindilinga ebanzi eyindilinga, ngombala wenhlabathi, okuhlukile kancane ngemuva ngemuva. Futhi ishubhu laseTurkestan lingatholakala kwimibukiso yodaka ebekwe phezu kwesiqu neziqu zezihlahla ezomile zasehlane.

Emadolobheni nakwezinye izindawo, lezi zinhlaka zilimaza kakhulu izakhiwo. Bacekela phansi i-adobe (isitini sobumba esingavaliwe ngotshani), okuvela kuyo futhi kulula ukuyakha ezindaweni ezomile. Baphinde babhubhise phansi kwamapulangwe ezakhiwo, yize ngokuvamile ezimeni zemvelo bacishe bangashiyi nhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, kunecala lokuwohloka kophahla komunye wefektri eFerghana, kwathi ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla e-Ashgabat kwavela ukuthi izigxobo zophahla lwamabhilidi amaningi zazonakaliswa kakhulu yizindlu ezifuywayo.

Ezindaweni lapho kunamaphethelo amaningi, ngaphambi kokubekwa kwalezi zakhiwo, inhlabathi inyakaziswa, isakhiwo sakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sokhonkolo, izingxenye zamapulangwe zalezo zakhiwo zifakwe ngezinto ezenziwe nge-anti-thermite, ukulala ngokhuni kuthathelwa indawo ngokhonkolo oqinisiwe, ukubonwa njalo kuyenziwa ezisekelweni zezindlu, kubhujiswe imidwebo yezindawo ezihleliwe.

Manje nakhu - takyr, ugwadule lobumba. Nomaphi lapho ubheka khona, ubumba oluthuntuphuzi oluphuzi, oluqhekekile kusuka ekushiseni kuya emkhathizwe. Isihlahla esimangele lapho, ihlathi likhona. Ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela ukukhanya okusheshayo, ibug-bhungane elimnyama liyashelela. Kubukeka sengathi akusekho kuphila kwe-takir. Kepha impilo ehlane ihlala icasha. Ngeke usambona khona lapho. Uhambo lwethu sathunyelwa ukuyofunda ngempilo efihlekile futhi sathunyelwa eningizimu yeTurkmenistan. Futhi nansi umgomo - amagquma amancane abushelelezi, njengalowo ophakanyiselwe eningizimu-mpumalanga. Lezi yizindunduma zesigungu - izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu zeTrans-Caspian.

Akukho okumele kwenziwe, kufanele uphazamise ukuthula kwabanikazi. Akunakwenzeka ngokushesha ukuthi uphule uphahla oluqinile lwesigamu nge-spatula. Kulula futhi: ubumba olumanzi lwaya. Ngaphakathi - i-labyrinth yeminyakazo nezandiso eziningi - amakhamera. Ngokufanayo nezintuthwane, izinambuzane zizama ukukhamba kude nokukhanya, zifihle emihumeni yazo. Bahlahlela okuthile kancane kancane, hhayi njengesintuthwane. Ngabamba esisodwa: isisu mude, mhlophe ngokwaso, ikhanda liphuzi. Phakathi kwezinambuzane, izihlobo eziseduzane zama-termite azinjalo, kodwa azifani neze nazo.

Lapho ubamba lesi sinambuzane esingaqondakali ngeminwe emibili, uzizwa unenhlonipho ethize ngasese. Bavela Emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-400 edlule, phambilini kunama-dinosaurs asabekayo omhlaba. Kuyi-dinosaurs kuphela eyashona kudala, futhi ama-termites asinda kuze kube manje. Ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka, lezi zinambuzane zishintshe kancane. Ngalezozinsuku, uMhlaba wawunesimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama: ngakho-ke, cishe, iningi lamahlathi amanje ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi bambalwa kuphela abangena ezindaweni ezinjalo "ezibandayo" njengeTurkmenistan.

Ukuvumela abathumbi. Manje ngeke umthole phakathi kwabafowethu abafanayo. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amasimu afanayo. Iningi lezakhamizi zesigamu ziyafana nalezi ezisanda kukhishwa. Lezi yizisebenzi zesikhashana. Amakhanda abo, imihlathi, imilenze igqoke ngamagobolondo aqinile ezimpondo ukwenza kube lula ukusebenza. Imihlathi ibuthuntu, igagasi, iqinile: “isisebenzi” sikhipha umdlalo omncane. Isifuba nesisu zithambile, isikhumba sinciphile kakhulu, sinwebekile, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ngaphakathi.

Lokho okwenziwa “yizisebenzi” kulesigatshana kucace gca amagama abo. Bayasebenza. Futhi nokuningi. Izisebenzi zeTrans-Caspian termite zakha izingxenye zasesiteyithimenti sendiza yendlu yazo ye-adobe. Yakha ngokungagodli imidwebo egudluziwe kanye nokungena ngaphansi komhlaba amashumi amamitha ukusuka esigxotsheni kuya ezinkomeni ezomisiwe, lapho izinambuzane zidla khona ukudla. Umsebenzi wokwakha akuwona umsebenzi olula. Ubumba obomile abubumbi, kepha akukho manzi ogwadule. Futhi abasebenzi bakhipha amanzi, bambe inkambo - umthombo ofinyelela kumamitha ayi-15 ngokujulile. Ziletha amanzi emthonjeni ekunwetshisweni okukhethekile kwe-esophagus, ku-goiter. Njengoba esephule izingcezu zobumba ezomile ezinemihlathi, i-termite iyithela ngamanzi kusuka ku-goiter, iyigcobhoze lapho kunesidingo bese iyayihlikihla ngekhanda lakhe. Ngakho-ke, izingcezu ezithile nokwakhiwa kuyakhiwa. Ama-termites asebenza kuphela ebusuku nezinsuku ezinamafu: abalithandi ilanga. Ama-termites okusebenza nawo athola ukudla. Ngaphezu kwabo, bambalwa abazodla utshani obomile, ukhuni, umquba. Ama-termites angaphila isikhathi eside embizeni yengilazi lapho abeka khona khona iphepha. Ukudla okunjalo kuhlangana kahle. (Ngokuvamile, ama-termites angadla noma yini, angayithanda, ngokwesibonelo, isembatho sesimanjemanje?

Izihlobo zamaTrans-Caspian termites zithola ukudla kalula. Bahlala ezihlahleni zezihlahla. Izinsensane ezinjalo zihamba esihlahleni, ngasikhathi sinye futhi ziba nesidlo sasemini. Amahlaya ogwadule kufanele aphathe izingcezu ezigawuliwe zezihlahla notshani obomile buqhelile. Kepha akupheleli lapho! Izisebenzi kumele zihlanze izakhamizi zesidleke, zizondle, zinakekele amaqanda nezibungu, zisuse udoti emagumbini akhethekile, kuthi lapho zihlasela izitha, zibambe iqhaza ngangokunokwenzeka ekuvikeleni isidleke.

Ngenkathi ngicabanga ngempilo enzima yezisebenzi ezingama-termite, zikwazile ukuphuma futhi imihlathi yamasosha kuphela eyayinamathele lapho kuvuleka izindinyana. Wabeka umunwe wakhe - munye wabanjwa masinyane. Ngiyikhipha. Hawu, ikhanda elikhulu kanjani!

Isosha lama-termite linemisipha enamandla eqala ukunyakaza imihlathi eqinile, ebukhali, efana nesikram saseTurkey. Imihlathi enjalo ayiwulungele umsebenzi. Lesi isikhali.Yize ama-termite nama-ligsjacks anokuthula, anezitha eziningi, futhi amasosha ayadingeka ekuvikelweni. Ikhanda lesosha elinemihlathi eyesabekayo licishe livale ngokuphelele indawo ebanzi yesigodi se-termite, kuyena kuphela ongabamba ukuhlukunyezwa kwebutho lezintuthwane ezidla izitha - izitha eziphambili zeziqu. Kepha egumbini elikhulu noma enkundleni evulekile, ngaphezulu, amasosha asengozini kalula. Izintuthwane ezisheshayo zibazungeza ngemuva futhi zidabula isisu esithambile, esingavikelekile. Kepha leli sosha elifayo alikuyeki ukugqekisa futhi lingacacisi imihlathi yalo, lilume izintuthwane ezilahlekelwe ukuqaphela kwazo.

Lapho sengisegumbini elikhulu lesigamu sesimende ngathola isidumbu esomile somuntu onobuthi obunesiqingatha sesenti -. Ezinhlangothini zalo kwakukhona amasosha ayisishiyagalombili abambelele ekubulaleni kwawo ukufa, nawo omile. Akukho amanye amanxeba abonakala emzimbeni we-scolopendra. Lesi siphangi, esivame ukukhuphukela ezigodini ezingama-termite, kusobala ukuthi asifanga ngisho nasempini, kodwa ngenxa yendlala, ngoba sasingakwazi ukuphuma esitokisini sidlula emaphethelweni amancanyana kanye namasosha abanjwe yiso.

Ekuqaleni kubukeka sengathi wonke ama-termites enza kuphela lokho abalekela emuva naphambili ezifundweni nasemakhamera. Kepha uma weba isigodi, ungabona abahlali abangahlali ndawo. Efulethini elinjalo uzothola izibungu eziyishumi nambili noma ezimbili ezimhlophe, amasosha owodwa noma amabili akhona uma kwenzeka, abasebenzi abahlanu noma abayisithupha abahlala beguquka. Kwesinye isikhathi inqwaba yamaqanda ama-termite ahlanganiswe nawo ilele lapho - amasilinda amancane aphuzi ayindilinga.

Kufanele ugaye isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthola igumbi elibaluleke kakhulu lesigamu sendlu yesikhumulo, lapho kuhlala khona indlovukazi enkulu. Bheka kakhulu - yena ngokwakhe akayona inkulu kangako, futhi isisu sakhe sikhulu impela. Azungeze indlovukazi enkulu, izisebenzi ziyamangaza. Bayamhlanza bamkhothe, bamlethele ukudla. Lapho-ke inkosi izula. Ungusayizi kasayizi womkakhe, ngakho-ke lo mbhangqwana wasebukhosini ubukeka umnandi kakhulu. Kude kude amasosha ahambahamba.

Indlovukazi yama-termite iboshelwe yonke impilo yayo ende: ayikwazi ukuphuma esigodlweni sayo - isisu sayo esinyene ngeke singene endaweni emincane. Izisebenzi namasosha empeleni yizibungu: abesilisa nabesifazane abangaphansi. Abasoze baba badala. Umenzi wethimu kufanele akhule. Lapho kuba khona amashubhu amaningi kuwo, kuya kuqinisa umndeni. Inkosi nendlovukazi yiduna nendoda endala eyake yasungula umenzi wezinhlwathi, bonke abasebenzi namasosha bayinzalo yabo iminyaka eminingi. Kwezinye izigodi, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayizigidi eziyikhulu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo. Uma lo mbhangqwana wasebukhosini ushona, izikhala esikhundleni sezikhulile, kepha izikhala zalabafazi zincane kunendlovukazi yangempela. Kunezinto eziningi ezifakiwe, kuze kufinyelele kuma-30 ngazimbili.

Cishe ukuwa, abesilisa nabesifazane abasebasha - amakhosi nezindlovukazi ezizayo - babonakala kalula ekhaya lesigodi saseTranscaspian. Muhle ngokwedlula ezinye izakhamizi zesidleke, futhi amade, asongwe ngobunono eduze kwamaphiko asemuva anukayo. Kubukeka sengathi lezi zikhulu kanye namakhosazana adinga amaphiko kuphela njengomhlobiso - ukuthi angandiza nini ngaphansi komhlaba? Futhi ezinamaphiko ngokwazo, njengoba zivame ukubizwa kanjalo, zibonakala zingenamsebenzi ezindunduma zesikhashana: ziyazulazula zingenzi lutho lapho uhamba. Kepha emphakathini we-termite, kanye nokujwayelekile emvelweni, okuncane okukhona ngeze. Konke kuba sobala uma uvakashela indunduma efanayo yesimu entwasahlobo. Izakhamizi zakhona zinentwasahlobo - isikhathi sokufuduka, okuwukuthi, ukuphuma kwezinsikazi nezinsikazi esidlekeni sendabuko yazo ngento ebaluleke kakhulu: ukusungulwa kwezindunduma ezintsha zesimu. Lo nyaka kuphela wonyaka phakathi kwabasebenzi abasebenza isigamu kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli kusihlwa esifudumele ngemuva lapho kungashisi khona ukubulala.

Umgubho uqala kanjena: abasebenzi benza izimbobo eziningi ophahleni lwendunduma yesikhumulo, futhi ukusuka lapho okokuqala ngqa kuphela izintambo zemisipha ezivulekile. Kube sekufika izisebenzi ezimbili noma ezintathu namasosha. Izitha zezinqe, ngokuyinhloko izintuthwane, azivuki futhi zihlasele izinambuzane ezivele ebusweni. Ngakho-ke, ama-termites kufanele ahlanganise iholide nempi.

Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuvela izimpiko. Begijima bebuyela emuva, bayakhonkotha futhi bayahamba. Ama-termites abukeka ehlekisayo, ngasizathu simbe amaphiko asephuliwe.Agxuma ngokungenangqondo, eshayisana nezinsalela ezincane zamaphiko, kodwa, eqiniseka ukuthi ngeke aphumelele ukwehla, ahamba ngezinyawo.

Yize amathuna asemancane enamaphiko amane amade, angamampukane amabi: avele athathwe ngumoya noma kuphi. Ukuphela kwendiza empilweni akuhlali isikhathi eside. Ekhathele noma ekhubeke phezu kwesithiyo, awela emhlabathini bese eqala ukwephula amaphiko, ebambelela lapho kuvela khona enhlabathini noma ezitshalweni. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-termites awalimazi nakancane: amaphiko aqhekeka eceleni komthungo okhethekile. Bese uhamba ngezinyawo. Njengoba sebethole indawo ekahle yesidleke, bambe ngokujulile, benza ikhamera yokuqala bese bevala umnyango. Okokuqala, umndeni wasebukhosini wenza konke ngokwawo: ngalesi sikhathi esinzima, kuvela ukuthi izikhulu namakhosazana angamba, akhe futhi akhule izibungu. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho konke ukukhathazeka kudluliselwa kubasebenzi.

Izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo zifihla impilo yama-termite. Kungani ezinye izibungu zihlala zingakhuli kahle futhi zenze izisebenzi namasosha kuzo, kuyilapho ezinye zikhula futhi zibe ngabesilisa nabesilisa abadala? Kungani izibungu eyodwa zinikeza isosha kanti omunye usebenza? Ososayensi abaningi emhlabeni wonke basebenza ngezimungulu zezintwala.

Ucwaningo lwempilo yalezi zinambuzane luyadingeka kuwo wonke amahlathi, ezolimo kanye nezimboni. Ama-termites enza ingozi ngokubhubhisa izakhiwo zokhuni, ikakhulukazi emazweni ashisayo, lapho izinambuzane zivame ukudla khona amapulangwe ngaphakathi. Indlu abayidlayo ingabukeka iphelele ngaphandle, kepha ngolunye usuku iyoqhekeka ibe luthuli ngaphezulu kwamakhanda abantu.

Ama-termites angondliwa ngezinto zokwenziwa. Baphanga imishini ebizayo, badla ukufakwa, balimaza izingxenye zamadivayisi. Kungakho ukuhanjiswa kuhlonyiselwe emazweni amaningi, umsebenzi weelebhu, umsebenzi wazo ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezingasetshenziswa emazweni aseningizimu, lapho amashemu eningi khona, kungenzeka ukuthola izinto ezinjalo zokufaka inkuni nezinto zokwenziwa ukuze zihlomele lezi zinambuzane.

IMITHETHO (Isoptera), ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane ezibulala ukhula. Yize ama-termites ayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi izintuthwane ezimhlophe, akude kakhulu nezintuthwane zangempela. Lezi zingxenye yokuqala yezinambuzane zomphakathi. Inhlangano yabo yezenhlalo ethuthuke kakhulu isuselwa emisebenzini eyehlukene yabadlali abathathu abaphambili - abakhiqizi, amasosha kanye nabasebenzi. Ama-termites amaningi atholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo, yize etholakala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile. Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko i-cellulose, equkethe izinkuni, utshani namaqabunga esihlahla, ngakho-ke ama-termites angadala ukulimala komnotho, alimaze izakhiwo zamapulangwe nezinhlobo ezinamahlahla. Ukulimala okubangelwe yikhona kubalulekile ezindaweni ezishisayo nezifudumele ezishisayo, yize kuphinde kubonwe naseningizimu yeCanada, enkabeni yeFrance, eKorea naseJapan.

Izici nezinqaba.

Amahumu ahluke kwezinye izinambuzane ngokuhlanganiswa kwezimpawu ezimbalwa. I-metamorphosis yabo ayiphelele, i.e. umuntu osekhulile (osekhulile) ukhula kusuka ku-larva (nymph) ngemuva kokuqunjelwa kwawo okuningana. Kwezinye izinambuzane zenhlalo, i-metamorphosis iphelele: izibungu ziphenduka i-pupa ngaphambi kokuba umuntu omdala. Izimpiko, ezikhona kuphela kubantu abazalanayo, cishe ziyefana, zinde, zinomthungo ophansi lapho ziqhuma khona nje ngemuva kwehlobo lokuphinda lisebenze. Lesi ngesinye sezici ezihlukile zabesilisa nabesifazane. Abantu abanamaphiko banamehlo amabili ayinkimbinkimbi (anezici), ngaphezulu anamehlo amabili alula, futhi ama-mandibles amafushane wokugedla. Amasosha anezici zesakhiwo sawo aguqulwa ukuze kuvikelwe ikoloni kubantu abazingelayo. Izitha zalo eziphambili yizintuthwane. Imvamisa, amasosha anamakhanda amakhulu anama-mandibles anamandla wokuhlafuna, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo zawo ama-mandibles awo ancishiswa bese kukhula isikhali ekhanda, lapho imfihlo ephendukayo yezinduna ezikhethekile (amasosha okuthiwa "nosy") afafazwa isitha. Kwikholomu eyodwa, kungahle kube namasosha ezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngisho ezintathu, ahlukaniswa ngamadivayisi okuvikela.Emasotheni nasezitheni zabasebenzi, ama-gonads, amaphiko kanye namehlo athuthukile noma awekho. Lezi zinqaba zingabesilisa nabesifazane abangasebenzi. Abantu abasebenzayo abakhona kuphela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zesimuzi zineziqu ezihlotshiswe ngemifino emifushane. Emindenini yokuqala, imisebenzi yokukhiqizwa kokudla nokwakha izidleke yenziwa ngabangaphandle ngokufana nama-nymphs. Igama elithi "izintuthwane ezimhlophe" lihambisana nokufakwa umbala kwamathemu okusebenza, okuvame ukukhanya noma kube mhlophe. Ukusuka etafuleni izintuthwane zonke izinhlobo zangaphandle ziyehluka ngokungabikho kwesakhiwo esincanyana esihlukanisa isifuba nesisu.

Isisekelo sekoloni.

Amakoloni amasha asungulwa abesilisa nabesifazane abanamaphiko. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkathi yemvula. Ziphuma esidlekeni sabazali ngokuphuma okwenziwe ngabasebenzi noma ngama-nymphs. Njengoba sebeshonile kusuka kumamitha amaningana ukuya kumakhulu amaningana, bayehla, baphonsa amaphiko futhi babumba ngamabili. Owesifazane uheha owesilisa ngemfihlo eguquguqukayo yesisu esiswini, ngemuva kwakhe amlandela, bagebha umgodi, babopha umnyango wokungena kanye nowakhe ngaphakathi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, amaqanda okuqala abekwa. Abazali bondla ama-nymphs aqandayo kubo, bese kuthi labo abaye babumba amahlandla amaningi babe ngabasebenzi noma amasosha. Abantu abanamaphiko kolonyoni bazovela kuphela uma "uvuthwa", i.e. iba nenqwaba yabantu, imvamisa ngeminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu. Izisebenzi ezake zenziwa zinakekela konke ukukhiqizwa kokudla nokwakha izidleke.

Umsoco.

Ukudla okuyinhloko cishe kwawo wonke amasimu kuyinto i-cellulose noma okuphuma kuyo. Ama-termites ngokuvamile adla amagatsha afile nezingcezu zeziqu zemithi, kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela izicubu zawo eziphila, yize kunobufakazi bokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zasendulo ezishisayo zilimaza izihlahla zetiye neziqu zezihlahla. Abamele i-subfamily Hodotermitinae alimaza izitshalo ezondla e-Afrika nase-Asia. Izinhlobo eziningi zidla okusanhlamvu, ziqoqe amahlumela awo omile emagumbini okugcina izidleke zawo angaphansi komhlaba noma izindunduma ezinamagquma abunjiwe njengamagquma. Kwamanye amasimu, amaqabunga afile asebenza njengokudla, futhi abambalwa - humus yenhlabathi eshisayo. Abamele iMacrotermitinae engaphansi kohlobo lomsebenzi abazalela lokho okuthiwa izingadi zamakhowe, zanda imfucumfucu yazo noma imfucumfucu yesitshalo nge-mushroom mycelium, bese uyidla.

I-Symbiotic protozoa.

Esikhathini esiswini sangasemuva sezihluma ezivela emindenini emine esezingeni eliphakeme (iMastotermitidae, iKalotermitidae, iHodotermitidae kanye neRhinotermitidae) ziphila njenge-Symbgeotic flagellar protozoa (Protozoa). Ama-enzyme abo aguqula i-cellulose ibe ushukela oncibilikayo, othakwe esiswini sezinambuzane. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-500 ze-protozoa eziholela kule ndlela yokuphila eguqukayo, futhi, ngokusobala, zavela ngokuxhumana okusondelene namakhosi abo futhi zombili izinhlangothi azikwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle komunye nomunye. Umndeni we-termite othuthuka kakhulu, iThemitidae, ehlanganisa cishe izingxenye ezintathu zezinto zonke zezinto eziphilayo, ayinazimpawu ezilula. I-physiology yokugaya kwe-cellulose kanye nokutholwa kwayo yilezi zinambuzane akukakaqondakali ngokuphelele.

AmaJacks

ama-termites ayahlukahluka ngokuxaka kusuka emabeleni alula esihlahleni noma enhlabathini kuya phezulu, angena ngenethiwekhi yezindawo kanye namagumbi ezinhlaka (ama-termite mound) emhlabeni. Imvamisa eyodwa - yigumbi lasebukhosini - kuhlala abantu abanobulili - inkosi nendlovukazi, futhi eminingana emincane ngamaqanda nokukhulisa ama-nymphs. Kwesinye isikhathi i-storages yokudla ihlelwe kwamanye amakamelo, kuthi izidleke zeMacrotermitinae imikhondo emikhulu ekhethekile ibekelwe izingadi zamakhowe. Ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinezimpula izikebhe zesikebhe kwesinye isikhathi zithweswa umqhele ophahleni olufana nesambulela noma, uma zitholakala iziqu zemithi, zimbozwe ngezinti ezakhiwe ngokukhethekile ngaphezulu ukuze zivikeleke emanzini. Ngaphansi komhlaba izidleke zohlobo I-Apicotermes e-Afrika bahlome ngohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokufaka umoya omncane, ngokuya ngezimpawu lapho kungenzeka ukwahlulela khona ubudlelwane bokuzivela kwezinhlobo zaleli qembu.

Uhlobo lwezindunduma zesigodo libonisa izici zokuziphatha zabadali bazo.Lesi sidleke sakhiwa ngabasebenzi abavela emhlabeni, amapulangwe, amathe abo kanye nezimbotshana. Ukufana kwezidleke zamakholamu ahlukene ezinhlobo ezifanayo kuchazwa ngumphakathi wezakhi zofuzo zabantu, i.e. imvelo efanayo yokuzalwa. Ukulingisa nokufunda emahlathini akutholakali. Uhlobo oluthile lwezinhlobo zezidleke ezimweni eziningi luyabonakala, futhi ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile zohlobo olufanayo, umuntu angazibona izici ezijwayelekile zezindunduma zesimu. Ngakho-ke, ukutshala "kwezingadi zamakhowe" kuwuphawu lwabo bonke abamele yonke inkampani esezingeni eliphansi, ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyi-10 zezinhlobo ezingama-277, yize umehluko phakathi “kwezingadi” zawo wavela ngesikhathi sokuhlukahluka kwale taxa.

Ukulawulwa kokuqanjwa kwe-Caste.

Ngokusobala, inani labantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene lilawulwa ngendlela ethile. I-Caste yokuzala iyadingeka ngokuyinhloko ekusungulweni kwamakholoni amasha nokubekwa kweqanda. Imvamisa, bonke abantu bekholoni, lapho kungaba khona izinambuzane ezifika ezigidini ezintathu zezinhlobonhlobo nezigaba zokuthuthuka, bayinzalo yenkosi eyodwa nendlovukazi eyodwa. Abantu abanamaphiko balaba bobabili ubulili bavela ngesizini ethile yokuhlala kabusha ehlobo. Ezingxenyeni zakudala, izindlovukazi zincane, kanti amaqanda abo akhuphuka kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba, kepha-ke, kuTaxa esezingeni eliphakeme ngokwendalo, isisu esiqale ukuzala izinsikazi sikhulu futhi sigcwele amaqanda. Ubude bendlovukazi yezinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo bungama-2-10 cm, futhi bazalela amaqanda angama-8000 ngosuku. Ezinhlotsheni ezithuthukile ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inani labantu abadala liqukethe izisebenzi, futhi yi-1-15% kuphela yabantu eba amasosha.

Emikhakheni yokulinga, ukususwa komuntu oyedwa noma bobabili abazala inzalo kuvame ukuholela ekwakhiweni “kwamaphini” abo kusuka kuma-nymphs - ngaphandle kwamaphiko noma nge-primordia yabo kuphela. Ukususa amasosha kuvuselela ukuguqulwa kwama-nymphs angafani nawo. Umthethonqubo wokuqanjwa kwe-caste koloni uchazwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Umbono wokuvinjwa." Kucatshangwa ukuthi abantu abazala kanye namasosha bafaka into ethile enhibitory (telegon), ekhishwe yizihlobo zabo. Ukushintshaniswa kwama-telegons phakathi kwabo ("mutaring feed", noma i-trophallaxis), okufinyelela kuma-nymphs, kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwalokhu kube yiziqeshana ezihambisanayo. Ngokususwa okuvivinyayo kwamasosha noma abakhiqizi (noma ukuguga kombhangqwana we-tsar), inani lama-telegons alifiki ezingeni lomkhawulo, futhi ama-nymphs aphenduka abe yilabo abanezinto zokuvimbela zabo njengamanje ezingekho.