Ngokuvamile ukukhuluma ngekhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza, ukubizwa kwenziwa nge-acidity yayo, okungenye yezakhiwo ezibalulekile. Ngokuya nge-pH yamanzi, izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezenzeka kuwo zinqunywa. Izinga le-acidity linquma ukuthi ilungele ukusetshenziswa kanjani, futhi isetshenziswe emnothweni wezwe.
Uyini u-ph
Igama elithi pH liyisifushaniso se- "pondus Hydrogenium", okusho ukuthi isisindo se-hydrogen. Kuyinkomba yenani lama-ion hydrogen. Lapho isixazululo singathathi hlangothi, inani lama-ion hydrogen lilingana nenani lama-ion hydroxyl. Lapho i-pH ingaphezulu kwe-7, isixazululo sisisekelo. Lapho i-pH ithambekela ku-zero, iba yi-acidic. Amanzi anenani le-pH lika-7 abhekwa njengangathathi hlangothi. Ukushintshwa okungazelelwe kwe-pH kungasho ukungcoliswa noma ushintsho ezimfanelweni zokwakheka, ngakho-ke lo mkhakha uhlolwa njalo ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho amanzi ehlose ukusetshenziswa ngabantu.
Isikhombi sinenani elibalulekile lobuchwepheshe. Ngokuya ngenani laso, amanzi angaba nezimpawu zokungcola noma ukugqwala, ngakho-ke le paramente kufanele ibe kuluhlu oluthile lwawo wonke amanzi angena ngamapayipi amanzi. Amanani we-pH aphansi angadala ukugqwala, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kwamapayipi kanye nokukhishwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo emanzini. Amanani aphezulu angasiza ekwakhiweni kwediphozi futhi aholele ekuvinjelweni ngokwengxenye kwamapayipi.
Izindinganiso ze-Ph zokuphuza amanzi
Amanzi emvelweni ane-pH ebangeni le-6.5 kuye ku-8.5. Amanzi ahlanzekile awathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele, kepha lapho ihlangene nomoya, ihlangana nekhabhoni dioxide futhi i-asidi kancane. Akunakwenzeka ukuthola amanzi ahlanzekile ngokuphelele futhi, ngakho-ke, akukho manzi ane-pH engathathi hlangothi ngokwemvelo: vele emthonjeni kunamakhompiyutha ancibilikile. Amanzi wasentwasahlobo, abhekwa njengento ethambile kakhulu, imvamisa inenani elingaphansi kwama-7. Emfuleni noma emanzini entwasahlobo, uhlobo lwe-bicarbonate-calcium iningi ngokujwayelekile luyindawo ephambili futhi lusuka ku-7 kuye ku-8.
Amanzi wemvelo ayisixazululo samanzi esidonsa nge-pH eguquguqukayo, kuya ngohlobo lwe-acidic noma lwe-alkaline lezinto ezincibilikisiwe kulo. Izithako ezahlukahlukene ezikhona emanzini zenza i-ion futhi i-alkalizing, okuthi, ngemuva kokuchithwa, isebenze izinqubo ezihlose ukugcina ibhalansi ye-electrolyte yesisombululo se-maji esimanzi. Emanzini amaningi okuphuza, ibhalansi ye-acid-base ilawulwa ibhalansi yohlelo lwe-carbon dioxide-bicarbonate-carbonate.
Ngokwezincomo zeWorld Health Organisation, i-pH yamanzi asetshenziselwa ukuphuza inamanani asebangeni eliphakathi kuka-6.5 no-9.5. Leli banga likhethwe ukuthi lithole ibhalansi efanelekile phakathi kokunambitheka, ukuhogela kanye nokungabonakali, ukumelana nokungcoliswa yizakhi ezithile ezingamagciwane nokwandisa ukulawulwa kobukhona bezinsimbi ezithile. Ukwenza isibonelo, i-iron noma ithusi inyibilika emanzini ku-pH 10.
I-pH yamanzi akhazimulayo incike ekuhlolweni kosawoti. I-Soda itholakala ngokungeza i-carbonic acid emanzini. Njengomthetho, ukukhuphuka kokuqukethwe kwe-carbon dioxide kuholela ekunciphiseni kwe-pH, futhi okuphambene nalokho, ukuncipha kwayo kuholela ekukhuleni kwenani.
Izindlela zokunquma ph
Thola i-pH yesisombululo usebenzisa izindlela ezithile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa izinkomba ezikhethekile, imichilo yokuhlola noma iphepha le-litmus. Indlela elula futhi engabizi kakhulu indlela ye-colorimetric, lapho ubukhulu bomsombululo buqhathaniswa nombala wesilinganiso senkomba. Izindlela ze-elekthronikhi zibuye zisetshenziswe kabanzi, lapho kusetshenziswa amamitha akhethekile we-pH ukukala acidity.
Umqondo wokudla kwe-alkaline
Umqondo wokudla kwe-alkaline ususelwa kula maqiniso, kepha wenza ukucatshangelwa okuthile ngokuzithandela: ukudla nokuzilungiselela kwawo kungaba nomphumela oqondile kwi-acidity noma kwi-alkalinity (izinga le-pH) lomzimba wethu.
Ngaphansi kohlaka lomqondo, kukholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo evela emaqenjini “e-alkalizing” kanye “namaqembu angathathi hlangothi” kunomthelela omuhle ekulinganiselweni kwe-acid-base, ngoba ukudla okujwayeleke kubantu abaningi kucabanga ngokweqile ukuthi kukhulisa i-asidi emzimbeni, kuguqule ithagethi elilungele ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona kanye nokukhula kwezimila ezinomdlavuza.
- Imikhiqizo ethi "Acidifying" ifaka wonke amaprotheni ezilwane (inyama, izinkukhu, inhlanzi, imikhiqizo yobisi), utshwala, ikhofi, iziphuzo ezithambile, ukudla kwezimboni okuhlungiwe, njll.
- Ukudla okungathathi hlangothi kufaka amafutha emvelo, okusanhlamvu okuphelele nemifino ethosiwe noshukela.
- Ukuluka i-alkaline kufaka phakathi izithelo, imifino, umguza, amantongomane nembewu.
Ngiphinde ngikugcizelele ukuthi ikhono lokudla "ngokuqondile" noma "i-acidize" umzimba wethu liwukucatshangwa, ukuthatheka. Uma ubhekisisa inqubo yemvelo yokugcina i-homeostasis ngomzimba, uzothola ukuthi lo mbono unezixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka kunalokho.
Yini i-pH nokuthi ungayilinganisa kanjani?
i-pH iyinkomba yomsebenzi wama-ion e-hydrogen ngesixazululo, futhi isilinganiso salo msebenzi usitshela nge-acidity yayo. I-pH ihluka kusuka ku-0 iye ku-14. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elisuka ku-0 liye ku-7 libonisa ubukhulu be-acid, 7 lisho ukuthi isisombululo asithathi hlangothi, futhi ivelu ukusuka ku-7 kuye ku-14 ikhombisa ukwanda kwe-alkali.
Abalandeli bokudla kwe-alkaline baphakamisa ukuthi uhlole le nkomba ngokuhlaziya i-acidity yomchamo wakho. Impela wonke umuntu ukhumbula izifundo zamakhemikhali esikole namaphepha we-litmus awela ezixazululweni. Imichilo iguqula umbala wayo kuye ngokuthi kwakheka yiphi into futhi isitshele ukuthi yini efakwa kwi-test tube. Ngokufanayo, imichilo yokuhlola isetshenziselwa ukunquma ukwakheka kwamagama akho. Ngokwendlela "ye-alkaline" yokudla, ungajabula uma ukuhlolwa kwakho kubonise ukungathathi hlangothi noma ukuqina komchamo. I-acidity ephezulu i-alamu.
Kepha into ukuthi izindawo ezahlukene zomzimba wethu zinamanani ahlukile we-pH. Isibonelo, i-esophagus iqukethe inani elikhulu le-acid, elungiswa ukudla. I-pH yesisu isuka ku-2 iye ku-3,5 - futhi lokhu kujwayelekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-pH yegazi ilawulwa ngokuqinile ku-7.35-7.45, okungukuthi, igazi lethu lilingana ne-alkali. Ukushintshwa kwe-acid-base esele kwegazi kungabulala, kwenzeke ngaphansi kwethonya lezifo ezimbi kakhulu, futhi akuhlobene ngokuphelele nokudla.
Ukugcina i-homeostasis, umzimba ususa konke okungadingekile ngomchamo, okuyiwona usebenzisa indlela ekhethekile eyinkimbinkimbi. Le ketshezi ingaba nokuhlukahluka okukhulu ku-pH, okungasho lutho, ngaphandle kokuthi umzimba awudingi into njengamanje. Futhi i-alkali eyengeziwe esusiwe isho kuphela ukweqisa kwayo, kepha ayifaki ibhalansi ye-pH yomzimba wonke.
I-Osteoporosis
Abalandeli bokudla kwe-alkaline nabo bakholelwa ukuthi i-acidity yokudla iyimbangela yamathambo, isifo esithuthukayo sohlelo lwe-musculoskeletal lapho kwahlanganiswa khona amaminerali wezicubu zamathambo. Isibonelo, bacabanga ukuthi ukuntuleka kwe-calcium emathanjeni kuhlotshaniswa nendima yabo ekususeni i-acid ethe xaxa emzimbeni. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izinso nohlelo lokuphefumula lubambe iqhaza kule nqubo, kepha izicubu zamathambo azithinteki kukho nakancane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinye sezizathu ezifakazelwe zokwakhiwa kwamathambo ukulahleka kwe-collagen, okuhambisana nokuntuleka kwama-orthosilic kanye nama-ascorbic acid ekudleni. Izifundo azitholi ukuxhumana phakathi kwe- "acidity" yokudla noma umchamo namandla amathambo. Kepha ukudla okuqukethe amaprotheni, kunalokho, kunomthelela omuhle empilweni yohlelo lwe-musculoskeletal.
Impikiswano enkulu impela ihambelana ne-acid-base esele kumongo wokuvinjelwa nokwelashwa kwezimila ezinomdlavuza. Abaxhasi bokudla kwe-alkaline bathi ukungafakwa kokudla “okuqinisa” umzimba kudala indawo engathathi hlangothi evimbela ukukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza.
Le thesis futhi inezinkinga eziningi. Okokuqala, njengoba besesiqonde ngaphambili, umbono wokulawula i-acid "yento yonke" uyangabaza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lamaseli womdlavuza ukukhiqiza i-acid ngokwawo ngevolumu enkulu kangangokuba akukho ukudla okwazi ukukuguqula okufakazelwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, umdlavuza ungakhula futhi ungathathi hlangothi, njengoba kufakazelwa inqwaba yezifundo zaselebhu.
Kuthiwani ngamazinyo?
Ibhalansi enempilo yamasawoti enempilo igcinwa ku-pH ka-5.6-7.9. I-acidity ephezulu ingaholela ekuwohlokeni kwamazinyo. Ukushintshwa okungazelelwe kwe-acidity noma i-alkalinity emgodleni womlomo nakho kungaphazamisa i-microflora yayo, ezothinta kabi impilo.
Njengoba ushukela nokudla okunesitashi okuhlanjululwe kubhidlika ngokushesha lapho singena emilonyeni yethu, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kungadala ukungalingani. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni eziningi, iziqephu ezimfushane zokunyuka kwe-acidity azithinti isimo jikelele samazinyo. Uma ukudla kukulinganiselayo, futhi ngemuva kokudla uhlanza noma uhlanze umlomo, khona-ke akukho lutho olungakukhathaza.
Ukufingqa
Ibhalansi ye-acid-base yethu ilawulwa yizinhlelo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuxhumana nezitho zomzimba. Ukungena kule nqubo kusuka ngaphandle kuyinkinga impela. Akunabufakazi noma ubufakazi besayensi obusekela isidingo sokwenqaba ukudla “okubabayo” nokukhetha ukudla “okune-alkalizing”.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-amino acid aqukethe imikhiqizo yezilwane ayizinto zokwakha ezisemqoka zamaseli ethu, izicubu nezitho zethu zomzimba, kanti nokuntuleka kwazo ekudleni kuyingozi enkulu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukugwema ukudla okucolisisiwe nokuthanda imifino nezithelo ngeke kulimaze noma ngubani, noma ngabe kuthinta kanjani i-acidity yangaphakathi yangaphakathi yomzimba.
Iphepha le-Litmus
Indlela engabizi kakhulu yokulinganisa izinga le-pH iphepha le-litmus, lapho udayi we-litmus usebenza njengesikhombisi se-asidi futhi unquma izinga le-acidity. I-Litmus udayi wezitshalo ophenduka ubomvu kuma-acid nakuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezisekelweni. Lapho iphepha le-litmus lihlangana nekhambi, lishintsha umbala kuya nge-pH ye-ketshezi. Uma iphenduka ibomvu, ikhombisa indawo ene-acidic, kulokhu singasho ukuthi i-pH ingaphansi kwe-5. Blue kusho ukuthi lesi yisisekelo, lapho inkomba izoba ngaphezulu kwe-7.
Ukulinganisa nokunakekelwa kwemitha ye-pH
Ukuthi kungumhlabathi, emanzini, noma ngesisombululo se-hydroponic, ukukala amazinga we-pH kuyinto ebalulekile yokutshala ingadi ngempumelelo. Ukukhula kwezitshalo okunempilo kuya ngendawo efanelekile yezithelo zakho, imifino, nezitshalo zokuhlobisa. Futhi njengokushintsha izinga le-pH enhlabathini noma emanzini kungasiza isitshalo ukuthi sikhule, izinga le-pH elingafanele liholele ekuguleni kwalo noma ekufeni.
Umlando we-pH.
Umqondo inkomba ye-hydrogen eyethulwe ngumakhemikhali waseDenmark uSørensen ngonyaka we-1909. Inkomba ibizwa pH (ngezinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama esiLatini potentia hydrogeni Amandla e-hydrogen, noma i-pondus hydrogeni Ingabe isisindo se-hydrogen). E-chemistry, inhlanganisela i-pX imvamisa kusho inani elilinganayo lg X, nencwadi H kulokhu, bonisa ukugcwala kwama-ion hydrogen (H + ), noma kunalokho, umsebenzi we-thermodynamic wama-ion we-hydroxonium.
Imitha ye-pH
Ngosizo lwamamitha we-pH, unganquma ngokunembile i-acidity. Lezi zinsimbi zokulinganisa zisebenzisa indlela ye-potentiometric. Zilungele ukunqunywa okunembile kwe-pH kuzixazululo ezigcwele (isb. Indawo, kampompi, amaminerali amanzi, ama-aquarium, amachibi, njll.).
Kumamitha we-pH, i-electrode yengilazi ifakwa kuketshezi lokuhlola. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-galvanic voltage idalwa phakathi kwezingxenye zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ze-electrode yengilazi. Lo mthamo uxhomeke kwi-pH yewuketshezi. Amandla abo we-electromagnetic alinganiswa kusetshenziswa ama-electrodes amabili wesethenjwa. Ukunemba kokulinganisa kwamathuluzi wesimanje kufika kumayunithi we-0.01 pH.
Inquma i-ph ngokusebenzisa imichilo yokuhlola
Ngosizo lwephepha le-litmus, ungalinganisa i-acidity ngenkomba eyodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulinganisa okunjalo ngeke kube okunembile. Ekusebenzeni, imichilo yokuhlola ingene ezingxenyeni zezinkomba equkethe izinkomba zomhlaba wonke zivame ukusetshenziswa. Imicu yokulinganisa yehliselwa kwisisombululo sokuhlola, futhi izinkambu zayo ngazinye zithola umbala, kuye ngenani le-pH lewuketshezi, elingafundwa kusetshenziswa isikali sombala esinamathiselwe. Uma inani likhulu ebangeni le-acid, umucu uthatha umbala esifundeni esawolintshi obomvu; esifundeni esikhulu, umbala uguquka usuka eluhlaza okotshani ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngobubanzi be-acidity ngayinye, ukunemba kokulinganisa kuyiyunithi engu-1 noma engu-2. Kuliqiniso, kukhona imichilo ekhethekile lapho lesi sikhawu singamayunithi angama-0.3.
Inani le-ph lamanzi ompompi neminye imidiya
Izinga le-pH lamanzi ompompi nalo libaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuliqapha. Uma i-pH yokuphuza amanzi ompompi ingaphansi kuka-6.5, khona-ke ithusi kungenzeka kakhulu lingene kuyo. Izinga eliphakeme lethusi lingadala ukulimala kwesibindi, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni nasezinsaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-legionella ikhula kahle ikakhulukazi endaweni enamasawoti, futhi izinsimbi ezisindayo ziqhekeka kangcono kuzisombululo ze-acid.
Amanzi anjalo anambithelo omuncu omuncu, ukunambitheka kwensimbi. Ingapenda imidonsa, imile futhi ilineni ngombala ogqwala, futhi ibangele ukwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwemishini yokuwasha, izitsha zokugeza izitsha.
Thepha amanzi nge-pH ngenhla ngo-8.5 kubhekwa njengokuthi “kanzima”. Amanzi anjalo ayingozi empilweni, kepha angadala ukudilika kwamapayipi kanye nezinto zasendlini. Ine-ukunambitheka kwe-alkali, okuthikamisa ukunambitheka kwekofi netiye. Uma i-pH yamanzi empompo ikhuphuka ngaphezulu kwe-11, khona-ke iba insipho futhi ingadala ukucasuka kwesikhumba.
I-pH ibalulekile hhayi kuphela ngamanzi, kodwa nakwezinye izindawo eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuphendula kwe-biochemical yezinhlelo eziphilayo. Isibonelo, i-pH yegazi lomuntu ingu-7.34-7.4. Lapho kwehla abantu abayi-6.95 bangalahlekelwa yimizwa, futhi ukwanda kwe-pH = 7.7 kungadala ukubanjwa ngamandla.
Inani lokukhipha kwe-pH.
Emanzini ahlanzekile ngo-25 ° C ukugcwala kwama-ion hydrogen ([H + ]) nama-ion hydroxide ([OH -]) kuvela ukuthi kuyafana futhi kulingana no-10 −7 mol / L, lokhu kulandela ngokusobala kusukela encazelweni yomkhiqizo wamanzi we-ionic, olingana ne- [H + ] · [OH -] futhi ilingana no-10 −14 mol² / l² (25-25 C).
Uma ukugxila kwezinhlobo ezimbili zama-ion kwikhambi kufana, bese kuthiwa isisombululo sinokusabela kokungathathi hlangothi. Lapho i-acid yengezwa emanzini, i-rogenrogen ion iyakhuphuka, futhi i-hydroxide ions iyancipha, lapho kungezwa isisekelo, kunalokho, okuqukethwe kwama-ion hydroxide kuyakhuphuka, futhi ukugcwala kwama-ion hydrogen kunciphe. Nini [H + ] > [OH -] kuthiwa ikhambi liyi-acidic, nokuthi [OH − ] > [H + ] - i-alkali.
Ukwenza kube lula kakhulu ukucabanga, ukususa isisusa esingesihle, esikhundleni sokugcotshwa kwama-ion hydrogen basebenzisa i-logarithm yabo yedesimali, ethathwa ngesibonakaliso esiphambene, okuyi-hydrogen exporter - pH.
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Okutholakele
Inani le-pH lamanzi alibalulekile ekukhetheni izinto zamapayipi kuphela. Inani lamanzi ane-acid noma i-alkaline nalo libalulekile empilweni yabantu, ngoba izindlela zokudla zesimanje zivame ukuhlinzeka ngomzimba ngama-asidi amaningi. Amasethi enza lokhu ku-asidi kungagcini emanzini okuphuza kuphela, kodwa nasemizimbeni yethu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba esimweni se-acidified, amangqamuzana abomvu egazi anamathela ndawonye futhi nokuhamba komoya-mpilo emzimbeni kwehla kakhulu. Ukudla okwenziwe nge-acid ngokweqile kunomthelela ongemuhle empilweni futhi kuholela ekuphepheni kwe-oksijini okungapheli kanye ne-cell slagging. Ngakho-ke, i-pH efanelekile yamanzi isiza ukuthuthukisa inhlala-kahle.
Yini i-pH?
I-PH isifinyezo se- "hydrogen index", esibonisa izakhiwo ze-acidic noma i-alkali (isisekelo) sento. Isilinganiso esisezingeni le-pH (ngesinye isikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-acidity noma i-alkalinity wadogo) sisuka ku-0 siye ku-14, yize lawo mazinga edlula. Lapho i-pH ikhuphuka kakhulu, i-alkaline kakhulu le nto. Lapho lehlisa i-pH, iba namandla ama-acid emzimbeni. I-pH ka-7.0 ine-acidity engathathi hlangothi ne-alkalinity. Ukuchazwa kwabo bonke abalimi be-novice: I- “Acid” yinto eyingozi, noma kunjalo, into ene-alkali kakhulu ingaba yingozi kubantu nasezitshalweni. Ubuwazi ukuthi i-pH ye-bleach ingu-12.0-12, .6?
Lingalinganiswa kanjani i-pH?
Yize kungenakwenzeka ukubona ngokweqiniso izinga le-pH lewuketshezi, i-pH yenhlabathi ivame ukuthinta umbala wayo. Inhlabathi ene-tint eluhlaza okotshani imvamisa i-alkaline, kuyilapho inhlabathi enamabala aphuzi noma owolintshi ivame ukuba ne-acidic xaxa. I-Soil pH ingalinganiswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-pH kit noma kusetshenziswa idivaysi eklanyelwe ngokuqondile inhlabathi ukuvivinya inhlabathi.
I-pH ye-ketshezi ingalinganiswa kusetshenziswa ama-reagents asetshenziswa emaphepheni ephepha, kungaba ngamaconsi emanzi, noma kusetshenziswa imitha yedijithali ye-pH. Emigqeni yokuhlola (iphepha lezinkomba) namaconsi e-reagent, izindlela ezisetshenziswayo zokuqhathanisa imibala ziyasetshenziswa. Yize ekuqaleni zingabizi, ekugcineni, zizobiza ngaphezu kwemitha ye-pH. Ngaphezu kwalokho, womabili amaphepha enkomba kanye namaconsi anosuku lokuphelelwa isikhathi, alunikezi ukunemba okuphezulu, futhi ukuqhathanisa imibala kungahunyushwa ngokuhlukile. Isibonelo, imichilo eminingi ikhombisa ukwanda kwamazinga we-pH ngokuphumula okungu-0.5. Kuyavela ukuthi lapho usebenzisa inkomba iphepha lokukala i-pH, umehluko phakathi kwe-pH 7.0 ne-pH 8.0 uzoba nje yimithunzi emibili ehlukene yepinki. Futhi yini okufanele uyenze kuleli cala, abantu abanemibala engaboni? Imitha ye-pH yedijithali, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifakwe kwesikrini ukubonisa izinga le-pH, ngakho-ke, akukho kutolika okudingekayo: umsebenzisi umfaka nje ikhambi kusisombululo futhi ubheka ukufundwa.
Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi amamitha we-pH wenhlabathi noketshezi anezinzwa ezihluke ngokuphelele, okumele zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele. Qiniseka ukuthi idivaysi oyikhethile ihlangabezana nezidingo zakho.
Ngabe isebenza kanjani amamitha we-pH?
Ngaphandle kokuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamathuluzi wokulinganisa i-pH, ukusuka kushibhile eshibhile kuya kumamodeli weelebhu, amamitha we-pH ajwayelekile kakhulu afakwe i-electrode yengilazi ne-tube control. Imitha ye-pH ilinganisa umsebenzi wama-ion e-hydrogen, ikhiqiza i-voltage encane kwi-electrode nakwishubhu yokulawula. Ngemuva kwalokho, idivaysi iguqula le voltage ibe yiveni ye-pH bese iyibonisa kwisibonisi esidijithali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamitha amaningi we-digital pH ane-thermometer eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ekhokhela ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ikuphi ukuphambuka kusuka kusisekelo se-77ºF (25 ° C). Lesi sici sibizwa nge-Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC).
Kuyini ukulinganiswa kwemitha ye-PH futhi kungani kuyadingeka?
Ukulinganisa kuyafana nokuhlenga, futhi njengoba nje ithuluzi lomculo lidinga ukuhlelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, imitha kufanele ilinganiswe kahle ukuze ithole imiphumela efanele yokulinganisa.
Ukuphela kwendlela yokuthola ukuthi imitha ye-pH ilinganiselwe ukuyiqhathanisa nenani lesitifiketi elijwayelekile eliqinisekisiwe, elaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "isixazululo sesibambiso". Izisombululo ze-Buffer ziluketshezi, kepha zingathengwa futhi ngefomu le-powder futhi zixutshwe namanzi ancishisiwe noma enziwe ngamatshe ukuze kwakhiwe i-batch entsha njalo.
Ukulinganiswa kwanoma iyiphi imitha kufanele kwenziwe ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka kufinyelela ezingeni eliyohlolwa. Lapho ubheka ibanga, linganisa ithuluzi maphakathi naleli banga. Isibonelo, ukuthola imiphumela efanelekile lapho ubheka isisombululo se-acidic, imitha ye-pH kufanele ibalwe ngenani le-pH le-4.0. Izinhlobo eziningi zamanzi zikuluhlu lwe-pH 6.0 kuya ku-pH 8.0. Ngakho-ke, ukubheka i-pH yamanzi, ukulinganisa insimbi yakho nge-pH ka-7.0 kuzokwanela. Amazinga amathathu we-pH ajwayelekile kakhulu wokulinganiswa yi-4.0, 7.0, ne-10.0. Lawa maphuzu ahlanganisa uhla lwamanani we-pH kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-14, noma kunjalo, amanye amanani ayatholakala.
Ngemiphumela efanele, imitha ye-pH ingadinga ukulinganiswa kwamaphoyinti owodwa, amabili, noma amathathu. Ezinye izinsimbi zingalinganiswa ngasikhathi sinye, kepha umenzi utusa okungenani amaphoyinti amabili okuqinisekiswa okufanele. Ukwehluka kubangelwa ubuchwepheshe bedivaysi nohlobo lwe-electrode esetshenziswa kuyo.
Kumamitha we-pH, noma ngabe ku-analog (umcibisholo ukhombisa izinga le-pH) noma ledijithali (izinga le-pH likhonjiswa njengenombolo esikrinini), kunikezwe i-analog noma umsebenzi wokulinganisa wedijithali. Ukulinganisa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-screwdriver encane, elungisa ukufundwa kuze kufinyelele inani lesisombululo se-buffer. Ukulinganiswa kwedijithali kwenziwa ngokucindezela izinkinobho ezikhuphukayo nezansi kuze kufinyelele lapho kufundwa kufanisa inani lesisombululo se-buffer. Imitha ye-pH yedijithali ingasebenzisa ukubonwa kwe-analog.
Amanye amadivaysi anikeza nokulinganisa okuzenzakalelayo, okuthi lapho ngabe khona ithuluzi libona ngokuzenzakalelayo inani lesisombululo se-buffer bese lizibeka ngokwalo leli nani. Le yindlela elula kunazo zonke yokulinganisa, kepha kubalulekile ukuthi amamitha anjalo futhi abe nesici sokulungiswa kwencwadi ngesandla sokuhleleka okuhle kanye / noma ukuxazulula inkinga.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamamitha we-pH zenziwa ifektri futhi zilungele ukusetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ukulinganiswa kwefekthri kufanele kubhekwe njengento elula kuphela kwizicelo ezimbalwa, ukubalwa kungashintshana ngesikhathi sokuhamba, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ukubalwa kwemboni kungenzeka kungakulungelanga izidingo zakho. Futhi, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, endaweni ethile, wonke amamitha we-pH adinga ukuphindwaphindwa.
Akunandaba ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokulinganisa esetshenziswa kudivayisi yakho, ngaso sonke isikhathi funda incwadi yakho ngokucophelela bese ulinganisa ngokuhambisana nezincomo zomenzi wayo.
Ngemiphumela emihle kakhulu, linganisa imitha ye-pH nge:
- • Ngokusebenzisa njalo - okungenani kanye ngesonto
- • Uma kwenzeka ungasebenzisi - okungenani kanye ngenyanga
- • Uma ucabanga ukuthi ukufundwa akulungile
- • Uma ubheka uketshezi olunolaka (i-acidic noma i-base fluid)
- • Lapho ubheka uketshezi obahlukahlukene (ukunyakaza phakathi kwama-asidi nezisekelo)
- • Noma nini esikhundleni sezinzwa (i-electrode)
Ungayinakekela kanjani imitha ye-pH?
Ngaphandle kokuba nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokulungiswa kwamamitha we-pH, umkhiqizo ngamunye nomenzi bazoba nezidingo zabo. Njalo ulandele izinkomba zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza futhi uzokwazi ukulisebenzisa isikhathi eside futhi nezinkinga ezimbalwa.
Ngaphezu kokulinganiswa okujwayelekile, ukusebenza kahle nokulondolozwa kwenzwa ye-pH kuzonikeza impilo ende nemiphumela efanelekile. Amamitha amaningi we-pH asebenzisa izinzwa zengilazi (ama-electrodes) kanye namashubhu wokulawula okumele agcinwe kuzixazululo ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekile. Lapho usebenzisa idivaysi esesandleni, isixazululo sesitoreji kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukuba sedokodweni lokuvikela lensiza. Musa ukuchitha lesi sixazululo, uyawudinga! Kuma-sensor we-pH amaningi, kubalulekile ukuthi inzwa igcinwe isimanzi kusisombululo esifanele.
Inzwa iningi le-pH lihlanziwa ngokuhlanjululwa emanzini afakwe emanzini angenamuntu noma anezithelo. Nyakazisa amanzi ngokweqile bese ubeka inzwa emuva kusisombululo sokugcina.
Impilo yezinzwa eziningi ze-pH icishe ibe yiminyaka eyi-1-2. Uma uthola ukufundwa okungazinzile futhi unenkinga yokubala, kungaba isikhathi sokubuyisela inzwa (noma idivaysi yakho uma inganikeli amathuba wokushintsha inzwa).
Inkomba yokubaluleka kwekhambi le-POH.
Ukuhlehlisa kudume kancane. pH inani - inkomba yobungako benkambi, pOHokulingana ne-logarithm yedesimali yokuhlungwa (kwe-negative) kwekhambi le-ion OH − :
njenganoma isiphi isixazululo samanzi ku-25 ° C, okusho kuleliqondo lokushisa:
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Amanani we-PH kuzixazululo ze-acidity ehlukahlukene.
- Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo pH ingahluka ngaphandle kwesikhashana 0 - 14, futhi ingadlula ngale mikhawulo. Isibonelo, ekuqoqweni kwama-ion hydrogen [H + ] = 10 −15 mol / l, pH = 15, ekuqoqweni kwama-ion hydroxide we-10 mol / l pOH= −1.
Ngoba ngo-25 ° C (izimo ezijwayelekile) [H + ] [OH − ] = 10 −14 , kuyacaca ukuthi kuleqondo lokushisa pH + pOH = 14.
Ngoba kuzisombululo ze-acid [H + ]> 10 −7, Ngakho-ke, kuzixazululo ze-acidic pH 7, pH yezisombululo ezingathathi hlangothi 7. 7. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu, i-electrolytic dissociation engapheli yamanzi inyuka, okusho ukuthi umkhiqizo we-ionic wamanzi uyanda, lapho-ke ukungathathi hlangothi kuzoba pH = 7 (okuhambelana nokukhula okufanayo ngesikhathi esisodwa njengoba H + futhi OH -), ngokushisa okuyehla, kunalokho, kungathathi hlangothi pH kuyanda.
Izindlela zokunquma inani le-pH.
Kunezindlela eziningana zokunquma inani. pH izixazululo. Inkomba ye-hydrogen ilinganiselwa cishe kusetshenziswa izinkomba, kulinganiswe kahle ukusetshenziswa pHimitha noma inqunywe ngokuhlaziya ngokwenza i-acid-base titration.
- Ngokwesilinganiso esibi sokuhlushwa kwama-ion hydrogen, kuvame ukusetshenziswa izinkomba ze-acid base - Dyes eziphilayo, umbala okuncike kuwo pH NgoLwesithathu. Izinkomba ezithandwa kakhulu: i-litmus, i-phenolphthalein, i-methyl orange (i-methyl orange), njll Izinkomba zingaba ngezindlela ezi-2 ezinemibala ehlukile - kungaba ku-acid noma kowokuqala. Ukushintshwa kombala kwazo zonke izinkomba kwenzeka kuhla lwayo lwe-acidity, imvamisa ifinyelela kumayunithi angama-1-2.
- Ukwengeza isikhathi sokulinganisa ukusebenza pH zisebenza isibonakaliso sendawo yonke, okuyingxube yezinkomba eziningana. Isikhombi sendawo yonke siguqula ngokuphumelelayo umbala kusuka kokubomvu kuye kuphuzi, luhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya ku-violet phezu kwenguquko kusuka esifundeni se-alkali kuya kwesifunda. Izincazelo pH Indlela yenkomba inzima kuzisombululo ze-turbid noma ezinemibala.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwensiza ekhethekile - pH-Imeter - yenza sikwazi ukukala pH ebangeni ebanzi futhi ngokunembe kakhudlwana (kufika kumayunithi angu-0,01 pH) kunokuba izinkomba. Indlela yokuzimisela ye-Ionometric pH kususelwa esilinganisweni samandla we-electromotive yi-EMli ye-millivoltmeter-ionometer ye-galvanic Circuit, efaka i-electrode yengilazi, amandla ayo okuncike ekunikezelweni kwama-ion H + kusixazululo esiseduze. Indlela inokunemba okuphezulu nokusebenziseka kalula, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokulinganiswa kwe-electrode yenkomba ebangeni elikhethiwe pHlokho kwenza sikwazi ukukala pH izixazululo ze-opaque nezinemibala ngakho-ke zivame ukusetshenziswa.
- Indlela Yokuhlaziya I-Volumetric — acid base titration -nikeza imiphumela efanele yokuthola i-acidity yezisombululo. Isixazululo sokuhlushwa okwaziwayo (isisiga) sengezelwa elangeni kwekhambi elisaphenwayo. Lapho kuxutshaniswa, kusabela amakhemikhali. Iphuzu lokulingana - umzuzu lapho isitholi sanele ngokwanele ukuqedela ukusabela - simisiwe ngenkomba. Ngemuva kwalokho, uma ukuqoqeka kanye nevolumu yesisombululo esengeziwe sokwengeza kusaziwa, i-acidity yesisombululo inqunywa.
- Umphumela wokushisa kumanani pH:
0.001 mol / L Hcl ku-20 ° C ine pH = 3ngo-30 ° C pH = 3,
0.001 mol / L NaOH ku-20 ° C ine pH = 11.73ngo-30 ° C pH = 10.83,
Umphumela wokushisa kumanani pH kuchazwe ngokuzithoba okuhlukile kwe-hydrogen ion (H +) futhi akuyona iphutha lokuhlola. Umphumela wokushisa awunakunxephezelwa ngogesi. pHimitha.
Indima ye-pH ku-chemistry kanye ne-biology.
I-acidity ye-medium ibalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi zamakhemikhali, futhi amandla okuba khona noma umphumela wokuphendula okuthile kuvame ngokuya pH NgoLwesithathu. Ukuze ulondoloze inani elithile pH ohlelweni lokuphendula, lapho kwenziwa izifundo zaselebhu noma ekukhiqizeni, izixazululo ze-buffer zisetshenziselwa ukugcina inani elicishe lifane pH lapho kuxutshwe noma lapho kufakwa inani elincane le-acid noma i-alkali kwikhambi.
Isikhombi se-Hydrogen pH kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukubonakalisa izakhiwo ze-acid-base zezindawo ezihlukile zemvelo.
Ekuphendukeni kwe-biochemical, i-acidity yendlela yokuphendula okuphakathi ezinhlelweni eziphilayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqoqwa kwama-ion hydrogen esixazululweni kuvame ukuthinta izindawo zemvelo nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo wamaprotheni nama-nucleic acid, ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile komzimba, ukugcina i-acid-base homeostasis kungumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Ukugcina amandla ngokufanele pH uketshezi lwebhayoloji lutholakala ngesenzo se-buffer system of body.
Emzimbeni womuntu osezitho ezihlukile, inkomba ye-hydrogen ihlukile.
Ezinye izincazelo pH