Amabhande okomhlaba ashukumisa umhlaba (ama-Greek seismos - nokuzamazama komhlaba) yizingxenye zomngcele phakathi kwamapuleti we-lithospheric, abonakala ngokuhamba okuphezulu nokuzamazama komhlaba okuvamisile, futhi futhi kuyizindawo zokuhlaselwa kwentaba-mlilo esebenzayo kakhulu. Ubude bendawo yokuthuthumela komhlaba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Lezi zindawo zihambelana namaphutha ajulile asemhlabeni, nasolwandle kuya emaphethelweni olwandle nasolwandle olujulile. Okwamanje, izindawo ezimbili ezinkulu ziyahlukaniswa: i-latitudinal iMedithera-Trans-Asia nePacific enhle. Amabhande omsebenzi womhlaba ahambelana nezindawo zokwakhiwa kwezintaba ezisebenzayo kanye nentaba-mlilo. Ibhande laseMedithera kanye nebhande laseTrans-Asia lifaka iMedithera nezintaba eziseduze naseYurophu eseningizimu, e-Asia Minor, eNyakatho Afrika, kanye naseCentral Asia, eCaucasus, eKun-Lun naseHimalayas. Leli bhande libiza cishe i-15% yazo yonke ukuzamazama komhlaba emhlabeni, ukujula kwalo okuphakathi nendawo, kepha kungaba nezinhlekelele ezinkulu.I-80% yokuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lePacific, elimboza iziqhingi nezikebhe ezijulile zolwandle olwandle lwePacific. Izindawo ezisebenza ngokuzungeza komhlaba zeziQhingi zase-Aleutian, i-Alaska, iziqhingi zaseKuril, iKamchatka, iziqhingi zasePhilippine, iJapan, iNew Zealand, iziqhingi zaseHawaiiian, kanye neNyakatho Melika kanye naseNingizimu Melika. Lapha ukuzamazama komhlaba kuvame ukwenzeka ngamaphuzu okugxilwa okumbalwa komhlaba, okuthi kube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele, ikakhulukazi, kuvuse ama-tsunamis .. Igatsha elingasempumalanga lebhande lasePacific lisuka ogwini olusempumalanga lweKamchatka, lihaqa iziqhingi zase-Aleutian, ligijima ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho neNingizimu Melika futhi luphela nge-South Antilles loop. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okuphezulu kakhulu kubonakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yegatsha lasePacific kanye esifundeni saseCalifornia e-United States. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kukhulunywa kancane kancane eMelika Ephakathi nasemaNingizimu Melika, kepha ukuzamazama komhlaba okunobudlova kungenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile kulezi zindawo.Igatsha laseNtshonalanga ibhande lase-Pacific lanyakaza lisuka ePhilippines liya eMoluccas, lidlula esiQhingini saseBanda, eNicobar naseSunda Islands liye e-Andraman Archipelago. Ngokusho kososayensi, igatsha lasentshonalanga ngeBurma lixhunywe nebhande laseTrans-Asia. Inani elikhulu lokuzamazama komhlaba komhlaba elingaphansi libonakala esifundeni segatsha elisentshonalanga lebhande lomhlaba lasePacific. I-Deep foci itholakala ngaphansi koLwandle i-Okhotsk kanye nesiQhingi saseJapan naseKuril, bese kuba umugqa wokugxila okujulile kufinyelela eningizimu-mpumalanga, ukunqamula uLwandle lwaseJapan kuya eziqhingini zaseMariana.Izindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba okuyisisekelo zihlukanisa izindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba okuyisisekelo: ulwandle i-Atlantic, ulwandle lwasentshonalanga ne-Indian Ocean kanye ne-Arctic. Cishe i-5% yakho konke ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka kulezi zindawo. Isifunda sokuzamazama komhlaba oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic luqala eGreenland, sidlule ngaseningizimu ngesigamu esingaphansi kwamanzi i-Mid-Atlantic bese siphela eziqhingini zaseTristan da Cugna. Ukushaya okunamandla akubonwa lapha. Iqembu lesizinda sokuzamazama komhlaba osentshonalanga neLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya lidlula eNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia liye eningizimu, bese liya eningizimu-ntshonalanga kanye nokuphakama kwamanzi ngaphansi kwe-Antarctica. Lapha, njengasendaweni ye-Arctic, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuncane kwenzeka ngokuxhamazela okungatheni. Amabhande omhlaba okomhlaba atholakala ngendlela yokuthi abonakale sengathi angamakhompiyutha amakhulu okuqina komhlaba wokuqhekeka komhlaba - amapulatifomu abumba ezikhathini zasendulo. Kwesinye isikhathi bangangena ensimini yabo. Njengoba kwafakazelwa, ukuba khona kwamabhande okokuzamazama komhlaba kuhlobene kakhulu namaphutha omhlaba omhlaba, owasendulo nowanamuhla.
Kulesi sihloko, sizokutshela ngebhande le-Alpine-Himalayan seismic, ngoba wonke umlando wokwakheka komhlaba uxhumene nomqondo kanye nokunyakaza okuhambisana nokubonakaliswa kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nentaba-mlilo, ngenxa yokuthi ukukhululeka kwamanje kokugcwala komhlaba kusungule ... ukunyakazisa okwakha amapuleti e-tectonic kuhambisana nokuphazamiseka kwensimu eqhubekayo. Ukuqhekeka komhlaba, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamaphutha e-tectonic nezintaba eziqonde phezulu kulo. Izinqubo ezinjalo zokulahla okwenzeka ekuqothulweni komhlaba zibizwa ngokuthi iziphambeko nemisipha, ngokulandelana kuholele ekwakhekeni kwamahhashi nama-grabens. Ukuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic kuholela ekubonakalisweni okukhulu kokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokuhamba kweplate:
1. Amapuleti e-tectonic aqinile angagudlukelanani, akha izintaba zezintaba, olwandle nasemhlabeni.
2. Amapulangwe e-tectonic axhumana nawo awela engubeni, enza imikhombe ye-tectonic ekuqhekekeni komhlaba.
3. Ukuhambisa amapuleti e-tectonic kuhlahlela phakathi kwawo, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka amaphutha okuguqula.
Amabhande omsebenzi womhlaba omkhulu womhlaba cishe wokuhlangana komugqa wokuxhumana wamapuleti we-tectonic ahambayo. Kunezindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
1. I-Alpine - ibhande le-Hismayan seismic
2. Ibhande le-Pacific seismic.
Ngezansi sihlala phezu kwebhande lokuzamazama komhlaba le-Alpine-Himalayan, elisuka ezintabeni zaseSpain liye ePamirs, kufaka phakathi izintaba zaseFrance, izakhiwo zezintaba zesikhungo naseningizimu yeYurophu, iseningizimu mpumalanga nangaphezulu - abaseCarpathians, izintaba zaseCaucasus nasePamirs, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezintaba. I-Iran, inyakatho yeNdiya, iTurkey neBurma. Kulesi simo sokubonakaliswa okusebenzayo kwezinqubo ze-tectonic, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyinhlekelele kwenzeka kakhulu, okuletha izinhlekelele ezingenakubalwa emazweni awela esifundeni se-Alpine - Himalayan seismic ibhande. Lokhu kubhujiswa okuyinhlekelele ezindaweni zokuhlala, ukulimala okuningi, ukwephulwa kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha, nokuningi ... Ngakho-ke eChina, ngo-1566, kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla ezifundazweni zaseGansu naseShaanxi. Ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba, kwafa abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-800, futhi amadolobha amaningi asulwa ebusweni bomhlaba. ICalcutta eNdiya, ngo-1737 - cishe babalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-400 abantu. Ngo-1948 - i-Ashgabat (iTurkmenistan, i-USSR). Izisulu - ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane eziyikhulu. Ngo-1988, i-Armenia (USSR), amadolobha iSpakak neLeninakan achithwa ngokuphelele. Babulala abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-25. Ungabhala okunye ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kakhulu eTurkey, e-Iran, eRomania, okuhambisana nokubhujiswa okukhulu nokulimala kwabantu. Cishe nsuku zonke, izinsizakalo zokuhlola ukuzamazama komhlaba ziqopha ukuzamazama komhlaba okubuthakathaka kulo lonke ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba le-Alpine-Himalayan. Zibonisa ukuthi izinqubo ze-tectonic kulezi zindawo aziyeki ngisho umzuzwana, ukunyakaza kwamapuleti e-tectonic nakho akuyeki, futhi emva kokunye ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla futhi kuphinde kube nokukhululeka kwengcindezi kokuqothuka komhlaba, kukhula futhi kube seqophelweni elinzima, lapho, kungekudala noma kamuva - ngokungenakugwemeka, kuzokwenzeka okunye ukuphazamiseka kokukhukhumala komhlaba oshubile, kudale ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Ngeshwa, isayensi yanamuhla ayinakucacisa ngokunembile indawo nesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba okulandelayo. Ezindaweni ezisebenzayo zokuzamazama komhlaba kokuqhekeka komhlaba, azinakuvinjwa, ngoba inqubo yokuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic iyaqhubeka, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukwanda kwengxabano okuqhubekayo ezindaweni zokuxhumana zamapulatifomu ashukumisayo. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bedijithali, ngokuqala kwezinhlelo zamakhompyutha ezinamandla futhi ezishesha kakhulu, i-seismology yesimanje izosondela eqinisweni lokuthi izokwazi ukwenza imodeli yezibalo yezinqubo ze-tectonic kuyo, ezizokwenza ukuthi zikwazi ukuthola ngokunembile nangokuthembekile amaphuzu wokuzamazama komhlaba okulandelayo. Lokhu, kuzonikeza ithuba lesintu lokulungiselela izinhlekelele ezinje futhi lisize ekugwemeni abantu abaningi abalimala, futhi ubuchwepheshe besimanje nokwethembisayo bokwehlisa buzonciphisa imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amanye amabhande okusebenza komhlaba okunyakazisa umhlaba kule ndawo ahambisana kakhulu namabhande omsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Isayensi ifakazele ukuthi ezimweni eziningi umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ihlobene ngokuqondile nomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Njengokuzamazama komhlaba, umsebenzi owenyuka wentaba-mlilo ubeka engcupheni impilo yomuntu. Izintaba-mlilo eziningi zitholakala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, kanye nomkhakha othuthukisiwe. Noma yikuphi ukuqhuma okungazelelwe kwentaba-mlilo kuthwala ingozi kubantu abahlala endaweni yezintaba-mlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, ukuzamazama komhlaba olwandle nasolwandle kuholela kuma-tsunami, okungekho okubhubhisa kakhulu ezindaweni ezisogwini kunokuzamazama komhlaba uqobo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi umsebenzi wokwenza ngcono izindlela zokubheka kokuzamazama komhlaba kwamabhande e-seismic asebenzayo uhlala uhlala usebenza.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba lapho kuqalwa izintaba
Ngisho nabantu abangenalwazi ngokuphelele kule nkinga bayazi ukuthi kunezindawo emhlabeni wethu ezivame ukuthambekele ekuzamazameni komhlaba. Ake sibheke i-International Seismological Report ekhishwa njalo ngonyaka, ebeka konke ukuphazamiseka komhlaba okunyakazisa unyaka futhi inikeze izimfanelo zabo. Sizoqiniseka masisha ukuthi ezimweni eziningi ukuzamazama komhlaba kuyabonakala emazweni asogwini lwePacific, ikakhulukazi eJapan naseChile. Kepha lolu hlu alunikezi isithombe esiphelele sobukhulu bokuphazamiseka kokuzamazama komhlaba, ngoba alukhombisi ubukhulu futhi konke ukuzamazama komhlaba, okukhulu nokuncane, kubonakala ngokulinganayo. Kusobala ukuthi kulesi sishwankathelo ukudideka kwamazwe athuthukile ngokwezomnotho kuyachaphazeleka ngokweqile, ngoba kunenqwaba yezimpawu zokuzamazama komhlaba ezithinta ukuguquguquka komhlabathi okuncane.
Noma kunjalo, akunakuphikwa ukuthi ubufakazi bombiko mayelana nokuzamazama komhlaba okuvame kakhulu endaweni esenyakatho kuqhathaniswa ne-hemisphere eseningizimu akulona iqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungumhlaba wethu obonisa izinkundla zemicimbi yemvelo enkulu: amaphesenti angama-90 enhlekelele yemvelo yenzeka enyakatho ngamadigri angama-30 eningizimu.
Lapha sineplanethi, lapho izisulu zokuzamazama komhlaba konke okufakwe eMbikweni Wezwe Lezinto Zomhlaba iminyaka engama-22 kuhlelwa. Ukucatshangelwa kwethu kuqinisekisiwe: ukuzamazama komhlaba kugxile kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile, ezicacile zasendaweni futhi azithinti iningi lomhlaba.
Ukuhlola lezi zindawo zokuhlaselwa kokuzamazama komhlaba, siqala ukuqaphela umucu (ngakwesokunene semephu) oqala eKamchatka, ugijime neziQhingi zaseJapan bese wehlela empumalanga, bese ubamba umngcele ogulela ogwini lwaseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika ubambe iso lakho (ebalazweni). Amaqembu amabili, elinye i-Eshiya, elinye laseMelika, lisondela enyakatho, cishe lazungeza ngokuphelele uLwandle iPacific. Leli ibhande le-Pacific seismic. Zonke izehlakalo ezigxile ekujuleni kwenhliziyo zenzeka lapha, ubuningi bokugxila okungajulile kanye nokuphazamiseka okuningi kwephakathi nendawo.
U-fig. 20. Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-epicenters okuphazamiseka kokuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1913 kuya ku-1935 (ngokusho kukaColon).
Enye indawo yokusebenza kokuzamazama komhlaba umucu ukuqala kwesiqhingi saseSulawesi. Ikhuphuka eduze kwesiqhingi sase-Indonesia, esukela empumalanga iye entshonalanga, ithinta iHimalaya, bese iqhubeka iye eLwandle iMedithera, i-Itali, iGibraltar futhi iye e-Azores. Leli bhande libizwa ngokuthi i-Eurasian, noma i-Alpine, ngoba liboshelwe esigodini esikhulu, esinye sezixhumanisi ezakha i-Alps. Konke ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kwenzeka cishe ngasolwandlekazi iPacific noma ngebhande le-Euro.
Ngaphezu kwalezi ezimbili eziphambili, izindawo ezincane zokuzamazama komhlaba ziyaziwa lapho kwenzeka khona ukuzamazama komhlaba okungajulile. Enye yalezi zindawo inqamula phakathi koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic ifinyelele e-Arctic, enye isuka enyakatho iye eningizimu oLwandlekazi i-Indian.
Lokhu kuhleleka okumangazayo kokuzamazama komhlaba kuphakamisa umbuzo: “Ngani?”
Impendulo yokuqala enengxenye yanikezwa ukuqaphela okuthile kukaMontessu de Ballore: izindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba cishe zihlala zisezintabeni eziphakeme noma ezigodini zolwandle. Ubufakazi obukholisayo balokhu bunikezwa ukuzamazama komhlaba womabili oLwandlekazi iPacific, lapho izisekelo ezijulile zinwebeka khona, ukuzamazama komhlaba kweTibet eHimalaya noma i-Italiya neGrisi, eduze nalapho imigodi yoLwandle iMedithera idlula khona.
Njengoba sesijwayelene nalawa maqiniso, ake sicabange iqiniso lokuthi izintaba eziphakeme kakhulu zomhlaba wonke ziphakathi kwezincane. Ngani? Yebo, ngoba isimo sezulu asikakwazanga ukubabhubhisa. Ngempela, amaHimalaya, ama-Alps, ama-Andes, nama-Rockies - wonke avele eTertiary, okungukuthi, ngokwesikali se-geological, ahlobene izolo. Kepha sithi lezi zintaba zisencane, siyakwamukela ukuthi sezisemathubeni okukhula. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi azifani ngamafomu agcwalisiwe futhi asevele ancishisiwe, njengamaVosges noma iCentral Massif, futhi asakhiwa nje kuphela. Kungathatha iminyaka eyizigidi ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi wabo uqedwe, kepha lokho akunandaba. Into esemqoka ukuthi zonke izinhlaka ze-Alpine - ama-Alps, amaHimalaya, ama-Andes nama-Rockies - asaqhubeka nokwakha. Ema-geosynclines asendulo, lapho kwaqalwa khona ukwakhiwa kwezintaba ze-alpine, amathambeka ayaqhubeka ahlangana, bese izingqimba ziqhekeka zibe yimigoqo.
Ngakho-ke, akukho lutho olumangazayo eqinisweni lokuthi phakathi nale nqubo eqhubekayo iziphithiphithi ziqashelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, izingqimba zamatshe, zibhekene nengxabano enkulu kakhulu, ukuqhuma, ukuqhuma kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka. Kungakho lezo zindawo lapho inqubo yokugoqa iqhubeka khona, okungukuthi, lezo lapho izintaba ezincane noma imibungu yazo iphakama khona, iba yindawo yokuthanda ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Lokhu akuchazi umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba hhayi nje kuphela ezintabeni eziphakeme, kepha nokujula komoya olwandle. Khumbula ukuthi lokhu kudonswa ngaphansi kwamanzi akuyona into ngaphandle kwama-geosynclines, imisele lapho kwenzeka khona udoti. Ama-Geosynclines aqhubeka ngokugoba, futhi izimbotshana ezinqwabelana kuzo zihlukaniswa ngesendlalelo, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwendawo, i-condense kanye ne-crumple ibe ama-folds, akha "izimpande" zezintaba ezizayo. Ukuqongelela okunjalo nokuchotshozwa kube yimigoqo yamadwala aseduzane akuyona ngaphandle kwengcindezi nokuqhekeka, okubangela ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lwePacific
Ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lwePacific linikeza izibonelo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu nezinhlobonhlobo zalo msebenzi ongaphansi komhlaba, onomkhawulo wezintaba eziphakeme noma izingcindezi ezinkulu ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ngabe ukuxhumana kwale ndawo ngamaphutha, imifantu nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ze-tectonic akufakazelwa yukuthi ihambisana nendandatho yomlilo yasePacific? Khumbula uchungechunge lwezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo ogwini lwePacific. Esikhiyeni. Umdwebo 21 ukhombisa ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lwePacific lilonke, futhi sizozama ukuchaza kafushane, kusukela eningizimu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ingabe leli bhande lidwengulwe eSouth Pole njengoba kukhonjisiwe ebalazweni? Akekho owaziyo lokhu okwamanje, noma kungenzeka ukuthi indawo yokusetshenziselana komhlaba isebenza nge-Antarctica, bese ifinyelela eMacquarie Island naseNew Zealand, lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba okuqinile kwakamuva kwenzeke khona kaningi. Ngo-1855, eNew Zealand, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwaphela ngephutha elingamakhilomitha angama-140 ubude nokujikijelana ngamamitha amathathu. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kowe-1929 nango-1931 kwajulisa leli phutha futhi kwabangela nomonakalo omkhulu.
U-fig. 21. ILwandlekazi iPacific ngokwayo lingezifunda ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, kepha lizungezwe yibhande lomhlaba elinamandla (ngokusho kukaGutenberg noRichter).
I-1 - izifunda ezizinzile zezwekazi (ezimelana nokuzamazama komhlaba), 2 - ukugxila okungaxhunyiwe, 3 - i-Intelligent Medium, i-4 - i-foci ejulile.
Ukusuka eNew Zealand, ibhande likhuphukela eziqhingini zaseTonga, bese lehlela entshonalanga liye eNew Guinea. Lapha, nje esiqhingini saseSulawesi, kuyaphithizela, kukhuphukele enyakatho. Elinye igatsha liya eziqhingini zaseCaroline, eMariana naseBonin, elinye - liya eziqhingini zasePhilippine naseTaiwan. Lokhu kugcina kuphawulwa yimizwa ejulile yolwandle, lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kuqubuka khona. Elinye igatsha lakhiwa ngamagquma angaphansi kwamanzi, iziqongo zawo eziphuma ngaphezu kobuso ngesimo seziqhingi zaseCaroline, Marian naseBonin. Phakathi kwala magatsha amabili, uLwandlekazi lwePacific lufana nolwandle oluphakathi nendawo enesisekelo esingaguquki, ukuzungeza komhlaba okuhlukanisa kakhulu futhi nomsebenzi wefrenetic womugqa ozungezile. Kwanele ukukhumbula inhlekelele yesiyaluyalu eyacekela phansi iTaiwan ngoMashi 17, 1906, yabulala izimpilo zabantu eziyi-1 300 futhi zacekela phansi izakhiwo ezingama-7,000, noma ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ePhilippines ngo-1955, lapho wonke lo mzana wanyamalala ngaphansi kwechibi.
Womabili la magatsha ahlangana enyakatho eduze kwesiqhingi saseJapan bese enwebeka ngasogwini lwasempumalanga. Kutholwe nemikhombe ejulile lapho, futhi akufanele sikhumbule ngisho nokusebenza ngokweqile kokuzamazama komhlaba kwalesi sifunda. Sizosho nje ukuthi kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1954 uGutenberg wabala ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-122 okuphezulu okuyi-7 noma ngaphezulu kule ndawo (kufaka phakathi iNortheast China, iTaiwan kanye naseningizimu yeziqhingi zaseKuril), ezingama-85 zazo zazingagxili futhi eziyi-17 zazigxile kakhulu.
Ngeziqhingi zaseKuril, ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lasePacific lidlulela enyakatho. Ivala ulwandle, idlula ogwini olusempumalanga lweKamchatka neziqhingi zase-Aleutian. Indawo enhle yeziqhingi ifaka emikhombeni ejulile lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye ne-tsunami kudlangile. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwakamuva (1957) bekubandakanya uchungechunge lokuthuthumela okunesisindo esingu-8. Lokhu kushaqeka akuzange kuphele izinyanga eziyisithupha. I-Aleutian Islands chain ixhumanisa indawo e-seismic yase-Asia esebenzayo kakhulu futhi engasenayo nengxenye esebenzayo yaseMelika kulokhu. Ake siqale nge-Alaska. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwabonwa lapho eYakutat Bay ngonyaka we-1899, okungekho okubanga ukulimala okukhulu, kepha kunikeze isibonelo esiguqukayo soguquko lokukhululeka. Kwakhuphuka umgodi omusha (ukuphakama okukhulu kwamamitha ayi-14) kule ndawo kanye nethafa eligoqekile. Ukuphazanyiswa kokuzamazama komhlaba okuyisilinganiso esingu-8.5 kwaqoshwa yizinto zokuzamazama komhlaba zazo zonke iziteshi emhlabeni.
Ukusuka e-Alaska kuya eMexico, ibhande lihamba ngasogwini lolwandle, kepha liphambuka ngaphesheya olwandle, ngakho-ke ukuzamazama komhlaba lapha, yize kuvame ukwenzeka, akulimizi kangako njengoba bekulindelekile. Ngeke sigxilise ekuxineni kwalezi zindawo, ikakhulukazi iCalifornia, mayelana nokuningi okuye kushiwo, kepha ake sibheke okwenzeka eMexico. Ukuzamazama komhlaba eMexico akubangeli mqondo omncane, yize kungabulala lapho. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kwenzeka eMexico ngo-1887 nango-1912. Enyakatho yezwe (isimo seSonora) ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba, kwavela uchungechunge lwamaphutha nokususwa kwabantu, nemizana eminingana yacekelwa phansi.
Amabhande amakhulu omhlaba wokuzamazama komhlaba
Lezo zindawo zeplanethi lapho amapuleti e-lithospheric ahlangana khona abizwa ngamabhande okuthuthumela komhlaba.
Umdwebo 1. Izindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zokuzamazama komhlaba kweplanethi. Author24 - Ukushintshaniswa online kwemisebenzi yezitshudeni
Isici esiyinhloko salezi zindawo ukwanda kokuhamba, okuholela kokuzamazama komhlaba njalo nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo.
Lezi zindawo zinobude obukhulu futhi, njengomthetho, zelula amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.
Amabhande amabili amakhulu okokuzamazama komhlaba ahlukaniswa - enye isendlalekile, enye - eceleni kwe-meridian, i.e. kuya kokuqala.
Ibhande le-latitudinal seismic libizwa ngeMedithera-iTrans-Asia futhi lisuka ePersian Gulf, lifinyelela endaweni yalo eledlulele phakathi nolwandle i-Atlantic.
Isifunda sokuzamazama komhlaba sisuka oLwandle iMedithera nasezintabeni eziseduze naseSouthern Europe, sidlula eNyakatho Afrika naseAsia Minor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhande liya eCaucasus nase-Iran bese lidlula eCentral Asia liye eHimalaya.
Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo
Ngokusebenza komzimba kulo mkhakha amaRomania Carpathians, Iran, Balochistan.
Umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi utholakala olwandle lwaseNdiya nase-Atlantic, futhi ingena phakathi kolwandle i-Arctic Ocean.
KuLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic, indawo yokuthungatha komhlaba idlula eSpain naseLwandle iGreenland, kuthi oLwandle i-India idlule e-Arabia iye eningizimu naseningizimu mpumalanga ye-Antarctica.
Ibhande lesibili lokuzamazama komhlaba yiPacific, okusebenza kakhulu ngokuthukuthela komhlaba futhi ibanga u-80% wokuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo.
Ingxenye eyinhloko yaleli bhande ingaphansi kwamanzi, kepha kukhona nezindawo zomhlaba, isibonelo, iziQhingi zaseHawaii, lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kungapheli ngenxa yokuqhekeka kokuqhekeka komhlaba.
Ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lwePacific lifaka amabhande amancane okunyakazisa komhlaba, i-Kamchatka, iziqhingi zase-Aleutian.
Leli bhande ligijima ogwini olusentshonalanga Melika bese liphela kwi-South Antilles loop futhi zonke izindawo ezikhona kulayini zihlangabezana nokuzamazama okuqinile impela.
Kule ndawo engazinzile kukhona iLos Angeles.
Izindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba kwesibili zitholakala kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi kwezinye izindawo azizwakali nakancane. Kepha kwezinye izindawo ama-ecoes angafinyelela ebangeni lawo, kepha lokhu kujwayelekile kulezi zindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Izindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba kwesibili zitholakala olwandle lwe-Atlantic nolwePacific, zise-Arctic nakwezinye izingxenye zoLwandlekazi i-Indian.
Ukushaqeka ngamandla kwenzeka engxenyeni esempumalanga yawo wonke amanzi.
Isingeniso
Amabhande omhlaba ashukumisa umhlaba abizwa ngokuthi yizindawo lapho izingqimba zomhlaba we-lithospheric zihlangana khona. Kulezi zindawo, lapho kwakhiwa khona amabhande omhlaba wokuzamazama komhlaba, kukhona ukunyakaza okuthe xaxa kokuqhuma komhlaba, umsebenzi wentabamlilo ngenxa yenqubo yokwakha izintaba, ehlala iminyaka eyizinkulungwane.
Ubude balamabhande bukhulu kakhulu - amabhande alulelwa izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha.
Isici Sokugobeka Kwe-Seismic
Amabhande asolwandle akhiwa lapho kuhlangana khona amapuleti e-lithospheric.
IMeridi Pacific Ridge ingenye enkulu kunazo zonke, kulo lonke ubude bayo kukhona inani elikhulu kakhulu lokuphakama kwezintaba.
Isikhungo somthelela lapha singaphansi, ngakho-ke sisakazeka emabangeni amade. Le ridge yaseMediya inegatsha lomhlaba elisebenza ngokwengeziwe enyakatho nengxenye.
Ukushaywa okubonwa lapha kufinyelela ogwini lwaseCalifornia. ISan Francisco neLos Angeles, etholakala kule ndawo, zinhlobo lwentuthuko oluyisitezi esisodwa, kanti nezakhiwo eziphakemeyo zitholakala kuphela enkabeni yedolobha.
Endleleni ebheke eningizimu, ukuzamazama kwegatsha kuya ngokuya kuncipha futhi ogwini lwaseNtshonalanga lwaseNingizimu Melika lube buthaka. Kepha, noma kunjalo, ama-subcortical foci asalondolozwa lapha.
Elinye lamagatsha ePacific Ridge yiMpumalanga, eqala ogwini lweKamchatka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idlula e-Aleutian Islands, ihamba iye ngaseMelika futhi iyophela eFalklands.
Ukuzamazama okukhiqizwe ngaphakathi kwalesi sikhala kuncane ngamandla, ngakho-ke, indawo ayisiyona inhlekelele.
Amazwe asesiqhingi naseCaribbean asevele esendaweni ye-Antilles seismic loop, lapho kwahlonzwa khona ukuzamazama komhlaba okuningi.
Esikhathini sethu, iplanethi yehlise ukuzamazama ngandlela-thile nokuzamazama komuntu ngamunye, ngokusobala okuzwakalayo, akusekho ingozi empilweni.
Lapho lawa mabhande okuzamazama komhlaba ephephuzelwa ebalazweni, umuntu angabona indida yokuma komhlaba, equkethe okulandelayo - igatsha elingasempumalanga lePacific Ridge ligudla ugu olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho neNingizimu Melika, futhi igatsha layo elisentshonalanga liqala ukuqhela eziQhingini zaseKuril, lidlule eJapan futhi lihlukaniswe amanye amagatsha amabili .
Okuxakayo ukuthi amagama alezi zindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba akhethwe ngokuhlukile.
Amagatsha asuka eJapan abizwa nangokuthi “amaWestern” kanye “neMpumalanga”, kepha, kulokhu, ukuhlobana kwawo ngokwendawo kuyahambelana nemithetho evunyelwe ngokuvamile.
Igatsha elisempumalanga, njengoba bekulindelekile, liya empumalanga - lidlula eNew Guinea liye eNew Zealand, ligudla ugu lweziqhingi zasePhilippine Islands, iBurma, iziqhingi eziseningizimu yeThailand futhi zixhumeka ngebhande leMedithera-Trans-Asia.
Lesi sifunda sibonisa ngokuqhaqhazela okunamandla, imvamisa kwesimo esonakalisayo.
Ngakho-ke, amagama ezindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba weplanethi zihlobene nendawo yazo yokuhlala.
I-Mediterranean-Trans-Asia Seismic Belt
Leli bhande ligijimela oLwandle iMedithera nasezindaweni ezisondele ngaseningizimu zezintaba zaseYurophu, kanye nezintaba zaseNyakatho Afrika naseAsia Minor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifinyelela emaphethelweni eCaucasus ne-Iran, idabula i-Asia Ephakathi, iHindu Kush iye Kuen-Lun kanye naseHimalaya.
Izindawo ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla ngokwengeziwe kwesifunda iMedithera-iTrans-Asia yindawo yamaRomania Carpathians, Iran ne-Balochistan. Ukusuka ku-Balochistan, indawo yokuzamazama komhlaba isuka eBurma. Ukushaywa okunamandla impela kuvame kakhulu kumaHindu Kush.
Izindawo zomsebenzi ongaphansi kwamanzi webhande zitholakala e-Atlantic nase-Indian Oceans, kanye nengxenye ye-Arctic. Isizinda sokuzamazama komhlaba se-Atlantic sidlula kuLwandle lweGreenland neSpain kanye ne-Mid-Atlantic Range. Umkhawulo wokusebenza koLwandlekazi i-Indian udabula eNhlonhlo ye-Arabian ugijimela ezansi ngaseningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga kuya e-Antarctica.
Amaza omhlaba
Amandla ageleza esuka kumthombo wokuzamazama komhlaba kuzozonke izindlela - lawa ngamaza okuzamazama komhlaba, isimo sokusakazeka kwawo kuncike ekujuleni kobunzima bamatshe.
Okokuqala, amagagasi omgwaqo omude avela kuma-seismograms, noma kunjalo, amaza we-longitudinal aqoshiwe ngaphambili.
Amagagasi ama-longitudinal adlula kuzo zonke izinto - aqinile, awuketshezi futhi amagebhu futhi amelela ukushintshana kokucindezelwa nokwandiswa kwezindawo zamadwala.
Lapho ushiya amathumbu oMhlaba, ingxenye yamandla ala magagasi idluliselwa emkhathini futhi abantu bayayibona njengemisindo imvamisa engaphezu kwama-15 Hz. Kumagagasi omzimba, yiwo ashesha kakhulu.
Amagagasi aguqukayo endaweni ephakathi kwe-ketshezi awasasazeki, ngoba i-modulus ye-shear kulolo ketshezi ayi-zero.
Ngenkathi ihamba, ziguqula izinhlayiya zezinto ngama-engeli angakwesokudla ziye endaweni yazo. Uma kuqhathaniswa namagagasi ahlala isikhathi eside, ukuhamba kwamaza okugunda kuphansi futhi ngenkathi kuhamba kunyakazisa umhlaba ongaphezulu futhi kuwususe ngokuqondile nangaphezulu.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwamagagasi okuthuthumela komhlaba kungamagagasi angaphezulu komhlaba. Ukunyakaza kwamagagasi angaphezulu komhlaba, njengamagagasi emanzini. Phakathi kwamagagasi angaphezulu ahlukanisa:
Ukunyakaza kwamagagasi oNothando kufana nenyoka, basunduza idwala emaceleni endizeni enezingqimba futhi kubhekwe njengokubhubhisa kakhulu.
Ekuxhumaniseni phakathi kwemidiya emibili, kuqhamuka amaza weRayleigh. Basebenza ezinhlayiyeni zemaphakathi futhi bazenze ukuba zihambe zombili zibheke phezulu nangokuyindiza endizeni emile.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namagagasi oThando, amagagasi eRayleigh anejubane eliphansi, futhi lawo ajulile nebanga ukusuka kusiqalo se-epicenter asheshe abole.
Ukudlula emadwaleni anezakhiwo ezihlukile, amagagasi okuthuthumela komhlaba avela kuwo njengemisebe yokukhanya.
Ochwepheshe batadisha ukwakheka okujulile koMhlaba, behlola ukusakazeka kwamagagasi omhlaba. Isikimu lapha silula futhi siqukethe iqiniso lokuthi endaweni ethile icala lifakwa emhlabathini futhi kuqhume ukuqhuma komhlaba.
Ukusuka endaweni lapho kuqhuma khona, igagasi lokuzamazama komhlaba lisakazeka kuzo zonke izindlela futhi lifinyelela izingqimba ezihlukene ngaphakathi kweplanethi.
Emngceleni we-layer ngayinye efinyelelwe, kuvela amagagasi abuyela emuva ebusweni bomhlaba futhi aqoshwa eziteshini zokuzamazama komhlaba.
Ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lwePacific
Ngaphezu kwe-80% yako konke ukuzamazama komhlaba kuMhlaba kwenzeka ebhandeni lePacific. Kudlula phakathi kwezintaba ezizungeze uLwandle iPacific, ngaphansi kolwandle uqobo, kanye naseziqhingini ezingxenyeni yalo esentshonalanga ne-Indonesia.
Ingxenye esempumalanga yebhande inkulu futhi isuka eKamchatka idabula iziqhingi zase-Aleutian kanye nezindawo ezisentshonalanga ezisogwini zombili zaseMelika ziye kuLop Antilles. Ingxenye esenyakatho yebhande inomsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wokuzamazama komhlaba, ozwakala ekuxhumaneni kweCalifornia, kanye nasendaweni eseCentral naseNingizimu Melika. Ingxenye esentshonalanga ukusuka eKamchatka naseKuril Islands ifinyelela eJapan iya phambili.
Igatsha lasempumalanga lebhande ligcwele ukujiya okusontekile futhi okubukhali. Kusuka esiqhingini saseGuam, kudlulela engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNew Guinea bese kujika ngokushintshana empumalanga esiqhingini saseTonga, lapho kuthatha khona ithuba elibukhali eningizimu. Yini evumela indawo engaseningizimu yokusebenza kokuzamazama komhlaba kwebhande lePacific, manje ngesikhathi samanje ayizange ifundwe ngokwanele.
Ibhande lePacific
Ibhande le-Pacific latitudinal lifinyelela ulwandle i-Pacific Ocean kuya e-Indonesia. Ngaphezulu kwe-80% yazo zonke ukuzamazama komhlaba kuyenzeka endaweni yayo. Leli bhande lidlula eziQhingini zase-Aleutian, lisibekela ugu olusentshonalanga Melika, iNyakatho Ningizimu, lufika eziQhingini zaseJapan naseNew Guinea. Ibhande lasePacific linamagatsha amane - entshonalanga, enyakatho, empumalanga naseningizimu. Okokugcina akuqondakali kahle. Umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba uzwakala kulezi zindawo, oholela emuva enhlekeleleni yemvelo.
Ibhande laseMedithera-Trans-Asia
Ukuqala kwaleli bhande lokuzamazama komhlaba eMedithera. Idabula phakathi kwezintaba eziseningizimu yeYurophu, idlula eNyakatho Afrika naseAsia Minor, ifinyelela ezintabeni zaseHimalaya. Kulesi sigaba, iziza ezisebenza kakhulu zingokulandelayo:
- I-Romanian Carpathians,
- Insimu yase-Iranian
- Balochistan
- Hindu Kush.
Ngokuqondene nomsebenzi ongaphansi kwamanzi, kuqoshwa olwandle lwaseNdiya nase-Atlantic, kufinyelela eningizimu-nentshonalanga ye-Antarctica.
Amabhande amancane okuzamazama komhlaba
Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuzamazama komhlaba yiPacific neMedithera-Trans-Asia. Azungeze indawo ebalulekile yomhlaba wethu, onobude obude. Kodwa-ke, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngento efana namabhande wokuzamazama komhlaba wesibili. Izindawo ezintathu ezinjalo zingahlukaniswa:
- Isifunda se-Arctic,
- olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, / li>
- olwandle lwaseNdiya. / li>
Ngenxa yokuhamba kwamapuleti e-lithospheric kulezi zindawo, izehlakalo ezinjengokuzamazama komhlaba, itsunami kanye nezikhukhula. Kulokhu, izindawo eziseduzane - amazwekazi neziqhingi zithambekele ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo.
Indawo yokuzamazama komhlaba olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean
Indawo yokuzamazama komhlaba olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean yatholwa ososayensi ngo-1950. Le ndawo iqala ukusuka ogwini lwaseGreenland, igijimela eduze kweRyd-daantic underge ridge, futhi iyaphela esiqiwini seTristan da Cunha. Umsebenzi we-seismic lapha uchazwa ngamaphutha amancane we-Middle Ridge, ngoba ukunyakaza kwamacwecwe e-lithospheric kusaqhubeka lapha.
Umsebenzi womhlaba wokuLwandle lwaseNdiya
Imicu yokuzamazama komhlaba oLwandlekazi i-Indian isuka ePhalamende lase-Arabia iye eningizimu, futhi icishe ifike e-Antarctica. Indawo yokuzamazama komhlaba lapha ixhumene ne-Middle Indian Ridge. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okunomdlandla nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi kwenzeka lapha, ama-foci awajulile. Lokhu kungenxa yamaphutha ambalwa we-tectonic.
Umkhawulo womhlaba we-Arctic
Ku-Arctic zone, ukuzamazama komhlaba kuyabonakala. Ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, kanye nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokubhubhisa zenzeka lapha. Ochwepheshe babheka izikhungo eziphambili zokuzamazama komhlaba esifundeni. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi kunomsebenzi ophansi kakhulu wokuzamazama komhlaba, kepha akunjalo. Lapho uhlela noma yimuphi umsebenzi lapha, ngaso sonke isikhathi kudingeka uhlale uqaphile futhi ulungele izehlakalo ezahlukahlukene zokuzamazama komhlaba.
Ibhande le-septic le-Alpine-Himalayan
I-Alpine-Himalayan inqamula ngokuphelele i-Afrika kanye nayo yonke i-Europe.Emaphethelweni ayo, kwenzeka ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyingozi kakhulu nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo.
Ukwenza isibonelo, eChina ngo-1566, abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-800 bafa ngenxa yokuhamba kwamapuleti, kwathi abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 bafa eNdiya ngo-1737.
Ibhande leseptic le-Alpine-Himalayan lisibekela izindawo zezintaba zamazwe angaphezu kwama-30: iRussia, India, China, France, Turkey, Armenia, iRomania nabanye abaningi.
Amaphethini wokusakaza we-seismic
Uhlobo lokusakazwa kwamagagasi okuthuthumela komhlaba ngokuyinhloko kuya ngezakhiwo ezinwebekayo nobunzima bamadwala amapuleti we-lithospheric.
Zonke zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu:
I-Longitudinalamaza -avela ezintweni eziwuketshezi, eziqinile negesi. Zibangela ukulimala okuncane kakhulu emvelweni.
Amagagasi aguqukayo - sezivele zinamandla ngenxa yobukhulu bazo. Kungadala ukuzamazama komhlaba kwamazinga 2 no-3. Amagagasi aguqukayo adlula kuphela ezintweni eziqinile nezinamagesi.
Amagagasi angaphezulu - ingozi eyingozi kunazo zonke komhlaba. Yenza kuphela ebusweni bomhlaba obuqinile.
Olwandle olwe-atlantic
Ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba oLwandle i-Atlantic luqala kusuka eGreenland, luwele kanye nolwandle i-Atlantic luze lufike esiqhingini saseTristan da Cunha. Le ukuphela kwendawo lapho ukunyakaza kwamacwecwe e-lithospheric kusenzeka, yingakho kunomsebenzi omningi.
Amagama ezindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba weplanethi
Kunamabhande amabili amakhulu okuzamazama komhlaba kule planethi: iMedithera-iTrans-Asia nePacific.
U-fig. 1. Amabhande omhlaba wokuzamazama komhlaba.
I-Mediterranean-Trans-Asia leli bhande lisuka ogwini lwePersian Gulf futhi liphela phakathi koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Leli bhande libizwa nangokuthi i-latitudinal, ngoba linwebeka ngokufana nekhweyitha.
Ibhande lePacific - Okuhle, kunwebeka ngokuqondile kubhande leMedithera-Trans-Asia. Kusemgqeni waleli bhande lapho kutholakala khona inani elikhulu lezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo, iningi lawo ukuqhuma kwenzeka ngaphansi kwekholomu lamanzi oLwandle iPacific uqobo.
Uma udweba amabhande omhlaba wokuzamazama komhlaba kumephu ye-contour, uthola umdwebo othakazelisayo futhi ongaqondakali. Amabhande, njengokungathi emingceleni yamapulatifomu asendulo oMhlaba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi afakwa kuwo. Zihlotshaniswa namaphutha amakhulu wokuqhuma komhlaba, kokubili kwasendulo abancane.
Yini esiyifundile?
Ngakho-ke, ukuzamazama komhlaba akwenzeki ezindaweni ezingahleliwe eMhlabeni. Umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba wokuqunjelwa komhlaba ungabikezelwa, ngoba inqwaba yokuzamazama komhlaba yenzeka ezindaweni ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi amabhande omhlaba okunyikima komhlaba. Kukhona ezimbili kuphela kulomhlaba wethu: ibhande le-Latitudinal Mediterranean-Trans-Asia seismic, eliqonde ngokufana ne-Equator kanye nebhande le-Pacific seismic le-merisional, elibhekene ne-latitudinal.
Ingxoxo eningiliziwe ngalolu daba
Ngemuva kokuphothula ngempumelelo lesi sifundo, abafundi bazokwazi. Chaza ubunjalo nezimbangela zokuzamazama komhlaba, ukukhomba izindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu bokuzamazama komhlaba wonke, xoxa ngokuthuthumela komhlaba kweCanada neBritish Columbia, bese usebenzisa imingcele yokulinganisa ukuzamazama komhlaba, njengobukhulu nobukhulu bokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukushukumisa ukunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba kungumphumela wokukhishwa okungazelelwe kwamandla. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka lapho izingcindezi ezingaphakathi kwamadwala womhlaba zidedelwa ngamandla.
Indida encane yendawo
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwaseWenchuan kucekele phansi imigwaqo emigwaqweni emikhulu yaseDujianyan-Wenchuan. Lokhu bekusho ukuthi indlela yamaqembu yokutakula nayo ibivaliwe. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kukalwa izikhathi ezi-5 esikalini sikaRichter, kwathi phakathi nenyanga kwaba nokuzamazama okubili okuyisilinganiso esingu-8 noma ngaphezulu kweziyishumi. Amandla akhishwe ukuzamazama komhlaba ayemakhulu kangangokuba abangela ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo eziyisithupha ezikhona waze wadala nezintsha ezintathu. I-tsunami ebangelwe ukuzamazama komhlaba yazamazama uLwandlekazi iPacific ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-850 ngehora, okuthinta izindawo ezikude neHawaii neJapan.
Umzekeliso 3. Ibhande lokuzamazama komhlaba lwePacific.
Ingxenye enkulu yaleli bhande yiMpumalanga. Kusuka eKamchatka, kudabula iziQhingi zase-Aleutian kanye nezindawo ezisentshonalanga ezisogwini eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika ziqonde ngqo kwi-South Antilles loop.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwaseWenchuan bekugxile ngokujulile, kubonakaliswa amandla amakhulu okubhubhisa. Njengoba isithombe sibonisa, ngisho namathempeli asentabeni. UDutuan waseMianyang wawa. Isifunda esikhulu sesibili sokuzamazama komhlaba yibhande laseMedithera-Himalayan lokuzamazama komhlaba. Ama-Azores oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic awasentshonalanga ngokwedlulele, ukusuka lapho igijimisana ne-Atlantic Range, oLwandle iMedithera, yonke indlela eya eMyanmar, bese kuthi eningizimu, kuxhuma neRing of Fire e-Indonesia.
Ibhande laseMedithera-Himalayan lokuzamazama komhlaba lifaka amabanga asezintabeni ambalwa: ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga, libanga i-Alps neBalkan peninsula futhi lisuka enyakatho liye eningizimu, ngeziqongo eziwugwadule zase-Asia Minor kanye nethafa lase-Iranian, futhi ekugcineni iHimalaya, intaba enkulu kunayo yonke uhlu. Izintaba eziphakeme kuleli bhande lokuzamazama komhlaba mncane - eqinisweni, zincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kulapha lapho kwenzeka khona ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kwasendulo, esikwaziyo ngamarekhodi asendulo.
Igatsha lasempumalanga alilindelekile futhi aliqondi kahle. Kugcwele ukusonta okubukhali nokwasontekile.
Ingxenye esenyakatho yebhande isebenza kakhulu ngokuzamazama komhlaba, okuhlala kuzwakala izakhamizi zaseCalifornia, kanye naseCentral naseNingizimu Melika.
Ingxenye esentshonalanga yebhande elihlanganayo isuka eKamchatka, ifinyelela eJapan iya phambili.
Lezi zindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba zinento eyodwa ezifuze ngayo - isihloko esikhulu kakhulu se-wavy. Amabanga wezintaba nawo asemncane ngokwendawo, futhi lezi zinto ezimbili ziyisisekelo sokuthi kungani ukwakheka komzimba oyinhloko webhande lokuzamazama komhlaba kungakwazi ukunyakaza okunamandla okunjalo.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kungumphumela wokuhamba kwamapuleti e-tectonic, futhi imingcele phakathi kwamapuleti kulapho kwenzeka khona ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu. Imingcele ephakathi kwamapuleti we-Yuria ne-Australia entshonalanga, ipuleti laseMelika empumalanga ne-Antarctic plate eningizimu yakha iRing of Fire. Ibhande le-seismic laseMedithera-Himalayan lingumngcele phakathi kwamapuleti wase-Yuria, ase-Afrika kanye nase-Australia.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kakhulu kwamakhulu angama-20- 21
Njengoba iPacific Ring of Fire ibiza kuze kube ngu-80% wakho konke ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukwesabeka okuyinhloko mayelana namandla namandla okubhubhisa kwenzeka kulesi sifunda. Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngeJapan, eye yaphenduka isisulu sokuzamazama komhlaba okunzima. Okubhubhisa kakhulu, noma kungesinamandla amakhulu emidumo yawo, kwaba ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1923, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Great Kanto Earthquake. Ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, ngesikhathi nangemva kwemiphumela yale nhlekelele kufe abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-174, abanye abayizinkulungwane ezingama-545, inani labantu abahlukunyezwayo lilinganiselwa kwizigidi ezine. Ukuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kakhulu kwaseJapan (okunesisindo esukela ku-9.0 kuye ku-9,1) kwakuyinhlekelele edumile yango-2011, lapho itsunami enamandla ebangelwa ukushaqeka okungaphansi kwamanzi ogwini lwaseJapan yabangela ukubhujiswa emadolobheni asogwini, kanye nomlilo esakhiweni sokhemisi eSendai nasengozini Ama-Nokungu-1 we-Fokushima-1 abangele ukulimala okukhulu emnothweni wezwe uqobo kanye nasekulahlekelweni kwemvelo komhlaba wonke.
Okuqine kakhulu Kuzo zonke izindawo zokuzamazama komhlaba okubhaliwe, ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kweGreater Chile kunamandla afinyelela ku-9.5, okwenzeka ngo-1960, kuyabhekwa (uma ubheka imephu, kuba sobala ukuthi kwenzeka futhi esifundeni sokuzamazama komhlaba sePacific). Inhlekelele eyabulala abantu abaningi kakhulu ngekhulu lama-21 kwaba nokuzamazama komhlaba kuka-Indian Ocean ngonyaka ka-2004, lapho itsunami enamandla eyayingumphumela wayo yabiza cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-300 abavela emazweni acishe abe ngama-20. Kumephu, indawo yokuzamazama komhlaba ibhekisa entshonalanga yePacific Ring.
Ebhokisini lokuzamazama komhlaba iMedithera-Trans-Asia, ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu okukhulu okubhubhisayo nakho kwenzeka. Okunye kwalokhu ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ngo-1976 eTangshan, lapho kufe kuphela imininingwane esemthethweni evela ku-PRC 242,419 yabantu, kepha ngokusho kweminye imibiko isibalo sezisulu singeqi kuma-655,000, okwenza lokhu kuzamazama komhlaba kube ngesinye esabulala kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.