Impumelelo yenzalo ngezinga elikhulu incike ekwaneleni kokuziphatha kwabazali, okuyinto ebalulekile ekukhetheni kwemvelo. Ukunakekelwa kwenzalo ezilwaneni eziningi kuqala ngokulungiselela ukuzalwa kwayo. Imvamisa, ukufuduka kwezilwane okwenzeka ngesikhathi esithile kuhlotshaniswa nokuhamba kuya ezindaweni ezizaliswayo, kwesinye isikhathi izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka endaweni yokuhlala. Izilwane ezingenzi uhambo olude kanjalo zikhetha indawo yazo yokwakha isidlwana kusengaphambili, futhi eziningi zazo ziyigada ngokucophelela futhi ilungisa izindawo zokukhosela - izidleke, imisele, amadishi, evumelaniswa nenzalo esizayo.

Izinhlobo Zokunakekelwa Kwesithombo

1. Ukuntuleka ngokuphelele kokunakekela izingane. Invertebrates nenhlanzi eziningi azinendaba nezalo. Impumelelo yokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezinjalo iqinisekisa ukuzalwa kabusha kwazo ngobuningi. Ekujuleni okukhulu kolwandle, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezingenamsoco nezinhlanzi, zibuthana emihlambini emikhulu, zibeka izigidi zamaqanda, adliwa ngokushesha yisibalo esikhulu sezidalwa ezihle zomzimba. Ukuphela kokusindiswa kwezinhlobo ezinje fecundity enkulu, nokho evumela ukuthi siphile futhi sisinde ezweni elivuthiwe, inani elincane nelidingekayo lezizukulwane ngokuzalwa kwabantu. Amakhulu nezigidi abale inani lamaqanda ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinhlanzi ezibekela amaqanda kukholamu yamanzi. Ngakho-ke, insikazi yepiki enkulu yasolwandle ehlala olwandle olusenyakatho - amabhu akhukhula afinyelela ezigidini ezingama-60 ngesizini eyodwa, kanti nenyoni enkulu yasolwandle, ifinyelela esilinganisweni sethani elilodwa nengxenye, iphonsa amaqanda afinyelela ezigidini ezingama-300 ngobukhulu bamanzi olwandle. Amaqanda agcotshwe enikezwe ithuba, ahlangana ne-plankton noma acwila ezansi, afe ngobuningi obungenakubalwa. Isiphetho esifanayo sehlela izibungu ezivele emaqanda.

2. Ukubekwa kwamaqanda emzimbeni womunye wabazali. Izinsikazi zezilwane eziningi zasolwandle zinamathisela amaqanda aqokiwe ngqo emzimbeni wazo futhi zizithwale, kanye nentsha ecijile, zize zizimele. Ukuziphatha okufanayo kuyabonakala ezilwaneni eziningi zasemanzini: i-starfish, i-shrimp namanye ama-crustaceans. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kuyisinyathelo esilandelayo ekwandiseni ukunakekelwa kwezingane, kepha kukho konke akusenzelwa ikakhulukazi.

Isibalo samaqanda abekwe silingana ngokulingana nezinga lokunakekelwa kwabazali. Le ndlela iqinisekiswa kahle yi-starfish, okukhona phakathi kwayo ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezihlwitha amaqanda ngqo emanzini, lapho zivundiswa ngesidoda sabesilisa abaningana, kanye nezinhlobo ezithwala amaqanda emzimbeni. Ezinhlotsheni zeqembu lokuqala, inani lamaqanda avuthwa emzimbeni weqanda lowesifazane lifinyelela ezigidini ezingama-200, kuyilapho kuyi-starfish enakekela inzalo, inani lamaqanda elibekiwe alidluli emakhulu ambalwa.

3. Iqanda elibekwe endaweni eyatholakala ngaphambilini noma elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile. Isinyathelo esilandelayo sokwenza ubunzima bokuziphatha kwabazali ukubeka amaqanda endaweni efanele. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuzalela amaqanda, impukane idinga ukuthola isidumbu sesilwane noma ucezu lwenyama olubolile, olungadliwa yizibungu. Uvemvane wesidleke, iso lesipikili noma umhambisi, ukuhlinzeka ngamacimbi abo ngokudla okudingekayo, kumele bathole izikhonkwane, kanye nembhungane yobhejane - isixha sezimbali ezinhle. Uhlobo olufanayo lokunakekela izingane lukhonjiswa iningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuthola izindawo zokufakwa amaqanda abo ngenqanaba elifanele lomswakama kanye lokushisa. Kaningi, ngenxa yalokhu kufanele bambe umgodi noma umgodi. Kubo bonke abameleli baleli qembu, ukunakekelwa kwenzalo kuphela lapho, futhi ikusasa lamaqanda elibekiwe alikabakhathazi. Okumangazayo njengoba kungabonakala ekuqaleni kokuthathwa, leli qembu lifaka i-wasps eyodwa nezinyosi, kanye nabagibeli, okubonisa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuziphatha okungokwemvelo okuhambisana nokunikeza izimo ezidingekayo zokuthuthukiswa kwamaqanda abekiwe. Izinsikazi zalezi zinambuzane, ngaphambi kokuzalela amaqanda, zithola izinambuzane noma izicabucabu zezinhlobo ezithile, zizenze zikhubazeke, zilume ku-nerve ganglia edingekayo. Ngakho-ke, lesi sinambuzane esikhubazekile, siyindlela yokudla ethosiwe ephilayo ezokondla izibungu zesinambuzane kuze kube imidlwane. Eminye iminyovu idonsela inyamazane emzimbeni okade yambiwa, indlela okuthi lapho selifakwe kuyo iqanda, ivalwe ngokucophelela.

4. Ukwakhiwa kwezidleke nokuvikelwa kwazo kuze kuzalwe inzalo. Uhlobo oluphelele kakhulu lokunakekela inzalo lungabhekwa njengokwakhiwa kwesidleke, ukubeka amaqanda noma amaqanda lapho nokuvikelwa kwalo kuze kufike umzuzu lapho izingane ezikhulayo zikushiya. Lokhu kuziphatha kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi eziningi, izicabucabu, ama-octopus, amanye ama-milliped, njll. Izinga elithile lokunakekelwa lingabangelwa ukuthathwa kwamaqanda no-fry emlonyeni ngabesilisa bezinhlanzi ezithile, kanye namaqanda nemithungo emilenzeni yangasemuva yesandla sombelethisi noma ngemuva kwendoda kaPippa Surinamese. Kulokhu, umgodi womlomo noma umsebenzi emuva njengesidleke. Leli zinga libonakala ngokungabikho kwanoma iyiphi inzalo ngabazali abasebancane, okuthola ukuzimela okuncane.

5. Ukunakekela izingane zize zizitholele inkululeko. Ukunakekelwa kwesikhathi eside kwenzalo kuyaphawulwa kwezinye izinhlobo zama-invertebrates nezinhlanzi. Ukuphelela okukhulu kutholakala ngokunakekela izingane zezinambuzane zomphakathi.

Izibonelo eziningi zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuziphatha kwabazali zibonisa ama-amphibians. Ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphakeme, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokunakekela izingane, okuncike, okokuqala, ezingeni lokuvuthwa kosanda kuzalwa.

Ngamagama ajwayelekile, amaqembu alandelayo wokuziphatha kwabazali angahlukaniswa phakathi kwabo:

ukukhulisa inzalo ngowesifazane oyedwa noma owesilisa oyedwa,

ukukhulisa inzalo ngabazali bobabili,

amakonyana akhula eqenjini eliyinkimbinkimbi lomndeni.

Ukuvela kwezibungu nokuthi ziyini

Ijezi le-hypodermic liyimpukane enkulu engaba ngu-1,3-1,8 cm ubude. Inekhanda eliphuzi elinamehlo amakhulu amnyama, isisu esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imilenze yamawolintshi, nezimpiko ezibonakala obala. Umzimba wonke umbozwe izinwele, okwenza lesi sinambuzane sibukeke njengesixhumo. Umuntu omdala akadli, esebenzisa izakhi ezinqwabelaniswa izibungu.

Umjikelezo wokuphila

Igagogo yisinambuzane esinezixhaxha ezivaliwe zezinguquko. Umjikelezo wokuthuthuka okugcwele ubandakanya indlela esuka kwizibungu ukuya esigabeni sabadala. Lesi sinambuzane siphila ezinsukwini ezintathu kuya kwezingu-20. Ekupheleni kokuphila, ilahlekelwa cishe yi-1/3 yesisindo somzimba wayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimbi, kubukeka sengathi yiqhwa, kuphila ngezitshalo. Noma imuphi umjikelezo wokuphila ngaphakathi komzimba wesinambuzane uzokwehliswa.

Izigaba zokuthuthukisa izibungu

Izibungu zejezi zizodlula emzimbeni womuntu izigaba ezi-3 zokubunjwa. Kuzo zonke izigaba, ihluka ngendlela yayo:

• Esiteji 1, ubukeka njengesibungu esincane esingenakhanda nesimhlophe esingenamlenze. Ekupheleni komzimba kukhona ukuqina kube nemivimbo emi-3 yombala omnyama. Lesi sigaba sokubumba sithatha izinsuku ezingama-7, ngemuva kokuchitha futhi siqhubekele kolandelayo.
• Esigabeni 2, izibungu zinosayizi omkhulu nesimo sebhodlela. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-18, izinambuzane ziyashintsha ziye esigabeni esilandelayo.
• Esigabeni 3, igajethi izokwanda ngosayizi. Esikhathini esingangenyanga, uzoba umuntu omdala bese eqhubeka nokuhlala emzimbeni we-host kuze kufike amasonto ayi-10, bese ekhasa ebusweni besikhumba bese eshiya umuntu, awele phansi.

Isigaba ngasinye sibonisa amachashazi amancanyana nemikhaba emnyama ezungeze isifuba.

Kubalulekile! I-larva izokondla ngezicubu nemiswakama yesitho somsingathi, ichize izakhi eziqinile ngama-enzymes akhethekile wesikhumba.

I-Cutaneous myiasis i-epidermal.

Nge-epidermal myiasis, amaqanda empukane angena kuphela ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zesikhumba. Kaningi, lo mkhuba ubhekene nokutheleleka ngegciwane lezibungu. Kubukeka kanjani, bheka isithombe.

Uma izibungu zingena ezingxenyeni ezijulile zesikhumba nezindawo ezihlala kuzo izicubu ezisebenzayo

ukubhekana nalokho ohambelana nakho
myiasis ongukhiye
. Lolu hlobo lwesifo se-myiasis kubantu lubangelwa ukungena kwezibungu zezimpukane nezixhobo zesikhumba ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Isici esibonakalayo salesi sifo isimila esincane esingashintsha indawo edluliselwe kuyo. Izinduna zivame ukufana namathumba ebusweni besikhumba.

Ama-cavity miases. Kwakhiwa ukungena kwezibungu zezinambuzane kube izicubu ezithambile nemithambo yomzimba ngokubhujiswa kwabo okuqhubekayo.

Futhi ekugcineni, uhlobo olukhethekile lwesifo - i-ocular myiasis

. Esithombeni ungasibona ngemininingwane eminingi. Umphumela omuhle kakhulu kumuntu uma isibungu sogwadule noma impukane singeniswa ku-conjunctival sac yeso (isifunda esiseyili esikhulu). Icala eliyingozi kakhulu yilapho kutholwa amaqanda ezinambuzane kuhlo lwamehlo.

Ngabe izibungu zingena kanjani emzimbeni womuntu?

Imvamisa, igajethi ifaka izibungu emzimbeni womuntu, ezisengozini. Izici ezaziwa kakhulu:

• izingane noma ukuguga
• ukungahambisani nemithetho yenhlanzeko,
• ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo
• utshwala nezidakamizwa,
• isifo sikashukela,
• izifo zenhliziyo kanye nokuphazamiseka kokujikeleza kwegazi,
• Ukuhambela amazwe ashisayo.

Eqinisweni, izibungu zihlala njalo emzimbeni womuntu, imvamisa izinkomo zitholakala ekuhlaselweni kwako. Ama-parasites esigabeni sokuqala sokubumba ayakwazi ukuba ngaphansi kwesikhumba, mucosa noma emgodini wokugaya ukudla. Indawo izoncika kuhlobo lwenkathazo. Ukungena emzimbeni womuntu ngenye indlela:

• insikazi ivame ukubamba omiyane nezinye izinambuzane eziphuza igazi. Ibamba amazenga ayo, izalela amaqanda esiswini nasemhlane,
• khona-ke isinambuzane siyabadedela. Ngenxa yalokho, bayoba ngabalamuli ekuthelelekeni kwabantu ngezibungu. Zindiza futhi, zihlala emuntwini, ziyaluma, futhi ngamanxeba noma imifantu eyakhekile, izibungu zingena esikhunjeni. Lapho, amaqanda ayozizwa efudumele futhi ephaphama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu ziyakwazi ukungena ngendlela ethambile evela ezifuyweni ezinkulu. Imvamisa lokhu kungenzeka emaphandleni, epulazini kanye nasemadlelo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi izitho zomuntu ziba yindawo yezidambuzane. Kwanele ukudla inyama enegciwane.

Kubalulekile! Umuntu omdala akadli lutho empilweni yonke. Inezakhi ezanele ezinqwabelene lapho ibiyisibungu.

Kuphi futhi nini ukulinda umhlangano ne-gadfly?

Isikhathi sesikhathi somsebenzi womagajethi kuya ngomkhawulo wesimo sezulu okuyiwona noma lawo ndawo. Isikhathi eside ihlobo, isikhathi eside kunalesi. E-Russia, kuthatha izinyanga ezintathu - kusuka kuJuni kuze kube ngu-Agasti. Lapho igwebu lesinambuzane linyamalala - sekuyisikhathi sokulungiselela ukubanda.

Igagogo lisebenza kakhulu esomeni esomile, esishisayo. Elangeni elivulekile, uphenduka abe yisilo sangempela, kodwa angathandi umswakama onamafu.

Indawo ejwayelekile yokuhlala kwegajethi ingasogwini lwezindawo zokugcina zemvelo, kanye nehlathi kanye nesitebhisi. Imvamisa, lezi zinambuzane zithanda izindawo ezithile lapho inani elikhulu labesifazane liqongelela khona. Ngokwemvelo, nabesilisa beza lapha. Imvamisa lezi zindawo ziyindawo yezilwane ezifuywayo noma zemabula njalo. Umuntu kufanele angahlali kude nabo.

Izimpawu Zokubonakala Emzimbeni

Kakhulu, “ngokuhlelela” ukuhlaselwa futhi usondele kulowo ohlukumezekile, imveku igxuma kakhulu futhi ngokungathandeki. Lapho ukuluma kwenzeka, izimpawu ezilandelayo ziyasayina:

• ibala elibomvu esikhumbeni elingububanzi be-1 mm noma elikhudlwana,
• ukushiswa ngokweqile, ukulunywa,
• igazi elinganqamuki isikhathi eside,
• ukuvuvukala okukhulu, okwakha isikhathi esithile ngemuva kokuluma (kaningi eduze kwamehlo),
• impilo ibe yimbi, izimpawu zokuthi ubuthi ulunywe yizifo eziningi.

Imvamisa ngemuva kokulunywa yisinambuzane, umuntu uba nezimpawu zokungezwani komzimba noma i-dermatitis. Ukuhlanzeka kuvame ukwanda kube ngosayizi omkhulu futhi kuhlala izinsuku eziningana. Ukuze ugweme ukuvela kwemiphumela enjalo, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele ngokushesha ngemuva kokuxhumana nesinambuzane.

Izimpawu ze-Dermatobiasis

I-dermatobiasis yisifo esidala isibungu segajethi yomuntu ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Kubonakala ngezibonakaliso ezithile:

• indawo lapho izibungu zingaba khona noma kuphi emzimbeni womuntu, yebo amehlo, ekuqaleni kufana nokulunywa umiyane,
• emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, isikhumba siqala ukufuthelana, ukuvuvukala nokulimala kuyabonakala endaweni yezibungu,
• emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, amafomu wesikhumba esihlanzayo esikhunjeni, esivuleka ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuhlinzeka ngokuhlinzekela komoya-mpilo ukuthuthukisa izibungu,
• isiguli sihlangabezana nezimpawu zokudakwa: isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, isiyezi,
• izicubu zomzimba kanye nokuhlangana, umkhuhlane,
• abanye banokuphazamiseka kwesisu ngendlela yohudo,
• uma umuntu ethambekele ekushayweni okwenziwa yi-allergen, i-itching kanye nesibungu esikhulu kungenzeka ezindaweni lapho kungeniswa khona izibungu,
• ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezibungu, umuzwa wokuhamba ngaphansi kwesikhumba ungavela,
• uma amehlo ethintekile, kunokucasuka kolwelwesi lwe-mucous, izinhlungu, ukwanda kokuqothuka, ukopha, uma izinyathelo zingathathwanga ngesikhathi, ungahluleka noma ungalahlekelwa ngokuphelele umbono,
• uma izibungu zingene ekhaleni, lokhu kubonakaliswa ikhanda, ukuvuvukala kwezono, izinhlungu ekhaleni, kwesinye isikhathi izibungu zishiya umuntu ngokuvula kwamakhala.

Izibungu zingasuswa ngokuhlinzwa kuphela esimweni somtholampilo.

Ukwelapha ukutheleleka nge izibungu?

Ukubonakala kwanoma yiziphi izinto zangaphandle ngaphakathi emzimbeni zidinga ukususwa ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngezidalwa ezihlwabusayo. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izibungu zihamba ngokukhululeka emzimbeni wonke, zilimaza izicubu, zidla ngokubonga kumgcini wazo.

Kodwa ukwenza noma yiziphi izenzo ngomzimba wakho ngokwakho akunconywa. Kunoma yisiphi isimo, udinga ukubonana nodokotela, ngoba ukususwa kwezibungu ngaphansi kwesikhumba akwanele ukuthi ekugcineni ululame.

Ezimweni eziningi, udinga ukusebenzisa imishanguzo yokubulala amagciwane kanye namafutha okulwa nokuvuvukala. Izinyathelo ezinje kuphela ezokwenza ukuthi kungabandakanywa imiphumela emibi yezilokazane ezihlala emzimbeni.

Ukuxilonga

Ngezinhloso zokuxilonga sifo, kuhlolwa igazi kwenziwa, inani lama-antibodies linqunywa. Isiguli sizothola ukuthi ngabe sasisendaweni yokusabalala kwalesi sifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle, lapho kutholakala khona ithumba elihlanzekile elinokuvulwa esikhumbeni. Uchwepheshe uhlola ukugxila okukhanyayo ngesikhulisi.

Kubalulekile! Uma kukhona izinsolo zokuthi kukhona ubukhona bezibungu emzimbeni, kunconywa ukuthi ubonane nochwepheshe wezifo ezithathelwanayo noma udokotela oyi-parasitologist.

Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa

Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa kuyinkambo ekhethekile yezidakamizwa ezokwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukuxosha lesi sinambuzane. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunikezwa izimo ezingezinhle zomzimba. Akufanele uzame ukwenza umuthi wokwelapha izidakamizwa ngaphandle kokuthinta uchwepheshe, ngoba ezinye izidakamizwa azilungele umzimba.

Ngaphambi kokukhipha izibungu ngaphansi kwesikhumba, i-Ivermectin iyadingeka ukuthi idakwe. Kubhekwa njenge-antiparasitic. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kuphela okuzoqalwa khona.

Ukukhishwa kweLva

Ngaphambi kokususa amagciwane, ithumba kufanele lihlaselwe magciwane. Lokhu kwenziwa ikakhulu ngosizo lwe-furatsilina. Ukuvikela lesi sinambuzane ekuphefumuleni, kufanele kudonswe uwoyela omncane emgodini lapho kungena khona umoya. Ngemuva kwalokho izibungu kufanele ziphume, njengoba ukushoda kwe-oxygen kuqala. Lapho kuvela igajethi ephuma emgodini ongaphansi kwesikhumba, ikhishwa ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile.

Ukuhlinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenziwa kuphela ngudokotela.Isinambuzane ngokwaso sitholakala ezingxenyeni ezingezansi ze-epidermis. Lapho isiguli sizama ngokuzimele ukwenza inqubo, okungukuthi, kunengozi yokuthi ingxenye yegajethi ihlale ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Ngalesi ukuthuthukiswa kwemicimbi, kuzovela ubomvu, bese inqubo yokuvuvukala iqale.

Lapho umsebenzi usuqediwe, kufakwa i-antiseptic dress esizeni se-abscess.

I-tissue myiasis: amafomu, izimpawu, ukwelashwa

Uhlobo lwesikhumba se-myiasis luvame ukutholakala kubantu abaphila ezimeni zokuhlanzeka zokuhlanzeka. Lesi sifo singadalwa izibungu zezinhlobo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili zezimpukane, kanye nesibazi sesihlabathi. Izinambuzane zinamathela ngokuthembekile esikhunjeni, zenze imigudu kuwo bese zibeka izibungu zazo lapho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutheleleka kungenzeka ngezilonda ezivulekile nezimpawu zokulimala kwezilonda.

Esigabeni sokuqala sentuthuko, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola lesi sifo. Kodwa-ke, kunezimpawu eziphambili, ukubukeka kwazo kudinga ukunakekelwa ngokushesha kwezokwelapha:

Akunakwenzeka ukutheleleka ngefomu lesikhumba le-myiasis kusuka kumuntu ogulayo. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka lapho kuhlangene nesinambuzane esifakwe yizihlahla ezinomhlabathi, isihlabathi, imikhiqizo, ngenkathi sinakekela izilwane zasepulazini ezigulayo izibungu zazo zikhona ngoboya bazo.

I-Cochliomiasis itholakala ngokuhlolwa kwangaphandle, i-ultrasound, i-magnetic resonance noma i-computer tomography. Amasampula e-biopsy athathwa endaweni ethintekile, kuhlolwe negazi futhi.

Ukuphela kwendlela ephephile yokukhipha izibungu ngefomu le-myiasis eli-cutaneous ukuhlinzwa. Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, isiguli sithola i-antiseptic dress, futhi kunqunywe imithi elwa namagciwane.

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka

Ukuze ugweme ukutheleleka ngezibungu, umuntu kufanele aqaphele lapho ehamba, ikakhulukazi, emazweni afudumele. Kunconywa ukulandela imithetho elandelayo:

• gqoka izingubo ezimboza umzimba kuze kufike lapho,
• sebenzisa okuthengiswayo
• lapho ukuluma sekwenzekile, kufanele kuphathwe nge-antiseptic,
• uma uzizwa kabi, udinga ukubonana nodokotela.

Izibungu eziningi zingavusa imiphumela ehlukahlukene, isibonelo:

• komzimba
• ukutheleleka nge-purulent,
• i-meningitis, i-pneumocephaly, isilonda,
• ukuguguleka kwakhala noma wamehlo.

Kubalulekile! Ukubona ukwanda kwesikhumba ebukeka njengokulunywa, kuyadingeka ukuthola ukuthi iyathinteka yini ngegigogo, ikakhulukazi, ukuba semazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo. Enye yezindlela eziphumelelayo zokubalwa kwe-dermatobiasis ukubhujiswa kwezimpukane, omiyane nezinye izinambuzane endlini.

Ukwakhiwa amakoloni izimbungulu

Ukuthi izimbungulu nezibungu zazo kubukeka kanjani, kufakwe kwikholoni kungabonakala esithombeni esilandelayo. Izinambuzane ikakhulu zisezindlini zokuvikelwa, ezibavikela kubazingeli, usongo lokubhujiswa, zinciphisa umthelela we-microclimate futhi zinikeze ithuba elihle lapho ukhetha umlingani. Ama-Pheromones asiza izimbungulu zombhede ukuba zihlangane emakoloni, zikwazi ukuxhumana kuzo hhayi ngosizo lwezinto ezibucayi ezivezwa yizindlala, kepha nangosizo lwama-mechanoreceptors akhiwe phezulu kwezilokazane.

Abesifazane bavame ukuphuma emakoloni ukuze bathole izindawo ezintsha zokubeka amaqanda nemithombo yokudla entsha. Ngenkathi ikoloni, abesilisa bafihla izinto ezinamakha, baheha izintokazi ezingafundile futhi zibabaze abanye abesilisa.

Kuze kube manje, uhlobo oludumile kakhulu lwegazi yi-bugs noma, njengoba aziwa kakhulu, izimbungulu zombhede. Encazelweni nasekwenziweni kwesiphazamiso ngasinye, akukho ukuguqulwa kwesikhathi eside - ukuguqulwa okufana namanye ama-arachnids, izinambuzane ezinamaphiko. Isimo seminyaka yezimbungulu ezindala zihlukile kubukhulu bezithelo, ngamanye amagama, izibungu umuntu ngamunye zincishiswa kaningi, zifinyelela usayizi wazo omkhulu.

INDLELA ENkulu YOKUPHAKAMISA IBOTTOM EBUKA NGAYO -
IZITHOMBE

Izibungu zeGadfly emzimbeni wezilwane

Lezi zinambuzane ziyingozi nasezilwaneni, imfuyo ayinakuzivikela ekuhlaselweni kwazo. Umuntu olunywe yisilonda uba novalo, alahlekelwe isisindo ngenxa yokungondleki. Izibungu zeGadfly emzimbeni wesilwane zingathatha izinto ezizuzisayo. Izinambuzane eziningi zenza buthaka imfuyo, eqala ukulimaza futhi ilahlekelwe umbono.

Ukufuduka kuqeda umphumela odabukisayo ngemuva kokutheleleka. Imizwa izokonakala, ukopha ngaphakathi kuzoqala. Ukutheleleka ngalesi sinambuzane kuvusa imiphumela elandelayo ezilwaneni:

• ezinkomeni, isivuno sobisi sehliswa cishe yi-6%,
• ukukhula kwentsha kuyabambezeleka,
• isikhumba sezilwane esedlule ku-hypodermatosis sinezimbobo ezonakalisa izinto ezingavuthiwe,
• amaphilisi lapho kuqhamuke khona izibungu kususwe, ngenxa yokuthi inyama eningi ilahleka. Kwezinye izimo, ngokutheleleka okukhulu, cishe ama-10% ezinto ezingavuthiwe ayanqunywa.

Kubalulekile! Ngokukhombisa okuncane kakhulu kokutheleleka, kufanele uye esibhedlela.

Cishe ziyizinkulungwane ezingama-150 zegadiwe ezaziwayo emhlabeni. Munye kuphela onobungozi ebantwini. Lesi sinambuzane sihlala emazweni anesimo sezulu esishisayo, kodwa futhi kungenzeka ukuthi singenwe yileli gciwane. Ngakho-ke, kufanele uqaphele futhi uma izimpawu zokuqala zivela, bonana nodokotela ngokushesha.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukuhlangana negadale nokuthi ungamehlula kanjani

Kuleli zwe, akukho okungenakwenzeka, futhi ungahlangana nogajethi ngisho "nasehlathini" lasemadolobheni. Kepha ubungozi bukhuphula okuphindwe kalishumi kulabo abaphumela ngaphandle. Abahambi abanolwazi bayazi ukuthi yini igajethi elingabonakali (isinambuzane). Ukuthi ungaphatha kanjani naye futhi okungenani ukuze uzivikele okungenani, basekhona futhi ekwazini. Nakhu okufanele kwenziwe yilowo nalowo izivakashi:

• ngamatende afakwe amanetha omiyane,
• mayelana nezingubo zombala ongathathi hlangothi - amagajethi athanda imibala egqamile,
• ngomhlonyane, umdondoshiya, i-yarrow, ongathwala uwubeke eceleni kwetende,
• mayelana ne-camomile, amagatsha awo angaphonswa emlilweni ovuthayo - intuthu enjalo enongiwe izokwethusa igajethi.

Futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhumbula: igajethi yisinambuzane (isithombe saso esingabonakala kulesi sihloko) siyingozi impela! Akufanele ukunaka izindlela zokuvimbela. Futhi uma kwenzeka uba yisisulu somhlukumezi, khona-ke kufanele uphathe ngokucophelela ukuluma. Ngabe kuyenzeka?! Kulokhu, isaga esidala saseRussia: "UNkulunkulu usindisa umuntu okhathalelayo".

Kuphakama imisebe yabantu ngenxa yokungena kwezibungu kanye nama-arthropods avuthiwe ngokobulili emathanjeni nasemizimbeni yomzimba. Imvamisa, ama-ejenti okubangela kwalesi sifo yilezi:

• i-flybock, engena ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi yakhe imigudu eyinqayizivele lapho,
• indiza enesihlabathi, impukane e-gourmet ne-motley, ingangena ngaphansi kwe-epidermis futhi ibeke amaqanda,
• i-carrion, ushizi nezimpukane ze-wolfarth ezithinta isikhumba esonakele nolwelwesi lwama-mucous,
• izimpukane ezincane zasendlini, okuluhlaza okotshani, okumpunga nezimpukane zeDrosophila, kungathinta amathumbu, izindlebe nohlelo lwezitho zangasese,
• i-cavity yezimvu i-glue, ethinta izitho zombono,
• impukane yenyama ehlala ohlelweni lokuphefumula.

Indlela ejwayelekile yokutheleleka ngokusebenzisa izindawo ezilimele zesikhumba nolwelwesi lwama-mucous. Izinambuzane zingabeka amaqanda emehlweni, ezindlebeni, ekhaleni, emanxebeni noma ezinjeni. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpukane ziyakwazi ukungena ngenzalo yazo ngokuzayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kokudla okuthelelekile okungazange kusetshenzwe kahle nakho kungadala i-myiasis.

ngokungafani nabantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili, izibungu azisabeli emiphumeleni yamakhemikhali amaningi. Lokhu kuchaza amandla abo okuhlala emathunjini, i-duodenum kanye nesinye isikhathi eside.

Okokuqala, ama-miase ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-pathogen fly:

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifo esidalwa izibungu sihleleke ngokuya ngendawo. Kukhona izicubu, isisu, i-ocular kanye ne-matumbo myiasis.

Izinambuzane ezizuzisayo

Imvamisa, abalimi basebenzisa izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ukubulala cishe zonke izinambuzane esizeni ukuvikela ukutshala kwazo ezilwanyaneni. Kepha eziningi zazo azilimazi isilimo kuphela, kodwa futhi ziyizitha zemvelo zezinhlobo eziyingozi.

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithi izinambuzane ezidla inyama zinganciphisa isibalo sezilokazane ezinkulu zasengadini cishe ngesigamu. Futhi ukuba khona kwabo esizeni kuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okusebenzayo kakhulu kunokusetshenziswa kokubulala izinambuzane.

Imvamisa, izidalwa ezisebenzayo ezilandelayo zitholakala ezivandeni:

• Izicabucabu. Abanye abamele le zinhlobo basebenza kuwebhu, abanye bahlala emiseleni eyembiwe emhlabathini. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ohlangothini lwamahlamvu ezitshalo. Zidla izingquza zezimvemvane, amabhu, izinkukhu nezinkuni.
• I-Lacewing. Ingozi enkulu kuma-aphid, imikhaza nezinye izinambuzane izibungu zalesi sinambuzane, okuyizidlamlilo ezisebenzayo.
• I-Ladybug. Umuntu omdala uzodla amakhulukhulu ama-thrips, ama-aphid, imikhaza nezikelemu esikhathini sokuphila kwakhe.
• I-Mantis. Lesi sinambuzane cishe sicishe sibe nzima. Ukuthandaza mantis kungazingela ama-aphid, amacimbi, izibungu, ukujikijela nezinye izinambuzane zasengadini.
• Ubhungane ongaphansi. Isitha esiyingqayizivele semvelo yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabalengane, amacimbi, amabhungane kanye ne-scoop.
• Eminye iminyovu. Abamele abantu abadala balezi zinhlobo bayizinyamazane eziyingozi, futhi izibungu zabo zibhubhisa izinambuzane.

Ubukhulu

IHymenoptera ingeyezinambuzane ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Lawa angabagibeli besilisa abalimazayo I-Dophomorpha echmepterygis: ubude bomzimba wabo bu cishe 0,139 mm. Amanye ama-mini-Champions abhekwa njengezinhlobo zezilwane I-Megaphragma caribea ngobude bama-microns ayi-170 futhi I-Megaphragma mymaripenne (200 μm). Ama-hymenoptera amakhulu kunawo wonke (amasentimitha ayi-4-6) angokunye kokuhlanzeka okushisa imvula, imichilo yemigwaqo, ama-chippings nabanye abagibeli (okufika ku-135 mm), kucatshangelwa ubude be-ovipositor. Umzimba omude kakhulu (ngaphandle kwe-ovipositor) unabantu abagibeli Pelecinus - kufika ku-9 cm. Enye iminyovu enkulu kunazo zonke Umthengi we-Megascolia (Scoliidae) waseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izinsikazi zazo zifinyelela kubude obuyi-5 cm namapiko okufika ku-10 cm. Abamele abasebenzisa ama-wasps amakhulu (afinyelela ku-4,5 no-5 cm ubude) bahlanganisa nabazingeli be-tarantula abavela kuhlobo Pepsis (I-Pompilidae), "umbulali we-cicadas" Sphecius grandisiminyovu yesihlabathi Editha magnifica (Bembicinae) kanye nomgwaqo wasp IHemippsis heros (ifinyelela ku-5.5 cm ubude no-9.5 cm ngamaphiko). Inyosi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni Megachile pluto (Megachilidae) kusuka e-Indonesia. Ubude bomzimba bezinsikazi buyi-39 mm, kanti amaphiko angama-63 mm. Omunye wabameli besimanje esikhulu somndeni wezintuthwane yilezi zinhlobo Camponotus gigas usayizi wabantu abasebenzayo abangaba ngu-20 mm, abesilisa - u-18.3 mm, amasosha - 28.1 mm, isibeletho - aze afike ku-31.3 mm. Futhi izintuthwane ezinkulu kakhulu i-dinoponeros gi ( I-Dinoponera gigantea ) kanye Paraponera clavata ifinyelela ubude obungu-25-30 mm. Abesilisa base-Afrika I-Dorylus ingafinyelela ubude obu-3 cm, kanti isibeletho (indlovukazi) esigabeni sokuhlala ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwamaqanda sinesisu esikhulisiwe futhi ubude bufika ku-5 cm. Kodwa-ke, okukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni yizintuthwane zezinsalela zohlobo Ifomu . Izinsikazi zazo zafinyelela ku-7 cm ubude, futhi amaphiko azo ayenephiko elingaba ngu-15 cm.

Ikhanda

Ikhanda, isifuba nesisu zihlukaniswe ngokuqinile (ngaphandle kwe-peritoneum, lapho isisu "sihlala siqinile" esifubeni). Ikhanda likhululekile, linwebile kakhulu ekuqondisweni okugoqekayo, i-hypognate (imilomo ekhomba phansi) noma ikhanseliwe (... phambili). Amehlo ayinkimbinkimbi cishe ahlala akhule kahle, phakathi kwawo kuvame ukuba namehlo amathathu alula asesimweni sikunxantathu, futhi kukhona nezindlela ezingenamehlo noma ezingaboni ngokuphelele (ngokwesibonelo, izintuthwane ezisebenzayo zezinhlobo ezithile). Ekhanda, ebunzini (Frons), clypeus (clypeus), umqhele (vertex), occiput (occiput), izihlathi (genae), amathempeli (tempora) ahlukaniswa. Ngaphansi kwekhanda, ezinye izintuthwane ezimba (iSphecidae) kanye neminyovu yesihlabathi (iCrabronidae) ine-psammophore, ukwakheka kwamabreyidi nezinwele.

Ama-antenna (i-antennas, noma i-striae) athuthukiswa ngezinga elihluke kakhulu futhi anezingxenye ezi-3 kuye kwezingama-60, aqondile noma acacisiwe, futhi ahlukanisa phakathi kwesiqu (isikhafu) nefulegeum enamathiselwe kuyo engela. Phakathi kwabo, ingxenye esetshenziswayo, noma i-pedicellus, kwesinye isikhathi iba yodwa.

Izitho zomlomo zohlobo lwezinsane zokusanhlamvu, noma izindebe eziphansi (i-labium) nomhlathi ophansi (maxilla) zishintshwa zibe yizitho zokudla okungamanzi (ukukhotha, izicubu zomzimba), zenze inkimbinkimbi ye-labio-maxillary. Imihlathi ephezulu ethuthukiswe kakhulu (ama-mandibles, noma ama-mandibles) abanye basebenza ukugaya ukudla, futhi iningi - amathuluzi okwakha izindawo zokuhlala, ukugunda isihlahla esihlahleni (baphinde bagawula amashidi okuhola), balungiselela ukudla kwezibungu, ukubulala inyamazane, ukuhudula isakhiwo nezinto zokwakha okunempilo njll. Amaphara we-mandibular (maxillary) (ahlukaniswe ngokuhlukaniswa okungu-6 noma ngaphansi) kanye ne-labial ephansi (i-labial) palps (enezingxenye ezi-4 noma ngaphansi) atholakala emihlathini ephansi kanye nezindebe eziphansi.

Ingqondo yezinyosi ezisebenzayo Apis iqukethe cishe ama-neurons angama-850,000 futhi ithatha u-0,35% - 1,02% wevolumu yomzimba isiyonke. Ezintuthwaneni zohlobo UFenica ubuchopho buthatha i-0.57% yevolumu yomzimba. Omunye wabagibeli abancane kakhulu I-Megaphragma mymaripenne (ubude bawo bungama-200 microns) ebuchosheni kunama-neuron angama-4600 kuphela, angama-5% kuphela aqukethe ama-chromosomes.

Isifuba

Izingxenye zesifuba zixhunyaniswe ngokuqinile, i-prothorax (protorax) incane kakhulu, i-mesothorax (mesothorax) ithuthukiswa kakhulu, i-thorax (metatorax) ayithuthukiswa kahle, futhi ingxenye yokuqala yesisu iphikisana kakhulu nayo, yakha i-propodeum. Ingxenye yesifuba esifubeni yakhiwa i-expressionotum (isichazamazwi), i-mesotum (mesonotum) ne-metanotum. I-mesothorax iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (amaphiko angaphambili anamathiselwe kuyo), enesakhiwo se-mesonotum (lapho kuvikelwa isihlangu, noma isikena, ne-scutellum, noma i-scutellum), i-mesopostnum, i-axillum (amasikilidi amabili ezinhlangothini ze-scutellum), mesopleuron (mesepimers kanye ne-mesepisterns). Kwi-mesonotum kungaba nama-grooves ama-2 aguqukela ngemuva (i-notauli), futhi ku-scutum kukhona ama-parapsidal grooves.

Isisu

Isisu sihluke kakhulu ngesimo, siqukethe izingxenye ezingama-6-8, singabali ingxenye exhunyiwe ngokuqinile endaweni engasemuva ye-thorax, futhi izingxenye eziguquliwe zadonswa engxenyeni engemuva yesisu futhi ziphethe ukugwaza noma ukugobhoza kwabesifazane, nezitho zokuzala ziya kwabesilisa. Isisu sinamathiselwe esifubeni ngesisekelo esibanzi, noma ngesigaxa esinciphile noma esingaphansi. Izengezo zokuphela kwamuva kwesisu (ukugwaza kanye nokujikijela noma i-ovipositor) ziqukethe i-bristles, noma izitayela, nengxenye eyakhiwe, enamapuleti amabili ahlukene noma ngaphezulu noma angaphansi. Esisekelo sokugwazwa, okuhlala kudonswa esiswini endaweni ethule, kukhona i-gland enobuthi enesithombo lapho ubuthi buthelela khona. Kwesinye isikhathi (ngenxa yezintuthwane eziningi nje) akukho kudonsa, kukhona indlala enobuthi kuphela, kulokhu lesi sinambuzane senza isilonda ngemihlathi futhi, sigobisa isisu ngaphambili, sifafaza ubuthi kuso. Ama-Ovipositors, noma ama-drill, angahlukahluka kakhulu ngesakhiwo. Injongo yabo ukwethula iqanda esithelweni noma esilwaneni lapho izibungu kuyodingeka lisebenze khona, kuya ngokuthi kufinyeleleka kuphi lapho iqanda libekwe khona, nama-oviposite angaba amafushane noma amade, bese ama-oviposite amafushane akhishwa ekuphumuleni, amade awakhululekile.

Umsele wokugaya ukhule ngokuqinile futhi mude kulezo zinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi eside esigabeni sezinambuzane zabantu abadala (izinyosi, izintuthwane, iminyovu), futhi amafushane amafomu angahlali isikhathi eside esigabeni sabadala (abalimi be-nati, abagibeli). Uhlelo lwe-tracheal luvame ukuhlinzekwa ngamabhulashi. Esakhiweni sohlelo lwezinzwa, kuba nokukhula okuqhakaza ngokumangalisayo kwemizimba ebizwa ngokuthi ama-stalked noma i-brain gyrus ye-pharyngeal node kulawo ma-hymenopteran anokuphila okuthuthuke kakhulu ngokomqondo (izintuthwane, izinyosi, iminyovu), ngenkathi abantu abahlukahlukene bohlobo olufanayo bebona umehluko ofanayo. izinyosi (i-drones) lezi zitho zakhiwa kancane kunabasebenzi abasebenzayo. I-Cannibalism iyingqayizivele.

Imilenze

Imilenze yeHymenoptera ihamba ngezinyawo (kukhona okumba futhi kubambe ukuguquguquka kwamanye ama-wasps), ube nokulula (ku I-Apocrita) noma kabili (y Symphyta, futhi I-Apocrita, Ngaphandle kwalokho Aculeata) ama-trochanters, i-tarsi ehlukaniswe ngezigaba ezi-5 (at I-Chalcidoidea ngezinye izikhathi i-4- ne-3 ihlukaniswe). Eziqongweni ze-tibia kune-spurs eyodwa noma ezimbili ezihambisekayo (ifomula ye-spurs 2-2-2 Symphytakepha baningi I-Apocrita - 1-2-2, nakwezinye izintuthwane 1-0-0. Ama-spurs e-tibia yangaphambili ayalungiswa bese enza izixhobo zokuhlanza i-antennae enoboya obukhulu obuzungezile. Amanye amaqembu anezici zokwakheka (ibhasikidi lezinwele emilenzeni yezinyosi ezingemuva) elungiselelwe ukuqoqa impova yezimbali (bheka izinyosi).

Incazelo Nezici

Abantu bengxenye enkulu abazithandi izinambuzane futhi baziphatha ngokwenyanya. Vele, uma siqhathanisa nathi, izakhamizi ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu zeplanethi, ekuqaleni zibukeka zizobudala, zingathandeki, zivame ukucasula, kwesinye isikhathi zize zibe yisinengiso impela. Kepha noma kunjalo, umhlaba wezinambuzane uyindalo yonke yezidalwa ezimangalisayo ezifanele ipeni lomlobi wamanga wesayensi.

Yize kunjalo, ngayinye yalezi zidalwa inamakhono ayo ehlukile. Isibonelo, iqhawe lendaba yethu - umgibeli wezinambuzane Banikezwe yimvelo ngempahla ethokozisayo ukuguqula uhlobo lwabo, okungukuthi, abamele isigaba sezinambuzane namanye ama-arthropod abe ama-zombies wangempela. Mayelana nokuthi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani nokuthi kungani abagibeli bekudinga, kufanele sithole.

Izidalwa ezinje zingaba zincane kakhulu, zingabonakali kalula, ngosayizi ongaphansi kuka-1 mm. Kepha futhi kunezinhlobo ezinkulu ngokuqhathaniswa nezinsana, okufinyelela kubude obungafika kuma-5 cm. Abagibeli bahluke kakhulu ekubukekeni. Ngokubheka okungatheni kwabamele izinhlobo zezidalwa ngazinye, ungabathatha ukuze uthole amabhungane ajwayelekile.

Eqinisweni, zingama-wasps okungenzeka ukuthi zivame kakhulu, futhi zize zifane nokubukeka, kepha esikhundleni sokugwaza emhlane zinokuphawuleka kakhulu, zikhonjiswe ekugcineni kwe-ovipositor, zivame ukuqhathaniswa ngosayizi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziphakeme kakhulu (ezimweni ezikhethekile izikhathi eziyi-7.5 ) zezinambuzane ngokwazo, kodwa kwezinye izikhathi zincane kakhulu.

Ngosizo lwalesi sitho, lezi zidalwa zibeka amaqanda emizimbeni yezisulu zazo, futhi ngale ndlela kuphela ezikwazi ukuba khona, zikhule futhi ziqhubeke nezinhlobo zazo. Ekugcineni, umsebenzi wabagibeli bomuntu uvame ukuba wusizo kakhulu.

Yize eqinisweni ama-arthropods eyizinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu, zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iminyovu wokuhlanza. Ngokusho kokuhleleka kwezinto eziphilayo, zingokwalabo abadonsa izigaxa. Ama-wasps afanayo, kanye nezimbungulu, izinyosi, izintuthwane, abelwa kulokhu kukhishwa. Futhi-ke kuvela ukuthi lezi yizihlobo eziseduzane zabagibeli.

Umzimba wezidalwa ezichazwe unwebekile ngesimo bese uphumula emilenzeni eyisithupha emincane. Lezi zinambuzane zinosayizi omncane wekhanda, ezinama-antennae amade, amade njengezimpondo.

Lawa madivayisi awasiza ukuba aqaphele indawo ahlala kuyo. Abagibeli – hymenoptera, futhi ngenxa yalokho abamele izinhlobo eziningi zingabanikazi be-webbed, abade, abonakele ngamaphiko ansundu noma ampunga, aminyene nemithambo. Kepha kukhona izinhlobo ezingenantambo, okunjalo okukhumbuza kakhulu izintuthwane.

Abanye abagibeli, ngenxa yobuningi bemibala ehlukahlukene abakuyo, bavame ukudidaniswa nezinyosi ezihlobene, kanye nezinye izinambuzane ezithile. Abagibeli babomvu okhanyayo, owolintshi, babala, banemibala. Kodwa umbala ojwayelekile womzimba ubumnyama obukhulu, obuhambisana nezithunzi ezigqamile, ezahlukahlukene zokushintsha.

Ukuthatha abagibeli be-wasps, abantu bavame ukwesaba i-ovipositor yabo enkulu, bekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kunobuthi kubantu, ukugwaza okwesabekayo. Kepha lo mbono unephutha. Ngendlela, abesifazane kuphela abanalesi sitho esibi, kanti ingxenye yesilisa ngokwemvelo iyancishwa, njengoba kunjalo nekhono lokubeka amaqanda.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlayiya ezinjalo zinkulu ngempela. Kunemindeni engaphezu kweyishumi nambili emindenini abahlangana kuyo. Inani labo izinhlobo zabagibeli kumakhulu ezinkulungwane. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ubachaze bonke, ngakho-ke kungcono ukubeka ngamagama jikelele amanye amaqembu ajwayelekile noma ahlukanisiwe kulezi zinambuzane.

Abamele i-chalcid ephezulu kwe-superfamily bancane impela, kwezinye izikhathi ngisho nosayizi omncane kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinto ezincane kangangokuba azikwazi ukubonwa ngamehlo. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba ubude ikakhulukazi abancane abudluli ku-0,2 mm.

Umbala wabo uhlukile. Kepha zonke izinhlobonhlobo (kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona cishe isigamu sesigidi sazo emvelweni, yize zingama-22,000 kuphela zazo ezichazwe ngokweqiniso ngabasazi bezinto eziphilayo) abahlanganyela kwisici esisodwa esijwayelekile: ukwakheka kwamaphiko, onemithambo emibili kuphela. Izidalwa ezinjalo ziyaheha ngokwesayensi ngoba azilandeli kuphela kubamele abancane be-fauna, kodwa nezitshalo.

I-chalcid ephezulu kakhulu ihlukaniswe yaba yimindeni, eminye yayo ezobe ibhalwe ngezansi. Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi bona ngokwabo bahlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi.

• I-Levkospidy ngombala, imnyama ngemivimbo ephuzi namabala, nesimo sesimo somzimba ngesisu esidala, i-convex esiswini ifana kakhulu neminyovu, okuthi ngayo ngasendleleni futhi ivunde. Izimpondo zazo zimfushane, kodwa zibekwe ekhanda elikhulu. Izidalwa ezinjalo zibonakala ngokuphelele iso, ngokwesilinganiso cishe ngo-7 mm. Ukuxuba nezinyosi, laba bagibeli kulimaza apiaries.

• Ama-aphelinid, kunalokho, asiza kakhulu ngoba abhubhisa ama-aphid kanye nezinambuzane ezikalwa ngazo. Akuvamile ukuba zidlule ku-5 mm ngosayizi. Lezi zidalwa zinemihlathi enamandla, ikhanda eliqondiswe phansi, amaphiko amancanyana anefringe.

• Ama-agonides aqhathaniswa ngosayizi eqenjini langaphambilini. Emadodeni ezinhlobo ezithile, ukuthuthukiswa okungaphansi kwamaphiko kanye nelinye lamabili amathathu emilenze kuyabonakala. Lezi izidalwa zezitshalo ezibeka amaqanda azo emkhiwaneni.

• Ama-Trichographmatids yizingane ezingamamilimitha ubude. Leli qembu lisiza kakhulu ngoba libhubhisa izinambuzane zezolimo, ikakhulu inundu neklabishi, ngaphezu kwalokho - izimbungulu, ama-butterflies, izimvemvane, amabhungane.

• Ama-Aphelins. Leli igama lohlobo lwabamele amakhulu womndeni we-aphelinid. Lezi zidalwa zimnyama kwezinye izikhathi ngephethini eliphuzi. Osayizi babagibeli abanjalo bangamasentimitha aphakathi nendawo. Ngenxa yezinzuzo zabo ezitshalweni zamalimi, lezi zinambuzane zathulwa ngamabomu eYurophu zivela eMelika. Ukubhubhisa ama-aphid egazi nezinye izinambuzane. Iqanda okuwukuphela kwalo abalala kulo inyamazane yabo, njengoba ikhula, iyiguqula ibe ummy owomile.

• I-Plum imbewu idla cishe ngo-3 mm ngosayizi. Umzimba wakhe uluhlaza, i-antennae nemilenze yakhe zipendwe ophuzi. Igama uqobo libonisa ukuthi izidalwa ezinjalo yizinambuzane zasengadini. Ngaphezu kwezinqwaba, zithinta imbewu yemithi yama-apula kanye namapheya.

• Isihlahla se-plum yisinambuzane esimnyama esinemilenze ephuzi, cishe ngo-5 mm ngosayizi. Iza amaqanda kuma-plums, ama-apricots, ama-cherries, ama-cherries, kuvame kakhulu kuma-cherry plums kanye nama-alimondi, okuwabhubhisayo. Amaphiko alezi zidalwa awanayo ngisho namabili, kepha ithambo elilodwa.

Manje yethula amanye amalungu eminye imindeni emnandi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, baningi futhi bahlukahlukene, njengawo wonke umhlaba wezinambuzane. Iningi lalaba bagibeli liyasiza. Basiza izitshalo eziningi futhi bakhulule imvelo kwizinambuzane.

• IRiesa umgibeli omnyama, kodwa ngemivimbo ephuzi esiswini, ine-ovipositor enkulu. Leli ihlathi ngokuhleleka, okuthinta izinambuzane zokhuni: amakati, amabhungane, i-barbel nabanye. Ibona izisulu zayo ngephunga, kanti izibungu zayo zidla izitho zazo zangaphakathi.

• I-panisk ngokubukeka ifana nomiyane omkhulu omnyama onemilenze ebomvu. Vikela izilimo ezinhlamvu okusanhlamvu, zihlanganisa izinambuzane zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifaka izibungu ezinamazimba ngamaqanda ayo.

• Umbusi we-ethereal ungumfanekiso omkhulu womgibeli, kunjalo, uma uqhathanisa nezihlobo ezincane. Umzimba wakhe ufinyelela usayizi 3 cm, kepha ubukhulu be-ovipositor bukhulu kakhulu. Yena uqobo unesisu esisobomvu esimnyama, umzimba omnyama nemilenze ebomvu. Ukubhubhisa izinambuzane zokhuni.

Abagibeli bangahlelwa hhayi ngezinhlobo nemindeni kuphela. Njengama-parasites, ahlelwe ngokwezindlela zokutheleleka kwalabo abahlukumezekile. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akubona abantu abadala ababi abalimele izisulu.

Phambili abahlanganyeli ngokuqondile ekubhujisweni, kodwa ngamaqanda abo kuphela, akhula ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwalabo ababizwa njengabaphathi futhi azondla ngabo. Futhi-ke, singakwazi ukwahlukanisa amaqembu alandelayo abagibeli, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinhlobo zazo ezingamaphara:

• Ama-ectoparasites anamathisela imichilo yawo ngaphandle komzimba wesisulu noma amane awashiye eduze kwamaqanda akhe, futhi ikakhulukazi athelele izinambuzane ezicashe ngokujulile ngaphakathi kwezihlahla nezithelo,
• ama-endoparasites enza imichilo yawo ezicutshini zangaphakathi zesisulu, izibungu zawo zikhula isikhathi eside kunaseqenjini langaphambilini, kepha njengoba bekhula, bavame ukushiya kuphela okungaphandle, ukungabi nalutho okushubile, igobolondo, futhi konke ukufakwa kuyadliwa.

Izimpiko

Izimpiko zihlala zine-web, zibonakale noma zinemibala, zinethiwekhi eyinqayizivele yemithambo, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kwazo nhlobo, isisekelo sokuqala samaphiko sihlala isikhathi eside ukwedlula emuva, lapho indiza - umphetho wangaphambili wephiko elingemuva uhlanganiswe nezihibe ezikhethekile emaphethelweni angemuva kwephiko langaphambili, akha indawo eyodwa endizayo. Ekuphumuleni, amaphiko agoqa ngokuqondile emhlane, kepha kuma-wasps wangempela (umndeni wakwaVespidae), amaphiko angaphambili agoqwa ngasikhathi sinye ngobude futhi alale ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Njengakweminye imiyalo yezinambuzane, phakathi kwe-hymenoptera kunezindlela ezingenamaphiko: lokhu kuyizintuthwane zonke ezisebenzayo, amaJalimane besifazane, abesilisa bezintuthwane ezithile (isb. Anergates), izintokazi zabatshali bezilimo ezithile, abagibeli (I-Chalcidoidea, Icheumonoidea) no-os (Betylidae, Dryinidae, Embolemidae, Tiphiidae nezinye). Okuncane okuvame kakhulu yisibonelo esiphambene, lapho kuphela insikazi enamaphiko, ngokwesibonelo, kubagibeli abavela emndenini I-Agaonidae .

Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat

Isidalwa esachazwa sasingabizwa ngephutha "umgibeli". Ibeka amaqanda ayo, lezi zinambuzane zibeka izisulu zazo izisulu, kube sengathi zithatha izintambo phezu kwazo. Impilo yonke yomuntu omdala ingaphansi kwesifiso sokuqhubeka nomjaho wayo, ngakho-ke kuwukufuna okungapheliyo kwabathwali (abanikazi) abafanelekayo abakhula futhi bondle inzalo yabo, yize kungeyona eyabo inkululeko yokuzikhethela.

Umsebenzi onamandla wabantu abadala wenziwa ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ezinyangeni ezifudumele, zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kangako eduze kwemizimba yamanzi, zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni phakathi kwamakhambi okuqhakaza, kunezinambuzane ezifanelekile - izisulu ezingaba khona. Kepha noma kunjalo, imvelo yabagibeli ingxenye enkulu incike endaweni yokusatshalaliswa kwabathwali lapho le nhlobo ihlangana khona.

Uma abamele noma yiziphi izinhlobo zinobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele noma isimo esinkimbinkimbi kakhulu se-ovipositor, khona-ke lokhu akuzi ngephutha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idivaysi enjalo iyadingeka, ngokwesibonelo, ukubhoboza ungqimba olubanzi lwegxolo lezinkuni, lapho isibungu sebhhungane singcwatshwa kakhulu emehlweni aso. Kulesi simo, umzimba womgibeli uphenduka umugqa wangempela wokudonsa onomshini obukhali. Lokhu kuduma kamuva kufaka isisulu esikhethiwe.

Abagibeli babhekana nezinto ezihlala phansi ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi, abakwazi ukwenqaba ukumelana nazo. Kepha kwabanye kuba nzima kakhulu, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezicabucabu ezinkulu kanye nesibazi ziba yizinto zokuhlaselwa. Abagibeli ezimeni ezinjalo kufanele basebenzise isibindi sabo, ubuze babo futhi kwesinye isikhathi bayasinda.

Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezinjalo, imvelo inikeze lezi zinambuzane ngamakhono akhethekile. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukucolisa ithagethi lokuhlaselwa, ingxenye enkulu yobuthi bokukhubazeka imane itheleleke. Kwezinye izimo, abagibeli bayazikhohlisa izisulu zabo bese belawula futhi baqondise izenzo zabo.

Ukuthelela amacimbi emundu, ezinye izinhlobo zabagibeli zibeka amaqanda azo ezicutshini zazo zangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu ziqala lapho, zidla uketshezi olunezakhi zomzimba, futhi lapho sezikhula, ziphuma zizitholele isikhumba.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi lapho izimuncagazi, zizama ukweqa, zishiya isidumbu senduna bese zisonta ikhukhunathi yazo, zisinamathisela kumagatsha noma amaqabunga, isibungu se-zombie asisuki ngenjabulo, kodwa sihlala nabahlaseli bayo ukuze bavikeleke ekuhlaselweni yizitha.

Uba ngumqaphi oshisekayo, osengozini yempilo yakhe, ugijimela amabhungane wezihlangu nezinye izinambuzane eziyingozi. Kungani amacimbi enza lokhu, nokuthi abagibeli bayithoba kanjani intando yabo kwizintshisekelo zabo, akuqondakali ngokuphelele.

Kodwa ngezindlela eziningi, ngenxa yezisulu ze-zombie, abagibeli bayakwazi ukusinda futhi basakaze ngempumelelo. Lapho kungenjalo kuhlala umgibeli, izinambuzane ezinjalo zikhona ngempumelelo emhlabeni wonke, zinezimpande ezindaweni eziningi futhi yonke indawo zithola abathwali, ngenxa yokuphindaphindeka kwazo.

Umsoco

Izindlela ezimbi zokusuthisa izibungu zezidalwa ezinjalo sezicacile. Lapho behloka amaqanda bese beqala ukukhula, abazali babo sebevele sebeqikelele ukuthi bathola ukudla okwenele. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izidalwa ezihlaselwe yizo azihlupheki ngokushesha ngokushesha. Abagcini nje kuphela, kepha bayakhula, bathuthukisa futhi badle, ekuqaleni baphawula ngokwanele ukuthi i-parasite iyavuthwa ngaphakathi kubo. Kepha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi, uzoba nesiphetho esibi.

Isibonelo, izibungu ezivela emndenini wama-braconids ochwepheshe bamacimbi, lapho kuphela ukwakheka kwabo, shiya isikhumba kuphela kuwo, udle ngokuphelele konke ukufakwa komthwali wazo. Ekuqaleni, izinambuzane ezisathuthuka zidla kuphela amafutha, zibangele ukulimala okuncane kumninikhaya, kepha bese kusetshenziswa izitho ezibalulekile empilweni.

Ngandlela thile, zonke izinhlobo zabagibeli ziyahlakulela. Kepha kuyathokozisa ukuthi kwezinye izimo abantu abadala abadli lutho. Kodwa-ke, abanye basadinga ukondliwa. Esimweni esinjalo okuphakelayo umgibeli noma ukukhishwa kwezinye izinambuzane, noma umpe noma umpova ovela ezitshalweni.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Njengoba sebefinyelele ebudaleni, abagibeli abaphili isikhathi eside, imvamisa azidluli izinyanga ezintathu. Futhi kuphela ezimweni lapho, phakathi nesikhathi sokuqedwa kokubunjelwa kwabo, umkhuhlane ubabamba, bahambe baye ebusika okuphoqelelwe, bese entwasahlobo beqeda imijikelezo yabo yokuphila bese befa. Kulokhu, isikhathi sabo sokuphila singaba sezinyanga eziyishumi. Uhlobo ngalunye lusondela ekuzaleni ngakunye.

Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi eyi-Ethereal equestrian kufanele ifune izibungu ezifanele ezinde ekulobeni lwesihlahla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ugijimela esiqwini futhi uthepha yonke indawo ngamadevu akhe. Ngomsindo, uthola indawo yento.

Ngemuva kwalokho ushayela izinkuni nge-ovipositor, emi emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva, eyiguqula njengengaphezulu. Umsebenzi onjalo uthatha okungenani amahora amabili. Lapho ifika izibungu ezifihlwe esiqwini, izimuncagazi zibeka iqanda elilodwa kuso.

Inani lamaqanda ezinhlobo ezincane ezivela emndenini wama-braconid lifinyelela izingcezu ezingama-20. Amakati, okuyizithwali zawo eziphambili, akhubazeka ubuthi. Akukho ngisho usuku ngemuva kokuhlaselwa, njengoba sekuvele izibungu.

Zigcwalisa zonke izigaba zokubunjwa ezinsukwini ezinhlanu, kuthi ukucwilisa kuthathe ezinye izinsuku ezine. Kepha ukukhula ngokushesha, izidalwa ezinjengalezi ziphila okuncane kakhulu: abesilisa - azikho izinsuku ezingama-10, kanti uhhafu wesifazane - ngenyanga kuphela.

Ama-braconid amakhulu angangena amagciwane ngokubeka iqanda ngaphakathi. Kulokhu, ukukhula kobuso kuhamba kancane, kwesinye isikhathi kungaphezu kwamasonto amathathu. Udla izicubu ezihlangeneyo neze-adipose yenkomo.

Futhi ngasikhathi esithile sishiya umzimba, kepha hhayi isisulu. Kulokhu, izibungu ziququda ngemizwa yezimoto futhi ikhubazeke inkomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cocoon isonteka ngaphansi kwayo. Ngakho-ke, cishe isikhathi esingangesonto kudlula esigabeni sabafundi, khona-ke lowo ohlukumezayo ungena ebudaleni.

Zuza futhi ulimaze

Umgibeli wesithombe Kubukeka kungajwayelekile futhi kunelukuluku, ngokushesha kunesifiso sokukuhlolisisa. Naphezu kokulimala okukhulu okubangelwa yilezi zidalwa kuma-arthropods awusizo kanye nezitshalo ezithile ezitshaliwe, ukunikela kwazo okuhle ku-ecosystem kuyabonakala. Kuyafaneleka ukusho kuphela ukuthi amaqembu amaningi alezi zidalwa abhubhisa kuze kufike ku-80% wezilokazane.

Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zithathwa ngisho nangaphansi kokuvikelwa umuntu, ngaphezu kwalokho, zisatshalaliswa ngamabomu. Lokhu futhi kuhle ngoba abaphathi bebhizinisi akudingeki basebenzise amakhemikhali nezidakamizwa ezinobuthi ukushushisa izinambuzane eziyingozi - abathwali bazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, kokubili imvelo kanye nesitshalo kuyalondolozwa. Futhi inzuzo enjalo ilethwa yisinambuzane, okuqala ngaso leso sikhathi ukuthi singakwazi ukuvusa uzwela oluncane.

Abagibeli bavame ukufakelwa kumadepho okusanhlamvu, okubhubhisa izinambuzane. Kwezinye izimo, bayakwazi ukuthelela ukudla ngamaqanda abo, okuletha ukulahleka, kepha empeleni akubalulekanga.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

Uma umgibeli ethelela izidalwa ezinkulu, khona-ke lowo ohlaselwe kwelinye icala kwabane, yize enokulimala okubi, uhlala ephila. Kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane zikhetha izinambuzane ezifanayo njengezithwali. Lokhu kukhula ngokuhleleka kwesibili.

Kukhona nesithathu nesine. Izinambuzane ezenza lo msebenzi wokuhlanza izigaba eziningi zibizwa ngokuthi ngama-superparasites. Into ethokozisayo ngezinambuzane ezinjalo, ngaphezu kwalokho okungenhla, nayo kufanele ingezwe.

Abagibeli ngokweqile, begibela ngokushona emhlabathini noma emagxolo esihlahla. Iningi lazo ekwindla nezinqwaba zamaqabunga awileyo. Abantu babashisa, njengegxolo elidala lezihlahla, bambe umhlaba, bengacabangi ukuthi yiliphi iqembu lemikhosi esebenzayo yezitshalo abalibhubhisayo. Futhi-ke, ngokufika kokushisa kwehlobo, bayamangala ukuthi izinambuzane eziningi kangaka zezingadi nomhlaba wezolimo sezandisile.

Abesifazane be-plastigaster bangabanqobi phakathi kwabagibeli ngenani lamaqanda akhiqizwa esikhathini sabo sokuphila. Isibalo sazo, esivame ukufakwa izibungu namaqanda empukane kaHessian, singafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezintathu. Lokhu kuyinkomba enhle yokuthi abagibeli bavame kangakanani ukwanda.

Inzalo ye-ageniaspis ayigcini nje ngokuba miningi, kepha futhi ikhula ngendlela enobuhlakani. Iqanda lalezi zidalwa, lihlanganisa inundu le-apula, liwela kwisibungu esincane, esibandayo ekukhuleni, silinde umzuzwana lapho othwala ekhula ngokwanele. Kepha kuphela isikhathi esijabulisayo esizayo, iqanda, kubonakala sengathi, lililo kuphela, ukuqhuma, kudedela amaphara angamakhulu amabili.

Abagibeli bezintuthwane (okungukuthi, bafana nezintuthwane ngokubukeka) baxhuma ku-karakurt kanye ne-tarantulas, okwenza umnikelo omkhulu ekwehliseni inani labantu bala ma-arthropods anobuthi kakhulu. Futhi kwenzeka kanjena. Izicabucabu zisonga amaqanda azo kukhukhu bese zilinda inzalo.

Ngalesi sikhathi, omunye umgibeli onesibindi ucashe ekhaya lalesi silwane esibulalayo se-octopus, uhlaba ikhukhunathi futhi usigcwalisa ngamaqanda akhe, asheshe aqede konke okuqukethwe ngaphakathi. Yigobolondo kuphela le-cocoon elihlala liqinile, yingakho isicabucabu, silubheka futhi singasoli ngokulahleka, okwamanje siyaqhubeka nokulinda ukwenziwa kabusha komndeni.

Sithombe esesabekayo! Kepha umgibeli uyingozi noma cha kithina bantu? Sisho ngokungalingani - cha. Umuntu walezi zinhlayiya ezinjalo awumeleli nhlobo inzalo. Abaze basebenzise okuthiwa “ukugwaza” kwabo ekuzivikeleni nasekuhlaseleni okunolaka, kepha benzela kuphela imfuhlumfuhlu engakhi. Futhi-ke, uma ubona isilokazane esiyinqaba, ikakhulukazi uma sikhulu ngosayizi omkhulu ovundayo-njenge-ovipositor, akufanele wesabe nhlobo.